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Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Brandt A, Posthoff E, de Vera JP, Onofri S, Ott S. Characterisation of growth and ultrastructural effects of the Xanthoria elegans photobiont after 1.5 years of space exposure on the International Space Station. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2015 November 2; epub11 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-015-9470-1.PMID: 26526425. Also: Paper presented at the 14th European Astrobiology Conference (EANA 2014) held 13–16 October 2014 in Edinburgh, United Kingdom.. | Impact Statement
Onofri S, de Vera JP, Zucconi L, Selbmann L, Scalzi G, Venkateswaran KJ, Rabbow E, de la Torre R, Horneck G. Survival of Antarctic cryptoendolithic fungi in simulated martian conditions on board the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2015 December; 15(12): 1052-1059. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1324.PMID: 26684504. | Impact Statement
Scalzi G, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Rabbow E, Horneck G, Albertano P, Onofri S. LIFE Experiment: Isolation of Cryptoendolithic Organisms from Antarctic Colonized Sandstone Exposed to Space and Simulated Mars Conditions on the International Space Station. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2012 June 12; 42253-262. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-012-9282-5.PMID: 22688852. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Hoppenbrouwers T, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. EXPOSE-E: An ESA Astrobiology Mission 1.5 Years in Space. Astrobiology. 2012 May; 12(5): 374-386. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0760.PMID: 22680684. also results for: EuTEF-Expose-SEEDS, DOSIS/DOBIES, R3D3.
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Berger T, Hajek M, Bilski P, Körner C, Vanhavere F, Reitz G. Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Biological Test Systems During the EXPOSE-E Mission. Astrobiology. 2012 12(5): 387-392. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0777.PMID: 22680685. also results for: EuTEF-Expose-Seeds. | Impact Statement
Onofri S, de la Torre R, de Vera JP, Ott S, Zucconi L, Selbmann L, Scalzi G, Venkateswaran KJ, Rabbow E, Sánchez Iñigo FJ, Horneck G. Survival of rock-colonizing organisms after 1.5 years in outer space. Astrobiology. 2012 12(5): 508-516. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0736.PMID: 22680696. | Impact Statement
de Vera JP. Lichens as survivors in space and on Mars. Fungal Ecology. 2012 5(4): 472-479. DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2012.01.008.
Onofri S, Selbmann L, Pacelli C, de Vera JP, Horneck G, Hallsworth J, Zucconi L. Integrity of the DNA and cellular ultrastructure of cryptoendolithic fungi in space or Mars conditions: A 1.5-year study at the International Space Station. Life. 2018 June 19; 8(2): 23. DOI: 10.3390/life8020023.PMID: 29921763. | Impact Statement
Brandt A, de Vera JP, Onofri S, Ott S. Viability of the lichen Xanthoria elegans and its symbionts after 18 months of space exposure and simulated Mars conditions on the ISS. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 July; 14(3): 411-425. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000214. | Impact Statement
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Kotovskaya AR, Fomina GA. Human venous hemodynamics in microgravity and prediction of orthostatic tolerance in flight. Human Physiology. 2015 December 22; 41(7): 699-703. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119715070063.PMID: 23700615. Russian. Original Russian Text © A.R. Kotovskaya, G.A. Fomina, 2013, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 37–42..
Fortrat JO, Holanda Ad, Zuj KA, Gauquelin-Koch G, Gharib C. Altered venous function during long-duration spaceflights. Frontiers in Physiology. 2017 September 12; 8694. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00694.PMID: 28955249. | Impact Statement
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Kornilova LN. [Orientation in space, vestibular function and visual tracking in conditions of a changed gravitational environment]. Aviacosmic and Ecological Medicine. 2020 54(6): 50-57. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-50-57.Russian.
Kornilova LN. Orientation in space, vestibular function, and ocular tracking in a changed gravitational environment. Human Physiology. 2021 December 1; 47(7): 803-809. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119721070033.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2020, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 50–57.. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN, Naumov IA, Azarov KA, Sagalovitch VN. Gaze control and vestibular-cervical-ocular responses after prolonged exposure to microgravity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 December 1; 83(12): 1123-1134. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3106.2012. | Impact Statement
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Zabel P, Bamsey M, Schubert D, Tajmar M. Review and analysis of over 40 years of space plant growth systems. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2016 August; 101-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.06.004. | Impact Statement
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Buravkova LB, Grigorieva OV, Rykova MP. The effect of microgravity on the in vitro NK cell function during six International Space Station Missions. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 145-147. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919470.
Buravkova LB, Grigorieva OV, Rykova MP, Grigoriev AI. Cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells in vitro under microgravity. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008 Jul-Aug; 421275-277. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496608040169.PMID: 18841814. Also: O.V. Grigorieva, L.B. Buravkova, M.P. Rykova, Cytotoxic activity of NK lymphocytes in vitro under microgravity. 26th Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting, Cologne, Germany, 2005..
Buravkova LB, Romanov Y, Rykova MP, Grigorieva OV, Merzlikina N. Cell-to-cell interactions in changed gravity: Ground-based and flight experiments. Acta Astronautica. 2005 July; 57(2-8): 67-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.012.Also: L.B. Buravkova, Yu.A. Romanov, O.V. Grigorieva, M.P. Rykova, Cell-to-cell interactions in changed gravity: ground-based and flight experiments. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada, 2004..
Buravkova LB, Rykova MP, Grigorieva OV, Antropova EN. Cell interactions in microgravity: cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells in vitro. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 11(2): 177-180. PMID: 16237828.
Buravkova LB, Rykova MP, Antropova EN, Grigorieva OV. Modification of a method for determining the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes--natural killers in space experiments. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 January-February; 39(1): 55-59. PMID: 15909849. Russian.
Buravkova LB, Rykova MP, Grigorieva OV. Results of Intercellular Interaction in-flight experiment. 6th International Applied Science Conference on Manned Spaceflight, Star City, Russia. 2005
Grigorieva OV. Study of cytotoxic activity of NK lymphocytes in changed gravitational conditions. Conference of Junior Specialists, Graduate Students, and Undergraduate Students, Moscow, Russia. 2005
Grigorieva OV. Use of flow cytofluorometry to detect changes in lymphocyte populations. Conference of Junior Specialists, Graduate Students, and Undergraduate Students, Moscow, Russia. 2004
Grigorieva OV, Rykova MP, Buravkova LB. Intercellular interaction of immune cells and target cells in vitro in microgravity. 13th Conference on Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine, Moscow, Russia. 2006
Buravkova LB, Grigorieva OV, Rykova MP. The effects of microgravity on interaction between human immune cells and target cells in vitro (flight experiments during ISS-7–ISS-12 missions). Science on European Soyuz Mission to the International Space Station (2001-2005), Toledo, Spain. 2006
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Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Furano G, Minori M, Morselli A, Narici L, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Fuglesang C, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Castellini G, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Navilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Vittori R. The Sileye-3/Alteino experiment for the study of light flashes, radiation environment and astronaut brain activity on board the International Space Station. Journal of Radiation Research. 2002 December; 43(Suppl): S47-S52. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.43.S47.PMID: 12793729. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Furano G, Minori M, Morselli A, Narici L, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Fuglesang C, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Castellini G, Tesi M, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P. The Sileye-3/Alteino experiment on board the International Space Station. Nuclear Physics B. 2002 December; 113(1-3): 71-78. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(02)01824-8. | Impact Statement
Casolino M. Cosmic ray investigations during the marco polo and eneide missions with the sileye-3/alteino experiment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 49-53. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919452. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Minori M, Narici L, De Pascale MP, Picozza P, Reali E, Zaconte V, Fuglesang C, Vittori R, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Kolmykov A, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Petrov VP, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Shurshakov VA, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Zampa G, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Rantucci E, Scrimaglio R, Segreto E. Detector response and calibration of the cosmic-ray detector of the Sileye-3/Alteino experiment. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1691-1696. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.136. | Impact Statement
Casolino M. Cosmic ray measurements inside ISS with Sileye3/Alteino experiment. 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India. 2005 August 3-10; 2345-348. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Minori M, Narici L, De Pascale MP, Picozza P, Reali E, Zaconte V, Fuglesang C, Vittori R, Carlson P, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Petrov VP, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Trukhanov KA, Shurshakov VA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P. Relative nuclear abundances inside ISS with Sileye-3/Alteino experiment. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1685-1690. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.02.050. | Impact Statement
Scrimaglio R, Rantucci E, Segreto E, Nurzia G, Finetti N, Di Gaetano A, Tassoni A, Picozza P, Narici L, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Rinaldi A, Zaconte V. Analysis of Sileye-3/Alteino data with a neural network technique: Particle discrimination and energy reconstruction. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1697-1703. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.004. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Di Fino L, Furano G, Minori M, Morselli A, Narici L, De Pascale MP, Picozza P, Reali E, Rinaldi A, Sparvoli R, Zaconte V, Fuglesang C, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Castellini G, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Vittori R. Relative nuclear abundances measurements inside Mir and ISS with Sileye-2 and Sileye-3 experiments. 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Tsukuba, Japan. 2003 4245-4248.
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Di Fino L, Furano G, Minori M, Morselli A, Narici L, De Pascale MP, Picozza P, Reali E, Rinaldi A, Sparvoli R, Zaconte V, Fuglesang C, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Castellini G, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Vittori R. Light flashes observations on board Mir and ISS with Sileye experiments. 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Tsukuba, Japan. 2003 4161 - 4164. | Impact Statement
Larsson O, Benghin VV, Casolino M, Chernikch IV, Di Fino L, Fuglesang C, Larosa M, Lund-Jensen B, Narici L, Nikolaev IV, Petrov VM, Picozza P, De Santis C, Zaconte V. Relative nuclear abundance from C to Fe and integrated flux inside the Russian part of the ISS with the Sileye-3/Alteino experiment. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 2013 December; 41(1): 015202. DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/41/1/015202. | Impact Statement
Struktura is a study of protein crystallization processes and growth of single crystals which are suitable for X-ray structural analysis and structural decoding. Proteins are large molecules that are involved in all processes which support the vital activities of cells in an organism. The main advantage for using space to obtain biological crystals is that in space there is virtually no convective disturbances, which negatively impacts crystal growth on Earth.
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Publications
Yusupova AK, Shved DM, Gushchin VI, Supolkina NS, Chekalina AI. Preliminary results of “Content” space experiment. Human Physiology. 2019 December 1; 45(7): 710-717. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719070181.Russian Text published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2018, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 28–36.. | Impact Statement
Yusupova AK, Shved DM, Gushchin VI, Chekalina AI, Supolkina NS. Efficiency of communication of crew members with MCC at the stages of adaptation to long-term space flight conditions. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2021 55(2): 29-34. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-2-29-34.[Russian].
Yusupova AK, Supolkina NS, Shved DM, Gushin VI, Nosovsky AM, Savinkina AO. Subjective perception of time in space flights and analogs. Acta Astronautica. 2022 April 18; epub11pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.04.016. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Education Payload Operations-Tomatosphere II (EPO-Tomatosphere II) includes curriculum-based educational activities that demonstrate basic principles of science, space, and agriculture. These activities are videotaped and then used in classroom lectures. EPO-Tomatosphere II is designed to support the NASA mission to inspire the next generation of explorers.
Fixed radio frequency identification (RFID) readers and antennas have operated on the International Space Station since 2017 and a reader and antennas were installed on a robotic free-flying Astrobee in January 2021. RFID-Enabled Autonomous Logistics Management-3 (REALM-3) (RFID Smart Sensing) builds on this work, extending reach of RFID signals behind stowage racks and placing motion sensors imbedded in RFID tags on rack doors. Results could increase the accuracy of RFID inventory and item location.
Giant amoeba’s unique method of movement is observed as part of Chaos Carolinensis Behavior and Locomotion in Microgravity. The amoeba’s cytoskeleton has various protrusions known as pseudopodia, which enable the mobility of such creatures through a fluid medium. Structural components, which are upon the first to experience the detrimental effects of microgravity, are examined through changes in the amoeba’s movement over time aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
The Materials Science Lab Batch 3a (MSL SCA-Batch 3a-ESA) serves two projects investigating how different phases organize in a structure when metallic alloys are solidified. The Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions (MICAST) experiment aims to deepen the understanding of the physical principles that govern solidification processes in metal alloys. The Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing (CETSOL) experiment aims to deepen the understanding of the physical principles that govern solidification processes in metal alloys.
ARISE investigates the collision behavior of small charged glass spheres. Collision of particles plays a crucial role in planet formation, but the process is not well understood; millimeter-sized particles bounce off of each other while smaller particles stick. Recent experiments show collision of half-millimeter glass spheres results in tribocharging, or electrical charging of the particles, causing them to stick, and this research improves understanding of this phenomenon.
Publications
Schneider N, Musiolik G, Kollmer JE, Steinpilz T, Kruss M, Jungmann F, Demirci T, Teiser J, Wurm G. Experimental study of clusters in dense granular gas and implications for the particle stopping time in protoplanetary disks. Icarus. 2021 May 15; 360114307. DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114307. | Impact Statement
One challenge to maintaining crew health on future long-duration space missions is supplying adequate nutrition. BioNutrients-2 tests using an on-demand system to produce specific quantities of key nutrients from yogurt, a fermented milk product known as kefir, and a yeast-based beverage. Samples return to Earth for analysis and comparison with identical samples grown on the ground.
The 3D bioprinting process in the Bioprint FirstAid Handheld Bioprinter (Bioprint FirstAid) enables the rapid use of formerly prepared bio-inks, containing the patient’s own cells, to form a band-aid patch in the case of injury. The printing process requires 10 minutes to obtain an appropriate crosslinking of the Biopolymer and Crosslinker. In the future, the combination of cells, or tissue-specific biomaterials, with different cell types and high-resolution 3D bioprinting can enable scientists to develop new tissue and organ modelling techniques to better understand the biophysical mechanisms of tissue generation, regeneration, and longevity.
The Continuous Liquid-Liquid Separation in Microgravity investigation uses a unique liquid separation system which relies on surface forces to accomplish liquid-liquid extraction. By exploring the microgravity effects on the process, the system is further developed and refined for use in chemical production.
Deconvolution of Biosensor Glucose Diffusion Contributions in Microgravity tests a medically implantable glucose biosensor. Microgravity allows a simpler test environment to monitor the role of diffusion in glucose transport, which potentially improves the accuracy of the sensor. The findings may lead to a more reliable product for day-to-day diabetes management, overall benefitting the diabetic community.
The Effects of Microgravity on the Life Cycle of Tenebrio Molitor (Tenebrio Molitor) experiment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) investigates how the microgravity environment of space affects the mealworm life cycle. Mealworms represent good test subjects because they are well-studied organisms. An automated laboratory apparatus images mealworm growth from larval to adult life stages and then returns samples to Earth based labs for more detailed analysis. This project was conceived by the Higher Orbits AIAA Division winning team – Operation Galaxy X (Herndon, VA).
Electrodeposition is a process by which a material is deposited onto a conducting surface. In Earth’s gravity, convection affects the patterning of the material. Electrodeposition Observation in Microgravity examines the role of convection during this process in microgravity. Eliminating the effects of gravity is expected to result in more organized and quicker material growth.
We are stardust, as the saying goes, but many questions remain as to how the dust originally created by star-based processes turned into intermediate-sized particles, which eventually became planets, moons and other objects. Experimental Chondrule Formation at the International Space Station (EXCISS) simulates the high-energy, low gravity foundry of the early solar system using automated cameras and a contained apparatus aboard the International Space Station (ISS). EXCISS specifically zaps a specially formulated dust with an electrical current and then studies the shape and texture of pellets formed from these steps in the absence of gravity.
Publications
Spahr D, Koch TE, Merges D, Beck A, Bohlender B, Carlsson JM, Christ O, Fujita S, Genzel P, Kerscher J, Knautz T, Lindner M, Mederos Leber D, Milman V, Morgenroth W, Wilde F, Brenker FE, Winkler B. A chondrule formation experiment aboard the ISS: Experimental set-up and test experiments. Icarus. 2020 June 6; 350113898. DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113898. | Impact Statement
Koch TE, Spahr D, Tkalcec BJ, Lindner M, Merges D, Wilde F, Winkler B, Brenker FE. Formation of chondrule analogs aboard the International Space Station. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 2021 56(9): 1669-1684. DOI: 10.1111/maps.13731. | Impact Statement
Koch TE, Spahr D, Merges D, Winkler B, Brenker FE. Mg2SiO4 particle aggregation aboard the ISS. Influence of electric fields on aggregation behavior, particle velocity, and shape-preferred orientation. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021 August 31; 653A1. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141330. | Impact Statement
Koch TE, Spahr D, Tkalcec BJ, Christ O, Genzel P, Lindner M, Merges D, Wilde F, Winkler B, Brenker FE. Formation of fused aggregates under long-term microgravity conditions aboard the ISS with implications for early solar system particle aggregation. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 2022 April 21; epub20pp. DOI: 10.1111/maps.13815. | Impact Statement
Spahr D, Koch TE, Merges D, Bayarjargal L, Genzel P, Christ O, Wilde F, Brenker FE, Winkler B. A chondrule formation experiment aboard the ISS: Microtomography, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy on Mg2SiO4 dust aggregates. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 2022 May 3; 49(5): 10. DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01185-7. | Impact Statement
Genes in Space-3 seeks to establish a robust, user-friendly deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sample preparation process to enable biological monitoring aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The project joins two previously spaceflight tested molecular biology tools, miniPCR and the MinION, along with some additional enzymes to demonstrate DNA amplification, sample preparation for DNA sequencing, and sequencing of actual samples from the ISS. The Genes in Space-3 experiments demonstrate ways in which portable, real-time DNA sequencing can be used to assay microbial ecology, diagnose infectious diseases and monitor crew health aboard the ISS.
Publications
Burton AS, Stahl-Rommel SE, John KK, Jain M, Juul S, Turner DJ, Harrington ED, Stoddart D, Paten B, Akeson M, Castro-Wallace SL. Off Earth Identification of Bacterial Populations Using 16S rDNA Nanopore Sequencing. Genes. 2020 January 9; 76(11): 76. DOI: 10.3390/genes11010076.PMID: 31936690. | Impact Statement
The Germination of ABI Voyager Barley Seeds in Microgravity project evaluates the effects of a microgravity environment on dry seeds, germination, and initial growth of Hordeum vulgare L. (barley). The dry barley seeds are evaluated during post-flight growth to examine exposure effects on seeds. The seedlings grown in microgravity are evaluated for genetic alterations and morphological abnormalities.
Investigation of the Effects of Microgravity on Controlled Release of Antibiotics and Curing Mechanism of a Novel Wound Dressing (Hydrogel Formation and Drug Release in Microgravity Conditions) investigates formation and drug release from crosslinked or mixed hydrogels in microgravity. No wound dressings currently exist that releases antibiotics directly to wound sites long enough to successfully prevent sepsis. Hydrogels show promise as dressings due to their high water content, biocompatibility and ease of customization. This study contributes to development of better drug-releasing dressings and dermal patches.
On a spacecraft, leaking air, fluids or gases can cause stability problems and jeopardize crew member safety. Air leaks can cause ultrasonic noise that humans cannot hear, but detecting the sound is a useful way to monitor for leaks and pinpoint their location. The Joint Leak Detection and Localization Based on Fast Bayesian Inference from Network of Ultrasonic Sensor Arrays in Microgravity Environment (Wireless Leak Detection) compares signals received at various ultrasonic sensors to reveal the location of air leaks, which can then be repaired.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Music and Space is a public outreach activity featuring music played on board the International Space Station.
The aim of the Nano Antioxidants investigation is to research innovative approaches for cellular stimulation to counteract the negative effects of long-term microgravity on the musculoskeletal system. There are numerous possible applications of this research project in other crucial social domains, such as healthcare of the elderly and of people with muscle atrophy disorders, through the implementation of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of diseases involving oxidative stress as causing factor.
The NanoRacks-Beijing Institute of Technology-1: DNA Mismatch during a PCR Reaction Exposed to the Space Environment (NanoRacks-BIT-1) experiment studies how higher levels of radiation in space affect different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that create the human immune system. Artificial copies of DNA code for both rapidly changing and more stable parts of the immune system are exposed to radiation in both ground-based labs and aboard the International Space Station. The NanoRacks-BIT-1 hardware includes a small, automated reaction device that copies the DNA code and preserves it for return to Earth where ground-based scientists can determine the relative effects of space radiation on the different types of DNA.
Publications
Yang C, Deng Y, Ren H, Wang R, Li X. A multi-channel polymerase chain reaction lab-on-a-chip and its application in spaceflight experiment for the study of gene mutation. Acta Astronautica. 2018 November 29; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.11.049. | Impact Statement
NanoRacks-Carmel Christian School-The Effects of Microgravity and Tardigrades on the Ethanol Production by Yeast (NanoRacks-CCS-Ethanol Production Rate) is a high school science investigation of how the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station affects rates of fermentation. The experiment cultures fermentative microbes and an extremophile invertebrate in a glucose solution while an automated apparatus monitors temperature and byproducts produced over a period of several weeks or more. High school researchers analyze data and image downloads in real-time and also inspect the culture once the experimental apparatus returns to Earth.
NanoRacks-CUBERIDER-2 (NanoRacks-CR-2) is a small device flown aboard the International Space Station (ISS) that allows students in grades 6 to 11 to remotely operate space sensors. Student teams program sensors to investigate radiation and physical forces that make-up the microgravity environment of the ISS. NanoRacks-CR-2 provides self-directed learning opportunities and exposes students to space-based science and engineering challenges.
NanoRacks-Modesto Christian School-Comparing the Growth of Spirulina on Earth and in Microgravity (NanoRacks-MCS-Spirulina Experiment) grows this algae in space and on the ground using a chamber containing water, nutrients, and an algae starter mix, with a pump providing aeration. A lighting system runs for 16 hours, simulating daylight. The team uses photographs of algae in the chamber and microscopic analysis back on Earth to evaluate growth and development of the organism and determines how it adapts to the microgravity environment. This experiment was created by high school students with guidance from mentors to put math, science, and engineering skills learned in school into practice.
NanoRacks-Singapore American School-Analyzing Effectiveness of Melanin in Enhancing E. coli Growth (NanoRacks-SAS-Melanin-Containing E. coli Growth) investigates whether protective pigments enhance microbial growth in the high radiation environment of space. The experiment uses special protein tags and automated photographic equipment to monitor the growth of a special bacterial strain that contains high levels of melanin, a common pigment that protects from radiation and other types of stress. The bacterial colonies are grown in a specialized biological containment device aboard the International Space Station so that their growth can be compared with control groups back on Earth.
Several crew members have developed ophthalmic, or eye, issues during long-duration missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). After identifying blood chemistry differences in affected crew members preflight, this team found genetic differences which identified a predisposition for these eye changes with the focus on a key biochemical pathway, referred to as the “one-carbon metabolism” pathway. The One-Carbon Metabolism: Expanded Polymorphism Evaluation (One-Carbon Expansion) project expands the genetic profile in an effort to determine if looking at a larger set of genes can enable better characterization of those astronauts that develop ophthalmic issues, which is ultimately expected to allow for targeted research and countermeasure development.
Pump Application using Pulsed Electromagnets for Liquid reLocation (PAPELL) examines the behavior of special magnetic fluid transport systems to determine how these systems perform in space. This magnetic fluid systems uses magnets and fluids with suspended small iron-oxide particles, known as ferrofluids, to perform pumping and other transportation tasks that are particularly important in the design of next-generation space vehicles. PAPELL uses cameras and other automated equipment to monitor exactly how ferrofluids travel across grids of electromagnets and through pipes when manipulated with an electromagnetic field under a range of different conditions.
Publications
Ehresmann M, Hild F, Grunwald K, Behrmann C, Schweigert R, Siedorf M, Causevic A, Sutterlin S, Heinz N, Bolke D, Herdrich G. PAPELL: Mechanic-free actuators through ferrofluids. 12th IAA Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation, Bremen, Germany. 2019 May 8; 7 pp. | Impact Statement
Ehresmann M, Grunwald K, Sutterlin S, Alp Aslan S, Schweigert R, Ziegler P, Hell M, Schneider M, Frank F, Korn C, Causevic A, Waizenegger K, Behnke A, Hertel V, Sahli P, Bolke D, Siedorf M, Behrmann C, Ott T, Grabi F. PAPELL: A solid-state pumping mechanism. Proceedings of the Human Spaceflight and Weightlessness Science 2018, Toulouse, France. 2018 September 20; 6pp. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35524.68481. | Impact Statement
Qucopartex - Precious (QUANTUM) observes the effects of entropy outside of the Earth’s atmosphere. Materials with tight, intense crystalline structures are exposed to a space environment to observe even small changes and differences between materials aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and those on Earth.
Quest Institute Multi-Experiment, Educational Investigation #1 (Quest Institute Lab-1) contains three independent student experiments. Effect of BAM-FX Nutrient Solution on Plant Growth in Microgravity examines microgravity’s effects on plant growth properties using a specialized nutrient solution. Effects of an Electric Field on Plant Growth in Microgravity investigates the combined effects of microgravity and a weak electric field on broccoli plant growth, which may be beneficial to plants under microgravity-related stresses. Behavior of Heat and Humidity in Microgravity evaluates heat and humidity behavior in microgravity through different heating and cooling methods.
The International Space Station (ISS) is home to thousands of items both large and small, from everyday personal supplies to complex pieces of equipment crucial for scientific experiments. To prevent them from floating away in microgravity and getting lost, they are sometimes secured in containers attached to the walls, and in other instances they are stored in cargo bags that might be stacked two or three deep. The RFID-Enabled Autonomous Logistics Management (REALM) (RFID Logistics Awareness) investigation tests a radio-based inventory control system to keep track of everything inside the football-field-sized ISS. Some aspects of the technology are commonly used on Earth, but other aspects are experimental in nature.
The Ring Sheared Drop investigation examines the formation and flow of amyloids without the complications associated with the solid walls of a container, because in microgravity, surface tension provides containment of the liquid. Fibrous, extracellular protein deposits found in organs and tissues, amyloids are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Results could contribute to better understanding of these diseases as well as to development of advanced materials.
Publications
Gulati S, Raghunandan A, Rasheed F, McBride SA, Hirsa AH. Ring-sheared drop (RSD): Microgravity module for containerless flow studies. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2017 February 1; 29(1-2): 81-89. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-016-9527-4. | Impact Statement
McMackin PM, Griffin SR, Riley FP, Gulati S, Debono NE, Raghunandan A, Lopez JM, Hirsa AH. Simulated microgravity in the ring-sheared drop. npj Microgravity. 2020 January 3; 6(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0092-1.PMID: 31909185. | Impact Statement
Gulati S, Riley FP, Hirsa AH, Lopez JM. Flow in a containerless liquid system: Ring-sheared drop with finite surface shear viscosity. Physical Review Fluids. 2019 April 16; 4(4): 044006. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.044006. | Impact Statement
Gulati S, Riley FP, Lopez JM, Hirsa AH. Mixing within drops via surface shear viscosity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018 October 1; 125559-568. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.04.057. | Impact Statement
Adam JA, Gulati S, Hirsa AH, Bonocora RP. Growth of microorganisms in an interfacially driven space bioreactor analog. npj Microgravity. 2020 April 8; 6(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0101-4. | Impact Statement
Hirsa AH, Lopez JM. Coupling vortical bulk flows to the air–water interface: From putting oil on troubled waters to surfactants on protein solutions. Fluids. 2021 June; 6(6): 198. DOI: 10.3390/fluids6060198. | Impact Statement
Riley FP, McMackin PM, Lopez JM, Hirsa AH. Flow in a ring-sheared drop: Drop deformation. Physics of Fluids. 2021 April 1; 33(4): 042117. DOI: 10.1063/5.0048518. | Impact Statement
Space Tango Fan verifies functionality of thermal cooling hardware that works by directing air coming into the facility to targeted elements. The investigation operates in the TangoLab locker, a reconfigurable experiment ecosystem that works autonomously aboard the space station. The crew installs Space Tango Fan hardware and, post-experiment, removes and stows it for return.
Space Tango Thermal Evaluation Module examines the thermal effects of heating and cooling methods in microgravity in the absence of convection. Thermal imaging and a grid of sensors map how active temperature disturbances transfer within a sealed container.
Space Tango-Chandra Kumala School-Observation of Slime Molds inside 3D Maze in Microgravity (Space Tango-CKS-Slime Mold) observes how microgravity affects the growth of slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, and its reaction to stimuli such as food and water. Using slime mold as a model for living cells, the investigation also looks at whether cell growth and cell activity are affected by gravity.
Space Tango-San Diego Youth Space Program-The Effects of Microgravity on Decomposing Organisms (Space Tango-SDYSP-Decomposition) examines the effects of microgravity on organisms that aid in decomposition of organic material. The way organic materials decompose in microgravity affects design of waste storage and disposal systems for long-term space travel. On Earth, chemical communication among mold colonies enhances their ability to decompose organic materials, but in microgravity, mold colonies may spread out, hindering this communication and, therefore, decomposition.
The Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-Dispelling Accumulated Heat with Ferrofluid in Microgravity-Testing the Functionality of a Solid-State Geiger Counter in Microgravity-Investigating the Properties of a Graphene Sponge in Microgravity Regarding Light-Induced Propulsion (Space Tango-VCHS-Ferrofluid-Geiger Counter-Light Propulsion) is a suite of three student developed investigations. The light propulsion investigation explores the effects of lasers and light on a piece of super low density graphene to test its effectiveness as a solar sail. The ferrofluid investigation tests the effectiveness of magnetic coils as a means of heat dissipation with potential applications in any pressurized microgravity environment. The geiger counter investigation tests the functionality of a new solid state geiger counter for future use by comparing radiation measurements with solar activity.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School Dublin-Slime Mold Growth under Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS Dublin-Slime Mold Growth) explores the effect of microgravity and temperature on growth of Physarum Polycephalum, or slime mold. Slime Mold is known for complex growth patterns that follow the shortest path to food. This investigation provides insight useful in developing mathematical models for efficient transportation and into microorganism adaptation to space.
Space Tango-VCHS-Efficacy of Sharklet Material in Preventing Growth of E. coli in Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS-Sharklet) examines whether Sharklet inhibits the growth of E. coli bacteria more than normal plastic material in microgravity. Sharklet is a plastic material with a special micro-pattern similar to shark skin, which inhibits attachment of bacteria. Microbial growth poses substantial threats to crew health, and Sharklet may provide a relatively inexpensive way to prevent their formation on the space station.
Space Tango-VCHS-The Effects of BAM-FX Nutrient Solution and Endophytes on Plant Growth in Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS-Plant Growth in Microgravity) evaluates the effects of Bio-Available Mineral Formula-X (BAM-FX) and endophytes on plant growth in microgravity. BAM-FX is a crop fertilizer created for use on food crops in space, and endophytes are fungi or bacteria with a symbiotic relationship with plants, shown to increase plant growth and provide protection from pathogens. Together, these factors are expected to increase plant growth more than each separately.
Space Test Program-Houston 6-X-Ray Communication (STP-H6-XCOM) demonstrates a space communication and tracking system using a beam of modulated X-rays rather than radiowave frequencies traditionally used for communication. The demonstration includes a novel technique for generating X-rays that can be switched on and off at rates much faster than traditional X-ray sources. It uses as a receiver the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), already mounted on the space station.
The Contractile Properties of Smooth Muscle in Microgravity (Smooth Muscle Cells-2) project is a research/educational venture led by the Craft Academy in collaboration with its partner - Morehead St. University (Morehead, KY). This project is the second of a two-part experiment with the purpose of evaluating the involuntary cell contractions of aortic smooth muscle cells in a microgravity environment. This research could produce new understanding of the contractile mechanism that operates within these cells to control blood pressure, and, in turn, could lead to novel hypertension treatment options.
Tomatosphere 7 consists of a shipment of 1.2 million tomato seeds to the International Space Station (ISS), where they visit for a short while aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft before returning to Earth. The seeds are sent to classrooms across Canada and the United States, along with seeds that remained on Earth. Students grow both types in a blind study that teaches them to think like scientists.
The Virginia Cubesat Constellation (VCC) measures the orbital decay of a constellation of small satellites and develops a database of atmospheric drag and the variability of atmospheric properties. Current atmospheric data are necessary to accurately predict orbits for small satellites in low-Earth orbit and the data provide better understanding of the effect of solar activity and space weather on small satellites. The Virginia Space Grant Consortium mission provides hands-on experience to students at the University of Virginia, Old Dominion University, Virginia Tech and Hampton University.
The main scientific goal of the Wireless Communication Network (Wireless Compose-2) investigation is to provide a flexible and adaptable wireless network infrastructure to conduct and execute low-power, low-weight, and wireless experiments on the International Space Station (ISS). For this demonstration, Wireless Compose-2 operates several experiments, including an experiment to examine the impact of the space environment on the cardiovascular system. Additionally, Wireless Compose-2 demonstrates newly developed impulse radio ultra-wide- band (IR-UWB) hardware to enable precise localization applications and to analyse the energy harvesting potential on the ISS.
Publications
Drobczyk M, Lubken A, Strowik C, Albrecht U, Rust J, Beringer J, Kulau U. A wireless communication network with a ballistocardiography experiment on the ISS: Scenario, components and pre-flight demonstration. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification. 2022 January; 12pp. DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2022.3166026.Also: Drobczyk, Martin, Christian Strowik, Ulf Kulau, Jochen Rust, Jan Beringer, and Urs-Vito Albrecht, ‘Wireless Compose-2: A Wireless Communication Network With a Ballistocardiography Smart-Shirt Experiment in the ISS Columbus Module’, in 2021 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE) (WiSEE’21) (Cleveland, OH, United States, 2021), pp. 103–8 <https://doi.org/10.1109/WiSEE50203.2021.9613824>.
Albrecht U, Drobczyk M, Strowik C, Lubken A, Beringer J, Rust J, Kulau U. Beat to BEAT - Non-invasive investigation of cardiac function on the International Space Station. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 2022 June 29; 29595-99. DOI: 10.3233/SHTI220669.PMID: 35773815. Also: Albrecht, Urs-Vito, Martin Drobczyk, Andre Lübken, Christian Strowik, Jochen Rust, Jan Beringer, and others, ‘Beat to BEAT - Non-Invasive Investigation of Cardiac Function on the International Space Station’, in International Conference on Informatics, Management and Technology in Healthcare (presented at the International Conference on Informatics, Management and Technology in Healthcare, Griechenland, 2022) <https://elib.dlr.de/186796/> [accessed 16 June 2022]..
For this investigation, Incisitermes snyderi Kinaesthetic and Gas Synthesis Phenomena Under Conditions of Microgravity and Mamestra brassicae Chrysalis Formation in Microgravity (Moth Chrysalis and Termites in Space), one team examines the effects of microgravity on southeastern drywood termites and the other examines its effects on chrysalis formation and lifecycle development in the cabbage moth. Both insect species are expected to experience a period of stress while transitioning to the microgravity environment, but with time could adapt and exhibit normal behavior, including chrysalis formation and pupation by the moths.
Microgravity affects the growth of plants and understanding the nature of these changes is important for future missions that will rely on plants for food. Asian Herb in Space studies fast-growing plants used for traditional medicine and flavoring food, examining differences in their aroma that may result from microgravity-related cellular changes. This investigation benefits future plant growth efforts in space, and provides new information on the formation of aroma compounds in common herbs.
BOOST Orbital Operations on Spheroid Tessellation (adidas BOOST™) examines the particle foam mold filling process using different types of pellets. On Earth, adidas makes performance midsoles from thousands of individual foam pellets blown into a mold and fused together. Microgravity enables a closer look at the factors behind pellet motion and location, which could enhance manufacturing processes as well as product performance and comfort.
CubeLab Microscope Imagery Technology Demonstration (CubeLab Microscope Imagery Tech Demo) tests enhanced microscope imagery capabilities for experiments aboard the space station. Images provide a primary way to document and analyze many microgravity investigations, and better quality images could lead to better results.
CySat-1 demonstrates a three-unit (3U) CubeSat carrying a radiometer that collects remote sensing data to measure soil moisture on the Earth. CubeSats, a class of research nanosatellites, have standard dimensions, or units, of 10cm × 10cm × 10cm. This educational mission provides students hands-on experience designing, building and deploying a CubeSat and tests equipment for future CubeSat missions.
Most of the electronic and light-detecting devices needed for cellphones, laptops, spectrometers, and similar products are made of single crystals - making them crucial for scientific and technological functions, national security, and long-term economic growth. Crystals produced in space typically have higher crystalline and chemical perfection. Detached Melt and Vapor Growth of Indium Iodide (InI) in SUBSA (SUBSA-Ostrogorsky) uses detached melt and vapor techniques to grow six benchmark quality crystals of indium iodide (InI), which is inexpensive, easy to grow, and the only semiconductor detector material that does not contain toxic elements.
Educational Program for Schools to Inspire Next Generation (I-Space Essay) sends an SD card that contains digital works created by students, such as pictures and poetry, to the International Space Station (ISS). The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) issues a certificate to participating schools after the flight. More than 13,000 students from 74 schools created works for the project.
Effect of Convection on the Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Alloy Solidification (SUBSA-CETSOL) examines the effects of gravity-driven melt convection and sedimentation or floatation of unattached solid on the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) in the grain structure of metals. CET occurs during metal alloy solidification when round (equiaxed) crystals block the growth of elongated columnar crystals. A better understanding of this complex physical phenomenon is important for predicting and controlling properties of metal alloys, including steel, aluminum alloys and nickel-based superalloys. The investigation compares samples solidified on the International Space Station (ISS) and on Earth.
Researchers from the University of Adelaide are working to develop micro-flow spacelabs for on-orbit formulation and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Evaluation of Long-Term Stability of Pharmaceutical Ingredients in an Excipient Matrix for Use in Potential Future On-Orbit Manufacturing (Pharmaceutical Excipient Ingredient Stability in Microgravity) evaluates the effects of microgravity and radiation on the long-term stability of medicines in their excipient matrix, the non-active ingredients in medicines, made from materials abundant in the lunar surface such as silica, magnesium and calcium phosphate. This study could provide information helpful for developing the capability to formulate medicines in space with dual benefit to people on Earth and future explorers.
Publications
Tran QD, Tran V, Toh LS, Williams PM, Tran NN, Hessel V. Space medicines for space health. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2022 April 28; epub17pp. DOI: Space Medicines for Space Health.
HTV Wireless LAN Demonstration (HTV WLAN Demo) demonstrates real-time wireless video transfer between the International Space Station (ISS) and a visiting spacecraft. Autonomous docking technology is important for future missions, such as to the Moon and Mars, that will be unable to rely on human operations the same way as current vehicle logistics. Stable and high-rate data transfer is critical to the real-time video monitoring required for docking.
JEM Commercial (Avatar-X) (Kibo Avatar-X) demonstrates remote robot technology, Avatar-X, a 4K Camera, and new encoding method developed by ANA HOLDINGS INC. (All Nippon Airways). A user on Earth remotely controls a camera, installed near the window of the Japanese Experiment Module, to see the view from space.
Measurement of Thermophysical Properties of Bash Fiber (Nippon Fiber) measures the physical properties of BASHFIBER®. This thread-like fiber is a mixture of basalt rock and fly ash (FA), an industrial byproduct generated during coal combustion at coal-burning thermal power plants. The fiber is resistant to acid and salt, similar to industrial fibers used to reinforce materials such as concrete and plastic.
NanoRacks-LEMUR-2 consists of a constellation of remote sensing satellites. These deploy from the International Space Station (ISS) as well as the visiting space vehicle to conduct tests at a range of altitude bands. Functions for these satellites include weather monitoring, aviation, and global maritime tracking.
Liquid phase sintering is an important means to fabricate net-shape composite materials for applications over a range of industries. The science of liquid phase sintering is about 50 years old, but practice dates from the 1400s when gold was used to bond platinum in Colombia and Ecuador. Today, it is a mainstay in a diversity of fields, such as metal cutting tools, armor piercing projectiles, automotive engine connecting rods, and self-lubricating bearings. Future applications include use of liquid phase sintering as a means to perform in-space fabrication and repair, and for example using lunar regolith to fabricate structures on the Moon or using metal powder to fabricate replacement components during extraterrestrial exploration. The NASA Sample Cartridge Assembly-Gravitational Effects on Distortion in Sintering (MSL SCA-GEDS-German) investigation focuses on determining the underlying scientific principles to forecast density, size, shape, and properties for liquid phase sintered bodies over a broad range of compositions in Earth-gravity (1g) and microgravity (μg) conditions.
Phospho-aging Mechanism of Accelerated Aging Under Microgravity (Phospho-aging) examines the molecular mechanism behind aging-like symptoms, such as bone loss and muscle atrophy, that occur more rapidly in microgravity. Using analysis of human premature-aging syndromes (progeria) in mouse models, scientists identified calciprotein particles (CPPs) as a pro-aging factor in mammals. CPPs behave like a pathogen, inducing chronic inflammation and systemic tissue damage that could be the mechanism behind accelerated aging in space.
REduced Gravity Gecko Adhesion docking Experiments (REGGAE) tests capture and active removal of space debris in low-Earth orbit using materials that mimic the microscopic structures in the feet of geckos, flies, spiders and beetles that allow them to adhere to almost any surface. Space debris – human-made objects that remain in orbit but no longer serve a useful purpose, including derelict satellites and spent launch vehicle stages – poses a risk to the use of low-Earth orbit. Removal is essential to continued safe operation of satellites and spacecraft.
The Spacecraft Atmosphere Monitor investigation demonstrates the capabilities of a small, reliable, portable gas chromatograph mass spectrometer instrument aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to conduct major and minor elements of air measurement. The instrument transmits data back to the ground research team every two seconds, providing a continuous analysis to the ground research team.
Tissue degeneration and failure of tissue to regenerate normally in microgravity are becoming increasing concerns for sustaining life in space. The CDKN1a/p21 pathway is known to be a key molecular mechanism involved in inhibiting tissue regenerative processes, and scientific evidence suggest it is required for the arrest of regenerative bone formation observed in microgravity. The results from The Role of CDKN1a/p21 Pathway in Microgravity-Induced Bone Tissue Regenerative Arrest – A Spaceflight Study of Transgenic CDKN1a/p21-Null Mice in Microgravity (Rodent Research-10) provide insight into the role of the gene CDKN1a/p21 in tissues affected by microgravity, and could lead to the development of preventive treatments designed to counter tissue degeneration in space.
The Space Frontier Studio KIBO is a broadcasting studio that is constructed and operated in the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), also known as Kibo. The studio can livestream activities, interactive entertainment, and communication from space. The program can receive uplinked video and audio from a ground studio to Space Frontier Studio KIBO, and downlink video and audio from space to ground.
Organisms grow differently in space, from single-celled bacteria to plants and humans. Future long-duration space missions will require crew members to grow their own food. Therefore, understanding how plants respond to microgravity and demonstrating the reliable vegetable production on orbit are important steps toward that goal. Veggie PONDS uses a newly developed passive nutrient delivery system and the Veggie plant growth facility aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to cultivate lettuce and mizuna greens which are to be harvested on-orbit, and consumed, with samples returned to Earth for analysis.
Publications
Levine HG. Passive nutrient delivery system. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2021 March 16; US10945389B1 | Impact Statement
Levine HG, Richards JT, Koss LL, Weislogel MM, Reed DW, Nguyen A, Barea H, Kusuma D. PONDS : A new method for plant production in space. In-Space Manufacturing and Resources. 2022 235-249. DOI: 10.1002/9783527830909.ch12.
The BioAsteroid investigation studies how gravity affects the interaction between microbes and rock in a liquid medium with the goal to provide researchers a better understanding of basic physical processes - such as gravity, convection, and mixing - that control the way liquids mix with rocks and microbes. This will inform biomining, use of regolith in life support systems, and other bioprocessing applications involving rocks and regolith.
BioSentinel ISS Control Experiment (BioSentinel) measures the effects of radiation and microgravity on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or budding yeast. This model biological organism, used for many years in academic research, industry and biotechnology, has biology very similar to humans and has flown in space before. Scientists plan to compare the effects of the space station environment on this yeast to effects from a deep space mission.
International Space Station Archaeological Project - Sampling Quadrangle Assemblages Research Experiment (SQuARE) focuses on different kinds of material culture – objects and built spaces together with their symbolic and social meanings. Results could help define the significance of material culture in a space habitat and ultimately help space agencies understand how different objects and spaces are used over time.
Publications
Gorman A, Walsh JS. New approaches to habitability: the International Space Station Archaeological Project. 72nd International Astronautical Congress, Dubai, UAE. 2021 November; IAC-21-E5,1,9,x657726pp. DOI: 10.17613/g8nb-rz12. | Impact Statement
Walsh JS, Gorman A. A method for space archaeology research: the International Space Station Archaeological Project. Antiquity. 2021 October; 95(383): 1331-1343. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2021.114.
Walsh JS, Gorman A, Castano P. Postorbital discard and chain of custody: The processing of artifacts returning to Earth from the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2022 June; 195513-531. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.03.035. | Impact Statement
Ali RH, Kashefi AK, Gorman A, Walsh JS, Linstead EJ. Automated identification of astronauts on board the International Space Station: A case study in space archaeology. Acta Astronautica. 2022 November 1; 200262-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.08.017.
The Effects of Microgravity on Oxygen Output Regarding Chlorella vulgaris (Oxygen Production in Algae) investigates how microgravity affects the oxygen output of an algal species, Chlorella vulgaris. Results could improve understanding of microgravity’s effects on the process of photosynthesis and development of photosynthetic organisms, which could contribute to design of oxygen production systems for future space travel. The investigation was selected from student proposals submitted to the Higher Orbits Go for Launch competition.
The Arthrospira sp. Gene Expression and Mathematical Modeling on Cultures Grown in the International Space Station (Arthrospira-B) experiment aims to test whether the biological process of oxygen production via photosynthesis, can also work in space. The cyanobacterium Arthrospira is cultured in a controlled environment, for one month, aboard the International Space Station (ISS), in which light, temperature, nutrient supply, and its growth is monitored. Upon return to Earth at the end of the spaceflight portion of the experiment, the form, structure and physiology of Arthrospira is examined, along with a genetic study of the organism.
Publications
Poughon L, Laroche C, Creuly C, Dussap C, Paille C, Lasseur C, Monsieurs P, Heylen W, Coninx, Mastroleo F, Leys N. Limnospira indica PCC8005 growth in photobioreactor: model and simulation of the ISS and ground experiments. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2020 May; 2553-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.03.002. | Impact Statement
Poughon L, Creuly C, Godia F, Leys N, Dussap C. Photobioreactor Limnospira indica growth model: Application from the MELiSSA plant pilot scale to ISS flight experiment. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 2021 8128. DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2021.700277. | Impact Statement
The E. coli AntiMicrobial Satellite (EcAMSat) investigation determines the lowest dose of antibiotic needed to inhibit growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a bacterial pathogen that causes infections in humans and animals. The experiment exposes wild type (naturally occurring in nature) and mutant strains of E. coli to three different antibiotic concentrations, then examines viability of each group using a dye that reveals metabolic activity. The first mission in the 6U satellite platform configuration, EcAMSat also serves to demonstrate the capabilities of this technology.
Publications
Padgen MR, Chinn T, Friedericks CR, Lera MP, Chin M, Parra MP, Piccini ME, Ricco AJ, Spremo SM. The EcAMSat fluidic system to study antibiotic resistance in low Earth orbit: Development and lessons learned from space flight. Acta Astronautica. 2020 February 19; epub48 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.02.031. | Impact Statement
Padgen MR, Lera MP, Ricco AJ, Chin M, Chinn T, Cohen A, Friedericks CR, Henschke MB, Snyder TV, Spremo SM, Jing-Hung W, Matin AC. EcAMSat spaceflight measurements of the role of σs in antibiotic resistance of stationary phase Escherichia coli in microgravity. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2020 February 1; 2418-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.007. | Impact Statement
The objective of Arabidopsis Thaliana in Space: Perception of Gravity, Signal Transduction and Graviresponse in Higher Plants (AT-Space) is to identify plant gravity perception and signal transduction pathways on a molecular level. This comprehensive research should reveal the crucial factors controlling the gravity signal transduction cascade.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Expression of Gene in Space (SPEGIS) will examine the behavior and growth of bacteria in microgravity and investigate the effects of the space environment on the gene expression, protein production, and virulence of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. The data collected will also provide insight on what types of bacterial infections may occur during long-duration space missions and the risks to crew members.
Publications
Allen CA, Galindo CI, Pandya U, Watson DA, Chopra AK, Niesel DW. Transcription profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae grown under different conditions of normal gravitation. Acta Astronautica. 2007 60(4-7): 433-44.
Space Tethered Autonomous Robotic Satellite - Miniature Elevator (STARS-Me) consists of two one unit (1U) cubesats deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-10 (J-SSOD-10) satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). STARS-Me was built by Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan. STARS-Me was launched aboard HTV-7 on September 22, 2018, and was deployed on October 26, 2018.
Microbes can proliferate in any environment, and they can threaten the health of crew members living in a closed environment. RJR Augmented Microbial Sampling refines areas where microbes are likely to grow on the International Space Station (ISS), despite efforts to clean spacecraft and cargo. Results provide insight into the microbial stowaways on board the ISS and form a basis for decisions about future monitoring and mitigation of microbes, both on the ISS and on future spacecraft.
1KUNS-PF is a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-8 (J-SSOD-8) CubeSat deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). The 1KUNS-PF CubeSat tests in-house developed technology in low-Earth orbit, in a collaboration between University of Nairobi, Kenya and the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. 1KUNS-PF is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-14 Dragon cargo vehicle.
The Bellevue High School 2020 Print project uses the space station’s Manufacturing Device – Additive Manufacturing Facility (AMF) to provide students a behind-the-scenes experience with the 3D prinitng process in microgravity. The project delivers a 3D print to celebrate the end of the year and to show appreciation to crew members. This unique experience can inspire and motivate students to pursue studies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
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Publications
Karemaker JM, Berecki-Gisolf J. 24-h Blood Pressure in Space: The Dark Side of Being an Astronaut. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 October; 169 SupplS55-S58. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.05.006.PMID: 19481180. | Impact Statement
The 3D Printing In Zero-G Technology Demonstration (3D Printing In Zero-G) experiment demonstrates that a 3D printer works normally in space. In general, a 3D printer extrudes streams of heated plastic, metal or other material, building layer on top of layer to create 3 dimensional objects. Testing a 3D printer using relatively low-temperature plastic feedstock on the International Space Station is the first step towards establishing an on-demand machine shop in space, a critical enabling component for deep-space crewed missions and in-space manufacturing.
Publications
Snyder MP, Dunn JJ, Gonzalez EG. Effects of microgravity on extrusion based additive manufacturing. AIAA Space 2013 Conference & Exposition, San Diego, CA. 2013 September 10-12; AIAA 2013-54396 pp. | Impact Statement
Prater TJ, Bean QA, Beshears RD, Rolin TD, Werkheiser N, Ordonez EA, Ryan RM, Ledbetter III FE. Summary report on phase I results from the 3D Printing in Zero G technology demonstration mission, volume I. NASA Technical Publication. 2016 July; NASA/TP—2016–219101156 pp. | Impact Statement
Prater TJ, Bean QA, Werkheiser N, Grguel R, Beshears RD, Rolin TD, Huff T, Ryan RM, Ledbetter III FE, Ordonez EA. Analysis of specimens from phase I of the 3D Printing in Zero G Technology demonstration mission. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2017 October 6; 23(6): 1212-1225. DOI: 10.1108/RPJ-09-2016-0142. | Impact Statement
Prater TJ, Werkheiser N, Ledbetter III FE, Timucin DA, Wheeler KR, Snyder MP. 3D Printing in Zero G technology demonstration mission: Complete experimental results and summary of related material modeling efforts. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2018 November 3; epub27 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-018-2827-7. | Impact Statement
Prater TJ, Werkheiser N, Ledbetter III FE, Morgan K. In-Space Manufacturing at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center: A portfolio of fabrication and recycling technology development for the International Space Station. 2018 AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition, Orlando, FL. 2018 September 17-19; 14 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2018-5364. | Impact Statement
Prater TJ, Edmunsson J, Fiske M, Ledbetter III FE, Hill C, Meyyappan M, Roberts C, Huebner L, Hall P, Werkheiser N. NASA’s In-Space Manufacturing Project: Update on Manufacturing Technologies and Materials to Enable More Sustainable and Safer Exploration. 70th International Astronautical Congress 2019, Washington, DC. 2019 October 21-25; IAC-19.D3.2B.514 pp. | Impact Statement
The TRITEL investigation characterizes the radiation environment within the Columbus module of the International Space Station (ISS) with high accuracy. It uses a combination of three different detector types – 3 Silicon Detector Telescopes, ThermoLuminescent and Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors – measuring the radiation amount, direction and history to determine, amongst others, two very important values to humans (absorbed dose and dose equivalent) from solar and galactic radiation. Continued characterization and understanding of the space radiation environment allows researchers to better protect humans during space flight and provides data for improving shielding properties of future spacecraft designs.
Publications
Narici L, Berger T, Matthia D, Reitz G. Radiation measurements performed with active detectors relevant for human space exploration. Frontiers in Oncology. 2015 December 8; 5(273): 10 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00273.PMID: 26697408. | Impact Statement
European Space Agency (ESA) developed a 3D Procedure Authoring Tool (3D PAT) currently used for building a 3 dimensional visualisation of procedures for refresher training on orbit. This technology is to be assessed for its efficiency for training of tasks occurring at short notice on orbit where no pre-flight training has taken place. This 3D Visual Training (3D VIT) could be very useful, considering the possibility of increased failures on the International Space Station (ISS) as the station ages, and lead the way towards training during future human exploration missions outside of low Earth orbit, reducing the time required for ground-based training.
A Pathfinder Satellite for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation (CUAVA-1) satellite is the first 3U CubeSat designed, developed and launched by the CUAVA Training Centre in Australia. CUAVA-1 flies first-generation payloads developed by CUAVA partners and directly address the Centre’s goals of developing the future workforce of the space and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) industries in Australia. The CUAVA-1 deploys as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-19 (J-SSOD-19) micro-satellite deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-23 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
A Simple In-flight Method to Test the Risk of Fainting on Return to Earth After Long-Duration Space Flights (BP Reg) tests the effectiveness of an in-flight manipulation of arterial blood pressure (BP) as an indicator of post-flight response to a brief stand test, since spaceflight negatively impacts the regulation of BP on return to upright posture on earth. A Leg Cuff test induces a brief drop in BP following the release of a short obstruction of blood flow to the legs; the change in BP from pre-flight to in-flight is used to predict those crew members who might be susceptible to experience the greatest drop in BP in the post-flight stand test. A second objective of this investigation is to determine whether cardiac output calculated from the analysis of the finger blood pressure waveform provides an accurate estimate both pre-flight and in-flight by comparison with a rebreathing method.
Publications
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK. Autonomic responses to exercise: Deconditioning/inactivity. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical. 2015 March; 18832-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.012.PMID: 25458429. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Yee NJ, Greaves DK. Elevated end-tidal Pco2 during long-duration spaceflight. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2016 October 1; 87(10): 894-897. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4598.2016.PMID: 27662353. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Peterson SD, Yee NJ, Greaves DK. Cardiac output by pulse contour analysis does not match the increase measured by rebreathing during human spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017 August 10; epubDOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2017.PMID: 28798205. | Impact Statement
Wood KN, Greaves DK, Hughson RL. Interrelationships between pulse arrival time and arterial blood pressure during postural transitions before and after spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2019 October 1; 127(4): 1050-1057. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2019.PMID: 31414954. | Impact Statement
Wood KN, Murray KR, Greaves DK, Hughson RL. Inflight leg cuff test does not identify the risk for orthostatic hypotension after long-duration spaceflight. npj Microgravity. 2019 October 11; 5(1): 22. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0082-3. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Arbeille P. CCISS, Vascular and BP Reg: Canadian space life science research on ISS. Acta Astronautica. 2014 November; 104(1): 444-448. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.02.008. | Impact Statement
A Study of Earth Radiation Characteristics and Testing of Their Use in a Model of the ISS RS Power Supply System (Albedo) studies the impact of radiation reflected from the Earth’s atmosphere and underlying terrain on the operation of the ISS RS power supply system.
EVA Radiation Monitoring: A Study of Radiation Doses Experienced by Astronauts in EVA (EVARM) characterized the radiation doses experienced by crewmembers during extravehicular (spacewalk) activities. The data determined which parts of the human body are exposed to the highest radiation levels so that routine dosage monitoring in future missions can be done on the appropriate parts of the human body.
Publications
Thomson I. EVA dosimetry in manned spacecraft. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 1999 430(2): 203-209.
Lewis BJ, Bennett LG, Green AR, McCall MJ, Ellaschuk B, Butler A, Pierre MC. Galactic and solar radiation exposure to aircrew during a solar cycle. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2002 102(3): 207-227.
Measurements (NCRP) N. Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities: Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities: Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 1989 NCRP Report No. 98
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Badhwar GD, Watts JW, Cleghorn TF. Radiation dose from reentrant electrons. Radiation Measurements. 2001 33(3): 369-372.
Kiefer J. Space radiation research in the new millenium--From where we come and where we go. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 1-4.
Badhwar GD. The radiation environment in low-Earth-orbit. Radiation Research. 1997 148S3-S10. | Impact Statement
Shamim A, Arsalan M, Roy L, Shams M, Tarr G. Wireless dosimeter: system-on-Chip versus system-in-package for biomedical and space applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II: Express Briefs. 2008 July; 55(7): 643-647. DOI: 10.1109/TCSII.2008.921573.
Reynolds RJ, Delclos GL, Cooper SP, Rahbar MH. Radiation Dosimetry in Space: A Systematic Review. Webmed Central Environmental Medicine. 2014 March 10; 5(6): WMC004578. DOI: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2014.004578.
The A Study of the Effects of Onboard System Operating Modes on ISS Flight Conditions (Izgib) determines the gravitational environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) by studying both heterogeneous and homogeneous (in terms of density) fluid flows in microgravity using the Dakon-M science equipment.
Publications
Bryukhanov NA, Tsvetkov VV, Belyaev MY, Babkin EV, Matveeva TV, Sazonov VV. Experimental investigation of the modes of operation of uncontrolled attitude motion of the Progress spacecraft. Cosmic Research. 2006 January; 44(1): 48-57. DOI: 10.1134/S0010952506010059.Original Russian Text © N.A. Bryukhanov, V.V. Tsvetkov, M.Yu. Belyaev, E.V. Babkin, T.V. Matveeva, V.V. Sazonov, 2006, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2006, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 52–61.. | Impact Statement
Babkin EV, Belyaev MY, Efimov NI, Obydennikov SS, Sazonov VV, Stazhkov VM. First results of determining microaccelerations aboard the ISS Russian segment. RAS M. V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics. 2001 Per Roscosmos. Preprint 83.. | Impact Statement
Babkin EV, Belyaev MY, Efimov NI, Sazonov VV, Stazhkov VM. Determination of quasi-steady-state components of microaccelerations occurring aboard the International Space Station. RAS M. V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics. 2003 Per Roscosmos. Preprint 11.. | Impact Statement
Babkin EV, Belyaev MY, Efimov NI, Stazhkov VM, Sazonov VV. Residual microaccelerations aboard the ISS Russian segment. 2nd Russian Conference on Space Materials Science, Kaluga, Russia. 2003 July 3-6; 49. Per Roscosmos.
Acoustics to Manipulate Fluids tests the use of a specialized sound field as a non-contact way to collect and contain fluids. Microgravity eliminates the interference of buoyance forces and enables formation of larger droplets for this testing. The technology could provide more flexibility for fluid control, important for applications such as spacecraft life support systems.
The Acoustic Upgraded Diagnostics In-Orbit (Acoustic Diagnostics) investigation tests the hearing of International Space Station (ISS) crew members before, during, and after flight. This study assesses the possible adverse effects of noise and the microgravity environment aboard the ISS on human hearing. The investigation compares the relationship between the detection of otoacoustic emissions, sounds naturally generated from within the inner ear, and hearing loss levels when exposed to noisy environments.
Publications
Moleti A, Zompanti A, Sanjust F, D'Amico A, Pennazza G, Trichilo M, Orlando MP, Cerini L, Deffacis M, Santonico M, Sisto R, Crisafi A. Is there a risk for the astronauts' hearing in a microgravity environment? The Acoustic Diagnostics experiment on board the ISS. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, Genova, Italy. 2019 June; 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2019.8783968. | Impact Statement
Moleti A, D'Amico A, Orlando MP, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Zompanti A, Pezzilli R, Zupo G, Sisto R, Cerini L, Sanjust F, Iarossi S, De Luca M, Lo Castro F, Deffacis M, Trichilo M, Crisafi A, Di Tana V, Piacenza C, Lepore P, Castagnolo D, Piccirillo S, Valentini G, Mascetti G. Mission beyond: The Acoustic Diagnostics Experiment on board the International Space Station. Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio. 2020 May 23; 9979-85. DOI: 10.1007/s42496-020-00042-6. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency - Activation and Test Downlink of HDTV System (JAXA-HDTV) uses a high definition video (HDV) camcorder to capture high definition (HD) images. The HD images are transmitted to ground teams using the Ku-Band on ISS.
Constant microgravity conditions are essential for many ISS experiments. Very small changes in acceleration (e.g., normal crew activity) can cause subtle vibrations to echo through the ISS. ARIS can protect these delicate experiments by absorbing the shock of motion before it can affect an experiment. This capability enables accommodation of future research that is sensitive to vibration disturbances.
Publications
Bushnell GS, Becraft MD. Flight Test of an International Space Station Active Rack Isolation Prototype System. Smart Materials and Structures. 1999 8(6): 791-797. | Impact Statement
Bushnell GS, Fialho IJ, McDavid T, Allen JL, Quraishi N. Ground And On-Orbit Command and Data Handling Architectures For The Active Rack Isolation System Microgravity Flight Experiment. Acta Astronautica. 2003 53(4-10): 309-316. DOI: 10.1016/S0094-5765(03)00146-2.Also presented as Bushnell GS, Fialho IJ, McDavid T, Allen JL, Quraishi N. Ground And On-Orbit Command and Data Handling Architectures For The Active Rack Isolation System Microgravity Flight Experiment. 53rd International Astronautical Congress, The World Space Congress, Houston, TX. 2002; IAC-02-J.5.07.. | Impact Statement
Bushnell GS, Fialho IJ, Allen JL, Quraishi N. Microgravity Flight Characterization of the International Space Station Active Rack Isolation System. Proceedings of SPIE 5052, Smart Structures and Materials 2003, San Diego, CA. 2002 | Impact Statement
Fialho IJ, Bushnell GS, Allen JL, Quraishi N. Taking H-infinity To The International Space Station: Design, Implementation and On-orbit Evaluation of Robust Controllers For Active Microgravity Isolation. AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Austin, TX. 2003 | Impact Statement
Crew members and instruments aboard spacecraft experience constant exposure to space radiation. Active Tissue Equivalent Dosimeter investigation uses an Active Tissue Equivalent Dosimeter aboard the International Space Station to collect data on crew radiation exposure and to characterize the space radiation environment. The Active Tissue Equivalent Dosimeter is sensitive to different types and amounts of radiation that may be experienced in the space environment.
Two tubes of Drosophila, one containing Wild Type and the other Chromosome 2 Mutant flies, are flown to the International Space Station (ISS) for the Activity of Mutated Drosophila in Microgravity (Space Tango Payload Card Fruit Flies) investigation to evaluate the activity of mutated fruit flies in microgravity. The tubes are lit by LEDs, and a webcam takes pictures every 10 minutes and three time-lapse videos per 16-hour light cycle so researchers can compare behavior in the two types of flies. The experiment operates in TangoLab-1, a reconfigurable experiment ecosystem designed for microgravity research aboard the ISS.
Adaptation of Mouse Systems Physiology to Artificial Gravity via Centripetal Acceleration: Timing, Metabolism & Aging or Joint Partial-gravity Rodent Research (JPG-RR) Mouse Habitat Unit-8 (MHU-8) mission, examines adaptation of the circadian or daily timing system and sleep/wake behavior in mice. It uses the JAXA Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System (MARS) facility to induce various gravity levels and enable study of multiple biological systems. Results could determine whether artificial gravity may mitigate health risks associated with spaceflight, which include metabolic changes, bone loss, cardiovascular deconditioning, altered circadian rhythms, visual impairment, immune deficiencies, sensorimotor disturbances, and stress.
The Additive Manufacturing Facility Design Value Test Plan for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (AMF-ABS Design Values) creates 3D printed parts from ABS plastic using the Additive Manufacturing Facility, a Made In Space (MIS) commercial facility aboard the space station. A series of ground-based tests compare the resolution, dimensional accuracy, mechanical properties, and tolerances of flight printed materials with those made on the ground using a printer equivalent to the AMF unit on the International Space Station (ISS). Results contribute to the development of baseline mechanical properties and a design database to inform design of future 3D printed parts made from ABS plastic in space.
The investigation adidas OS Rotation-Induced Characteristics of a Sphere (adidas OS Spin) examines the behavior of free-flying soccer balls in microgravity. Researchers measure the spin speed, wobble, and spin axis of balls with different shapes and textures and compare the data to Earth-based experiments. Results could improve the understanding of interaction between free-flying objects and their environment.
Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel. Additional applications of a plant growth chamber include using plants as components of regenerative life support systems for travel to the Moon and Mars.
Publications
Duffie N, Zhou W, Oberstar E, Kornfeld M, Ptacek W. Design of a Crop Harvesting End Effector for the Robotic System used in the NASA JSC Biomass Production Chamber. SAE Technical Paper. 2003 2003-01-2598DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2598.
Negele T, Duffie N, Zhou W. Design of a Reconfigurable End Effector to be Integrated into the Robotic System used in the NASA JSC Biomass Production Chamber. SAE Technical Paper. 2002 2002-01-2514DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-2514.
Link BM, Durst SJ, Zhou W, Stankovic B. Seed-to-seed growth of Arabidopsis Thaliana on the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2003 31(10): 2237-2243. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00250-3. | Impact Statement
Zhou W, Durst SJ, DeMars M, Stankovic B, Link BM, Tellez G, Meyers RA, Sandstrom PW, Abba JR. Performance of the Advanced ASTROCULTURETM plant growth unit during ISS-6A/7A mission. SAE Technical Paper. 2002 2002-01-2280DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-2280.Paper # 02ICES-267. | Impact Statement
Zhou W, Turner M. Development of the Commercial Plant Biotechnology Facility for the International Space Station. Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Control, Toulouse, France. 2000 2000-01-2473
Zhou W, Duffie N. Performance of the ASTROCULTURE" Plant Growth Chamber (ASC-8) during the STS-95 Mission. Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Control, Toulouse, France. 2000 July 8-12;
Zhou W. Advanced AstrocultureTM Plant Growth Unit: Capabilities and Performances. 35th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Rome, Italy. 2005 05ICES-319 | Impact Statement
Stankovic B. 2001: A plant space odyssey. Trends in Plant Science. 2001 6(12): 591-593. DOI: 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02158-6.PMID: 11738385.
Stankovic B, Antonsen F, Johnsson A, Volkmann D, Sack FD. Autonomic straightening of gravitropically curved cress roots in microgravity. Advances in Space Research. 2001 27(5): 915-919. PMID: 11594376.
Link BM, Wagner ER, Cosgrove DJ. The effect of a microgravity (space) environment on the expression of expansins from the peg and root tissues of Cucumis sativus. Physiologia Plantarum. 2001 113(2): 293-300. PMID: 11710397.
Burstyn J, Ellis AB, Green O, Smith NA. Photoluminescent ethylene sensors. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2006 Sep 12; 7,105,274
Link BM, Busse JS, Stankovic B. Seed-to-Seed-to-Seed Growth and Development of Arabidopsis in Microgravity. Astrobiology. 2014 October; 14(10): 866-875. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1184.PMID: 25317938. | Impact Statement
Zabel P, Bamsey M, Schubert D, Tajmar M. Review and analysis of over 40 years of space plant growth systems. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2016 August; 101-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.06.004. | Impact Statement
The Advanced Colloids Experiment-Heated-1 (ACE-H-1) experiment examines densely packed microscopic spheres, or colloidal mixtures, to study their transition from ordered crystals into disordered glass. The particles are fluorescent and change size in different temperatures, so scientists are able to see how they move and change forms as they are heated and cooled. Studying particle interactions without the influence of gravity improves the ability of scientists to understand how increasing disorder in a crystal material affects its freezing, melting, aging and structural integrity.
Small particles suspended in a mixture, known as colloids, can combine to form complex structures and be used in new advanced materials. Colloids are found in a wide range of foods and consumer products, but they can also include particles with unique surface chemistry or electrostatic properties that allow them bind to each other in various ways. The Advanced Colloids Experiment-H-2 (ACE-H-2) investigation studies a technique called nanoparticle haloing, which stabilizes colloidal mixtures and may be important for designing advanced materials for use in medicine, imaging and other fields.
Publications
Cecil AJ, Payne JE, Hawtrey LT, King B, Willing G, Williams SJ. Nonlinear agglomeration of bimodal colloids under microgravity. Gravitational and Space Research. 2021 December 31; 10(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2022-0001.
Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-1 (ACE-M-1) studies the behavior of microscopic particles in gels and creams. Many consumer products are colloidal mixtures with stabilizers added to make them last longer. But eventually, particles still clump together and sink to the bottom in a process known as coarsening which can spoil a product. The International Space Station is an ideal location to study the physics of coarsening which could lead to manufacturing longer lasting products.
Sometimes it's hard to tell a gas from a liquid. Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-2 (ACE-M-2) observes the microscopic behavior of liquids and gases separating from each other. The investigation examines the behavior of model (colloid rich) liquids and model (colloid poor) gases near the critical point, or the point at which there is no distinct boundary between the two phases. ACE-M-2 uses a new microscope to record micro-scale events on short time scales, while previous experiments observed large-scale behavior over many weeks. Liquids and gases of the same material usually have different densities, so they would behave differently under the influence of gravity, making the microgravity environment of the International Space Station ideal for these experiments.
Publications
Kodger T, Lu PJ, Wiseman GR, Weitz DA. Stable, fluorescent PMMA particles for long-term observation of slow colloidal dynamics. Langmuir. 2017 May 31; 33(25): 6382–6389. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00852.PMID: 28560881. | Impact Statement
The ACE-M-3 experiment involves the design and assembly of complex three-dimensional structures from small particles suspended within a fluid medium. These so-called “self-assembled colloidal structures”, are vital to the design of advanced optical materials. In the microgravity environment, insight will be provided into the relation between particle shape, crystal symmetry, and structure: a fundamental issue in condensed matter science.
Publications
Wang Y, Wang Y, Breed DR, Manoharan VN, Feng L, Hollingsworth AD, Weck M, Pine DJ. Colloids with valence and specific directional bonding. Nature. 2012 November 1; 491(7422): 51-55. DOI: 10.1038/nature11564.PMID: 23128225.
Rossi L, Sacanna S, Irvine WT, Chaikin PM, Pine DJ, Philipse AP. Cubic crystals from cubic colloids. Soft Matter. 2011 7(9): 4139. DOI: 10.1039/c0sm01246g.
Wang T, Sha R, Dreyfus R, Leunissen ME, Maass C, Pine DJ, Chaikin PM, Seeman N. Self-replication of information-bearing nanoscale patterns. Nature. 2011 October 13; 478(7368): 225-228. DOI: 10.1038/nature10500.PMID: 21993758.
Xu Q, Feng L, Sha R, Seeman N, Chaikin PM. Subdiffusion of a sticky particle on a surface. Physical Review Letters. 2011 June 3; 106(22): 228102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.228102.PMID: 21702635.
Elsesser MT, Hollingsworth AD, Edmond KV, Pine DJ. Large core-shell poly(methyl methacrylate) colloidal clusters: synthesis, characterization, and tracking. Langmuir. 2011 February 1; 27(3): 917-927. DOI: 10.1021/la1034905.PMID: 21190338.
Advanced Colloids Experiment-Nanoparticle Haloing (ACE-T-12) involves design and assembly of complex three-dimensional (3D) structures from colloids, or particles of different sizes suspended in a fluid. It employs a recently discovered technique, Nanoparticle Haloing (NPH), which uses highly charged nanoparticles to stabilize much larger, non-charged particles. Allowing these structures to form in microgravity provides insight into the relationship between shape, surface charge, and concentration of particles and particle interactions.
Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature Control and Gradient Sample-11 (ACE-T-11) involves the design and assembly of complex three-dimensional (3D) structures from colloids, or small particles suspended within a fluid medium, and control of particle density and phase behavior. Such structures are vital to the design of advanced optical materials and important for 3D printing and additive manufacturing. Assembling structures in microgravity provides insight into the relation between particle shape, crystal symmetry, density, and other fundamental factors.
Publications
Wang Y, Wang Y, Breed DR, Manoharan VN, Feng L, Hollingsworth AD, Weck M, Pine DJ. Colloids with valence and specific directional bonding. Nature. 2012 November 1; 491(7422): 51-55. DOI: 10.1038/nature11564.PMID: 23128225.
Rossi L, Sacanna S, Irvine WT, Chaikin PM, Pine DJ, Philipse AP. Cubic crystals from cubic colloids. Soft Matter. 2011 7(9): 4139. DOI: 10.1039/c0sm01246g.
Wang T, Sha R, Dreyfus R, Leunissen ME, Maass C, Pine DJ, Chaikin PM, Seeman N. Self-replication of information-bearing nanoscale patterns. Nature. 2011 October 13; 478(7368): 225-228. DOI: 10.1038/nature10500.PMID: 21993758.
Xu Q, Feng L, Sha R, Seeman N, Chaikin PM. Subdiffusion of a sticky particle on a surface. Physical Review Letters. 2011 June 3; 106(22): 228102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.228102.PMID: 21702635.
Elsesser MT, Hollingsworth AD, Edmond KV, Pine DJ. Large core-shell poly(methyl methacrylate) colloidal clusters: synthesis, characterization, and tracking. Langmuir. 2011 February 1; 27(3): 917-927. DOI: 10.1021/la1034905.PMID: 21190338.
Evans DJ, Hollingsworth AD, Grier DG. Charge renormalization in nominally apolar colloidal dispersions. Physical Review E. 2016 April 25; 93(4): 042612. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.93.042612. | Impact Statement
Guerra RE, Kelleher CP, Hollingsworth AD, Chaikin PM. Freezing on a sphere. Nature. 2018 February; 554(7692): 346-350. DOI: 10.1038/nature25468. | Impact Statement
Irvine WT, Hollingsworth AD, Grier DG, Chaikin PM. Dislocation reactions, grain boundaries, and irreversibility in two-dimensional lattices using topological tweezers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013 September 24; 110(39): 15544-15548. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300787110.PMID: 24009341. | Impact Statement
Kelleher CP, Wang A, Guerrero-Garcia GI, Hollingsworth AD, Guerra RE, Krishnatreya BJ, Grier DG, Manoharan VN, Chaikin PM. Charged hydrophobic colloids at an oil--aqueous phase interface. Physical Review E. 2015 December 14; 92(6): 062306. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.062306. | Impact Statement
Feng L, Dreyfus R, Sha R, Seeman N, Chaikin PM. DNA patchy particles. Advanced Materials. 2013 April 3; 25(20): 2779-2783. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204864. | Impact Statement
Feng L, Laderman B, Sacanna S, Chaikin PM. Re-entrant solidification in polymer–colloid mixtures as a consequence of competing entropic and enthalpic attractions. Nature Materials. 2015 January; 14(1): 61-65. DOI: 10.1038/nmat4109. | Impact Statement
Palacci J, Sacanna S, Vatchinsky A, Chaikin PM, Pine DJ. Photoactivated colloidal dockers for cargo transportation. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2013 October 30; 135(43): 15978-15981. DOI: 10.1021/ja406090s. | Impact Statement
Palacci J, Sacanna S, Kim SH, Yi GR, Pine DJ, Chaikin PM. Light-activated self-propelled colloids. Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences. 2014 November 28; 372(2029): 20130372. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0372. | Impact Statement
Palacci J, Sacanna S, Abramian A, Barral J, Hanson K, Grosberg AY, Pine DJ, Chaikin PM. Artificial rheotaxis. Science Advances. 2015 May 1; 1(4): e1400214. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400214. | Impact Statement
Palacci J, Sacanna S, Steinberg AP, Pine DJ, Chaikin PM. Living crystals of light-activated colloidal surfers. Science. 2013 February 22; 339(6122): 936-940. DOI: 10.1126/science.1230020.PMID: 23371555. | Impact Statement
Wu K, Feng L, Sha R, Dreyfus R, Grosberg AY, Seeman N, Chaikin PM. Kinetics of DNA-coated sticky particles. Physical Review E. 2013 August 12; 88(2): 022304. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.88.022304. | Impact Statement
Rossi L, Soni V, Ashton DJ, Pine DJ, Philipse AP, Chaikin PM, Dijkstra M, Sacanna S, Irvine WT. Shape-sensitive crystallization in colloidal superball fluids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2015 April 28; 112(17): 5286-5290. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415467112.PMID: 25870301. | Impact Statement
Wang Y, Hollingsworth AD, Yang SK, Patel S, Pine DJ, Weck M. Patchy particle self-assembly via metal coordination. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2013 September 25; 135(38): 14064-14067. DOI: 10.1021/ja4075979.PMID: 24044358. | Impact Statement
Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature control-1 (ACE-T-1) studies tiny suspended particles which have been designed by scientists to connect themselves in a specific way to form organized structures within water. Materials having complex structures and unique properties potentially can be made with more knowledge of how these particles are joined together and the conditions which control their behaviors. The particular type of particles used in ACE-T-1 are referred to as Janus particles, named after the two faced Roman god Janus because these particles may be said to have "two faces" since they possess two distinct types of properties. The Janus particles being studied have one half of their surface composed of hydrophilic groups (which interact with water) and the other half of hydrophobic groups (which are repelled from water). The microgravity environment on the International Space Station (ISS) provides researchers insight into the fundamental physics of micro particle self-assembly and the kinds of colloidal structures that are possible to fabricate. This in turn helps manufacturers on Earth in choosing which high-value material is worth investigating.
Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature-10 (ACE-T-10) investigates the growth kinetics, microscopic dynamics, and restructuring processes in ordered and disordered structures such as colloidal crystals, glasses and gels. The investigation studies crystal nucleation in colloidal fluids, the origin of ageing in glasses and gels, as well as the heterogeneous nature of the microscopic dynamics in these structures. The study must be conducted in microgravity, as gravitational stresses affect the structure and growth of these solids from colloids.
The Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature-2 (ACE-T-2) experiment looks at the assembly of complex structures from micron-scale colloidal particles interacting via tunable attractive interactions. The samples contain suspensions of trifluoroethyl methacrylate (FEMA) colloidal particles (10%vol) of type A and B in binary solvents composed of water (H2O, 68%mass) and lutidine (32%mass), that upon nearing the critical solvent temperature (Tc~32°C) give rise to critical Casimir interactions between the particles. Regulating the temperature enables control of the particle interactions, which for these mixtures of particles A and B are different, leading to the growth of complex structures, and provide a better understanding of how complex interactions lead to complex structures, and to understand the dynamics of growth of these structures.
Introducing disorder to a crystalline system in a controlled way can form glass. Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature-4 (ACE-T-4) examines the transition of an ordered crystal to a disordered glass to determine how increasing disorder affects structural and dynamic properties. The investigation controls disorder by controlling temperature in a series of samples and observes the microscopic transition in three dimensions.
Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature-5 (ACE-T-5) examines the physical and chemical characteristics of a new class of soft materials, bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels, or bijels. Bijels have a unique structure of two liquid phases separated by a layer of small particles or colloids, which has significant potential for the design and synthesis of composite materials. A more thorough understanding of the factors that influence their mechanical stability and processing will advance this potential.
Colloids are suspensions of microscopic particles in a liquid, and they are found in products ranging from milk to fabric softener. Consumer products often use colloidal gels to distribute specialized ingredients, for instance droplets that soften fabrics, but the gels must serve two opposite purposes: they have to disperse the active ingredient so it can work, yet maintain an even distribution so the product does not spoil. Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature-6 (ACE-T-6) studies the microscopic behavior of colloids in gels and creams, providing new insight into fundamental interactions that can improve product shelf life.
Publications
Lynch M, Colina CJ, Horenziak SA, Illie BP, Gizaw Y. Phase-Stable, Sprayable Freshening Compositions Comprising Suspended Particles and Methods of Freshening the Air or a Surface with the Same. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2018 February 1; 20180154033
Lynch M, Colina CJ, Horenziak SA, Illie BP, Gizaw Y. Phase-Stable, Sprayable Freshening Compositions Comprising Suspened Particles and Methods of Freshening the Air or a Surface with the Same. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2018 February 1; 20180028707
Lynch M, Colina CJ, Horenziak SA, Illie BP, Gizaw Y, Sun Y. Phase-Stable, Sprayable Freshening Compositions Comprising Suspended Particles. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2018 February 1; 20180028706
Lynch M, Illie BP, Yeary AJ, Sawin PA. Consumer Product Composition. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2018 April 19; 20180105767
The Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature-7 (ACE-T-7) experiment involves the design and assembly of complex three-dimensional structures from small particles suspended within a fluid medium. These so-called “self-assembled colloidal structures”, are vital to the design of advanced optical materials and active devices. In the microgravity environment, insight is provided into the relation between particle shape and interparticle interactions on assembly structure and dynamics: fundamental issues in condensed matter science.
The Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project is a set of six independent studies of gaseous flames to be conducted in the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR). ACME’s primary and secondary goals are (1) improved fuel efficiency and reduced pollutant production in practical combustion on Earth, and (2) spacecraft fire prevention through innovative research focused on materials flammability.
Publications
O'Malley TF, Sheredy WA, Stocker DP. Combustion Research on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC08-A2.1.07. | Impact Statement
Dobbins RR, Tinjero J, Squeo J, Zhao X, Hall RJ, Colket MB, Long MB, Smooke MD. A combined experimental and computational study of soot formation in normal and microgravity conditions. Combustion Science and Technology. 2022 March 29; 1-26. DOI: 10.1080/00102202.2022.2041621.
The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) experiment involves crewmembers conducting ultrasound exams on one another to determine the accuracy of ultrasound use to diagnose certain types of on-orbit injuries and illnesses, as well as to assess the feasibility of ultrasound for monitoring in-flight bone alterations.
Publications
Chiao LN, Sharipov S, Sargsyan AE, Melton SL, Hamilton DR, McFarlin K, Dulchavsky SA. Ocular examination for trauma; clinical ultrasound aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Trauma: Injury Infection and Critical Care. 2005 58(5): 885-889. PMID: 15920397. | Impact Statement
Fincke EM, Padalka GI, Lee D, van Holsbeeck M, Sargsyan AE, Hamilton DR, Martin DS, Melton SL, McFarlin K, Dulchavsky SA. Evaluation of Shoulder Integrity in Space: First Report of Musculoskeletal US on the International Space Station. Radiology. 2005 234(2): 319-322. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2342041680.PMID: 15533948. | Impact Statement
Foale CM, Kaleri AY, Sargsyan AE, Hamilton DR, Melton SL, Martin DS, Dulchavsky SA. Diagnostic instrumentation aboard ISS: just in time training for non-physician crewmembers. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2005 76594-598. PMID: 15945407. | Impact Statement
Sargsyan AE, Hamilton DR, Melton SL, Amponsah D, Marshall NE, Dulchavsky SA. Ultrasonic evaluation of pupillary light reflex. Critical UltraSound Journal. 2009 DOI: 10.1007/s13089-009-0012-9. | Impact Statement
Dulchavsky SA, Sargsyan AE, Garcia KM, Melton SL, Ebert DJ, Hamilton DR. Intuitive ultrasonography for autonomous medical care in limited-resource environments. Acta Astronautica. 2011 May; 68(9-10): 1595-1607. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.08.024.
Sargsyan AE, Hamilton DR, Jones JA, Melton SL, Whitson PA, Kirkpatrick AW, Martin DS, Dulchavsky SA. FAST at MACH 20: Clinical Ultrasound Aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Trauma: Injury Infection and Critical Care. 2005 January; 58(1): 35-39. DOI: 10.1097/01.TA.0000145083.47032.78.PMID: 15674147. | Impact Statement
Hamilton DR, Sargsyan AE, Martin DS, Garcia KM, Melton SL, Feiveson AH, Dulchavsky SA. On-orbit prospective echocardiography on International Space Station crew. Echocardiography. 2011 May; 28(5): 491-501. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01385.x.PMID: 21535119. | Impact Statement
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Rajulu SL, Crucian BE, Lipshits M, Zwart SR. fake faker faking test test. Space: A Journey of Discovery. 2021 May 1; 10(20): 30. DOI: 10.1016/jfdapodshg. | Impact Statement
The Advanced Hydrogen Sensor Technology Demonstration (OGA H2 Sensor Demo) tests new sensors for the International Space Station’s oxygen generation system (OGS). The OGS produces breathable oxygen via electrolysis and has sensors for detecting hydrogen to protect it from failures. These current sensors, which are used to ensure that no hydrogen enters the oxygen product stream into the cabin, have sensitivity to humidity and drift over time, however, which limits their operational life. New sensors will be tested downstream of the existing OGA system in order to determine their stability over time; if these sensors prove to be superior to the current ones they may be integrated into the Advanced OGA which is geared for exploration missions.
The Advanced Imaging, Folding, and Assembly of Colloidal Molecules (ACE-T-9) investigation involves the imaging, folding, and assembly of complex colloidal molecules within a fluid medium. This set of experiments not only prepares for future colloidal studies, but also provides insight into the relationship between particle shape, colloidal interaction, and structure. These so-called “colloidal molecules” are vital to the design of new and more stable product mixtures.
The Advanced Plant Experiment - Canadian Space Agency 2 (APEX-CSA2) investigation examines white spruce, picea glauca, to understand the influence of gravity on plant physiology, growth, and on the genetics of wood formation. It utilizes the Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS) and is the second Canadian botany study to be conducted aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Publications
Beaulieu J, Giguere I, Deslauriers M, Boyle B, MacKay J. Differential gene expression patterns in white spruce newly formed tissue on board the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2013 August; 52(4): 760-772. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.05.004. | Impact Statement
Beaulieu J, Deslauriers M. Spruces in weightlessness. Canadian Wood Fibre Centre Fibre Facts. Canadian Wood Fibre Centre. 2014 2 pp. | Impact Statement
Rioux D, Lagace M, Cohen LY, Beaulieu J. Variation in stem morphology and movement of amyloplasts in white spruce grown in the weightless environment of the International Space Station. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2015 January; 467-78. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.01.004. | Impact Statement
Advanced Plant Experiment-07 (APEX-07) examines how changes in gravity and other environmental factors associated with spaceflight affect plants at the level of gene expression. Previous research shows that microgravity conditions during spaceflight affects which genes turn on or off, which proteins are present and in what amounts, and the modifications made to those proteins. All of these processes are controlled by RNA, and this investigation analyzes the role of RNA regulation on gene expression during spaceflight in both roots and shoots of plants.
Compounds known as polyamines contribute to plant stress mitigation on Earth, and plants grown in microgravity display evidence of stress at the morphological level and gene-expression changes suggestive of stress response. Advanced Plant EXperiment-08 (APEX-08) examines the role of these compounds in these plant responses to microgravity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Results could provide insights into the mechanisms plants use to modulate the stress of microgravity.
For the Advanced Plant EXperiments-02-2 (APEX-02-2) investigation, a genome-wide series of deletion clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or “Baker’s yeast”, is assayed for radiation damage during spaceflight in comparison to ground controls. On return to Earth, the yeast arrays from space and ground are analyzed by state-of-the-art next generation DNA sequencing techniques. This fresh application of DNA sequencing aims to determine the molecular mechanisms of radiation damage in order to facilitate understanding radiation damage, and may provide simple approaches to enhancing space based and clinical radiation damage.
Advanced Plant EXperiments-03-1 (APEX-03-1) continues a highly successful investigation into the effects of microgravity on the development of roots and cells on plant seedlings. The experiment uses the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, or thale cress, which is grown in Petri plates for a specified duration. After the growth period, the plants are photographed, harvested, and preserved for return to Earth and detailed analysis.
Publications
Hou G, Kramer VL, Wang Y, Chen R, Perbal G, Gilroy S, Blancaflor EB. The promotion of gravitropism in Arabidopsis roots upon actin disruption is coupled with the extended alkalinisation of the columella cytoplasm and a persistent lateral auxin gradient. Plant Journal. 2004 Jul; 39(1): 113-125. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02114.x.
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.
Vergara A, Lorber B, Sauter C, Giege R, Zagari A. Lessons from crystals grown in the Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility for conventional crystallization applied to structural biology. Biophysical Chemistry. 2005 118(2-3): 102-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.06.014.PMID: 16150532. | Impact Statement
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.
Vergara A, Lorber B, Sauter C, Giege R, Zagari A. Lessons from crystals grown in the Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility for conventional crystallization applied to structural biology. Biophysical Chemistry. 2005 118(2-3): 102-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.06.014.PMID: 16150532. | Impact Statement
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Lorber B, Theobald-Dietrich A, Charron C, Sauter C, Ng JD, Zhou D, Giege R. From conventional crystallization to better crystals from space: a review on pilot crystallogenesis studies with aspartyl-tRNA synthetases. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 58(Pt 10 Pt 1): 1674-1680.
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.
Vergara A, Lorber B, Sauter C, Giege R, Zagari A. Lessons from crystals grown in the Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility for conventional crystallization applied to structural biology. Biophysical Chemistry. 2005 118(2-3): 102-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.06.014.PMID: 16150532. | Impact Statement
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Castagnolo D, Piccolo C, Carotenuto L, Vegara A, Zagari A. Crystallization of the collagen-like polypeptide (PPG)10 aboard the International Space Station. 3. Analysis of residual acceleration-induced motion. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2003 59(pt4): 773-776. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444903002178. | Impact Statement
Berisio R, Vitagliano L, Vergara A, Sorrentino G, Mazzarella L, Zagari A. Crystallization of the collagen-like polypeptide (PPG)10 aboard the International Space Station. 2. Comparison of crystal quality by X-ray diffraction. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 581695-1699. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902014427.
Vergara A, Corvino E, Sorrentino G, Piccolo C, Tortora A, Carotenuto L, Mazzarella L, Zagari A. Crystallization of the collagen-like polypeptide (PPG)10 aboard the International Space Station. 1. Video observation. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 581690-1694. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902014269.
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.
Berisio R, Vitagliano L, Mazzarella L, Zagari A. Recent progress on collagen triple helix structure, stability and assembly. Protein and Peptide Letters. 2002 April 1; 9(2): 107-116. DOI: 10.2174/0929866023408922.PMID: 12141907. Received from PI. related, USML-2 and LMS..
Berisio R, Vitagliano L, Mazzarella L, Zagari A. Crystal structure of the collagen triple helix model [(Pro-Pro-Gly)10]3. Protein Science. 2002 February; 11(2): 262-270. DOI: 10.1110/ps.32602.Received from PI. related, USML-2 and LMS..
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.
Vergara A, Lorber B, Sauter C, Giege R, Zagari A. Lessons from crystals grown in the Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility for conventional crystallization applied to structural biology. Biophysical Chemistry. 2005 118(2-3): 102-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.06.014.PMID: 16150532. | Impact Statement
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
Patiño-Lopez LD, Decanniere K, Gavira JA, Maes D, Otalora Munoz F. Protein Experiment: Scientific Data Processing Platform for On-Flight Experiment Tuning. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 November 1; 24(5): 327-334. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9320-y.
Garcia-Ruiz JM, Gonzalez Ramirez LA, Gavira JA, Otalora Munoz F. Granada Crystallisation Box: a new device for protein crystallisation by counter-diffusion techniques. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 September 26; 58(10): 1638-1642. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902014464. | Impact Statement
Otalora Munoz F, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Carotenuto L, Castagnolo D, Requena MN, Chernov A. Lysozyme crystal growth kinetics in microgravity. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 September 26; 58(10): 1681-1689. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902014476.
Carotenuto L, Cartwright JH, Castagnolo D, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Otalora Munoz F. Theory and simulation of buoyancy-driven convection around growing protein crystals in microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 September; 13(3): 14-21. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872072.
Garcia-Ruiz JM, Otalora Munoz F, Requena MN, Gavira JA, Sauter C, Vidal O. A supersaturation wave of protein crystallization. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 November; 232(1-4): 149-155. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01144-7.
Otalora Munoz F, Requena MN, Gavira JA, Thomas BR, Garcia-Ruiz JM. Experimental evidence for the stability of the depletion zone around a growing protein crystal under microgravity. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2001 March 1; 57(3): 412-417. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444901000555.
Vergara A, Lorber B, Zagari A, Giege R. Physical aspects of protein crystal growth investigated with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility in reduced-gravity environments. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 December 20; 59(1): 2-15. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902021443.PMID: 12499533. | Impact Statement
Zegers I, Carotenuto L, Evrard C, Garcia-Ruiz JM, De Gieter P, Gonzales-Ramires L, Istasse E, Legros J, Martial J, Minetti C, Otalora Munoz F, Queeckers P, Cedric S, Van de Weerdt C, Willaert R, Wyns L, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Counterdiffusion protein crystallisation in microgravity and its observation with PromISS (Protein Microscope for the International Space Station). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 18-3/4165-169.
Temperatures in space change dramatically from extreme heat to extreme cold, but transferring warmth from heat-producing components such as electronics is an efficient way to heat colder areas or to cool down heated areas or equipment. Advanced Research Thermal Passive Exchange (ARTE) studies the performance of a new type of heat pipe, which is a passive, low-weight device used to increase a material’s heat transfer capability. The investigation researches a new technology, called Axially Grooved Heat Pipes, which could be integrated into existing spacecraft, as well as used for future missions.
The objective of the Advanced System for Space Food (Food Processor) investigation on board the International Space Station (ISS) is to test a prototype equipment demonstrator with one specific recipe that uses basic cooking functions (beating egg whites, mixing products). The fully functional future version of the Food Processor equipment provides extra capability to weigh, mix, knead, heat, dry, cook, colour, and rehydrate, and will be developed and available for future exploration missions.
Advancing Membrane Protein Crystallization by Using Microgravity (CASIS PCG HDPCG-2) focuses on the crystallization of the cystic fibrosis (CF) protein and other closely related proteins. It aims to yield high-quality crystals, which could be used by researchers to determine protein structure and improve drugs currently used to treat cystic fibrosis, a life-threatening lung disease caused by a genetic mutation. Crystallizing proteins in microgravity is essential in the process of drug development because it allows scientists to grow larger and more ordered crystals for treating certain diseases in the absence of the effects of gravity.
AeroCube 12 A&B consists of two spacecraft, AC12-A and AC12-B. The investigation tests new star-tracker imaging sensors, a variety of nanotechnology materials, advanced solar cells, and an electric propulsion system. The AeroCube 12 A&B experiments build upon technologies tested on the AC8 CubeSats, which launched in 2015 and 2016 via an ATLAS V rocket.
The AeroCube 14 A&B investigation uses two identical 3-Unit CubeSat satellites, AC14-A and AC14-B, to demonstrate new star-tracker technology and test new nanotechnology materials and advanced solar cells in space. The investigation also tests a standardized interface for modular experiments that could reduce the challenges of integrating experiments onto a satellite and launching them into space.
AeroCube-10 uses two 1.5-unit (1.5 U) CubeSat nanosatellites developed by The Aerospace Corporation to demonstrate several operations: precision satellite-to-satellite pointing, deployment of atmospheric probes to measure air density, and small-spacecraft proximity operations using propulsion from a steam thruster. In addition, a solar cell performance degradation experiment examines radiation damage suspected of causing a drop in solar cell power output.
Aerosols are small particles suspended in the air, and in Earth’s atmosphere, aerosols include soot, dust, pollen and a wide range of other natural and human-made materials. But smoke does not rise and dust does not settle in microgravity the way they do on Earth, causing aerosols to behave differently and pose hazards for crew members breathing the air. The Aerosol Sampling Experiment (Aerosol Sampler) collects airborne particles in the International Space Station’s (ISS) cabin air, and returns them to Earth so scientists can study the particles with powerful microscopes. For this experiment, particles collected on the cabin air samples are analyzed using a variety of microscopic techniques including: light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, computer controlled scanning electron microscopy; and scanning transmission electron microscopy.
Publications
Meyer ME. Aerosol sampling experiment on the International Space Station. 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, South Carolina. 2017 July 16-20; ICES - 201 7 - 748 pp. | Impact Statement
Meyer ME. Results of the Aerosol Sampling Experiment on the International Space Station. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-10012pp. | Impact Statement
Meyer ME. Further Characterization of Aerosols Sampled on the International Space Station. 49th International Conference on Environmental Systems (Boston, Massachusetts). 2019 July 8; ICES-2019-24611 pp. | Impact Statement
Haines SR, Bope A, Nastasi N, Horack JM, Meyer ME, Dannemiller KC. Measurement of fungi and bacteria from dust collected on the International Space Station (ISS). 49th International Conference on Environmental Systems (Boston, Massachusetts). 2019 July 7; ICES-2019-1028 pp. | Impact Statement
Haines SR, Bope A, Horack JM, Meyer ME, Dannemiller KC. Quantitative evaluation of bioaerosols in different particle size fractions in dust collected on the International Space Station (ISS). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019 August 6; epub16 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10053-4.PMID: PMID: 31388730. | Impact Statement
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer #3 (J-SSOD#3) mission deploys the CubeSat AESP-14 from Kibo. The satellite was developed by the Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), with support from the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB), and the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). AESP-14 is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-5 Dragon cargo vehicle.
Aexa’s Holographic Teleportation Behavioral (Holoportation Behavioral) demonstrates two-way communications between crew members on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) to the International Space Station and ground using a mixed-reality application. The technology includes a HoloLens 2 Artificial Reality headset and HoloWizard mixed reality application to provide users 360-degree holographic images of each other. This capability represents a significant advancement in communication for remote settings. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Aging and Heart Health on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) analyzes human cells for genetic markers of cellular aging and explores how cardiac-like cells adapt to microgravity. A better understanding of the mechanisms of cellular aging and cardiac adaptation could support crew health and success on future missions. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
The Agricultural Camera (AgCam) takes frequent images, in visible and infrared light, of vegetated areas on Earth; primarily crops, rangeland, grasslands, forests, and wetlands in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of the United States. Requesting parties (e.g., farmers, ranchers, foresters, natural resource managers, tribal officials, and educators) directly receive images within 2 days of requests, which helps them improve environmental stewardship. Students and faculty at the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, chiefly built and operate the AgCam.
Publications
Hulst NE, Barton JB, Carpenter J, Frey C, Hammes J, Johnson AF, Olsen DR, Schultz RR, Scilley BW, Seielstad GA, Semke WH, Threinen S, Ubbi P, Voeller R, Wambsganss WJ, Webster A, Won C, Zeller A. AgCam: Scientific imaging from the ISS Window Observational Research Facility. 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, Big Sky, MT. 2004 March 6-13; 121 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2004.1367585. | Impact Statement
Air Flow and Thermal Characterization of Active Cooling in a Sealed Environment evaluates changes in airspeed around various obstructions. It uses a small circulator fan to create elevated air flow inside a sealed environment and measures air speed and temperature around obstructions. Comparing results to a series of fluid dynamics models helps validate and calibrate such simulations in microgravity.
Air quality in crewed spacecraft is important for keeping astronauts healthy and comfortable. Although requirements exist for maximum allowable concentrations of particulate matter, currently no measurement capability verifies whether these requirements are met. The Airborne Particulate Monitor (APM) demonstrates an instrument for measuring and quantifying the concentration of both small and large particles in spacecraft air. The data can be used to create a map of air quality in terms of particles and shed light on the sources of such particles.
Publications
Gao RS, Telg H, McLaughlin RJ, Ciciora SJ, Watts LA, Richardson MS, Schwarz JP, Perring AE, Thornberry TD, Rollins AW, Markovic MZ, Bates TS, Johnson JE, Fahey DW. A light-weight, high-sensitivity particle spectrometer for PM2.5 aerosol measurements. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2016 January 2; 50(1): 88-99. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1131809. | Impact Statement
Hering SV, Lewis GS, Spielman SR, Eiguren-Fernandez A. A MAGIC concept for self-sustained, water-based, ultrafine particle counting. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2019 January 2; 53(1): 63-72. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1538549. | Impact Statement
With dust particles present in the International Space Station atmosphere, Airway Monitoring studies the occurrence and indicators of airway inflammation in crewmembers, using ultra-sensitive gas analysers to analyse exhaled air. This helps to highlight any health impacts and to maintain crewmember well-being on future human spaceflight missions, especially longer-duration missions to the Moon and Mars for example, where crewmembers will have to be more self-sufficient in highlighting and avoiding such conditions.
Alpha demonstrates a small, free-flying solar sail equipped with four chip satellites (ChipSats) deployed into low-Earth orbit from a 1 Unit CubeSat. It verifies the properties of the sail’s highly retroreflective material for propulsion and demonstrates key functions of next-generation ChipSats that could enable satellites to provide information useful in a wide variety of space and terrestrial applications. Alpha also highlights the use of rapid design and prototyping with additive manufacturing, as most of the structure is 3D-printed.
Stars, planets and the molecules that make them are only about five percent of the total mass in the universe — the rest is either dark matter or dark energy, but no one has ever seen this material or been able to study it. What’s more, the Big Bang theory holds that the universe should be made of equal parts matter and antimatter, but scientists have never detected naturally occurring antimatter. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02 (AMS-02) looks for evidence of these mysterious substances, along with very high-energy radiation coming from distant stars that could harm crew members traveling to Mars.
Publications
Aguilar-Benitez M, Alberti G, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Anderhub H, Arruda MF, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Baret B, Aurelien B, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Basara L, Basili A, Batalha L, Bates JR, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker R, Becker UJ, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Berges P, Bertucci B, Bigongiari G, Biland A, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg KJ, Bolmont J, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Boudoul G, Bourquin M, Brun P, Buenerd M, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cadoux F, Cai X, Capell M, Casadei D, Casaus J, Cascioli V, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cervelli F, Chae M, Chang YH, Chen A, Chen C, Chen H, Cheng G, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chernoplyiokov N, Chikanian A, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark CS, Clavero R, Coignet G, Commichau V, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Costado Dios MT, Coste B, Crespo D, Cui Z, Dai M, Delgado-Mendez C, Della Torre S, Demirkoz B, Dennett P, Derome L, Di Falco S, Diao XH, Diago A, Djambazov L, Diaz C, von Doetinchem P, Du WJ, Dubois JM, Duperay R, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eppling F, Eronen T, vanEs J, Esser H, Falvard A, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Flood K, Foglio R, Fohey MF, Fopp S, Fouque N, Galaktionov Y, Gallilee MA, Gallin-Martel L, Gallucci G, Garcia B, Garcia J, Garcia-Lopez R, Garcia-Tabares L, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gentile S, Gervasi M, Gillard W, Giovacchini F, Girard L, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy-Henningsen C, Grandi D, Graziani M, Grechko A, Gross A, Guerri I, de la Guia C, Guo KH, Habiby M, Haino S, Hauler F, He ZH, Heil M, Heilig JA, Hermel R, Hofer H, Huang Z, Hungerford WJ, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jacholkowska A, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Jongmanns M, Journet L, Jungermann L, Karpinski W, Kim G, Kim K, Kirn T, Kossakowski R, Koulemzine A, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk M, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lauritzen CA, Lebedev A, Lee MW, Lee S, Leluc C, Leon Vargas H, Lepareur V, Li J, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Z, Lipari P, Lin CH, Liu D, Liu H, Lomtadze T, Lu Y, Lucidi S, Lubelsmeyer K, Luo JZ, Lustermann W, Lv S, Madsen J, Majka R, Malinin A, Mana C, Marin J, Martin TD, Martinez G, Masciocchi F, Masi N, Maurin D, McInturff A, McIntyre P, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Menichelli M, Mereu I, Millinger M, Mo DC, Molina M, Mott PB, Mujunen A, Natale S, Nemeth PJ, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oh S, Oliva A, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Park W, Pauluzzi M, Pauss F, Pauw A, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Perrin E, Pessina G, Pierschel G, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pochon J, Pohl M, Poireau V, Porter SV, Pouxe J, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi X, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ren Z, Ricol JS, Riihonen E, Rodriguez I, Roeser U, Rosier-Lees S, Rossi L, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sabellek A, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Santos B, Saouter P, Sarchioni M, Schael S, Schinzel D, Schmanau M, Schwering G, Schulz von Dratzig A, Scolieri G, Seo E, Shan BS, Shi JY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Siedling R, Son D, Spada F, Spinella F, Steuer M, Stiff K, Sun W, Sun W, Sun XH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang Z, Tao L, Tassan-Viol J, Ting SC, Ting S, Titus C, Tomassetti N, Toral F, Torsti J, Tsai JR, Tutt JC, Ulbricht J, Urban TJ, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vargas Trevino M, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Vergain M, Verlaat B, Vescovi C, Vialle JP, Viertel G, Volpini G, Wang D, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang R, Wang X, Wang ZX, Wallraff W, Weng Z, Willenbrock M, Wlochal M, Wu H, Wu KY, Wu Z, Xiao WJ, Xie S, Xiong R, Xin GM, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu Y, Yu Z, Zeissler S, Zhang JG, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Zhuang ZM, Zhuang H, Zhukov VE, Zichichi A, Zuccon P, Zurbach C. First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5-350 GeV. Physical Review Letters. 2013 Apr 3; 110141102-1 - 141102-10. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102.
Zakharov YP, Antonov VM, Shaikhislamov IF, Boyarintsev EL, Melekhov AV, Vchivkov KV, Prokopov PA. Eperimental Design and Probe Diagnostics for Simulation of AMS02-Magnet' effects in Ionospheric Plasma Flow Near International Space Station. Contributions to Plasma Physics. 2011 Mar; 51(2-3): 182-186. DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.201000049.
Bergstrom L, Bringmann T, Cholis I, Hooper D, Weniger C. New limits on dark matter annihilation from Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer cosmic ray positron data. Physical Review Letters. 2013 October 25; 111(17): 171101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.171101.PMID: 24206472.
Gaggero D, Maccione L, Di Bernardo G, Evoli C, Grasso D. Three-dimensional model of cosmic-ray lepton propagation reproduces data from the alpha magnetic spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2013 July 12; 111(2): 021102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021102.PMID: 23889380.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Ting SC. Precision measurement of the (e++e-) flux in primary cosmic rays from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2014 November 28; 113(22): 221102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.221102.PMID: 25494065.
Accardo L, Aguilar-Benitez M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Ting SC. High statistics measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5–500 GeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2014 September 18; 113(12): 121101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121101.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Aisa D, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda MF, Ting SC. Electron and positron fluxes in primary cosmic rays measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2014 September 18; 113(12): 121102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121102.
Anderhub H, Bates JR, Batzner D, Baumgartner S, Biland A, Camps C, Capell M, Ting SC. Preliminary results from the prototype synchrotron radiation detector on space shuttle mission STS-108. Nuclear Physics B. 2002 December; 113(1-3): 166-169. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(02)01837-6.
Harrison SM, Hofer H, McMahon RH, Milward SR, Stafford Allen RC, Ting SC, Ulbricht J, Viertel G. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Superconducting Magnet. 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India. 2005 August 3-10; 9303-306.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda MF, Ting SC. Precision measurement of the helium flux in primary cosmic rays of rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2015 November 20; 115(21): 211101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.211101.PMID: 26636836.
van Es J, Pauw A, van Donk G, Zwartbol T, Sun ZH, Verlaat B, Gargiulo C, Laudi E, Alvino A, Sun DJ, Shue JM, Yeh CC, Koutsenko V, Lebedev A, Dieleman P. AMS-02 tracker thermal control system overview and spin-off for future spacecraft cooling system developments. 60th International Astronautical Congress, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 2009 October 12-16; IAC-09. C2. 7.111 pp.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Aupetit S, Ting SC. Antiproton flux, antiproton-to-proton flux ratio, and properties of elementary particle fluxes in primary cosmic rays measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2016 August 26; 117(9): 091103. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.091103.PMID: 27610839.
Lopez A, Savage C, Spolyar D, Adams DQ. Fermi/LAT observations of dwarf galaxies highly constrain a dark matter interpretation of excess positrons seen in AMS-02, HEAT, and PAMELA. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2016 March; 2016(03): 033. DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2016/03/033.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda MF, Attig N, Azzarello P, Ting SC. Precision measurement of the proton flux in primary cosmic rays from rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2015 April 30; 114(17): 171103. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.171103.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Ting SC. Precision measurement of the boron to carbon flux ratio in cosmic rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2016 November 28; 117(23): 231102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.231102.PMID: 27982618.
Ting SC. The First Five Years of AMS on the International Space Station. CERN. 2016 December 8;
Stenzel C. Deployment of precise and robust sensors on board ISS-for scientific experiments and for operation of the station. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2016 September; 408(24): 6517–6536. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9789-0.PMID: 27526089. Also mentions Immunolab and FIPEX..
Di Mauro M, Donato F, Fornengo N, Vittino A. Dark matter vs. astrophysics in the interpretation of AMS-02 electron and positron data. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2016 May; 2016(05): 031. DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2016/05/031.
Kohri K, Ioka K, Fujita Y, Yamazaki R. Can we explain AMS-02 antiproton and positron excesses simultaneously by nearby supernovae without pulsars or dark matter?. Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. 2016 February; 2016(2): 021E01. DOI: 10.1093/ptep/ptv193.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Aupetit S, Ting SC. Observation of the identical rigidity dependence of He, C, and O cosmic rays at high rigidities by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2017 December 22; 119(25): 251101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.251101.PMID: 29303302. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Ting SC. Observation of new properties of secondary cosmic rays lithium, beryllium, and boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2018 January 11; 120(2): 021101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.021101. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Ting SC. Observation of fine time structures in the cosmic proton and helium fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2018 August 3; 121(5): 051101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051101.PMID: 30118264. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Ting SC. Precision measurement of cosmic-ray nitrogen and its primary and secondary components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2018 August 3; 121(5): 051103. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103.PMID: 30118280. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Ting SC. Observation of complex time structures in the cosmic-ray electron and positron fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2018 August 3; 121(5): 051102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051102.PMID: 30118287. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Ting SC. Towards understanding the origin of cosmic-ray positrons. Physical Review Letters. 2019 January 29; 122(4): 041102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.041102.PMID: 30768313. | Impact Statement
Bhattacharyya S, Motz HM, Asaoka Y, Torii S. An Interpretation of the Cosmic Ray e+ + e- Spectrum from 10 GeV to 3 TeV Measured by CALET on the ISS. International Journal of Modern Physics D. 2018 October 7; 28(02): 1950035. DOI: 10.1142/S0218271819500354. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Azzarello P, Ting SC. Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons. Physical Review Letters. 2019 Mar 15; 122(10): 101101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.101101.PMID: 30932626. | Impact Statement
Zheng C, Qi J, Fu J, Song J, Cheng L. Thermal analysis on Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer main radiators under the flight attitude adjustment of International Space Station. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020 January 5; 164114457. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114457. | Impact Statement
Accardo L, Alberti G, Bardet M, Battiston R, Blasko S, He Z, Jiang X, Koutsenko V, Lebedev A, Menichelli M, Ni J, Papi A, van Es J, Tang CP, Wang Z, Zhang D, Zwartbol T. The control electronics of the silicon tracker cooling system of the AMS-02 experiment. 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2007 October 3 - November; DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2007.4436358.
Heil M, Andeen K, Bachlechner A, Bartoloni, Beischer B, Borgia B, Chung CH, de Boer W, Gast H, Gebauer I, Kirn T, Kounine A, Lubelsmeyer K, Nikonov N, Obermeier A, Putze A, Schael S, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Siedenburg T, Spada F, Sun W, Vagelli V, Weng Z, Zeissler S, Zhukov VE, Zimmermann N. Operations and Alignment of the AMS-02 Transition Radiation Detector. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 January; | Impact Statement
Bazo Alba JL. In-flight performance of the AMS-02 silicon tracker. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2013 February; DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/409/1/012032. | Impact Statement
Ambrosi G, Azzarello P, Battiston R, Bazo J, Bertucci B, Chikanian A, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Delgado-Mendez C, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Fiandrini E, Graziani M, Habiby M, Haino S, Ionica M, Mereu I, Natale S, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Paniccia M, Pizzolotto C, Pohl M, Rapin D, Saouter P, Tomassetti N, Wu K, Zhang Z, Zuccon P. AMS-02 Track reconstruction and rigidity measurement. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 | Impact Statement
Ambrosi G, Azzrello P, Battiston R, Bazo J, Bertucci B, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Delgado-Mendez C, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Fiandrini E, Graziani M, Habiby M, Haino S, Ionica M, Mereu I, Natale S, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Paniccia M, Pizzolotto C, Pohl M, Rapin D, Saouter P, Tomassetti N, Wu K, Zhang Z, Zuccon P. In-flight operations and efficiency of the AMS-02 silicon tracker. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 July; 1DOI: 10.22323/1.236.0690. | Impact Statement
Accardo L, Alberti G, Bardet M, Battiston R, Blasko S, He Z, Jiang X, Koutsenko V, Lebedev A, Menichelli M, Ni J, Papi A, van Es J, Tang CP, Wang Z, Zhang D, Zwartbol T. The electronic ground support equipment for the silicon tracker cooling system of the AMS-02 experiment. 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2007 DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2007.4436359. | Impact Statement
Ambrosi G, Azzarello P, Battiston R, Bazo J, Bertucci B, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Delgado-Mendez C, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Fiandrini E, Graziani M, Habiby M, Haino S, Ionica M, Mereu I, Natale S, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Paniccia M, Pizzolotto C, Pohl M, Rapin D, Saouter P. Nuclear Charge Measurement With the AMS-02 Silicon Tracker. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 July; | Impact Statement
Ambrosi G, Azzrello P, Battiston R, Bazo J, Bertucci B, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Delgado-Mendez C, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Fiandrini E, Graziani M, Habiby M, Haino S, Ionica M, Mereu I, Natale S, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Paniccia M, Pizzolotto C, Pohl M, Rapin D, Saouter P, Tomassetti N, Wu K, Zhang Z, Zuccon P. Alignment of the AMS-02 silicon Tracker. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 July; | Impact Statement
Arruda MF, Barao F, Pereira R. Positron and proton separation with the AMS-02 RICH detector. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 | Impact Statement
Aupetit S, Maurin D, Poireau V. 100 billion cosmic rays detected in the AMS-02 experiment. Reflections of Physics. 2018 January; 26-30. DOI: 10.1051/refdp/201856026.French.
Bazo J. AMS-02: Cosmic electron and positron (e− + e+) spectrum up to 1 TeV. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2016 July 6; 121DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612103005. | Impact Statement
Belotsky K, Budaev R, Kirillov A, Laletin M. Fermi-LAT kills dark matter interpretations of AMS-02 data. Or not?. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2017 January 11; DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2017/01/021. | Impact Statement
Bindel KF, Gebauer I, Graziani M, Zeissler S. Study of systematics in anisotropy searches with AMS-02. 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Busan, Korea. 2017 July 10-20; | Impact Statement
Bindi V, Cheng G, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Contin A, Masi N, Oliva A, Palmonari F, Quadrani L, Yan Q. Calibration and Performance of the AMS-02 Time of Flight Detector. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 July; DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.01.002. | Impact Statement
Bindi V, Choumilov E, Contin A, Masi N, Oliva A, Palmonari F, Quadrani L, Yan Q. The AMS-02 time of flight (TOF) system: construction and overall performances in space. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 July; | Impact Statement
Bindi V. Status of the AMS-02 detector after one year of operation on the International Space Station. 36th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Melbourne, Australia. 2012 July 4-11; | Impact Statement
Boschini MJ, Consolandi C, Della Torre S, Gervasi M, Grandi D, Haino S, Vacca GL, Pensotti S, Rancoita PG, Rozza D, Tacconi M. Geomagnetic Backtracing: A comparison of Tsyganenko 1996 and 2005 External Field models with AMS-02 data. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 | Impact Statement
Caroff S. High Statistics Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. XXV European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Turin, Italy. 2016 Sept. 4-9; | Impact Statement
Carquin E, Diaz MA, Gomez-Vargas GA, Panes B, Viaux N. Confronting recent AMS-02 positron fraction and Fermi-LAT Extragalactic -ray Background measurements with gravitino dark matter. Physics of the Dark Universe. 2016 March; 111-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.dark.2015.10.002. | Impact Statement
Casaus J, Mana C, Velasco MA. Reference maps for anisotropy searches with AMS-02. 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Busan, Korea. 2017 July 10-20; | Impact Statement
Cavasonza LA, Gast H, Kramer M, Pellen M, Schael S. Constraints on Leptophilic Dark Matter from the AMS-02 Experiment. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017 April 10; 839(1): 7. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa624d. | Impact Statement
Cembranos JA, Cruz-Dombriz Ad, Dunsby PK, Mendez-Isla M. Analysis of branon dark matter and extra-dimensional models with AMS-02. Physics Letters B. 2019 March 10; 790345-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.011. | Impact Statement
Chen D, Huang J, Jin H. Spectra of cosmic ray electrons and diffuse gamma rays with the constraints of AMS-02 and HESS data. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015 October 1; 811(2): DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/811/2/154. | Impact Statement
Chen Y, Cheung K, Tseng P. Dark matter with multiannihilation channels and the AMS-02 positron excess and antiproton data. Physical Review D. 2016 January 14; 25. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.015015. | Impact Statement
Corti C. The cosmic ray electron and positron spectra measured by AMS-02. The 10th International Symposium on Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2013 November; | Impact Statement
Consolandi C. Primary Cosmic Ray Proton Flux Measured by AMS-02. The 10th International Symposium on Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2013 November; | Impact Statement
Corti C, Bindi V, Consolandi C, Whitman K. Solar Modulation of the Local Interstellar Spectrum With Voyager 1, AMS-02, Pamela, and Bess. The Astrophysical Journal. 2016 September 13; 829(8): 9. DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/8. | Impact Statement
Crispoltoni M. Status of the measurement of the e- and e+ in Cosmic Rays with the AMS-02 experiment. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2017 January; DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2017-17063-0. | Impact Statement
Crispoltoni M. The flight calibration of the ECAL of AMS-02 on ISS. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2018 DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2018-18057-0. | Impact Statement
Cuoco A, Heisig J, Korsmeier M, Kramer M. A combined dark matter study of AMS-02 antiprotons and Fermi-LAT gamma rays. European Physical Society conference on High Energy Physics, Venice, Italy. 2017 July; DOI: 10.22323/1.314.0065. | Impact Statement
Della Torre S. Results on Solar Physics from AMS-02. XXV European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Turin, Italy. 2016 September; | Impact Statement
Dermer CD. Impact of Fermi-LAT and AMS-02 results on cosmic-ray astrophysics. EPJ Web of Conferences. 2015 December; DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201510503001. | Impact Statement
Di Falco S. Performance of the AMS-02 Electromagnetic Calorimeter in Space. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/587/1/012028. | Impact Statement
Dimiccoli F. A multivariate approach to cosmic deuterons and antideuterons analysis with AMS-02. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2016 January; DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2016-16242-9. | Impact Statement
Donnini F. Status of the measurement of the nuclear components in cosmic rays with the AMS-02 experiment. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2017 DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2017-17064-y. | Impact Statement
Iablokov SN, Kuznetsov AV, Mosichkin AF, Okrugin AA, Shitova AM. The impact of standard neutrino processes into positron and antiproton fluxes. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2017 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/798/1/012031. | Impact Statement
Incagli M. AMS02 results after 4 years of data taking on the International Space Station. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2016 DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2016-16313-y. | Impact Statement
Kappl R, Reinert A, Winkler MW. AMS-02 Antiprotons Reloaded. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2015 October 13; 2015DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2015/10/034. | Impact Statement
Khiali B, Haino S, Feng J. Anomalous Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Framework of AMS-02. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017 January 31; 6. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/229. | Impact Statement
Vacca GL. Search for Cosmic Ray Anisotropy with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. XXV European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Turin, Italy. 2016 | Impact Statement
Li Z, Xu W, Wang L, Zhang C, Tang Z, Yan Q, Yang M, Lu Y, Chen G, Chen H. Angular reconstruction of a lead scintillating-fiber sandwiched electromagnetic calorimeter. Chinese Physics C. 2014 38(5): DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/5/056203. | Impact Statement
Donnini F. Precision measurement of the lithium flux in cosmic rays with the AMS-02 detector. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2018 DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2018-18058-y. | Impact Statement
Duranti M. The AMS-02 Silicon Tracker after 500 days in space. The 21st International Workshop on Vertex Detectors, Jeju, Korea. 2012 | Impact Statement
Duranti M. Precision measurement of the fluxes of electrons and positrons in Primary Cosmic Rays up to the TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands. 2015 | Impact Statement
Farzan Y, Rajaee M. Dark matter decaying into millicharged particles as a solution to AMS-02 positron excess. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2019 April 23; DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2019/04/040. | Impact Statement
Fiandrini E. Precision measurements of nuclear CR energy spectra and composition with the AMS-02 experiment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/718/5/052012. | Impact Statement
Formato V. Precision Measurement of Boron-to-Carbon ratio in Cosmic Rays from 2 GV to 2 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.. XXV European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Turin, Italy. 2016 Sept. 4-9; | Impact Statement
Formato V. AMS-02 on the International Space Station: Recent results and perspectives. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2018 DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2018-18059-x. | Impact Statement
Gillard W. High precision measurement of the AMS-RICH aerogel refractive index with cosmic ray. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 | Impact Statement
Graziani M. Electron/proton separation and analysis techniques used in the AMS-02 (e+ + e−) flux measurement. Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. 2016 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.09.388. | Impact Statement
Graziani M. Cosmic Rays observed by AMS-02: Main results obtained after 5 years of flight. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2017 DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2017-17057-x. | Impact Statement
Guerri I. Identification of γ-rays sources with the AMS-02 electromagnetic calorimeter. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2016 DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2016-16246-5. | Impact Statement
Pilo F. Observation of High-energy Gamma Rays with AMS-02. Calorimetry for the High Energy Frontier, Paris. 2013 April 22-25; DOI: 10.3204/PUBDB-2017-143523. | Impact Statement
Pilo F. High-energy Gamma Rays detection with the AMS-02 electromagnetic calorimeter. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2017 April 1; 85078-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2017.01.018.Frascati Physics Series Vol. 58 (2014) Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics May 18-24, 2014. | Impact Statement
Pizzolotto C. Positron fraction, electron and positron spectra measured by AMS-02. EPJ Web of Conferences. 2016 July 6; 121DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612103006. | Impact Statement
Pizzolotto C. Precision measurements of e+, e_, e++e_ fluxes with AMS-02. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016 May; 718DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/718/4/042046. | Impact Statement
Pohl M. AMS tracking in-orbit performance. 24th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 2015 June 1-5; | Impact Statement
Raiha T, Bachlechner A, Beischer B, Chung CH, Gast AP, Schael S, Siedenburg T. Monte Carlo Simulations of the Transition Radiation Detector of the AMS-02 Experiment. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2017 October 1; 86810-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2017.06.042.
Reinert A, Winkler MW. A precision search for WIMPs with charged cosmic rays. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2018 January 31; DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2018/01/055.
Oliva A. Precision Measurement of Nuclei in Cosmic Rays with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.. 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Chicago, Illinois. 2016 | Impact Statement
Oliva A. Precision Measurement of Boron to Carbon flux ratio in Cosmic Rays from 2 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.. The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands. 2015 July 30 - August 6; | Impact Statement
Oliva A. Precision Measurement of the Boron-to-Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the ISS. 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Busan, Korea. 2017 July 10-20; | Impact Statement
Roberts JP. Positron decrement in AMS-02 compared to Pamela, due to solar cycle. arXiv. 2012 November 4;
Li Z, Delgado-Mendez C, Giovacchini F, Haino S, Hoffman J. Antiproton identi cation below threshold with the AMS-02 RICH detector. Chinese Physics C. 2017 41(5): DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/41/5/056001. | Impact Statement
Li T, Okada N, Shafi Q. Type II seesaw mechanism with scalar dark matter in light of AMS-02, DAMPE, and Fermi-LAT data. Physical Review D. 2018 September 4; DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.98.055002. | Impact Statement
Lu B, Zong H. Limits on the Dark Matter from AMS-02 antiproton and positron fraction data. Physical Review D. 2016 May 15; 93(10): DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.103517. | Impact Statement
Di Mauro M, Vittino A. AMS-02 electrons and positrons: astrophysical interpretation and Dark Matter constraints.. The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands. 2015 July 30; | Impact Statement
Menichelli M, Ambrosi G, Battiston R, Bizzarri M, Blasko S, Cosson D, Fiori EM, Maris O, Papi A, Scolieri G. The Power Supply System of the AMS-02 Tracker Detector. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2006 September; DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2006.878130. | Impact Statement
Morescalchi L. Observation of high-energy gamma-rays with the AMS-02 electromagnetic calorimeter. Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C. 2017 3DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2017-17145-y. | Impact Statement
Niu J, Li T. Galactic cosmic-ray model in the light of AMS-02 nuclei data. Physical Review D. 2018 January 23; 97DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.023015. | Impact Statement
Obermeier A, Korsmeier M. Cross-calibration of the transition radiation detector of AMS-02 for an energy measurement of cosmic-ray ions. Advances in Space Research. 2015 January 15; 55(2): 716-721. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2014.10.033. | Impact Statement
Spada F. AMS-02 on the International Space Station. EPJ Web of Conferences. 2014 April; 70DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20147000026.
Tomassetti N, Oliva A. Identification of Light Cosmic-Ray Nuclei with AMS-02. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 July; | Impact Statement
Tomassetti N. AMS-02 in Space: Physics Results. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2015 650DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/650/1/012001.7th International Symposium on Large TPCs for Low-Energy Rare Event Detection.
Tomassetti N. AMS-02 in space: physics results, overview, and challenges. Nuclear Physics B. 2015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.06.063. | Impact Statement
Yin P, Yu Z, Yuan Q, Bi X. Pulsar interpretation for the AMS-02 result. Physical Review D. 2013 July; DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.88.023001.
Yuan Q, Lin S, Fang K, Bi X. Propagation of cosmic rays in the AMS-02 era. Physical Review D. 2017 95DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.95.083007.
Zimmermann N. Dark matter signal from e+ / e / ¯ p with the AMS-02 Detector on the International Space Station. The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics, Venice. 2017 July 5-12;
Duranti M. The AMS-02 detector after 1000 days on the international space station. Proceedings, 49th Rencontres de Moriond on Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories: La Thuile, Italy. 2014 March 15-22; | Impact Statement
Vagelli V, Weng Z. The (e+ + e−) flux measurement up to 1 TeV with the AMS-02 experiment. Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. 2016 April-June; 273-2752369-2371. DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.09.394. | Impact Statement
Vagelli V, Basegmez-du Pree S. Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays with AMS on the International Space Station. The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics, Venice. 2017 July 5-12;
Vecchi M, Wu KY, Chang YH. A 3-dimensional electromagnetic shower characterization and its application to AMS-02 pointing capability. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2013 | Impact Statement
Vecchi M. Recent results from the AMS-02 experiment. EPJ Web of Conferences. 2015 105DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201510501001.
Casaus J, Mana C, Velasco MA. Reference maps for anisotropy searches with AMS-02. 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Busan, Korea. 2017
Vittino A, Di Mauro M. A quantitative study of AMS-02 e± data. What can we learn about dark matter?. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016 718DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/718/4/042060.
Weng Z, Vagelli V. AMS-02 measurement of cosmic ray positrons and electrons. Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. 2016 April; DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.09.068.
Alpat B. Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS02) experiment on the International Space Station (ISS). Nuclear Science and Techniques. 2003 August; 14(3):
Arruda MF, Barao F, Pereira R. Particle identification with the AMS-02 RICH detector: search for dark matter with antideuterons. Astrophysics. 2007 October 4;
Arruda MF, Barao F, Pereira R. Particle identification with the AMS-02 RICH detector: D/p and ¯D/¯p separation. Astrophysics. 2008 January 21;
Bobik P, Boschini MJ, Consolandi C, Della Torre S, Gervasi M, Grandi D, Kudela K, Pensotti S, Rancoita PG. Proton and antiproton modulation in the heliosphere for different solar conditions and AMS-02 measurements prediction. Astrophysics. 2010 December 22; DOI: 10.1142/9789814329033_0046.
Brocco L, Casadei D, Cindolo F, Contin A, Laurenti G, Levi G, Montanari A, Palmonari F, Patuelli L, Sbarra C, Zichichi A. The Time of Flight System of the AMS-02 Space Experiment. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Adv. Tech. and Part. Phys., Como, Italy. 2001 October; 5. DOI: 10.1142/9789812776464_0007.
Brun P. Indirect searches for dark matter with AMS-02. The European Physical Journal C. 2008 June 27; 56(1): 27-31. DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0659-6.
Buenerd M, Aguayo P, Aguilar-Benitez M, Arruda MF, Barao F, Barrau A, Baret B, Belmont E, Berdugo J, Boudoul G, Borges J, Casadei D, Casaus J, Delgado-Mendez C, Diaz C, Derome L, Fraud L, Gallin-Martel L, Giovacchini F, Goncalves P, Lanciotti E, Laurenti G, Malinine A, Mana C, Marin J, Martinez G, Menchaca-Rocha A, Palomares C, Pimenta M, Protasov K, Sanchez E, Seo E, Sevilla I, Torrento T, Vargas-Trevino M. The AMS-02 RICH Imager Prototype In-Beam Tests with 20 GeV/c per Nucleon Ions. 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Madrid, Spain. 2003 Jun 11;
Carosi G. POSITRON/PROTON SEPARATION USING THE AMS-02 TRD. Nuclear Physics B. 2004 September; 13463-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.08.007.
Casadei D, Baldini L, Bindi V, Carota N, Castellini G, Cindolo F, Contin A, Giusti P, Laurenti G, Levi G, Margotti A, Martelli R, Palmonari F, Quadrani L, Salvadore M, Sbarra C, Zichichi A. The AMS-02 Time of Flight System. Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplement. 2002 December; 113(1-3): 133-138. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(02)0183207.
Casadei D. Cosmic Ray Astrophysics with AMS-02. Proceedings, 19th Lake Louise Winter Institute, Lake Louise, Alberta Canada. 2004 15-21 February; 6. DOI: 10.1142/9789812701961_0015.
Choutko V, Klimentov AA. AMS-02 Computing and Ground Data Handling. Computing in High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics (CHEP), Interlaken, Switzerland. 2004 September 27-October 1;
Casaus J. The AMS-02 experiment on the ISS. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2009 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/171/1/012045.
Di Falco S. Indirect Dark Matter Search with AMS-02. 41st Rencontres de Moriond: Workshop on Cosmology: Contents and Structures of the Universe, La Thuile, Italy. 2006 March 18-25;
Gentile S. Detection and measurement of gamma rays with the AMS-02 detector. 20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal. 2006 September 5-8; 6.
Molla M, Alcaraz J, Berdugo J, Bolmont J, Casaus J, Lanciotti E, Mana C, Palomares C, Sanchez E, Rodriguez FJ, Sapinski M, Sevilla I, Torrento T. SIMULATION OF THE GAMMA-RAY GALACTIC DISTRIBUTION AS SEEN BY THE AMS-02. Joint European and National Astronomical Meeting: The Many Scales in the Universe, Granada, Spain. 2004 September 13-17;
Mustafi S, Banks S, Shirey K, Breon S. Qualifying the Sunpower M87N Cryocooler for operation in the AMs-02 Magnetic Field. Cryogenics. 2004 June-August; 44(6-8): 575-580. DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2004.02.006.
Pato M, Lattanzi M, Bertone G. Discriminating the source of high-energy positrons with AMS-02. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2010 December 20; DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2010/12/020.
Pato M, Hooper D, Simet M. Pinpointing Cosmic Ray Propagation With The AMS-02 Experiment. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2020 June 23; 2010DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2010/06/022.
Pereira R. The RICH detector of the AMS-02 experiment: status and physics prospects. Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics, Radiation Interaction, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications. 2008 January 21; 5. DOI: 10.1142/9789812819093_0151.
Pochon J. Pulsar electrons detection in AMS-02 experiment. Model status and discovery potential.. Cosmic Rays for Particle and Astroparticle Physics. 2018 November 20; DOI: 10.1142/9789814329033_0069.
Spada F. Antimatter and Dark Matter search in space with AMS-02. 34th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Philadelphia. 2008
Vecchi M, Basara L, Bigongiari G, Cervelli F, Chen G, Chen G, Coignet G, Di Falco S, Elles S, Fiasson A, Fougeron D, Gallucci G, Goy-Henningsen C, Incagli M, Kossakowski R, Lepareur V, Li Z, Maire M, Paniccia M, Pilo F, Rosier-Lees S, Tang XW, Vannini C, Vialle JP, Zhuang H. The Electromagnetic Calorimeter of the AMS-02 Experiment. Week of French Astrophysics: Semaine de l'Astrophysique Francasie, Nice, France. 2012 June 5-8;
Sbarra C. THE SCINTILLATOR COUNTERS OF THE TOF OF THE AMS-02 EXPERIMENT. Frascati Physics Series (Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics). 2004 June 14-19; XXXVII6.
Spada F. Antimatter and DM search in space with AMS-02. 28th International Conference on Physics in Collision, Perugia, Italy. 2008 Jun 25-28;
von Doetinchem P, Karpinski W, Kirn T, Lubelsmeyer K, Schael S, Wlochal M. The AMS-02 Anticoincidence Counter. Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplement. 2009 December 15; 197(1): 15-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.10.025.
von Doetinchem P, Kirn T, Lubelsmeyer K, Schael S. The Anticoincidence Counter System of AMS-02. Proceedings of the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, Lodz, Poland. 2009 June; 4.
Lipshits M, Zwart SR. monkey on a stick. Stroke. 2020 dec 1; 1(1): 1. DOI: dddd55555.PMID: 11112222. god bless the child. | Impact Statement
Johnston SL, Conger BV, Paddon-Jones D, Legros J, Ting SC. god bless the child BOI. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2020 dec 1; 1(1): 1. DOI: sssc5566.PMID: 22223333. god bless the child. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Ting SC. Properties of neon, magnesium, and silicon primary cosmic rays results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Physical Review Letters. 2020 May 29; 124(21): 211102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.211102.PMID: 32530660. | Impact Statement
Zheng C, Qi J, Song J, Cheng L. Effects of the rotation of International Space Station main radiator on suppressing thermal anomaly of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer caused by flight attitude adjustment. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020 May 5; 171115100. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115100. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Ting SC. Properties of cosmic helium isotopes measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Physical Review Letters. 2019 November 1; 123(18): 181102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.181102.PMID: 31763896. | Impact Statement
Qi J, Zheng C, Song J. Numerical investigation on the impact of locking solar arrays of the International Space Station on the thermal system of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2020 July 18; epub164443. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2020.164443. | Impact Statement
Battiston R. High precision cosmic ray physics with AMS-02 on the International Space Station. La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento. 2020 July 1; 43(7): 319-384. DOI: 10.1007/s40766-020-00007-2. | Impact Statement
Grimani C, Telloni D, Benella S, Cesarini A, Fabi M, Villani M. Study of galactic cosmic-ray flux modulation by interplanetary plasma structures for the evaluation of space instrument performance and space weather science investigations. Atmosphere. 2019 December; 10(12): 749. DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120749. | Impact Statement
Jia Y, Yan Q, Choutko V, Liu H, Oliva A. Nuclei charge measurement by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer silicon tracker. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2020 August 21; 972164169. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2020.164169.Also: Ambrosi, G., P. Azzarello, R. Battiston, J. Bazo, B. Bertucci, E. Choumilov, and others, ‘Nuclei Charge Measurement with the AMS-02 Silicon Tracker’, in 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (The Hague, Netherlands, 2015), ICRC2015, 429 <https://doi.org/10.22323/1.236.0429>. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Allen MS, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Basegmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Ting SC. Properties of iron primary cosmic rays: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Physical Review Letters. 2021 January 29; 126(4): 041104. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.041104.PMID: 33576661. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Allen MS, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Basegmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Behlmann M, Beranek B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Ting SC. Properties of heavy secondary fluorine cosmic rays: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Physical Review Letters. 2021 February 26; 126(8): 081102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.081102.PMID: 33709764. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Basegmez-du Pree S, Bates JR, Battiston R, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Ting SC. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part II — Results from the first seven years. Physics Reports - Review Section of Physics Letters. 2021 February 7; 8941-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2020.09.003. | Impact Statement
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Giovacchini F, Oliva A, Valencia-Ortero M. Observation of Z> 2 trapped nuclei by AMS on ISS. 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2021), Online - Berlin, Germany. 2021 July; 1288. | Impact Statement
Fiandrini E, Tomassetti N, Bertucci B, Donnini F, Graziani M, Khiali B, Conde R. Numerical modeling of cosmic rays in the heliosphere: Analysis of proton data from AMS-02 and PAMELA. Physical Review D. 2021 July 13; 104(2): 023012. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.023012. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Basegmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Behlmann M, Beranek B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, Bollweg KJ. Properties of a new group of cosmic nuclei: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on sodium, aluminum, and nitrogen. Physical Review Letters. 2021 July 7; 127(2): 021101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.021101.PMID: 34296911. | Impact Statement
Zheng C, Shi Y, Cui Z. Numerical study on Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer thermal response under adjustment process of International Space Station flying attitude with the key angle variable. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2021 October 23; 165936. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2021.165936. | Impact Statement
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Basegmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Behlmann M, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, Bollweg KJ. Properties of daily helium fluxes. Physical Review Letters. 2022 June 10; 128(23): 231102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.231102.PMID: 35749176. | Impact Statement
Weinrich N, Boudaud M, Derome L, Genolini Y, Lavalle J, Maurin D, Salati P, Serpico P, Weymann-Despres G. Galactic halo size in the light of recent AMS-02 data. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2020 July 1; 639A74. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038064.
Mertsch P, Vittino A, Sarkar S. Explaining cosmic ray antimatter with secondaries from old supernova remnants. Physical Review D. 2021 November 22; 104(10): 103029. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.103029.
Kounine A. The alpha magnetic spectrometer on the international space station. International Journal of Modern Physics E. 2012 August; 21(08): 1230005. DOI: 10.1142/S0218301312300056.
Balazs C, Li T. AMS-02 fits dark matter. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2016 May 5; 2016(5): 33. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP05(2016)033.
Aguilar-Benitez M, Cavasonza LA, Ambrosi G, Arruda MF, Attig N, Barao F, Barrin L, Bartoloni, Basegmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Behlmann M, Beranek B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B. Periodicities in the daily proton fluxes from 2011 to 2019 measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station from 1 to 100 GV. Physical Review Letters. 2021 December 31; 127(27): 271102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.271102.PMID: 35061443. | Impact Statement
Chen C, Chiang C, Nomura T. Dark matter for excess of AMS-02 positrons and antiprotons. Physics Letters B. 2015 July 30; 747495-499. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2015.06.035.
Blau B, Harrison SM, Hofer H, Horvath IL, Milward SR, Ross JS, Ting SC, Ulbricht J, Viertel G. The superconducting magnet system of AMS-02—A particle physics detector to be operated on the International Space Station. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. 2002 March; 12(1): 349-352. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2002.1018417.
ALTCRISS is dedicated to perform a long term measurement of the radiation environment at different points inside the International Space Station (ISS). ALTCRISS will also measure continuously the cosmic radiation flow and its changes over time, especially in relation to long and short term solar activity, induced respectively by the solar cycle and solar eruptions.
Publications
Casolino M. Cosmic ray investigations during the marco polo and eneide missions with the sileye-3/alteino experiment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 49-53. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919452. | Impact Statement
Larsson O, Benghin VV, Berger T, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Fuglesang C, Larosa M, Lund-Jensen B, Nagamatsu A, Narici L, Nikolaev IV, Picozza P, Reitz G, De Santis C, Zaconte V. Measurements of heavy-ion anisotropy and dose rates in the Russian section of the International Space Station with the Sileye-3/Alteino detector. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 2014 December; 42(2): 025002. DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/42/2/025002. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Altamura F, Minori M, Picozza P, Fuglesang C, Galper A, Popov AN, Benghin VV, Petrov VP, Nagamatsu A, Berger T, Reitz G, Durante M, Pugliese M, Roca V, Sihver L, Cucinotta FA, Semones E, Shavers MR, Guarnieri V, Lobascio C, Castagnolo D, Fortezza R. The Altcriss project on board the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2007 40(11): 1746-1753. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.037.also: 1) Castagnolo, Dario, Marco Casolino, and Raimondo Fortezza, ‘The Alcriss Project on Board the International Space Station’, in 57th International Astronautical Congress (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006), IAC-06–A1.7.1, 10 pp http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.IAC-06-A1.7.01. 2) Casolino, Marco, M Minor, Piergiorgio Picozza, Christer Fuglesang, A Galper, A Popov, and others, ‘The Alcriss Project on Board the International Space Station’, in 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Mexico City, Mexico, 2008), i, 489–92 <http://indico.nucleares.unam.mx/getFile.py/access?contribId=506&sessionId=84&resId=0&materialId=paper&confId=4> [accessed 31 March 2015].. | Impact Statement
Pugliese M, Casolino M, Cerciello V, Durante M, Grossi G, Gialanella G, Manti L, Morgia A, Roca V, Scampoli P, Zaconte V. SPADA: A project to study the effectiveness of shielding materials in space. Il Nuovo Cimento C. 2008 31(1): 91-97. DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2008-10283-7.
Larsson O, Benghin VV, Casolino M, Chernikch IV, Di Fino L, Fuglesang C, Larosa M, Lund-Jensen B, Narici L, Nikolaev IV, Petrov VM, Picozza P, De Santis C, Zaconte V. Relative nuclear abundance from C to Fe and integrated flux inside the Russian part of the ISS with the Sileye-3/Alteino experiment. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 2013 December; 41(1): 015202. DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/41/1/015202. | Impact Statement
Astronauts frequently experience weakened muscles, reduced bone density and changes in metabolism, which can negatively affect their health and performance. Nematode Muscles uses a model organism, a nematode worm called C. elegans, to clarify how and why these changes take place in microgravity. Studying worms exposed to both microgravity, and gravity-like conditions in a centrifuge, could help scientists understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for muscle atrophy and other spaceflight-induced changes.
Publications
Sudevan S, Hashizume T, Yano S, Kuriyama K, Momma K, Harada S, Umehara M, Higashibata A, Higashibata A. Nematode Muscles project in spaceflight experiment. Biological Sciences in Space. 2018 326-10. DOI: 10.2187/bss.32.6. | Impact Statement
The Altering the Ionosphere by Pulsed Plasma Sources - Disturbance (Impuls Stage 1 - Disturbance) investigation obtains data on the ionospheric disturbances and sources of low-frequency waves generated in the ionosphere upon injection of pulsed plasma streams from an orbital station, as well as data on the effect of artificially stimulated ionosphere heterogeneity regions and artificial plasma generations on the propagation of high- and low-frequency radio waves. Studies the feasibility of using pulsed plasma injectors as sources of ionospheric disturbances and low-frequency electromagnetic waves.
Publications
Ruzhin YY, Ivanov KG, Kuznetsov VD, Petrov VG. Controlled injection of high-power radio pulses into the ionosphere-magnetosphere system and appearance of microsubstorms on October 2, 2007. Geomagnetizm I Aeronomiya (Geomagnetism and Aeronomy). 2009 June; 49(3): 324-334. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793209030062.Original Russian Text © Yu.Ya. Ruzhin, K.G. Ivanov, V.D. Kuznetsov, V.G. Petrov, 2009, published in Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya, 2009, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 342–352..
Oraevsky VN, Ruzhin YY, Dokukin VS, Morozov AI. Dynamics of quasineutral plasma beams and the structure of the beam-induced disturbances in ionospheric plasma. Plasma Physics Reports. 2003 March; 29(3): 267-275. DOI: 10.1134/1.1561121.Translated from Fizika Plazmy, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2003, pp. 293–301. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2003 by Oraevsky, Ruzhin, Dokukin, Morozov..
The Altering the Ionosphere by Pulsed Plasma Sources - Generation of Artificial Plasma (Impuls Stage 1 - Generation of Artificial Plasma) investigation obtains data on the ionospheric disturbances and sources of low-frequency waves generated in the ionosphere upon injection of pulsed plasma streams from an orbital station, as well as data on the effect of artificially stimulated ionosphere heterogeneity regions and artificial plasma generations on the propagation of high- and low-frequency radio waves. Studies the impact of artificial plasma formations on the propagation of high- and low-frequency radio waves.
The Altering the Ionosphere by Pulsed Plasma Sources - Injector (Impuls Stage 1 - Injector) investigation obtains data on the ionospheric disturbances and sources of low-frequency waves generated in the ionosphere upon injection of pulsed plasma streams from an orbital station, as well as data on the effect of artificially stimulated ionosphere heterogeneity regions and artificial plasma generations on the propagation of high- and low-frequency radio waves. Studies the space environment disturbances caused by artificial plasma streams from the ISS.
The Alternate Fecal Container (AFC) demonstrates using a soft-sided container to collect and store fecal deposits as part of the International Space Station’s Universal Waste Management System (UWMS). The AFC is lighter weight and can launch in a collapsed configuration, which reduces the launch mass needed to sustain the UWMS and supports longer exploration missions.
Ambiguous Tilt and Translation Motion Cues After Space Flight (Zag) investigates the exposure to combined tilt and translation motion profiles for space explorers who have experienced microgravity.
Publications
Clement GR, Wood SJ. Eye movements and motion perception during off-vertical axis rotation after spaceflight. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2013 January 1; 23(1): 13-22. DOI: 10.3233/VES-130471.PMID: 23549051. | Impact Statement
Clement GR, Wood SJ. Motion perception during tilt and translation after space flight. Acta Astronautica. 2013 November; 92(1): 48-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.03.011.
Reschke MF, Good EF, Clement GR. Neurovestibular symptoms in astronauts immediately after Space Shuttle and International Space Station missions. OTO Open. 2017 October 1; 1(4): 2473974X17738767. DOI: 10.1177/2473974X17738767.PMID: 30480196. | Impact Statement
Clement GR, Wood SJ. Rocking or Rolling – Perception of Ambiguous Motion after Returning from Space. PLOS ONE. 2014 October 29; 9(10): e111107. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111107. | Impact Statement
The Amine Swingbed experiment uses an amine-based chemical combined with the vacuum of space to filter and renew cabin air for breathing. Removing carbon dioxide and moisture from consumed air using this system reduces the demand to supply new air. Amine-based air filtering systems are now being tested for their efficiency and reliability on long-duration space missions.
Publications
Dean, II WC. Swing Bed Canister with Heat Transfer Features. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2009 December 29; 7,637,98811 pp.
The Ampli Space Pharmacy investigation studies the properties of chemical reactions of fluids flowing through membranes in microgravity. Researchers can use resulting information to refine an existing organic synthesis and bioprocessing approach to produce new compounds. This modular approach could provide a way to make medicines.
The aim of the Amyloid Aggregation investigaton is to assess if amyloid fibrils aggregation is affected by microgravity in order to identify a possible professional risk in astronauts spending long periods on board the International Space Station (ISS). Information obtained from this investigation allows for the identification of possible professional risks for astronauts employed in long-duration space missions. Furthermore, since protein accumulation is a predominant feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, a deeper comprehension of mechanism underlying peptides aggregation could be a crucial goal in neuroscience research.
Publications
Berrone E, Cardone F, Corona C, Sbriccoli M, Favole A, Porreca F, Camerini S, Casella M, Crescenzi M, Sirigu S, Crisafi A, Trichilo M, Pacelli C, Piacenza C, Truscelli G, Castagnolo D, Crisconio M, Valentini G, Mascetti G, Piccirillo S, Sennato S, Scaramuzzo FA, Pocchiari M, Casalone C. The Amyloid Aggregation study on board the International Space Station, an update. Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio. 2020 June 1; 99(2): 141-148. DOI: 10.1007/s42496-020-00049-z. | Impact Statement
TUMnanoSAT is an educational Cubesat developed at Technical University of Moldova to improve the quality of engineering studies in the Republic of Moldova and attract young students to develop and strengthen scientific research skills in space exploration. TUMnanoSAT is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-22 (J-SSOD-22) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-25 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
An Evaluation of the Human Urinary Microbiome and Urinary Symptoms Throughout a Short-Duration Space-Flight [Microbiome in Space (Ax-1)] evaluates whether space alters the human urinary tract microbiome, or community of microorganisms, during the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). Urinary tract infections have previously affected astronauts, and microbiome alterations may increase the risk. Results from this investigation could support development of countermeasures for future spaceflight. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Analysis of a Novel Sensory Mechanism in Root Phototropism (Tropi) studies Arabidopsis thaliana plants sprouting from seeds to gain insights into sustainable agriculture for future long-duration space missions.
Publications
Kiss JZ, Kumar P, Bowman RN, Steele MK, Eodice MT, Correll MJ, Edelmann RE. Biocompatibility studies in preparation for a spaceflight experiment on plant tropisms (TROPI). Advances in Space Research. 2007 39(7): 1154-1160. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.017.
Millar KD, Kumar P, Correll MJ, Mullen JL, Hangarter RP, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. A novel phototropic response to red light is revealed in microgravity. New Phytologist. 2010 186(3): 648-656. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03211.x.
Kiss JZ, Millar KD, Kumar P, Edelmann RE, Correll MJ. Improvements in the re-flight of spaceflight experiments on plant tropisms. Advances in Space Research. 2011 47(3): 545-552. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.09.024.
Correll MJ, Edelmann RE, Hangarter RP, Mullen JL, Kiss JZ. Ground-based studies of tropisms in hardware developed for the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS). Advances in Space Research. 2005 361203-1210. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.11.003.
Mullen JL, Wolverton C, Hangarter RP. Apical control, gravitropic signaling, and the growth of lateral roots in Arabidopsis. Advances in Space Research. 2005 361211-1217.
Molas ML, Kiss JZ, Correll MJ. Gene profiling of the red light signalling pathways in roots. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2006 57(12): 3217-3229.
Correll MJ, Kiss JZ. The roles of phytochromes in elongation and gravitropism of roots. Plant and Cell Physiology. 2005 46317-323.
Kumar P, Montgomery CE, Kiss JZ. The role of pytochrome C in gravitropism and phototropism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Functional Plant Biology. 2008 35298-305.
Kiss JZ, Millar KD, Edelmann RE. Phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana in microgravity and fractional gravity on the International Space Station. Planta. 2012 236(2): 635-645. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1633-y.PMID: 22481136.
Kiss JZ, Kumar P, Millar KD, Edelmann RE, Correll MJ. Operations of a spaceflight experiment to investigate plant tropisms. Advances in Space Research. 2009 44(8): 879-886. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.06.007.
Wyatt SE, Kiss JZ. Plant Tropisms: From Darwin to the International Space Station. American Journal of Botany. 2013 100(1): 1-3. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200591.PMID: 23281390. | Impact Statement
Millar KD, Kiss JZ. Analyses of tropistic responses using metabolomics. American Journal of Botany. 2013 January 1; 100(1): 79-90. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200316.PMID: 23196394.
Sindelar TJ, Millar KD, Kiss JZ. Red light effects on blue light–based phototropism in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 2014 July; 175(6): 731-740. DOI: 10.1086/676303. | Impact Statement
Vandenbrink JP, Kiss JZ, Herranz R, Medina F. Light and gravity signals synergize in modulating plant development. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2014 October 28; 5563. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00563.
Stimpson AJ, Pereira RS, Kiss JZ, Correll MJ. Extraction and labeling methods for microarrays using small amounts of plant tissue. Physiologia Plantarum. 2009 March; 135(3): 229-236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01191.x. | Impact Statement
Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Medina F, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. A novel blue-light phototropic response is revealed in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana in microgravity. Planta. 2016 December; 244(6): 1201-1215. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2581-8.PMID: 27507239.
Vandenbrink JP, Kiss JZ. Preparation of a spaceflight experiment to study tropisms in Arabidopsis seedlings on the International Space Station. Phototropism: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology. 2019 1924207-214. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9015-3_17.PMID: 30694478. | Impact Statement
Lipshits M, Zwart SR. monkey on a stick. Stroke. 2020 dec 1; 1(1): 1. DOI: ffff6666.PMID: 11112222. god bless the child. | Impact Statement
Johnston SL, Conger BV, Paddon-Jones D, Legros J, Ting SC. god bless the child BOI. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2020 dec 1; 1(1): 1. DOI: sssc5566.PMID: 22223333. god bless the child. | Impact Statement
Matia I, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Herranz R, Kiss JZ, Gasset G, van Loon JJ, Marco R, Medina F. Plant Cell Proliferation and Growth Are Altered by Microgravity Conditions in Spaceflight. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2010 167(3): 184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.08.012.PMID: 19864040.
Correll MJ, Pyle TP, Millar KD, Sun Y, Yao J, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. Transcriptome analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in space: Implications for gravity-responsive genes. Planta. 2013 June 15; 238(3): 519-533. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1909-x.PMID: 23771594. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Paul AL, Wheeler RM, Levine HG, Ferl RJ. Fundamental plant biology enabled by the space shuttle. American Journal of Botany. 2013 January 1; 100(1): 226-234. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200338.
Content Pending
Publications
van Loon JJ, Medina F, Stenuit H, Istasse E, Heppener M, Marco R. The National - ESA Soyuz Missions Andromede, Marco Polo, Odissea, Cervantes, Delta and Eneide. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 9-32. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919448. | Impact Statement
Laveron-Simavilla A, Lapuerta V, Esteban J, Lloret J, Costa M, Fernandez JJ. Apis experiment during the spanish soyuz mission cervantes. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 253-259. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919493. | Impact Statement
This analysis created a model to predict the voltage difference between the ISS and the plasma background. The ionospheric plasma interacts with the ISS solar arrays and conducting surfaces, causing excess charge to be accumulated, thus creating the potential difference. This model will be used to predict the ISS floating potentials to assess vehicle and EMU dielectric breakdown.
Publications
Reddell B, Alred J, Kramer L, Mikatarian RR, Minow J, Koontz S. Analysis of ISS Plasma Interaction. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV. 2006 January 9-12; AIAA 2006-865 | Impact Statement
Mikatarian RR, Barsamian H, Alred J, Kern J, Koontz S, Minnow JI. Electrical Charging of the International Space Station. 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2003 0
Barsamian H, Mikatarian RR, Alred J, Minnow JI, Koontz S. ISS Plasma Interaction: Measurements and modeling. 8th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference, Huntsville, AL. 2003 0
Analyzing Interferometer for Ambient Air (ANITA) will monitor 32 potential gaseous contaminants, including formaldehyde, ammonia and carbon monoxide, in the atmosphere on board the station. The experiment will test the accuracy and reliability of this technology as a potential next-generation atmosphere trace-gas monitoring system for the station.
Publications
Mosebach H, Kampf D, Stuffler T, Honne A, Odegard H, Tan G. The Advanced Air Analyser ANITA on its Way to the International Space Station (ISS) in the Year. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 | Impact Statement
Stuffler T, Mosebach H, Kampf D, Honne A, Tan G. The Flight Experiment Anita-A High Performance Air Analyser for Manned Space Cabins. Acta Astronautica. 2004 November; 55(3-9): 573-579. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.06.003.Also: Stuffler, Timo, ‘The Flight Experiment ANITA - A High Performance Air Analyser for Manned Space Cabins’. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. DOI:10.2514/6.IAC-03-T.3.01. | Impact Statement
Honne A, Schumann-Olsen H, Kaspersen K, Clausen S, Mosebach H, Kampf D, Stuffler T, Supper W, Tan G. ANITA Air Monitoring on the International Space Station Part 2: Air Analyses. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2009 April; 1(1): 178-192. DOI: 10.4271/2008-01-2043. | Impact Statement
Honne A, Schumann-Olsen H, Kaspersen K, Mosebach H, Kampf D. ANITA - an FTIR-based Continuous Air Quality Monitoring System on the ISS (International Space Station). Applied Industrial Optics: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Metrology, Toronto, Canada. 2011 jULY 10-14; AIMA13 pp. DOI: 10.1364/AIO.2011.AIMA1. | Impact Statement
Honne A, Schumann-Olsen H, Kaspersen K, Limero TF, Macatangay AV, Mosebach H, Kampf D, Mudgett PD, James JT, Tan G, Supper W. Evaluation of ANITA Air Monitoring on the International Space Station. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2009 June; 4(1): 451-466. DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2520. | Impact Statement
Stuffler T, Mosebach H, Kampf D, Honne A, Schumann-Olsen H, Kaspersen K, Supper W, Tan G. ANITA Air Monitoring on the International Space Station Part 1: The Mission. SAE Technical Paper. 2008 Jun 29; 2008-01-20428 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2008-01-2042. | Impact Statement
Stuffler T, Mosebach H, Kampf D, Honne A, Schumann-Olsen H, Kaspersen K, Henn N, Supper W, Tan G. Advanced ISS Air Monitoring — The ANITA and ANITA2 Missions. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2009 Jul 12; 2009-01-25238 PP. DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2523. | Impact Statement
The Analyzing Interferometer for Ambient Air-2 (ANITA-2) is a compact gas analyser which can analyse and quantify 33 trace contaminants in the atmosphere aboard the International Space Station (ISS) automatically. ANITA-2 can also detect the presence of unknown substances which can be evaluated later on the ground.
Publications
Yuan Z, Zhou J, Qian C, Wang S, Zhao J, Shi H. Status and inspiration on the development of the air monitoring system ANITA for European Space Agency. E3S Web of Conferences. 2021 23701014. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202123701014. | Impact Statement
Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' - Dosimetry (ALTEA-Dosi) will operate in DOSI mode (unmanned) to provide an assessment of the radiation environment inside the International Space Station (ISS), U.S. Laboratory, Destiny.
Publications
Di Fino L, Casolino M, De Santis C, Larosa M, La Tessa C, Narici L, Picozza P, Zaconte V. Heavy-Ion Anisotropy Measured by ALTEA in the International Space Station. Radiation Research. 2011 September; 176(3): 397-406. DOI: 10.1667/RR2179.1.PMID: 21561339. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Furano G, Modena I, Morselli A, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Licoccia S, Romagnoli P, Traversa E, Sannita WG, Loizzo A, Galper A, Khodarovich A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Battiston R, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Castellini G, Carlson P, Fuglesang C. The ALTEA facility on the International Space Station. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 255-257. PMID: 11776990. | Impact Statement
Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Furano G, Minori M, Morselli A, Narici L, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Fuglesang C, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Castellini G, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Navilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Vittori R. The Sileye-3/Alteino experiment for the study of light flashes, radiation environment and astronaut brain activity on board the International Space Station. Journal of Radiation Research. 2002 December; 43(Suppl): S47-S52. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.43.S47.PMID: 12793729. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Belli F, Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Di Fino L, Furano G, Modena I, Morselli A, Picozza P, Reali E, Rinaldi A, Ruggieri D, Sparvoli R, Zaconte V, Sannita WG, Carozzo S, Licoccia S, Romagnoli P, Traversa E, Cotronei V, Vazquez M, Miller J, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Galper A, Khodarovich A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Castellini G, Vittori R, Carlson P, Fuglesang C, Schardt D. The ALTEA/ALTEINO projects: studying functional effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation. Advances in Space Research. 2004 33(8): 1352 - 1357. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.052.PMID: 15803627. | Impact Statement
Zaconte V, Casolino M, De Santis C, Di Fino L, La Tessa C, Larosa M, Narici L, Picozza P. The radiation environment in the ISS-USLab measured by ALTEA: Spectra and relative nuclear abundances in the polar, equatorial and SAA regions. Advances in Space Research. 2010 09/15/2010; 46(6): 797-799. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.02.032. | Impact Statement
Di Fino L, Agostini F, Larosa M, Narici L, Zaconte V. The ALTEA experiment onboard the International Space Station. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2012 October 1; 383012006. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/383/1/012006. | Impact Statement
Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System (ALTEA) integrates several diagnostic technologies to measure the effect of the exposure of crewmembers to cosmic radiation. It will improve the understanding of the impacts that radiation has on the human central nervous system functions, and will study the flashes from cosmic radiation that astronauts have reported since the Apollo flights. ALTEA will also provide an assessment of the radiation environment in the ISS.
Publications
Fuglesang C, Narici L, Picozza P, Sannita WG. Astronaut light flash survey. European Space Agency Report. 2004 MSM-AM-AHC-GNC-RP-001
Licoccia S, Di Vona ML, Romagnoli P, Narici L, Acquaviva M, Carozzo S, Di Marco S, Saturno M, Sannita WG, Traversa E. Nanocomposite polymeric electrolytes to record electrophysiological brain signals in prolonged, unconventional or extreme conditions. Acta Biomaterialia. 2006 2(5): 531-536.
Fuglesang C, Narici L, Picozza P, Sannita WG. Phosphenes in Low Earth Orbit: Survey Responses from 59 Astronauts. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2006 April; 77(4): 449-452. PMID: 16676658. | Impact Statement
Scrimaglio R, Nurzia G, Rantucci E, Segreto E, Finetti N, Di Gaetano A, Tassoni A, Picozza P, Narici L, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Rinaldi A, Zaconte V. Simulation of the ALTEA experiment on the International Space Station with the Geant 3.21 program. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1770-1776. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.11.029. | Impact Statement
Zaconte V, Belli F, Bidoli V, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Narici L, Picozza P, Rinaldi A, Ruggieri D, Carozzo S, Sannita WG, Spillantini P, Nurzia G, Rantucci E, Scrimaglio R, Segreto E, Cotronei V, Alippi E, Gianelli G, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Petrov VP, Salnitskii VP, Avdeev S, Bonvicini W, Zampa G, Zampa N, Vittori R, Fuglesang C, Schardt D. ALTEA: flight model calibration at GSI. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1704-1709. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.028. | Impact Statement
Zaconte V, Belli F, Bidoli V, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Narici L, Picozza P, Rinaldi A, Sannita WG, Finetti N, Nurzia G, Rantucci E, Scrimaglio R, Segreto E, Schardt D. ALTEA: The Instrument calibration. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2008 May; 266(9): 2070-2078. DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2008.02.072. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Furano G, Modena I, Morselli A, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Licoccia S, Romagnoli P, Traversa E, Sannita WG, Loizzo A, Galper A, Khodarovich A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Battiston R, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Castellini G, Carlson P, Fuglesang C. The ALTEA facility on the International Space Station. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 255-257. PMID: 11776990. | Impact Statement
Larosa M, Agostini F, Casolino M, De Santis C, Di Fino L, La Tessa C, Narici L, Picozza P, Rinaldi A, Zaconte V. Ion Rates in the International Space Station During the December 2006 Solar Particle Event. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 2011 38(9): 095102. DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/38/9/095102. | Impact Statement
La Tessa C, Di Fino L, Larosa M, Narici L, Picozza P, Zaconte V. Estimate of the Space Station Shielding Thickness at a USLab Site Using ALTEA Measurements and Fragmentation Cross Sections. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2009 October 1; 267(9): 3383-3387. DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2009.06.107. | Impact Statement
Zaconte V, Casolino M, Di Fino L, La Tessa C, Larosa M, Narici L, Picozza P. High Energy Radiation Fluences in the ISS-USLab: Ion Discrimination and Particle Abundances. Radiation Measurements. 2010 February; 45(2): 168–172. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.01.020. | Impact Statement
Narici L. Heavy Ions Light Flashes and Brain Functions: Recent Observations at Accelerators and in Spaceflight. New Journal of Physics. 2008 July 28; 10(7): 075010. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/10/7/075010. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Belli F, Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Di Fino L, Furano G, Modena I, Morselli A, Picozza P, Reali E, Rinaldi A, Ruggieri D, Sparvoli R, Zaconte V, Sannita WG, Carozzo S, Licoccia S, Romagnoli P, Traversa E, Cotronei V, Vazquez M, Miller J, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Galper A, Khodarovich A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Castellini G, Vittori R, Carlson P, Fuglesang C, Schardt D. The ALTEA/ALTEINO projects: studying functional effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation. Advances in Space Research. 2004 33(8): 1352 - 1357. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.052.PMID: 15803627. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Furano G, Minori M, Morselli A, Narici L, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Fuglesang C, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Castellini G, Tesi M, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P. The Sileye-3/Alteino experiment on board the International Space Station. Nuclear Physics B. 2002 December; 113(1-3): 71-78. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(02)01824-8. | Impact Statement
Di Fino L, Belli F, Bidoli V, Casolino M, Narici L, Picozza P, Rinaldi A, Ruggieri D, Zaconte V, Carozzo S, Sannita WG, Spillantini P, Cotronei V, Alippi E, Gianelli G, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Petrov VP, Salnitskii VP, Avdeev S, Bonvicini W, Zampa G, Zampa N, Vittori R, Fuglesang C, Schardt D. ALTEA data handling. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1710-1715. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.105. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Furano G, Morselli A, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Licoccia S, Romagnoli P, Traversa E, Sannita WG, Loizzo A, Galper A, Khodarovich A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Battiston R, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Castellini G, Carlson P, Fuglesang C. ALTEA: anomalous long term effects in astronauts. A probe on the influence of cosmic radiation and microgravity on the central nervous system during long flights. Advances in Space Research. 2003 31(1): 141-146. PMID: 12577991. | Impact Statement
La Tessa C, Di Fino L, Larosa M, Lee K, Mancusi D, Matthia D, Narici L, Zaconte V. Simulation of Altea Calibration Data with Phits, Fluka and Geant4. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2009 November; 267(21-22): 3549-3557. DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2009.06.086. | Impact Statement
Narici L, De Martino A, Brunetti V, Rinaldi A, Sannita WG, Paci M. Radicals excess in the retina: A model for light flashes in space. Radiation Measurements. 2009 February; 44(2): 203-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.01.005. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Berger T, Matthia D, Reitz G. Radiation measurements performed with active detectors relevant for human space exploration. Frontiers in Oncology. 2015 December 8; 5(273): 10 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00273.PMID: 26697408. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Bidoli V, Casolino M, De Pascale MP, Furano G, Iannucci A, Morselli A, Picozza P, Reali E, Sparvoli R, Romagnoli P, Traversa E, Sannita WG, Galper A, Khodarovich A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Petrov VP, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini A, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Battiston R, Spillantini P, Castellini G, Carlson P, Fuglesang C. ALTEA: Visual perception studies on astronauts on board the ISS. 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Hamburg, Germany. 2001 2322-2324. | Impact Statement
Sommariva S, Romoli G, Vallarino E, Di Fino L, Sorrentino A, Amantini GS, Sannita WG, Piana M, Narici L. EEG in extreme conditions: An advanced analysis pipeline for the human electroencephalographic signals recorded in space during the ALTEA experiment. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2022 July 29; epub24pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.005.
The Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System - Shield (ALTEA-Shield) investigation provides an assessment of the radiation environment inside the International Space Station (ISS). The goal is to better understand the interaction between cosmic rays and brain functions. Since radiation exposure in space is one of the greatest risks to human health, a better understanding and characterization of the shielding capability of different materials is needed in order to enable future, long term human exploration.
Publications
Narici L, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Larosa M, Picozza P, Rizzo A, Zaconte V. Performances of Kevlar and Polyethylene as radiation shielding on-board the International Space Station in high latitude radiation environment. Scientific Reports. 2017 May 10; 7(1): 1644. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01707-2.PMID: 28490795. | Impact Statement
Di Fino L, Zaconte V, Ciccotelli A, Larosa M, Narici L. Fast Probabilistic Particle Identification algorithm using silicon strip detectors. Advances in Space Research. 2012 August; 50(3): 408-414. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.04.015. | Impact Statement
Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System-GAP (ALTEA-GAP ) operates in DOSI mode (unmanned) to provide an assessment of the radiation environment inside the International Space Station (ISS), U.S. Laboratory, Destiny.
Antibiotic Effectiveness in Space-1 (AES-1) examines cultures of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria to investigate the reduced effectiveness of antibiotics in microgravity. Understanding how bacteria withstand large amounts of antibiotics improves methods to reduce infection risks during space missions. Additionally, drug-resistant bacteria cause 2 million infections and 23,000 deaths in the U.S. each year. Understanding how some bacteria grow in the presence of antibiotics may lead to new treatments that benefit patients on Earth.
Publications
Zea L, Prasad N, Levy SE, Stodieck LS, Jones A, Shrestha S, Klaus DM. A molecular genetic basis explaining altered bacterial behavior in space. PLOS ONE. 2016 November 2; 11(11): e0164359. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164359. | Impact Statement
Zea L, Larsen M, Estante F, Qvortrup K, Moeller R, Dias de Oliveira S, Stodieck LS, Klaus DM. Phenotypic changes exhibited by E. coli cultured in space. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017 August 28; 812 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01598.PMID: 28894439. CASIS funded. | Impact Statement
Aunins TR, Erickson KE, Prasad N, Levy SE, Jones A, Shrestha S, Mastracchio R, Stodieck LS, Klaus DM, Zea L, Chatterjee A. Spaceflight modifies Escherichia coli gene expression in response to antibiotic exposure and reveals role of oxidative stress response. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018 9310. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00310.PMID: 29615983. | Impact Statement
The Antibiotic Properties and Sensitivity of E.Coli in Microgravity (Space Tango Payload Card E. Coli Antibiotic Sensitivity Experiment) evaluates the bacteria growth of E.coli in microgravity in the presence of various antibiotics. Microscopic images are captured throughout the mission.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-6 (J-SSOD-6) mission deployed AOBA-Velox-3 CubeSat. AOBA Velox-3 was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-6.
The Microscope Observation System is a remotely controllable microscope used for various biological experiments. During Inc.53/54, Confocal System will be launched and checked out for addition of a confocal observation function to the Microscope Observation System.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-12 (J-SSOD-12) is a CubeSat deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). J-SSOD-12 deploys the 3-Unit AQua Thruster-Demonstrator (AQT-D) CubeSat. This CubeSat was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle “KONOTORI8” (HTV8) on September 14, 2019.
Publications
Yaginuma K, Asakawa J, Nakagawa Y, Tsuruda Y, Kakihara K, Yanagida K, Murata Y, Ikura M, Matsushita S, Aoyanagi Y, Matsumoto T. AQT-D: CubeSat demonstration of a water propulsion system deployed from ISS. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2020 July; 18(4): 141-148. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.18.141. | Impact Statement
The water that astronauts drink on the International Space Station (ISS) is recycled by up to 80% from their sweat, urine, and other reclaimed wastewater sources. Recycling reduces the number of supply missions needed to run the ISS, and building a self-sufficient spacecraft is necessary for future missions farther from our planet. Using a device that consists of a simple absorbent cotton, which is injected with 1 milliliter of water, and a tablet computer application, Aquapad aims to improve the speed and efficiency of water potability tests onboard the ISS.
The Aquaporin Inside Membrane Testing in Space (AquaMembrane) investigation helps to validate an Aquaporin Inside Membrane (AIM) as a replacement for the International Space Station (ISS) multifiltration beds for water recovery. This is done by quantifying AIM efficiency in treating ISS condensate water, obtained from moisture in the ISS cabin atmosphere. This could lead to improved efficiency in ISS systems for reclaiming water, which can help to reduce the upload mass of expendable media used in water processing.
Publications
Jensen PH, Hansen JS, Vissing T, Perry ME, Nielsen CH. Biomimetic Membranes and Uses Thereof. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2015 December 17; 20150360183
Tang C, Qui C, Zhao Y, Shen W, Vararattanavech A, Wang R, Hu X, Torres J, Fane AG, Nielsen CH. Aquaporin Based Thin Film Composite Membranes. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2014 November 13; 20140332468
Space Tango Payload Card Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis) studies how the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana is effected by the microgravity environment. The goals of this experiment include successfully growing Arabidopsis thaliana in order to evaluate the differences between microgravity and parallel terrestrial growth systems in classrooms, and to preserve the seeds for future multi-generational microgravity growth studies.
The common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is an important animal model for the human immune system, making it a useful model for studying the biological effects of spaceflight. Spaceflight affects the innate immune system, which could make animals including humans more susceptible to disease, especially because microbes can become hardier and more virulent in space. The NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) ISS Drosophila Experiment (Fruit Fly Lab-01) studies the combined effect of altered host immunity with changes to microbes in space.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Quick L, Davis RR, Honer zu Bentrup K, Crabbe A, Richter E, Sarker SF, Barrila J, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Shah M, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Bober R, Devich J, Ruggles AD, CdeBaca A, Narayan S, Benjamin J, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Porter MD, Pierson DL, Smith SM, Mergeay M, Leys N, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Gorie D, Nickerson CA. Media Ion Composition Controls Regulatory and Virulence Response of Salmonella in Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2008 3(12): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003923.
Marcu O, Lera MP, Sanchez ME, Levic E, Higgins LA, Shmygelska A, Fahlen TF, Nichol H, Bhattacharya S. Innate Immune Responses of Drosophila melanogaster Are Altered by Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2011 6(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015361.
Fahlen TF, Sanchez ME, Lera MP, Blazevic E, Chang J, Bhattacharya S. A Study of the Effects of Space Flight on the Immune Response in Drosophila Melanogaster. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2006 19(2): 133-134. | Impact Statement
Inan OT, Marcu O, Sanchez ME, Bhattacharya S, Kovacs GT. A portable system for monitoring the behavioral activity of Drosophila. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2011 October; 202(1): 45-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.039. | Impact Statement
Inan OT, Etemadi M, Sanchez ME, Marcu O, Bhattacharya S, Kovacs GT. A miniaturized video system for monitoring the locomotor activity of walking drosophila melanogaster in space and terrestrial settings. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2009 February; 56(2): 522-524. DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2008.2006018. | Impact Statement
Chan KL, Inan OT, Bhattacharya S, Marcu O. Estimating the speed of Drosophila locomotion using an automated behavior detection and analysis system. Fly. 2012 July-September; 6(3): 205-210. DOI: 10.4161/fly.20987.PMID: 22878427. | Impact Statement
Parsons-Wingerter P, Hosamani R, Vickerman MB, Bhattacharya S. Mapping by VESGEN of wing vein phenotype in Drosophila for quantifying adaptations to space environments. Gravitational and Space Research. 2015 December 31; 3(2): 54-64. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0011. | Impact Statement
Gilbert R, Torres ML, Clemens R, Hateley S, Hosamani R, Wade W, Bhattacharya S. Spaceflight and simulated microgravity conditions increase virulence of Serratia marcescens in the Drosophila melanogaster infection model. npj Microgravity. 2020 February 4; 6(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0091-2.PMID: 33531487. | Impact Statement
ARCUS Protein – Making the Cut – in Space is a student investigation that works alongside Precision Biosciences to determine how microgravity affects the ability of a synthetic nuclease. The synthetic enzyme ARCUS is meant to make a specific double-stranded break in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and may be further used to fix, add or knockout genes. This is the first step to determine whether the technology has potential to sustain habitats outside Earth.
JAXA Area Passive Dosimeter for Life-Science Experiments in Space (Area PADLES) is an investigation that uses area dosimeters to continuously monitor the radiation dose aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Radiation exposure can have significant biological effects on living organisms including the biological investigations being done on ISS in the Japanese Experiment Module, Kibo. By installing area dosimeters at 17 fixed locations inside the Kibo Module, continuous area radiation monitoring can be provided throughout the ISS Kibo program.
Publications
Nagamatsu A, Murakami K, Kitajo K, Shimada K, Kumagai H, Tawara H. Area radiation monitoring on ISS Increments 17 to 22 using PADLES in the Japanese Experiment Module Kibo. Radiation Measurements. 2013 June; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.05.008. | Impact Statement
Nagamatsu A, Murakami K, Yokota A, Yamazaki J, Yamauchi M, Kitajo K, Kumagai H, Tawara H. Space radiation damage to HDTV camera CCDs onboard the international space station. Radiation Measurements. 2011 February; 46(2): 205-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.11.016. | Impact Statement
Tawara H, Masukawa M, Nagamatsu A, Kitajo K, Kumagai H, Yasuda N. Characteristics of Mg2SiO4:Tb (TLD-MSO-S) relevant for space radiation dosimetry. Radiation Measurements. 2011 August; 46(8): 709-716. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.05.058. | Impact Statement
Tawara H, Masukawa M, Nagamatsu A, Kitajo K, Kumagai H, Yasuda N. Measurement of a linear energy transfer distribution with antioxidant doped CR-39 correcting for the dip angle dependence of track formation sensitivity. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2008 September 12; 47(9): 7324-7327. DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.47.7324. | Impact Statement
Nagamatsu A, Masukawa M, Kamigaichi S, Kumagai H, Masaki M, Yasuda N, Yasuda H, Benton ER, Hayashi T, Tawara H. Development of the space radiation dosimetry system ‘PADLES’. 20th Workshop on Radiation Detectors and Their Uses KEK, Tsukuba, Japan. 2006 February 1-3; 2006-726-36. | Impact Statement
Argus-02 has two objectives: to examine the effect of space radiation on electronics and to test machine-learning algorithms that identify natural events. Memory cards loaded with known images are exposed to space radiation to further study radiation-induced effects. Simultaneously, the CubeSat images the Earth limb and uses algorithms to identify events such as lightning strikes and auroras; false-positive identification of events leads to modification of algorithms. Argus-02 results may help improve electronics and software for future space travel.
Ariel University First Nano Satellite (SATLLA-1) is a low-cost nano-satellite platform for testing the use of light communication between satellites and the ground. SATLLA-1 has a camera to take low-resolution photos, a radio for relaying short messages (including photos) and an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) bright enough to be seen by a telescope on Earth. It also tests using a reaction wheel mechanism to orient the satellite.
Artemis HERA on Space Station (A-HoSS) demonstrates software to refine data analysis and operational products for future exploration missions. It modifies the Hybrid Electronic Radiation Assessor (HERA), built to operate as the primary radiation detection system for Orion and certified for flight on Artemis 2, to operate on the space station. The investigation provides an opportunity to evaluate this hardware in the space radiation environment prior to the Artemis 2 flight.
The Artery in Microgravity – Orbit Your Thesis! (Ice Cubes #7) is a student-built experiment, part of the European Space Agency’s Orbit Your Thesis! Programme, that investigates blood flow through models of human coronary arteries, both healthy and diseased. This attempt to model arteries in a small payload is a bio-engineering achievement and, if successful, can help identify any effects of gravity on blood flow through various human heart vessels.
Publications
Drayson O, Bernardini N, Abderrahaman AB, Cerquetani L, Cipolletta A, Ferrer BD, Falcone F, Gabetti S, Genoni M, Torta E, Vagnone F, Aguzzi M, Audas C, Compin M, Favier J, Lizy-Destrez S, Morbiducci U. AIM (Artery In Microgravity): An ICE Cubes mission by university students. 3rd Symposium on Space Educational Activities, Leicester, United Kingdom. 2020 109-113. DOI: 10.29311/2020.27. | Impact Statement
Garcia Mozos L, Saroya D, Roelvink Y, Dos Santos D'Amore N, Gabetti S, Lobo JG, Lobo C, Joshi M, Penedo G, Rodriguez Encinas JA, Torta E, Lee S, Laulan-Souilhac B, Mouchel R, Lustro S, Butin A, Campos MG, Passoni L, Avallone L, Alex A. Artery in Microgravity (AIM): Assembly, integration, and testing for a student payload for the ISS. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Space Educational Activities, Barcelona, Spain. 2022 April; DOI: 10.5821/conference-9788419184405.097.
The purpose of the Artificial Diamond Substrate Exposure Experiment in Space investigation is to see how a KENZAN Diamond™ substrate could be affected by severe environments such as outer space. The results can help researchers identify the elements necessary for diamond substrate applications expected in aerospace and next generation semiconductors, as well as improve their quality and reliability.
Asgardia-1 determines the long-term fate and reliability of data in the high radiation environment of space. As on Earth, data is an electromagnetic signal that plays a vital role in space operations, but it is more vulnerable in space due to higher levels of electromagnetic noise. Asgardia-1 uses standard CubeSat technology to conduct a two-year radiation exposure test that measures data degradation rates on time frames relevant to long-term space missions.
Assessing Osteoblast Response to Tetranite™ in Microgravity Conditions to Induce Osteoporosis (Synthetic Bone) examines the cellular response to a new type of bone adhesive in the microgravity environment of space. This experiment uses facilities aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to grow bone cells in the presence of a commercially available bone adhesive, and a new product called Tetranite. Sets of bone cell cultures grow with the different adhesives for 20 days and are then fixed, frozen, and returned to Earth for detailed analysis in a fully equipped biological laboratory.
Telomeres are "caps" on the ends of chromosomes that protect them from fraying, much like the end of a shoelace, and an enzyme, called telomerase, maintains their length. Telomeres shorten over time, and the rate at which this occurs can be increased by various stresses and environment exposures, leading to accelerated aging, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and an impaired immune system. The Telomeres investigation, for which data collection is now complete, measures telomere length and telomerase activity in blood samples from crew members to determine how they are affected by space travel.
Comm Delay Assessment studies the effects of delayed communications for interplanetary crews that have to handle medical and other emergencies in deep space. In addition to time delays, uncertainty in performing a new, crucial task can impact crew performance and interaction. Three crewmembers perform eight tasks, with and without 50-second delays added, that vary in criticality and familiarity.
Publications
Kintz NM, Chou C, Vessey WB, Leveton LB, Palinkas LA. Impact of communication delays to and from the International Space Station on self-reported individual and team behavior and performance: A mixed-methods study. Acta Astronautica. 2016 September 15; 129193-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.09.018. | Impact Statement
Kintz NM, Palinkas LA. Communication delays impact behavior and performance aboard the International Space Station. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2016 87(11): 940-946. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4626.2016.PMID: 27779953. | Impact Statement
Water has some of the highest mass of any component needed for space travel, and effective recovery of potable water from wastewater is critical for life support and environmental health on long-term missions. Assessing the Performance of Urease-phospholipid Reactive Forward Osmosis Membranes for Water Reclamation Aboard the ISS (Forward Osmosis Membrane) tests reactive membranes for water reclamation in microgravity as compared to 1g on Earth. These membranes show promise on the ground, but their performance must be evaluated in microgravity to advance the technology.
Assessment of Endurance Capacity by Gas Exchange and Heart Rate Kinetics During Physical Training (EKE) is assessing crewmember fitness during extended missions with a view to developing a quicker method than currently used in space. Assessing crewmember fitness is extremely important in making sure that crewmembers are healthy during missions lasting many months and developing a quicker method of assessment will free up crewmembers to spend more time on other activities such as scientific research.
Spaceflight causes a rapid loss of bone and muscle mass especially in the legs and spine, with symptoms similar to those experienced by people with muscle wasting diseases or with limited mobility on Earth. Assessment of myostatin inhibition to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness in mice exposed to long-duration spaceflight (Rodent Research-3-Eli Lilly), sponsored by pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Co. and the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, studies molecular and physical changes in the musculoskeletal system that happen in space. Results expand scientists’ understanding of muscle atrophy and bone loss in space, while testing an antibody that has been known to prevent muscle wasting in mice on Earth.
Publications
Smith RC, Cramer MS, Mitchell PJ, Lucchesi J, Ortega AM, Livingston EW, Ballard D, Zhang L, Hanson J, Barton K, Berens S, Credille KM, Bateman TA, Ferguson VL, Ma YL, Stodieck LS. Inhibition of myostatin prevents microgravity-induced loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. PLOS ONE. 2020 April 21; 15(4): e0230818. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230818.PMID: 32315311. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
da Silveira WA, Fazelinia H, Rosenthal SB, Laiakis EC, Kim MS, Meydan C, Kidane Y, Rathi K, Smith SM, Stear B, Ying Y, Zhang Y, Foox J, Zanello SB, Crucian BE, Wang D, Nugent A, Costa HA, Zwart SR, Schrepfer S, Elworth L, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, MacKay M, Gokhale NS, Horner SM, Singh LN, Wallace DC, Willey JS, Schisler JC, Meller R, McDonald JT, Fisch KM, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Mason CE, Costes SV, Beheshti A. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis reveals mitochondrial stress as a central biological hub for spaceflight impact. Cell. 2020 November 25; 183(5): 1185-1201.e20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.002.PMID: 33242417. | Impact Statement
Assessment of Nutritional Value and Growth Parameters of Space-grown Plants (Plant Habitat-02) cultivates radishes as a model plant that is nutritious and edible, has a short cultivation time, and is genetically similar to Arabidopsis, a plant frequently studied in microgravity. Developing the capability for food production in space requires understanding cultivation conditions such as intensity and spectral composition of light and the effects of the culture medium or soil. This research could help optimize plant growth in the unique environment of space, as well as evaluation of nutrition and taste of the plants.
Publications
John S, Abou-Issa F, Hasenstein KH. Space flight cultivation for radish (Raphanus sativus) in the Advanced Plant Habitat. Gravitational and Space Research. 2020 December 31; 9(1): 121-132. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2021-0010. | Impact Statement
Lack of gravity causes sensorimotor deficits post-landing. This experiment's comprehensive cognitive/sensorimotor test battery will determine the relative contribution of specific mechanisms (including sleepiness and fatigue) underlying decrements in post-flight operator proficiency. These results will be critical in determining whether sensorimotor countermeasures are required for piloted landings and early surface operations, and what functional areas countermeasures should target.
Publications
Moore ST, Dilda V, Morris TR, Yungher DA, MacDougall HG, Wood SJ. Long-duration spaceflight adversely affects post-landing operator proficiency. Scientific Reports. 2019 19 February; 9DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39058-9.PMID: 30804413. | Impact Statement
Humans develop strong, dense bones in part by supporting the body’s weight, but this important bone-building activity is lost in people with limited mobility and crew members living in microgravity. The Assessment of the effect of space flight on bone quality using three-dimensional high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) (TBone) investigation studies spaceflight’s effects on bone quality using a new technique called three-dimensional high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). This type of bone scan measures bone density and structure, allowing scientists to distinguish changes in bone health and strength that result from microgravity or extended periods of immobilization.
Publications
Gabel L, Liphardt A, Hulme PA, Heer MA, Zwart SR, Sibonga JD, Smith SM, Boyd SK. Pre-flight exercise and bone metabolism predict unloading-induced bone loss due to spaceflight. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021 February 17; epub9pp. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103602.PMID: 33597120. | Impact Statement
Gabel L, Liphardt A, Hulme PA, Heer MA, Zwart SR, Sibonga JD, Smith SM, Boyd SK. Incomplete recovery of bone strength and trabecular microarchitecture at the distal tibia 1 year after return from long duration spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2022 June 30; 12(1): 9446. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13461-1.PMID: 35773442. | Impact Statement
CEM will test two capillary evaporators, the main part of the two-phase heat transfer loops used for thermal control in spacecraft.
Publications
Colinet P, Legros J, Dauby PC, Lebon G, Besterhorn M, Stephan P, Tardrist L, Cerisier P, Poncelet D, Barremaecker L. Convection and interfacial mass exchange. Microgravity Applications Programme: Successful Teaming of Science and Industry. ESA Special Publication, Noordwijk, Netherlands. 2005 October; 1290168-181. | Impact Statement
Bazzo E, Camargo HV, Reimbrecht EG, Berti LF, Santos PH. Ground and microgravity results of a circumferentially microgrooved capillary evaporator. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2014 October; 71(1): 169-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.06.039. | Impact Statement
Assistive Free-Flyers with Gecko-Inspired Adhesive Appendages for Automated Logistics in Space (Gecko-Inspired Adhesive Grasping) uses the Astrobee robot aboard the space station to test an adhesive for robotic grasping and manipulating. Geckos grasp the surface of an object rather than features on it, providing many more grasping points. Adhesive grippers inspired by these reptiles, already proven to work in space, could allow robots to rapidly and controllably attach to and detach from surfaces, even on objects that are moving or spinning.
Publications
Chen TG, Cauligi A, Suresh SA, Pavone M, Cutkosky MR. Testing gecko-inspired adhesives with Astrobee aboard the International Space Station: Readying the technology for space. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine. 2022 May 27; 2-11. DOI: 10.1109/MRA.2022.3175597. | Impact Statement
The Arcsecond Space Telescope Enabling Research in Astrophysics (ASTERIA) is a six-unit (6U) CubeSat deployed from the International Space Station (ISS) that tests new technologies for astronomical observation, such as the detection of planets outside our solar system (a.k.a., exoplanets). Observing exoplanets requires repeated observation of stars over a long period of time from a dark environment, so that the small shadow of an orbiting planet can be detected passing through the star’s light. ASTERIA uses advanced pointing control technology, new thermal stabilization features, and the scalable CubeSat-platform to perform these complex measurements.
Publications
Knapp M, Seager S, Demory B, Krishnamurthy A, Smith MW, Pong CM, Bailey VP, Donner A, Di Pasquale P, Campuzano B, Smith C, Luu J, Babuscia A, Bocchino, Jr. RL, Loveland J, Colley C, Gedenk T, Kulkarni T, Hughes K, White M, Krajewski J, Fesq L. Demonstrating high-precision photometry with a CubeSat: ASTERIA observations of 55 Cancri e. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 June; 160(1): 23. DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab8bcc. | Impact Statement
Astrileux (NanoRacks-Astrileux) evaluates the effects of space exposure on new materials that, for the first time, show optical performance in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength range (10-20 nm). These materials have potential for a new generation of space instrumentation that can capture EUV radiation for use in remote sensing, planet mapping, telescopes, semiconductor applications and other systems.
Astrobee Maneuvering by Robotic Manipulator Hopping (Astrobatics) demonstrates the Astrobee robotic vehicles using robotic manipulators to execute a hopping or self-toss maneuver as the primary mean of propulsion, making it mostly propellantless. Astrobee performs increasingly complex maneuvers between handrails using its perching arm to demonstrate vehicle dynamic modeling and guidance and control of the robot. These maneuvers may be incorporated into future robotic missions and advanced terrestrial robotic applications.
Astrobee Mass Property Learner and Collaboration Algorithms (Astroporter) demonstrates software for estimating the mass properties of payloads attached to Astrobee and algorithms for making adjustments as needed. The project also helps establish a strategy for coordinated operation of multiple Astrobees or an Astrobee and other autonomous robotic facilities on future space missions.
The Astrobiology Exposure and Micrometeoroid Capture Experiments (Tanpopo) is the first astrobiology experiment performed on the International Space Station (ISS) Kibo Exposed Facility (EF), to test key questions of the “panspermia” hypothesis, a theory for the origin of life and their transport among celestial bodies. In a small pallet called “ExHAM” installed onto the handrail of the Kibo EF, blocks of low density-solid material called “aerogel” are exposed and later retrieved, that captures impacting solid microparticles, such as organic-bearing micrometeoroids and possible terrestrial particles in low Earth orbit, for assessing the possibility of interplanetary transport of life and its precursors. Terrestrial, extremophile microbes, and astronomical organic compounds are also exposed in space for evaluation of their survival and alterations, and are studied in laboratories upon return to Earth.
Publications
Kawaguchi Y, Yokobori S, Hashimoto H, Yano H, Tabata MJ, Kawai H, Yamagishi A. Investigation of the interplanetary transfer of microbes in the Tanpopo Mission at the exposed facility of the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2016 May; 16(5): 363-376. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1415.PMID: 27176813.
Kawaguchi Y, Shibuya M, Kinoshita I, Yatabe J, Narumi I, Shibata H, Hayashi R, Fujiwara D, Murano Y, Hashimoto H, Imai E, Kodaira S, Uchihori Y, Nakagawa K, Mita H, Yokobori S, Yamagishi A. DNA damage and survival time course of deinococcal cell pellets during 3 years of exposure to outer space. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020 August 26; 112050. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02050.PMID: 32983036. | Impact Statement
Ott E, Kawaguchi Y, Kolbl D, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Mora M, Moissl-Eichinger C, Weckwerth W, Yamagishi A, Milojevic T. Molecular repertoire of Deinococcus radiodurans after 1 year of exposure outside the International Space Station within the Tanpopo mission. Microbiome. 2020 October 29; 8(1): 150. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00927-5.PMID: 33121542. | Impact Statement
Yamagishi A, Kawaguchi Y, Hashimoto H, Yano H, Imai E, Kodaira S, Uchihori Y, Nakagawa K. Environmental data and survival data of Deinococcus aetherius from the exposure facility of the Japan Experimental Module of the International Space Station obtained by the Tanpopo mission. Astrobiology. 2018 November; 18(11): 1369-1374. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1751.PMID: 30289276. | Impact Statement
Kodaira S, Naito M, Uchihori Y, Hashimoto H, Yano H, Yamagishi A. Space radiation dosimetry at the exposure facility of the International Space Station for the Tanpopo mission. Astrobiology. 2021 August 4; 21(12): 6pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2427.PMID: 34348047. | Impact Statement
Yamagishi A, Hashimoto H, Yano H, Imai E, Tabata MJ, Higashide M, Okudaira K. Four-year operation of Tanpopo: Astrobiology exposure and micrometeoroid capture experiments on the JEM exposed facility of the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2021 August 27; epub12pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2430.PMID: 34449271. | Impact Statement
Yamagishi A, Yokobori S, Kobayashi K, Mita H, Yabuta H, Tabata MJ, Higashide M, Yano H. Scientific targets of Tanpopo: Astrobiology exposure and micrometeoroid capture experiments at the Japanese Experiment Module exposed facility of the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2021 August 27; epub10pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2426.PMID: 34449275. | Impact Statement
Fujiwara D, Kawaguchi Y, Kinoshita I, Yatabe J, Narumi I, Hashimoto H, Yokobori S, Yamagishi A. Mutation analysis of the rpoB gene in the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans R1 exposed to space during the Tanpopo experiment at the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2021 October 22; epubDOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2424.PMID: 34694920. | Impact Statement
Kobayashi K, Mita H, Kebukawa Y, Nakagawa K, Kaneko T, Obayashi Y, Sato T, Yokoo T, Minematsu S, Fukuda H, Oguri Y, Yoda I, Yoshida S, Kanda K, Imai E, Yano H, Hashimoto H, Yokobori S, Yamagishi A. Space exposure of amino acids and their precursors during the Tanpopo mission. Astrobiology. 2021 November 18; 21(12): DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0027.PMID: 34793260. | Impact Statement
Tomita-Yokotani K, Kimura S, Ong M, Tokita M, Katoh H, Abe T, Hashimoto H, Sonoike K, Ohmori M. Investigation of Nostoc sp. HK-01, cell survival over three years during the Tanpopo mission. Astrobiology. 2021 December; 21(12): 1505-1514. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0152.PMID: 34889664. | Impact Statement
Astrobiology Japan 4 (Tanpopo-4) investigates the origin, transportation, and survival of life in space. This investigation exposes sporophytes of the moss, a ‘metal mobilizing sphere’ microbe, amino acids and peptides to the space environment for six months, using the Exposed Experiment Bracket Attached on i-SEEP (ExBAS) facility. Tanpopo-4 follows earlier Astrobiology Exposure and Micrometeoroid Capture Experiments: Tanpopo, Tanpopo-2, and Tanpopo-3.
Energy investigation measures an Astronaut's Energy Requirements for Long-Term Space Flight, a crucial factor needed for sending the correct amount of the right types of food with space crews. Nine astronauts will be examined during exercise and rest cycles three months before launch, three months after arriving at space station and adapting to the space environment, and after return to Earth. Physicians will measure metabolic rates, urine content, and bone density to determine energy needs.
Publications
Bergouignan A, Momken I, Schoeller DA, Normand S, Zahariev A, Lescure B, Simon C, Blanc S. Regulation of energy balance during long-term physical inactivity induced by bed rest with and without exercise training. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010 March; 95(3): 1045-1053. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1005. | Impact Statement
Laurens C, Simon C, Vernikos J, Gauquelin-Koch G, Blanc S, Bergouignan A. Revisiting the role of exercise countermeasure on the regulation of energy balance during space flight. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019 March 29; 10321. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00321. | Impact Statement
Bourdier P, Zahariev A, Schoeller DA, Chery I, LeRoux E, Thevenot C, Maillet A, Garnotel M, Gauquelin-Koch G, Bergouignan A, Blanc S, Simon C. Effect of exercise on energy expenditure and body composition in astronauts onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for interplanetary travel. Sports Medicine. 2022 July 13; epubDOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01728-6.PMID: 35829995.
Two augmented Raspberry Pi computers (called AstroPis) flown to the International Space Station as part of British ESA Astronaut Tim Peake’s mission are available for use during French ESA Astronaut Thomas Pesquet’s Proxima mission. The computers are both equipped with the mighty Sense HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) that measures the environment inside the space station, detect how the station moves through space, and pick up the Earth’s magnetic field. Each AstroPi is also equipped with different kinds of cameras: one has an infrared camera, and the other has a standard visible spectrum camera.
Publications
Magalhaes TE, Silva DE, Silva CE, Dinis AA, Magalhaes JP, Ribeiro TM. Observation of atmospheric gravity waves using a Raspberry Pi camera module on board the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2021 May 1; 182416-423. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.02.022. | Impact Statement
Radiation produced by solar particle events in space has the potential to adversely affect crew health. AstroRad Human Factors and Ergonomics Research (AstroRad Vest Ax-1) uses private astronaut mission (PAM) crew members on Axiom-1 (Ax-1) to study the efficiency and ergonomics of a wearable device to shield sensitive organs and tissues from this radiation. The vest is designed to provide radiation protection as well as to be comfortable to wear and not interfere with an astronaut’s regular activities. NASA’s PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Asymmetric Sawtooth and Cavity-Enhanced Nucleation-Driven Transport (PFMI-ASCENT) demonstrates a passive cooling system for electronic devices in microgravity using a microstructured surface. When fluids boil over flat heated surfaces in microgravity, vapor bubbles grow larger in size, causing poor heat transfer that can lead to damage of devices. Adding microscopic rachets on the surface may passively enable mobility of vapor bubbles and prevent this damage.
Publications
Sridhar K, Smith R, Narayanan V, Bhavnani S. Phase change cooling of spacecraft electronics: Terrestrial reference experiments prior to ISS microgravity experiments. 2020 19th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm), Orlando, Florida. 2020 July 21; 315-322. DOI: 10.1109/ITherm45881.2020.9190438. | Impact Statement
Thiagarajan N, Bhavnani S, Narayanan V. Self-propelled sliding bubble motion induced by surface microstructure in pool boiling of a dielectric fluid under microgravity. Journal of Electronic Packaging. 2015 June 1; 137(2): 021009-1. DOI: 10.1115/1.4029246. | Impact Statement
Sridhar K, Narayanan V, Bhavnani S. Development of microgravity boiling experiments aboard the International Space Station from terrestrial adverse gravity outcomes for a ratcheted microstructure with engineered nucleation sites. 2021 20th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (iTherm), San Diego, CA. 2021 June; 93-102. DOI: 10.1109/ITherm51669.2021.9503264. | Impact Statement
Sridhar K, Narayanan V, Bhavnani S. Asymmetric sawtooth microstructure induced vapor mobility for suppressed buoyancy conditions: Terrestrial experiment and design for ISS experiments. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology. 2021 9pp. DOI: 10.1109/TCPMT.2021.3104467. | Impact Statement
The Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) is an Earth observation facility for the study of severe thunderstorms and their role in the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. Upper-atmospheric lightning, known as transient luminous events or terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, occurs well above the altitudes of normal lightning and storm clouds with a process of run-away electron discharge being suggested as the main mechanism. ASIM studies these high-altitude electrical discharges from the external payload platform on the Columbus module of the International Space Station.
Publications
Neubert T, Ostgaard N, Reglero V, Blanc E, Chanrion O, Oxborrow CA, Orr A, Tacconi M, Hartnack O, Bhanderi DD. The ASIM Mission on the International Space Station. Space Science Reviews. 2019 March 12; 215(2): 26. DOI: 10.1007/s11214-019-0592-z. | Impact Statement
Neubert T, Ostgaard N, Reglero V, Chanrion O, Heumesser M, Dimitriadou K, Christiansen F, Budtz-Jorgensen C, Kuvvetli I, Rasmussen IL, Mezentsev A, Marisaldi M, Ullaland K, Genov G, Yang S, Kochkin P, Navarro-Gonzalez J, Connell PH, Eyles CJ. A terrestrial gamma-ray flash and ionospheric ultraviolet emissions powered by lightning. Science. 2019 December 10; epub8 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aax3872.PMID: 31826957. | Impact Statement
van der Velde OA, Montanya J, Neubert T, Chanrion O, Ostgaard N, Goodman SJ, Lopez JA, Fabro F, Reglero V. Comparison of high-speed optical observations of a lightning flash from space and the ground. Earth and Space Science. 2020 July 15; epube2020EA001249. DOI: 10.1029/2020EA001249. | Impact Statement
Neubert T, Chanrion O, Heumesser M, Dimitriadou K, Husbjerg L, Rasmussen IL, Ostgaard N, Reglero V. Observation of the onset of a blue jet into the stratosphere. Nature. 2021 January 21; 589(7842): 371-375. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03122-6.PMID: 33473225. | Impact Statement
Liu F, Lu G, Neubert T, Lei J, Chanrion O, Ostgaard N, Li D, Luque A, Gordillo-Vasquez FJ, Reglero V, Lyu W, Zhu B. Optical emissions associated with narrow bipolar events from thunderstorm clouds penetrating into the stratosphere. Nature Communications. 2021 November 17; 12(1): 6631. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26914-4.PMID: 34789752. | Impact Statement
Castro-Tirado AJ, Ostgaard N, Gogus E, Sanchez-Gil C, Pascual-Granado J, Reglero V, Mezentsev A, Gabler M, Marisaldi M, Neubert T, Budtz-Jorgensen C, Lindanger A, Sarria D, Kuvvetli I, Cerda-Duran P, Navarro-Gonzalez J, Font JA, Zhang BB, Lund N, Oxborrow CA, Brandt S, Caballero-Garcia MD, Carrasco-Garcia IM, Castellon A, Castro Tirado MA, Christiansen F, Eyles CJ, Fernandez-Garcia E, Genov G, Guziy S, Hu YD, Nicuesa Guelbenzu A, Pandey SB, Peng ZK, Perez del Pulgar C, Reina Terol AJ, Rodriguez E, Sanchez-Ramirez R, Sun T, Ullaland K, Yang S. Very-high-frequency oscillations in the main peak of a magnetar giant flare. Nature. 2021 December; 600(7890): 621-624. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04101-1.PMID: 34937892. | Impact Statement
Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment - 2 (ANDE-2) consists of two microsatellites launched from the Shuttle payload bay, that will measure the density and composition of the low Earth orbit (LEO) atmosphere while being tracked from the ground. The data will be used to better predict the movement and decay of objects in orbit.
Atomic clocks are currently used in various domains, from scientific research (time and frequency metrology, fundamental physics tests), to operational applications (positioning and navigation, GPS, GLONASS, geodesy, synchronisation of telecommunication networks). Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) is an ESA mission in fundamental physics based on a new generation of clocks operated in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. ACES can significantly contribute to the understanding of fundamental physics principles, and help advance technologies necessary for future operational systems using ultra stable space clocks, and high performance time and frequency links.
Publications
Turyshev SG, Yu N, Toth VT. General relativistic observables for the ACES experiment. Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology. 2016 February; 93(4): 045027. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.045027.
Augelli M. ACES operations: an ISS external scientific payload looking for experimental confirmations on the general relativity theory. SpaceOps 2016, Daejeon, Korea. 2016 May 16-20; 2407. DOI: 10.2514/6.2016-2407.
Stenzel C. Deployment of precise and robust sensors on board ISS-for scientific experiments and for operation of the station. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2016 September; 408(24): 6517–6536. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9789-0.PMID: 27526089. Also mentions Immunolab and FIPEX..
Holleville D, Dimarcq N, Rigaud F, Saccoccio M, Berton J, Loesel J, Chappaz C, De Labachelerie M, Valentin J, Bonnefont S, Arguel P, Lozes F, Vermersch FJ, Krakowski M. New optical technology for cold atom experiments. International Conference on Space Optics, Toulouse, France. 2017 November 21; 10568105680V. DOI: 10.1117/12.2308004. | Impact Statement
Langlois M, De Sarlo L, Holleville D, Dimarcq N, Schaff J, Bernon S. Compact Cold-Atom Clock for Onboard Timebase: Tests in Reduced Gravity. Physical Review Applied. 2018 December 4; 10(6): 064001-064007. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.064007. | Impact Statement
Laurent P, Esnault F, Gibble K, Peterman P, Leveque T, Delaroche C, Grosjean O, Moric I, Abgrall M, Massonnet D, Salomon C. Qualification and frequency accuracy of the space based primary frequency standard PHARAO. Metrologia. 2020 May 19; epub36 pp. DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/ab948b. | Impact Statement
Cacciapuoti L, Armano M, Much R, Sy O, Helm A, Hess MP, Kehrer J, Koller S, Niedermaier T, Esnault F, Massonnet D, Goujon D, Pittet J, Rochat P, Liu S, Schaefer W, Schwall T, Prochazka I, Schlicht A, Schreiber U, Delva P, Guerlin C, Laurent P, le Poncin-Latte C, Lilley M, Savalle E, Wolf P, Meynadier F, Salomon C. Testing gravity with cold-atom clocks in space. Bone Loss During Spaceflight: Etiology, Countermeasures, and Implications for Bone Health on Earth. 2020 August 4; 74(8): 164. DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2020-10167-7.
Cacciapuoti L, Armano M, Much R, Sy O, Helm A, Hess MP, Kehrer J, Koller S, Niedermaier T, Esnault F, Massonnet D, Goujon D, Pittet J, Rochat P, Liu S, Schaefer W, Schwall T, Prochazka I, Schlicht A, Schreiber U, Delva P, Guerlin C, Laurent P, le Poncin-Latte C, Lilley M, Savalle E, Wolf P, Meynadier F, Salomon C. Testing gravity with cold-atom clocks in space. The European Physical Journal D. 2020 August 4; 74(8): 164. DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2020-10167-7. | Impact Statement
Lemonde P, Laurent P, Santarelli G, Abgrall M, Sortais Y, Bize S, Nicolas C, Zhang S, Clairon A, Dimarcq N, Petit P, Mann AG, Chang S, Salomon C, Luiten AN. Cold-atom clocks on Earth and in space. Frequency Measurement and Control. 2001 79131-153. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-44991-4_6. | Impact Statement
Cacciapuoti L, Salomon C. Atomic clock ensemble in space. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327012049. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012049. | Impact Statement
Lilley M, Savalle E, Angonin MC, Delva P, Guerlin C, le Poncin-Latte C, Meynadier F, Wolf P. ACES/PHARAO: high-performance space-to-ground and ground-to-ground clock comparison for fundamental physics. GPS Solutions. 2021 January 18; 25(2): 34. DOI: 10.1007/s10291-020-01058-y. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Publications
Kroesen GM, Haverlag M, Dekkers E, Moerel J, de Kluijver R, Brinkgreve P, Groothuis CH, van der Mullen JJ, Stoffels WW, Keijser R, Bax M, van den Akker D, Schiffelers G, Kemps PC, van den Hout F, Kuipers A. ARGES: Radial segregation and helical instabilities in metal halide lamps studied under microgravity conditions in the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2005 March; 16(1-4): 191-195. DOI: 10.1007/BF02945974. | Impact Statement
Beks ML, Flikweert AJ, Nimalasuriya T, Stoffels WW, van der Mullen JJ. Competition between convection and diffusion in a metal halide lamp, investigated by numerical simulations and imaging laser absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2008 July 21; 41(14): 144025. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/41/14/144025. | Impact Statement
Flikweert AJ, Nimalasuriya T, Kroesen GM, Haverlag M, Stoffels WW. The metal-halide lamp under varying gravity conditions measured by emission and laser absorption spectroscopy. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 January 30; 21(4): 319-326. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-009-9106-z. | Impact Statement
Flikweert AJ, Meunier AF, Nimalasuriya T, Kroesen GM, Stoffels WW. Imaging laser absorption spectroscopy of the metal-halide lamp under hyper-gravity conditions ranging from 1 to 10g. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2008 October 7; 41(19): 195202. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/41/19/195202. | Impact Statement
Stoffels WW. Gravity's pull on arc lamp efficiency. Europhysics News. 2006 37(6): 35-38. DOI: 10.1051/EPN:2006605. | Impact Statement
Flikweert AJ, Nimalasuriya T, Groothuis CH, Kroesen GM, Stoffels WW. Axial segregation in high intensity discharge lamps measured by laser absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics. 2005 October; 98(7): 073301. DOI: 10.1063/1.2073970.
Flikweert AJ, Nimalasuriya T, Kroesen GM, Stoffels WW. Imaging Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of the metal-halide lamp in a centrifuge (1–10g). Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2007 July; 16(3): 606-613. DOI: 10.1088/0963-0252/16/3/021.
Flikweert AJ, Nimalasuriya T, Kroesen GM, Haverlag M, Stoffels WW. Emission spectroscopy for characterizing metal-halide lamps. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2008 September; 41(19): 195203. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/41/19/195203.
Nimalasuriya T, Curry JJ, Sansonetti Cj, Ridderhof EJ, Flikweert AJ, Stoffels WW, Haverlag M, van der Mullen JJ. X-ray induced fluorescence measurement of the density distribution of Dy and Hg in a metal-halide lamp: 27th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (ICPIG 2005). Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionised Gases (XXVII ICPIG 2005), Eindhoven, Netherlands. 2005 July 17-22; 8.
Nimalasuriya T, Flikweert AJ, Stoffels WW, Haverlag M, van der Mullen JJ, Pupat NB. Optical emission spectroscopy of metal-halide lamps: Radially resolved atomic state distribution functions of Dy and Hg. Journal of Applied Physics. 2006 March; 99(5): 053302. DOI: 10.1063/1.2175466.
Nimalasuriya T, Flikweert AJ, Haverlag M, Kemps PC, Kroesen GM, Stoffels WW, van der Mullen JJ. Metal halide lamps in the international space station ISS. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2006 June; 39(14): 2993–3001. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/39/14/018.
Nimalasuriya T, Pupat NB, Flikweert AJ, Stoffels WW, Haverlag M, van der Mullen JJ. Absolute line intensity measurements of the density distribution of Dy in a metal-halide lamp. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionised Gases (XXVII ICPIG 2005), Eindhoven, Netherlands. 2005 July 17-22; 16-19.
The Augmented Reality Application for Maintenance, Inventory and Stowage (ARAMIS) investigation demonstrates use of augmented reality technology to improve efficiency of operations aboard the space station. Crew time is a precious resource in space and this frees up more time for scientific research. The demonstration uses a single portable device to run preventive maintenance and stowage management or hardware searches.
The Autonomous Health Monitoring for Adaption Assessment on Long Range Missions Using Big Data Analytic (Space Health) investigation utilizes the Bio-Monitor system for physiological monitoring before, during, and after a mission to the International Space Station to assess the effect of space travel on heart health. The Artemis analytical platform is used to provide automated analysis of the cardiovascular system in order to develop a near real-time assessment tool. The potential use of the Bio-Monitor system and the Artemis platform for future space missions is evaluated.
As missions venture farther from Earth, astronauts need the capability to diagnose and treat acute medical conditions without ground support. The Autonomous Medical Officer Support Software Demonstration (AMOS Demonstration), for which data collection is now complete, tests a software tool designed to help minimally trained or untrained users conduct complicated medical procedures, without assistance from Earth. For the study, the crew uses AMOS to perform ultrasound imaging of the bladder and kidneys, a plausible Mars mission medical scenario.
When future space travelers venture far from Earth, communications between their spacecraft and ground control will be delayed by several minutes or hours, which will require crews and spacecraft to operate on their own. The Autonomous Systems and Operations (ASO) project tests software that enables crew members to operate equipment on the International Space Station (ISS) without assistance from ground controllers. The Autonomous Mission Operations EXPRESS 2.0 Project (AMO-Express-2.0) investigation tests a simple single-button control system for the EXPRESS Rack, which stores scientific experiments.
When future space missions take humans to destinations far from Earth, including asteroids or Mars, communication delays between the distant crew and mission control require crews to work more independently. The Autonomous Mission Operations EXPRESS Autonomous Operations Project (AMO-EXPRESS) tests advanced software and operational concepts to determine how crew members on the International Space Station can automate spacecraft system with less involvement from the ground support staff.
When future space missions take humans to destinations far from Earth, including asteroids or Mars, communication delays between the distant crew and mission control require crews to work more independently. The Autonomous Mission Operations TOCA Autonomous Operations Project (AMO-TOCA) will test advanced software and operational concepts to determine how crewmembers on the International Space Station can manage spacecraft system with less involvement from the ground support staff.
Autonomous Systems and Operations (AMO EXPRESS 2.5) conducts tests using automation and decision support software to help crew members manage spacecraft subsystems. The ability to perform such tasks without assistance from Mission Control is vital for future space exploration such as a mission to Mars, where significant time delays will occur in communications between space and ground. Using automation and decision support software to guide astronauts through complex spacecraft subsystem management activities also reduces the time needed to perform a task.
Autonomous Systems and Operations (T2 Treadmill Augmented Reality Procedures) conducts tests using augmented reality to help crew members perform inspection and maintenance on the Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT). The ability to perform such tasks without assistance from Mission Control is vital for future space exploration such as a mission to Mars, where significant time delays occur in communications between space and ground. Using augmented reality to guide astronauts through complex spacecraft maintenance and repair activities also reduces the time needed for training and task performance.
Avatar Explore: Autonomous Robotic Operations Performed from the ISS (Avatar Explore) involves a mobile robotic test-bed located in the Mars Emulation Terrain at the Canadian Space Agency headquarters in St. Hubert, Quebec which will be remotely operated from the International Space Station.
Publications
Dupuis E, Langlois P, Bedwani J, Gingras D, Gendron M, Salerno A, Allard P, Gemme S, L'Archeveque R, Lamarche T. The Avatar-EXPLORE Experiments: Results and Lessons Learned. International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS), Sapporo, Japan. 2010 Aug 29 - Sep 1; | Impact Statement
Martin E, L'Archeveque R, Gemme S, Rekleitis I, Dupuis E. The Avatar Project: Remote Robotic Operations Conducted from the International Space Station. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine. 2008 15(4): DOI: 10.1109/MRA.2008.929926. | Impact Statement
The avian (bird) experimental model offers opportunities to observe microgravity induced changes in many systems, including the otolith, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, immunological and neurological. The ADF-Otolith investigation will study the formation of inner ear bones and neurons (involved in the otolith system) under the influence of microgravity.
Publications
Hughes I, Blasiole B, Huss D, Warchol ME, Rath NP, Hurle B, Ignatova E, Dickman JD, Thalmann R, Levenson R, Ornitz DM. Otopetrin is required for otolith formation in the zebra fish Danio rerio. Developmental Biology. 2004 276(2): 391-402. | Impact Statement
Under microgravity conditions, bones demineralize, resulting in osteoporosis like (brittle bones) conditions. The study of embryos that develop in microgravity is an important piece of the bone loss puzzle. ADF-Skeletal investigated how the mechanism of bone formation during development of the limbs in quail embryos could provide basic information to help prevent bone loss in astronauts during long duration missions.
Publications
Doty SB, Vico L, Wronski T, Morey-Holton ER. Use of Animals Models to Study Skeletal Effects of Space Flight. Advances in Space Biology and Medicine. 2005 10209-224. | Impact Statement
AWS Snowcone Cloud Edge Compute Demonstration (AWS Snowcone Ax-1) during the private astronaut mission (PAM) Axiom-1 (Ax-1) demonstrates technology to screen private astronaut images and identify those that may contain sensitive information not for public release. The technology includes reduction of large-scale data and processing of data near the source, known as edge computing, capabilities integral to future space exploration. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
The AztechSat-1 investigation demonstrates inter-satellite communication in low-Earth orbit using a CubeSat and the Globalstar Constellation. This capability could remove the need for ground stations, reducing the cost and increasing the number of data downloads for satellite applications. Inter-satellite communication is critical to future human space exploration.
The BASE-A investigation will study the effect of microgravity on bacteria and how bacteria adapts to the microgravity environment on ISS. The data provided by this investigation will give scientists valuable insight into how basic organisms adapt to new environments. This information could prove valuable when planning future long duration expeditions to the Moon and Mars.
Publications
Lasseur C, Brunet J, de Weever H, Dixon M, Dussap G, Godia F, Leys N, Mergeay M, Van Der Straeten D. MELiSSA: The European project of closed life support system. Gravitational and Space Research. 2010 August; 23(2): 3-12. | Impact Statement
Mastroleo F, Van Houdt R, Leroy B, Benotmane M, Janssen A, Mergeay M, Vanhavere F, Hendrickx L, Wattiez R, Leys N. Experimental design and environmental parameters affect Rhodospirillum rubrum S1H response to space flight. International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME Journal). 2009 3(12): 1402-1419. DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2009.74.PMID: 19571896. | Impact Statement
Leys N, Baatout S, Rosier C, Dams A, s'Heeren C, Wattiez R, Mergeay M. The response of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 to spaceflight in the international space station. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology. 2009 August 1; 96(2): 227-245. DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9360-5.PMID: 19572210. | Impact Statement
Vanhavere F, Genicot JL, O'Sullivan D, Zhou D, Spurny F, Jadrnickova I, Sawakuchi G, Yukihara EG. DOsimetry of BIological EXperiments in SPace (DOBIES) with luminescence (OSL and TL) and track etch detectors. Radiation Measurements. 2008 February; 43(2-6): 694-697. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.12.002. | Impact Statement
The Bacterial Production of Recombinant Proteins in Microgravity investigation explores the behavior and fluorescence of Escherichia coli bacteria containing a green fluorescent protein. Imaging these bacteria in space helps determine the effects of microgravity on the processes of transformation and fluorescence.
Bag Culture Experiment in JEM (Bag Culture Experiment) demonstrates the use of aseptic bag culturing to grow lettuce on the International Space Station.The investigation aims to verify that the culture liquid is absorbed and grows in microgravity and can be handled while maintaining cleanliness inside the culture bag. Researchers plan to compare the growth of plants in space with those grown on the ground and to evaluate the availability of water in the cultures.
Barrios PCG focuses on the successful transfer and mixing of different solutions into commercial off-the-shelf multiwell plates. Video of the growth of the protein crystals in the multiwell plates is downlinked for evaluation.
Behavioral Issues Associated with Isolation and Confinement: Review and Analysis of Astronaut Journals (Journals) obtains information on behavioral and human issues that are relevant to the design of equipment and procedures and sustained human performance during extended-duration missions. Study results provide information to help prepare for future missions to low-Earth orbit and beyond.
Publications
Stuster JW. Behavioral Issues Associated with Long-Duration Space Expeditions: Review and Analysis of Astronaut Journals Experiment 01-E104 (Journals): Final Report. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2010 NASA/TM-2010-216130
Stuster JW. Behavioral issues associated with long duration space expeditions: Review and analysis of astronaut journals experiment 01-E104 (Journals) phase 2 final report. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2016 April; TM-2010-218603116.
BioFabrication Facility Assembled Next-gen Development of Collagenous Allograft Meniscal Prosthetics aboard the International Space Station (BFF-Meniscus) evaluates the feasibility of using the BFF to print a meniscus. The tissue is printed using a combination of collagen and human allogenic mesenchymal stem cells and allowed to develop into mature tissue. Scientists evaluate the tissue’s mechanical properties and compare it to identically bioprinted tissues on Earth.
Future space habitats for low-Earth orbit, the moon, Mars, or other destinations need to be lightweight and relatively simple to construct. The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental expandable capsule that docks with the International Space Station (ISS). After docking, BEAM inflates to roughly 13 feet long and 10.5 feet in diameter to provide a habitable volume where a crew member can enter.
Binar-1 is a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat, the first in a series from Curtin University in Perth, Australia, to help establish a capability for planetary research. The satellite is developed by a team of students and researchers with the intention to cultivate the skills and technology to build future planetary missions focused on the Moon and small bodies of the solar system. Binar-1 is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-19 (J-SSOD-19) micro-satellite deployment mission and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-23 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
Atoms and molecules form gases, liquids, and solids depending on their conditions. Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3 and 4: Critical Point (BCAT-3-4-CP) studies the critical point where a substance becomes both liquid and gas with no distinct boundaries and form what is known as a supercritical fluid. One application of this experiment is to enhance the shelf life of everyday household products and in the future, the development of revolutionary materials for electronics and medicine.
Publications
Lu PJ, Weitz DA, Foale CM, Fincke EM, Chiao LN, McArthur WS, Williams JN, Meyer WV, Owens JC, Hoffmann MI, Sicker RJ, Rogers R, Frey CA, Krauss AS, Funk GP, Havenhill MA, Anzalone SM, Yee H. Microgravity Phase Separation near the Critical Point in Attractive Colloids. 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2007 January; AIAA-2007-11524 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2007-1152.
Lu PJ, Weitz DA, Chamitoff GE, Chiao LN, Fincke EM, Foale CM, Magnus SH, McArthur WS, Tani DM, Whitson PA, Williams JN, Frey CA, Au BJ, Meyer WV, Sicker RJ. Long-Time Observation of Near-Critical Spinodal Decomposition of Colloid-Polymer Mixtures in Microgravity. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 January 5-8; AIAA-2009-061315 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-613.
Lu PJ, Conrad JC, Wyss HM, Schofield AB, Weitz DA. Fluids of Clusters in Attractive Colloids. Physical Review Letters. 2006 January 6; 96(2): 028306. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.028306.PMID: 16486659.
Lu PJ, Oki H, Frey CA, Chamitoff GE, Chiao LN, Fincke EM, Foale CM, Magnus SH, McArthur WS, Tani DM, Whitson PA, Williams JN, Meyer WV, Sicker RJ, Au BJ, Christiansen M, Schofield AB, Weitz DA. Orders-of-magnitude Performance Increases in GPU-accelerated Correlation of Images from the International Space Station. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing. 2010 5(3): 179-193. DOI: 10.1007/s11554-009-0133-1.
Cheng Z, Zhu J, Russel WB, Meyer WV, Chaikin PM. Colloidal hard-sphere crystallization kinetics in microgravity and normal gravity. Applied Optics. 2001 40(24): 4146-4151. DOI: 10.1364/AO.40.004146.
Cheng Z, Chaikin PM, Zhu J, Russel WB, Meyer WV. Crystallization Kinetics of Hard Spheres in Microgravity in the Coexistence Regime: Interactions between Growing Crystallites. Physical Review Letters. 2002 December 14; 88(1): 015501-1 - 015501-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.015501.PMID: 11800960.
Manley S, Cipelletti L, Trappe V, Bailey AE, Christianson RJ, Gasser U, Prasad V, Segre PN, Doherty MP, Sankaran S, Jankovsky AL, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Eggers JC, Kurta CE, Lorik T, Weitz DA. Limits to Gelation in Colloidal Aggregation. Physical Review Letters. 2004 93(10): 108302-1 - 108302-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.108302.
Lu PJ, Weitz DA. Colloidal particles: Crystals, glasses, and gels. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 2013 April; 4(1): 217-233. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184213. | Impact Statement
Crews were to photograph a two-component (binary) mixture of colloidal particles (tiny nanoscale spheres suspended in liquid) to document the formation of novel binary crystals not presently realizable on Earth. Results would help scientists develop fundamental physics concepts previously hindered by the effects of gravity. For example, binary alloy colloidal crystals are particularly promising candidates for photonic applications, in addition, they are of immense value as a model system for crystallization kinetics in multi-component systems. Unfortunately, this sample, number 7 of the ten BCAT-3 samples, dried out before crystallizing.
Publications
Manley S, Cipelletti L, Trappe V, Bailey AE, Christianson RJ, Gasser U, Prasad V, Segre PN, Doherty MP, Sankaran S, Jankovsky AL, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Eggers JC, Kurta CE, Lorik T, Weitz DA. Limits to Gelation in Colloidal Aggregation. Physical Review Letters. 2004 93(10): 108302-1 - 108302-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.108302.
Lu PJ, Weitz DA. Colloidal particles: Crystals, glasses, and gels. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 2013 April; 4(1): 217-233. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184213. | Impact Statement
Astronauts photograph the samples in Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3: Surface Crystallization (BCAT-3-SC) to document the formation of crystals from microscopic spheres (known as colloids) suspended in a liquid, both on the surface of the sample container walls and in the bulk of the sample container. Results help scientists develop fundamental physics concepts previously unobserved due to the effects of gravity. Ordered arrays of these micron-sized particles may be ideal for development of next generation optical devices.
Publications
Manley S, Cipelletti L, Trappe V, Bailey AE, Christianson RJ, Gasser U, Prasad V, Segre PN, Doherty MP, Sankaran S, Jankovsky AL, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Eggers JC, Kurta CE, Lorik T, Weitz DA. Limits to Gelation in Colloidal Aggregation. Physical Review Letters. 2004 93(10): 108302-1 - 108302-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.108302.
Lu PJ, Weitz DA. Colloidal particles: Crystals, glasses, and gels. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 2013 April; 4(1): 217-233. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184213. | Impact Statement
The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test 5 - Compete (BCAT-5-Compete) experiment studies how colloids, which are small particles suspended in a liquid, crystallize and separate from the liquid. Crewmembers take high-resolution photographs of the colloidal particles as they clump together. The experiment looks at the competition between crystallization and phase separation, which is important in the manufacturing of plastics as well as many other products.
Publications
Cheng Z, Zhu J, Russel WB, Meyer WV, Chaikin PM. Colloidal hard-sphere crystallization kinetics in microgravity and normal gravity. Applied Optics. 2001 40(24): 4146-4151. DOI: 10.1364/AO.40.004146.
Cheng Z, Chaikin PM, Zhu J, Russel WB, Meyer WV. Crystallization Kinetics of Hard Spheres in Microgravity in the Coexistence Regime: Interactions between Growing Crystallites. Physical Review Letters. 2002 December 14; 88(1): 015501-1 - 015501-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.015501.PMID: 11800960.
Sabin J, Bailey AE, Espinosa G, Frisken B. Crystal-Arrested Phase Separation. Physical Review Letters. 2012 November 9; 109(19): 195701 (5). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.195701.PMID: 23215400. | Impact Statement
de Hoog E, Kegel WK, van Blaaderen A, Lekkerkerker HN. Direct observation of crystallization and aggregation in a phase-separating colloid-polymer suspension. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2001 July 26; 64(2): 021407. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.64.021407.
Lu PJ, Zaccarelli E, Ciulla F, Schofield AB, Sciortino F, Weitz DA. Gelation of particles with short-range attraction. Nature. 2008 May 22; 453(7194): 499-503. DOI: 10.1038/nature06931.PMID: 18497820.
Lu PJ, Weitz DA. Colloidal particles: Crystals, glasses, and gels. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 2013 April; 4(1): 217-233. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184213. | Impact Statement
The systematic control of crystal growth in microgravity gives insight into the physical laws by which matter organizes itself. The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Seeded Growth (BCAT-5- SeededGrowth) experiment studies how the “rules” for the crystallization of microscopic particles (known as colloids) suspended in liquid change when seed particles are present. These experiments are anticipated to have application to the development of new smart materials.
Publications
de Villeneuve VW, Dullens RP, Aarts DG, Groeneveld E, Scherff JH, Kegel WK, Lekkerkerker HN. Colloidal Hard-Sphere Crystal Growth Frustrated by Large Spherical Impurities. Science. 2005 August 19; 309(5738): 1231-1233. DOI: 10.1126/science.1113207.
Cacciuto A, Auer S, Frenkel D. Onset of heterogeneous crystal nucleation in colloidal suspensions. Nature. 2004 March 25; 428(6981): 404-406. DOI: 10.1038/nature02397.PMID: 15042084.
Lu PJ, Weitz DA. Colloidal particles: Crystals, glasses, and gels. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 2013 April; 4(1): 217-233. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184213. | Impact Statement
The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test 5: Three-Dimensional Melt (BCAT-5-3D-Melt) experiment crystallizes and melts tiny particles suspended in liquids, known as colloids, onboard the International Space Station where there is no gravity. The colloidal particles are designed to melt when the temperature of the liquid is raised. Crewmembers observe and photograph the particles as their sizes change when subjected to small temperature adjustments.
Publications
Lu PJ, Weitz DA. Colloidal particles: Crystals, glasses, and gels. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 2013 April; 4(1): 217-233. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184213. | Impact Statement
The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test 6: Colloidal Disks (BCAT-6-Colloidal Disks) experiments use liquids containing microscopic suspended particles, known as colloids, as models for studying liquid crystals. The use of unevenly shaped particles clumped together into colloidal disks should produce a new phase, which has been predicted but never before seen. It is important to fully understand the properties of liquid crystals since they are widely used in televisions, computers, cell phones and much more.
The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test 6: Phase Separation (BCAT-6-Phase Separation) experiment studies how gas and liquid separate and join together in space. Colloidal liquids, which have tiny particles suspended throughout, are used to study how the two different phases interact. This research gives fundamental insight into the nature of supercritical fluids--fluids having both liquid and gas properties. This information could be used to develop colloidal materials that last longer.
Publications
Sabin J, Bailey AE, Espinosa G, Frisken B. Crystal-Arrested Phase Separation. Physical Review Letters. 2012 November 9; 109(19): 195701 (5). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.195701.PMID: 23215400. | Impact Statement
The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test 6: Polystyrene - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (BCAT-6-PS-DNA) uses DNA as a type of molecular glue to specifically stick small particles together. The experiment uses microscopic polymer beads in solution (colloids) that have been coated with DNA. The DNA only binds to its complement and hence keeps specific particles together to form designer crystals.
The Binary Colloid Alloy Test-6: Seeded Growth (BCAT-6-Seeded Growth) builds on previous research looking at how dense groups of particles may be coaxed to form crystal structures when much larger “seed” particles are added. Some materials may consist of large individual crystals, or groups of many smaller crystals organized in a larger structure. Knowing when and how either type of crystal will form gives insight into how to control crystal growth which is important in many industrial processes.
The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test-C1 (BCAT-C1) experiment studies nano-scale particles dispersed in liquid, known as a colloidal suspension, commonly found in such commercial commodities as paint, electronic polishing compounds and food products. These suspensions have the unique property that the particles phase separate (like oil and water) and the particles self-assemble into crystals that interact strongly with light (like opal). Photographing these samples in microgravity allows the measurement of these processes while avoiding the effects of particle sinking due to gravity. This study allows the development of new insights into this important material process.
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - Kinetics Platform-Shelf Life (BCAT-KP-1-Shelf Life) enables industrial scientists to investigate the physics of colloid phase changes in microgravity. Colloids are suspensions of small particles evenly distributed throughout a solution, and examples range from detergent to milk and are greatly affected by gravity on Earth. A greater understanding of colloid kinetics could lead to products with longer shelf lives, benefiting consumers and industries on Earth.
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test Low Gravity Phase Kinetics-Critical Point (BCAT-KP-Critical Point) helps materials scientists develop new consumer products with unique properties and longer shelf lives. Colloids are mixtures of small particles distributed throughout a liquid, which include milk, detergents and liquid crystals. Gravity affects how the particles clump together and sink, making the International Space Station an ideal platform to study their fundamental behaviors.
The Binary Colloidal Alloy Test 5: Phase Separation (BCAT-5-PhaseSep) experiment studies how microscopic particles suspended in a liquid separate from the liquid over time. Crew members photograph mixed colloid samples to measure the rate at which they separate. Reducing undesirable phase separation increases the shelf lives of household goods and consumer products.
Publications
Lu PJ, Weitz DA, Foale CM, Fincke EM, Chiao LN, McArthur WS, Williams JN, Meyer WV, Owens JC, Hoffmann MI, Sicker RJ, Rogers R, Frey CA, Krauss AS, Funk GP, Havenhill MA, Anzalone SM, Yee H. Microgravity Phase Separation near the Critical Point in Attractive Colloids. 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2007 January; AIAA-2007-11524 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2007-1152.
Bailey AE, Poon WC, Christianson RJ, Schofield AB, Gasser U, Prasad V, Manley S, Segre PN, Cipelletti L, Meyer WV, Doherty MP, Sankaran S, Jankovsky AL, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Eggers JC, Kurta CE, Lorik T, Pusey PN, Weitz DA. Spinodal decomposition in a model colloid-polymer mixture in microgravity. Physical Review Letters. 2007 Nov; 99(20): 205701-1 - 205701-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205701.PMID: 18233160.
Manley S, Skotheim JM, Mahadevan L. Gravitational collapse of colloidal gels. Physical Review Letters. 2005 June 5; 94(21): 218302. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.218302.
Gopalakrishnan V, Schweizer KS, Zukoski CF. Linking single particle rearrangements to delayed collapse times in transient depletion gels. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2006 December 20; 18(50): 11531-11550. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/50/009.December 20th.
Huh J, Lynch M, Furst EM. Microscopic structure and collapse of depletion-induced gels in vesicle-polymer mixtures. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2007 November; E 76(5 Pt 1): 051409. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.76.051409.PMID: 18233661.
Blijdenstein TB, van der Linden E, van Vliet T. Scaling behavior of delayed demixing, rheology, and microstructure of emulsions flocculated by depletion and bridging. Langmuir. 2004 December 21; 20(26): 11321-11328. DOI: 10.1021/la048608z.PMID: 15595753.
Sabin J, Bailey AE, Espinosa G, Frisken B. Crystal-Arrested Phase Separation. Physical Review Letters. 2012 November 9; 109(19): 195701 (5). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.195701.PMID: 23215400. | Impact Statement
Lu PJ, Zaccarelli E, Ciulla F, Schofield AB, Sciortino F, Weitz DA. Gelation of particles with short-range attraction. Nature. 2008 May 22; 453(7194): 499-503. DOI: 10.1038/nature06931.PMID: 18497820.
Lu PJ, Weitz DA. Colloidal particles: Crystals, glasses, and gels. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 2013 April; 4(1): 217-233. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184213. | Impact Statement
Binodal Colloidal Aggregation Test - 4: Polydispersion (BCAT-4-Poly) studies how crystals form from solid materials suspended in a liquid. Comparing crystals grown in space with those grown on the ground reveals how the forces of gravity influence the creation of these crystalline structures. The experiment serves to improve scientific understanding of important physics processes, including how crystals form in different temperatures and at different particle concentrations in the liquid.
Publications
Man WN, Donev A, Stillinger FH, Sullivan MT, Russel WB, Heeger D, Inati S, Torquato S, Chaikin PM. Experiments on random packings of ellipsoids. Physical Review Letters. 2005 May; 94(19): 198001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.198001.
Donev A, Cisse I, Sachs D, Variano EA, Stillinger FH, Connelly R, Torquato S, Chaikin PM. Improving the density of jammed disordered packings using ellipsoids. Science. 2004 303(5660): 990-993. DOI: 10.1126/science.1093010.
Donev A, Stillinger FH, Chaikin PM, Torquato S. Unusually dense crystal packings of ellipsoids. Physical Review Letters. 2004 92255506-1.
Cheng Z, Zhu J, Russel WB, Meyer WV, Chaikin PM. Colloidal hard-sphere crystallization kinetics in microgravity and normal gravity. Applied Optics. 2001 40(24): 4146-4151. DOI: 10.1364/AO.40.004146.
The Biochemical Profile (Biochem Profile) experiment, for which data collection is now complete, tests blood and urine samples obtained from astronauts before, during and after spaceflight. Specific proteins and chemicals in the samples are used as biomarkers, or indicators of health. Postflight analysis yields a database of samples and test results, which scientists can use to study the effects of spaceflight on the body.
Publications
Crucian BE, Makedonas G, Sams CF, Pierson DL, Simpson RJ, Stowe RP, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Krieger SS, Rooney BV, Douglas G, Downs ME, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Williams TJ, Mehta SK. Countermeasures-based improvements in stress, immune system dysregulation and latent herpesvirus reactivation onboard the International Space Station - Relevance for deep space missions and terrestrial medicine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020 August; 11568-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.007.PMID: 32464118. | Impact Statement
Lee SM, Ribeiro LC, Martin DS, Zwart SR, Feiveson AH, Laurie SS, Macias BR, Crucian BE, Krieger SS, Weber D, Grune T, Platts SH, Smith SM, Stenger MB. Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020 June 11; 129(1): 108-123. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00550.2019.PMID: 32525433. | Impact Statement
Paul AM, Cheng-Campbell M, Blaber EA, Anand S, Bhattacharya S, Zwart SR, Crucian BE, Smith SM, Meller R, Grabham P, Beheshti A. Beyond low-Earth orbit: Characterizing immune and microRNA differentials following simulated deep spaceflight conditions in mice. iScience. 2020 November 25; 23(12): 101747. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101747.PMID: 33376970. | Impact Statement
Gabel L, Liphardt A, Hulme PA, Heer MA, Zwart SR, Sibonga JD, Smith SM, Boyd SK. Pre-flight exercise and bone metabolism predict unloading-induced bone loss due to spaceflight. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021 February 17; epub9pp. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103602.PMID: 33597120. | Impact Statement
Zwart SR, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Heer MA, Melin MM, Smith SM. Albumin, oral contraceptives, and venous thromboembolism risk in astronauts. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2022 April 7; epub29pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2022.PMID: 35389755. | Impact Statement
Mehta SK, Szpara ML, Rooney BV, Diak DM, Shipley MM, Renner DW, Krieger SS, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Crucian BE. Dermatitis during spaceflight associated with HSV-1 reactivation. Viruses. 2022 April 11; 14(4): 789. DOI: 10.3390/v14040789.PMID: 35458519. | Impact Statement
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year while his twin remains on Earth. Biochemical Profile: Homozygous Twin Control for a 12 Month Space Flight Exposure (Twins Study – Smith) studies how an astronaut’s biochemical profile changes in response to the microgravity and radiation environment of space, how these changes differ from those of his twin brother who remains on the ground, and how they relate to the various changes noted by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Biochemical Status of Humans in Long-term Spaceflight (Biotest) studies metabolic adaptation to extended spaceflight conditions to broaden the existing information base on changes in metabolism and its hormonal regulation in microgravity.
Publications
Smith SM, Wastney M, O'Brien KO, Morukov BV, Larina IM, Abrams SA, Davis-Street JE, Oganov VS, Shackelford LC. Bone markers, calcium metabolism, and calcium kinetics during extended-duration space flight on the Mir space station. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005 February; 20(2): 208-218. DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.041105.PMID: 15647814.
The Bioculture System Hardware Validation (Cell Science-Validation) tests the performance and life-support capability of a new cell culture hardware system for use aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The Bioculture System allows astronauts and ground-based researchers to perform cell culturing experiments in the microgravity environment aboard the ISS. To test this equipment, Cell Science-Validation cultures human heart cells and mouse bone cells in semi-automated bioreactors that are periodically checked and operated by the ISS crew and ground-based investigators.
BioFabrication Facility Assembled Next-gen Development of Collagenous Allograft Meniscal Prosthetics aboard the International Space Station (BFF-Meniscus-2) evaluates using the BioFabrication Facility (BFF) to 3D print a meniscus, or knee cartilage tissue, using bioinks and cells. Musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs), including tears in the meniscus, are a leading health issue in the U.S. military. Scientists plan to evaluate the mechanical properties of tissues bioprinted in microgravity and on Earth.
The Biofilm Inhibition On Flight Equipment and On Board the ISS Using Microbiologically Lethal Metal Surfaces (ESA-Biofilms) investigation studies bacterial biofilm formation and antimicrobial properties of different metal surfaces under spaceflight conditions in altered gravity. Antimicrobial surfaces, copper and its alloys, with and without laser surface treatment, are used. This project provides additional information in the development of suitable antimicrobial surfaces for spaceflight applications.
BIOKon In Space (BIOKIS) involves the investigation of seven experiments sponsored by the Italian Space Agency (ASI-Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) in the areas of cellular biology, radiation and radioprotection, aging, germination and plant growth. These experiments will aim to evaluate various biological species to determine genetic distinctions following short-duration space flight; also, BIOKIS will utilize a variety of dosimeters to monitor radiation.
Publications
Vukich M, Ganga PL, Cavalieri D, Rizzetto L, Rivero D, Pollastri S, Mugnai S, Mancuso S, Pastorelli S, Lambreva M, Antonacci A, Margonelli A, Bertalan I, Johanningmeier U, Giardi MT, Rea G, Pugliese M, Quarto M, Roca V, Zanini A, Borla O, Rebecchi L, Altiero T, Guidetti R, Cesari M, Marchioro T, Bertolani R, Pace E, De Sio A, Casarosa M, Tozzetti L, Branciamore S, Gallori E, Scarigella M, Bruzzi M, Bucciolini M, Talamonti C, Donati A, Zolesi V. BIOKIS: A Model Payload for Multidisciplinary Experiments in Microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 12/01/2012; 24(6): 397-409. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9309-6. | Impact Statement
Pugliese M, Loffredo F, Quarto M, Roca V, Mattone C, Borla O, Zanini A. Results of nDOSE and HiDOSE Experiments for Dosimetric Evaluation During STS-134 Mission. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2014 April 22; epubDOI: 10.1007/s12217-014-9363-3. | Impact Statement
Rizzo AM, Altiero T, Corsetto PA, Montorfano G, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. Space flight effects on antioxidant molecules in dry tardigrades: The Tardikiss experiment. BioMed Research International. 2015 2015(167642): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2015/167642.PMID: 25654086. | Impact Statement
Biological Effects of Space Radiation and Microgravity on Mammalian Cells (NeuroRad) studies the effects of space radiation on the human neuroblastoma cell (nerve cell containing a tumor) line in microgravity.
Publications
Indo HP, Inanami O, Koumura T, Suenaga S, Yen H, Kakinuma S, Matsumoto K, Nakanishi I, St Clair W, St Clair DK, Matsui H, Cornette R, Gusev OA, Okuda T, Nakagawa Y, Ozawa T, Majima HJ. Roles of mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species on X-ray-induced apoptosis in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HLE. Free Radical Research. 2012 August; 46(8): 1029-1043. DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.698012.PMID: 22656864.
Indo HP, Davidson M, Yen H, Suenaga S, Tomita K, Nishii T, Higuchi M, Koga K, Ozawa T, Majima HJ. Evidence of ROS generation by mitochondria in cells with impaired electron transport chain and mitochondrial DNA damage. Mitochondrion. 2007 February; 7(1-2): 106-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2006.11.026.PMID: 17307400. | Impact Statement
Majima HJ, Indo HP, Tomita K, Iwashita Y, Suzuki HH, Masuda D, Shimazu T, Tanigaki F, Umemura S, Yano S, Fukui K, Higashibata A, Yamazaki TQ, Kameyama M, Suenaga S, Sato T, Yen H, Gusev OA, Okuda T, Matsui H, Ozawa T, Ishioka N. Bio-Assessment of RISK in Long-Term Manned Space Exploration-Cell Death Factors in Space Radiation and/or Microgravity: A Review-. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(2): 43-53. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.43.
Majima HJ, Indo HP, Suenaga S, Matsui H, Yen H, Ozawa T. Mitochondria as Possible Pharmaceutical Targets for the Effects of Vitamin E and its Homologues in Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2011 July 1; 17(21): 2190-2195. DOI: 10.2174/138161211796957490.PMID: 21774784.
Indo HP, Nakanishi I, Ohkubo K, Yen H, Nyui M, Manda S, Matsumoto K, Fukuhara K, Anzai K, Ikota N, Matsui H, Minamiyama Y, Nakajima A, Ichikawa H, Fukuzumi S, Ozawa T, Mukai C, Majima HJ. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro antioxidative parameters for eleven food factors. RSC Advances. 2013 3(14): 4535. DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22686g.
Majima HJ, Indo HP, Suenaga S, Kaneko T, Matsui H, Yen H, Ozawa T. Mitochondria as source of free radicals. Free Radical Biology in Digestive Diseases. 2011 2912-22. DOI: 10.1159/000319933. | Impact Statement
Biological Exploration Payload 1 (BioX1) is an investigation by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab Space Exploration Initiative that uses the NanoRacks Black Box platform. This investigation tests use of an on-board nanopore genetic sequencer for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. Such tools may be incorporated into future Mars Rover experiments.
The Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Microgravity via Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis (Biological Nitrogen Fixation) experiment examines how the low gravity conditions of space affect the nitrogen fixation process during growth of a well-known legume – microclover. Automated laboratory modules maintain germination and growth conditions while atmospheric nitrogen is measured throughout the mission. The CubeLab is installed aboard the International Space Station (ISS), operates for a period of time and is then returned to Earth-based labs for more detailed analysis. This project was conceived by the Higher Orbits Andromeda division winning team, the Saguaro Snakes (Gilbert, AZ).
Biological Pigments for Space Radiation Protection is an investigation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab Space Exploration Initiative, which uses the NanoRacks Black Box platform. The investigation explores the role of pigments in providing protection from the International Space Station’s interior radiation environment. It also examines the effect of radiation on certain early-stage development of plant life, such as seeds.
Biological Research In Canisters - 16: Investigations of the plant cytoskeleton in microgravity with gene profiling and cytochemistry (BRIC-16-Cytoskeleton) studies the effects of microgravity on the structure and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in plants using the model plant Arabidopsis. The specific aims of this research are: to investigate plastid position in statocytes (the gravity-perceiving cells) in microgravity; to determine the effect of microgravity on the actin cytoskeletal organization in gravity-perceiving cells; to study microgravity effects on actin cytoskeleton-related gene expression in plant cells.
Publications
Kiss JZ, Brinkmann E, Brillouet C. Development and Growth of Several Strains of Arabidopsis Seedlings in Microgravity. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 2000 16155-62.
Kiss JZ, Wright JB, Casper T. Gravitropism in roots of intermediate-starch mutants of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology. 1996 97(2): 237-244.
Kiss JZ, Edelmann RE, Wood PC. Gravitropism of hypocotyls of wild-type and starch-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings in spaceflight studies. Planta. 1999 20996-103.
Kiss JZ. Mechanisms of the early phases of plant gravitropism. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2000 19(6): 551-573.
Mullen JL, Correll MJ, Hangarter RP. Phytochromes A and B mediate red-light-induced positive phototropism in roots. Plant Physiology. 2003 1311411-1417.
Kiss JZ, Kumar P, Bowman RN, Steele MK, Eodice MT, Correll MJ, Edelmann RE. Biocompatibility studies in preparation for a spaceflight experiment on plant tropisms (TROPI). Advances in Space Research. 2007 39(7): 1154-1160. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.017.
Millar KD, Johnson CM, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. An Endogenous Growth Pattern of Roots Is Revealed in Seedlings Grown in Microgravity. Astrobiology. 2011 Oct; 787-797(8): 1-12. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0699.PMID: 21970704.
Kiss JZ, Kumar P, Millar KD, Edelmann RE, Correll MJ. Operations of a spaceflight experiment to investigate plant tropisms. Advances in Space Research. 2009 44(8): 879-886. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.06.007.
Johnson CM, Subramanian A, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. Morphometric analyses of petioles of seedlings grown in a spaceflight experiment. Journal of Plant Research. 2015 November; 128(6): 1007-1016. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0749-0.
Johnson CM, Subramanian A, Pattathil S, Correll MJ, Kiss JZ. Comparative transcriptomics indicate changes in cell wall organization and stress response in seedlings during spaceflight. American Journal of Botany. 2018 August; 104(8): 1219-1231. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700079.PMID: 28827451. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Biological Research In Canisters - 16: The impact of spaceflight on Arabidopsis: Deep sequencing and DNA Arrays as Collaborative Readouts of the Transcriptome of Arabidopsis Seedlings and Undifferentiated Cells in Space (BRIC-16-DNA) compares and contrasts the gene expression responses within two forms of Arabidopsis: whole, etiolated seedlings and undifferentiated cells in culture. The comparison of intact plants with cultures of undifferentiated cells shows that cells can detect space flight and gravity in the absence of tissue or organized developmental structures.
Publications
Paul AL, Levine HG, McLamb W, Norwood KL, Reed DW, Stutte GW, Wells HW, Ferl RJ. Plant molecular biology in the space station era: Utilization of KSC fixation tubes with RNAlater. Acta Astronautica. 2005 56623-628. PMID: 15736319.
Paul AL, Popp MP, Gurley WB, Guy C, Norwood KL, Ferl RJ. Arabidopsis gene expression patterns are altered during spaceflight. Advances in Space Research. 2005 361175-1181.
Paul AL, Liu L, McClung S, Laughner B, Chen S, Ferl RJ. Comparative interactomics:analysis of arabidopsis 14-3-3 complexes reveals highly conserved 14-3-3 interactions between humans and plants. Journal of Proteome Research. 2009 8(4): 1913-1924.
Paul AL, Bamsey M, Berinstain A, Braham S, Neron P, Murdoch T, Graham T, Ferl RJ. Deployment of a Prototype Plant GFP Imager at the Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse of the Haughton Mars Project. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2008 827879848. DOI: 10.3390/s8042762.
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Higher order chromatin structures in maize and Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell. 1998 10(8): 1349-1359. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.10.8.1349.PMID: 9707534. | Impact Statement
Paul AL, Schuerger AC, Popp MP, Richards JT, Manak MS, Ferl RJ. Hypobaric biology: Arabidopsis gene expression at low atmospheric pressure. Plant Physiology. 2004 134215223. | Impact Statement
Ferl RJ, Laughner B. In vivo detection of regulatory factor binding sites of Arabidopsis thaliana Adh. Plant Molecular Biology. 1989 12257266.
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. In vivo footprinting reveals unique cis-elements and different modes of hypoxic induction in maize Adh1 and Adh2. The Plant Cell. 1991 3159168. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.3.2.159.PMID: 1840906.
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Permeabilized Arabidopsis protoplasts provide new insight into the chromatin structure of plant alcohol dehydrogenase genes. Developmental Genetics. 1998 22716.
Ferl RJ, Wheeler RM, Levine HG, Paul AL. Plants in space. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 2002 5258263.
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. The Biology Of Low Atmospheric Pressure - Implications For Exploration Mission Design And Advanced Life Support. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2006 193-17.
Paul AL, Daugherty CJ, Binh EA, Chapman DK, Norwood KL, Ferl RJ. Transgene expression patterns indicate that spaceflight affects stress signal perception and transduction in arabidopsis. Plant Physiology. 2001 126613-621. | Impact Statement
Paul AL, Zupanska AK, Ostrow DT, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Li J, Shanker S, Farmerie WG, Amalfitano CE, Ferl RJ. Spaceflight Transcriptomes: Unique Responses to a Novel Environment. Astrobiology. 2012 Jan; 12(1): 40-56. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0696. | Impact Statement
Zupanska AK, Denison FD, Ferl RJ, Paul AL. Spaceflight engages heat shock protein and other molecular chaperone genes in tissue culture cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. American Journal of Botany. 2013 100(1): 235-248. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200343.PMID: 23258370. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Biological Research In Canisters - 16: Actin Regulation of Arabidopsis Root Growth and Orientation During Space Flight (BRIC-16-Regulation) studies how actin cytoskeleton dictates root growth orientation during space flight and conducts an extensive set of genome-wide microarray studies to unravel actin-dependent gene regulatory networks that modulate root growth and orientation during space flight.
Publications
Dyachok J, Sparks JA, Liao F, Wang Y, Blancaflor EB. Fluorescent protein-based reporters of the actin cytoskeleton in living plant cells: fluorophore variant, actin binding domain, and promoter considerations. Cytoskeleton. 2014 May; 71(5): 311-327. DOI: 10.1002/cm.21174.PMID: 24659536.
Kwon T, Sparks JA, Nakashima J, Allen SN, Tang Y, Blancaflor EB. Transcriptional response of Arabidopsis seedlings during spaceflight reveals peroxidase and cell wall remodeling genes associated with root hair development. American Journal of Botany. 2015 January 1; 102(1): 21-35. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400458.PMID: 25587145.
Blancaflor EB. Regulation of plant gravity sensing and signaling by the actin cytoskeleton. American Journal of Botany. 2012 September 21; 100(1): 143-152. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200283.PMID: 23002165.
Nakashima J, Liao F, Sparks JA, Tang Y, Blancaflor EB. The actin cytoskeleton is a suppressor of the endogenous skewing behaviour of Arabidopsis primary roots in microgravity. Plant Biology. 2013 August; 16142-150. DOI: 10.1111/plb.12062.PMID: 23952736.
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Biological Research in Canisters Symbiotic Nodulation in a Reduced Gravity Environment (BRIC-SyNRGE) investigates microgravity effects associated with microbe-host interactions and cell-cell communication using a plant-bacteria model system. Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) seedlings are grown on-orbit in the presence of genetically marked strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the species Sinorhizobium meliloti. These bacteria are able to form a mutualistic symbiosis (relationship between different species in which both benefit) with leguminous plants. On Earth, this symbiotic plant-bacteria relationship benefits both crops for humans and livestock.
The Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware supports a variety of plant growth investigations. The Biological Research In Canisters-17-1: Undifferentiated Cell development in Arabidopsis plants in Microgravity (BRIC-17-1) investigation focuses on the growth and development of cell cultures in microgravity. Specimens are preserved with a chemical fixative and returned to the ground for post-flight evaluation.
Publications
Zupanska AK, Schultz ER, Yao J, Sng NJ, Zhou M, Callaham JB, Ferl RJ, Paul AL. ARG1 Functions in the Physiological Adaptation of Undifferentiated Plant Cells to Spaceflight. Astrobiology. 2017 October 31; 17(11): 35 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1538.PMID: 29088549. | Impact Statement
Zupanska AK, LeFrois CE, Ferl RJ, Paul AL. HSFA2 functions in the physiological adaptation of undifferentiated plant cells to spaceflight. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019 January; 20(2): 320. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020390.PMID: 30658467. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
The Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware supports a variety of plant growth investigations. The Biological Research in Canisters-17-2: Understanding Anoxic Response in Arabidopsis investigation focuses on the growth and development of Arabidopsis seeds in microgravity. Specimens are preserved with a chemical fixative and returned to the ground for post-flight evaluation.
Publications
Choi W, Toyota M, Kim S, Hilleary R, Gilroy S. Salt stress-induced Ca2+ waves are associated with rapid, long-distance root-to-shoot signaling in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014 April 29; 111(17): 6497-6502. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319955111.PMID: 24706854.
Plants and animals grow in response to several environmental signals, from gravity to wind, but these signals don't exist in space, and that changes the way organisms grow and develop. The Biological Research in Canisters-19 (BRIC-19) investigation studies changes in gene activity, growth, and development of Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) seedlings germinated in space, comparing them to plants grown on Earth. The results address the roles of physical stresses, like gravity, and how genetic engineering might be used to produce plants that can thrive in the unique environment of microgravity.
Publications
Toyota M, Ikeda N, Sawai-Toyota S, Kato T, Gilroy S, Tasaka M, Morita MT. Amyloplast displacement is necessary for gravisensing in Arabidopsis shoots as revealed by a centrifuge microscope. Plant Journal. 2013 nOVEMBER; 76(4): 648-660. DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12324.PMID: 24004104.
Toyota M, Gilroy S. Gravitropism and mechanical signaling in plants. American Journal of Botany. 2013 January; 100(1): 111-125. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200408.PMID: 23281392.
Jayaraman D, Gilroy S, Ane J. Staying in touch: mechanical signals in plant-microbe interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 2014 May 26; 20c104-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.003.PMID: 24875767.
Choi W, Barker RJ, Kim S, Swanson SJ, Gilroy S. Variation in the transcriptome of different ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals signatures of oxidative stress in plant responses to spaceflight. American Journal of Botany. 2019 January; 106(1): 123-136. DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1223.PMID: 30644539. | Impact Statement
Manian V, Orozco-Sandoval J, Diaz-Martinez V. Detection of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana L. responding to DNA damage from radiation and other stressors in spaceflight. Genes. 2021 June; 12(6): 938. DOI: 10.3390/genes12060938.PMID: 34205326. | Impact Statement
Plants use a variety of protein signals to react to environmental cues such as moisture, gravity and temperature. The Biological Research in Canisters-20 (BRIC-20) investigation germinates seeds in space and preserves them for research on proteomics, or the study of proteins, back on Earth. Results from this investigation can help scientists understand how plants cope with microgravity, which benefits efforts to use plants for food and oxygen on future space missions.
Publications
Basu P, Luesse DR, Wyatt SE. Proteomic Approaches and Their Application to Plant Gravitropism. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2015 1309119-132. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2697-8_10.PMID: 25981772. | Impact Statement
Kruse CP, Meyers AD, Basu P, Hutchinson S, Luesse DR, Wyatt SE. Spaceflight induces novel regulatory responses in Arabidopsis seedling as revealed by combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. BMC Plant Biology. 2020 May 27; 20(1): 237. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02392-6.PMID: 32460700. | Impact Statement
Hutchinson S, Basu P, Wyatt SE, Luesse DR. Methods for on-orbit germination of Arabidopsis thaliana for proteomic analysis. Gravitational and Space Research. 2016 December 19; 4(2): 20-27. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2016-0009. | Impact Statement
Kruse CP, Basu P, Luesse DR, Wyatt SE. Transcriptome and proteome responses in RNAlater preserved tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLOS ONE. 2017 April 19; 12(4): e0175943. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175943. | Impact Statement
Manian V, Orozco-Sandoval J, Diaz-Martinez V. Detection of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana L. responding to DNA damage from radiation and other stressors in spaceflight. Genes. 2021 June; 12(6): 938. DOI: 10.3390/genes12060938.PMID: 34205326. | Impact Statement
One of the most challenging aspects of spaceflight is the combination of suppressed immunity and increased microbial virulence, which could lead to serious infections. Microbes that evolve to resist antibiotics would be particularly difficult to control. The Biological Research in Canisters-21 (BRIC-21) investigation studies two forms of bacteria to determine how they respond to the stressful environment of space, and whether their individual responses change their susceptibility to antibiotics.
Publications
Morrison MD, Fajardo-Cavazos P, Nicholson WL. Cultivation in space flight produces minimal alterations in the susceptibility of Bacillus subtilis cells to 72 different antibiotics and growth-inhibiting compounds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2017 November; 83(21): e01584-17. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01584-17.PMID: 28821547. | Impact Statement
Morrison MD, Fajardo-Cavazos P, Nicholson WL. Comparison of Bacillus subtilis transcriptome profiles from two separate missions to the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2019 January 7; 5(1): 11 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0061-0.PMID: 30623021. | Impact Statement
Morrison MD, Nicholson WL. Comparisons of transcriptome profiles from Bacillus subtilis cells grown in space versus High Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV) clinostats reveal a low degree of concordance. Astrobiology. 2020 October 19; 20(12): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2235.PMID: 33074712. | Impact Statement
Like any other organism, plants respond to physical stress, which affects gene expression and can cause illnesses or other problems. Previous investigations have shown certain proteins regulate genetic activity in a way that protects plants from the extended physical stress of spaceflight. Biological Research In Canisters-22 (BRIC-22) studies 8 different variants of thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) to determine the genetic regulation of stress responses.
Spaceflight weakens the immune system and simultaneously makes certain microbes grow stronger, a combination that could lead to serious infections on future space missions, especially in the case of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The Biological Research in Canisters-23 (BRIC-23) investigation studies Bacillus subtilis spores and Staphylococcus aureus cells to understand how they respond to the stressful environment of space. Results from this investigation improve the understanding of how microbes adapt to spaceflight, including whether their adaptations change antibiotic effectiveness, which benefits efforts to maintain crew member health.
Publications
Morrison MD, Nicholson WL. Meta-analysis of data from spaceflight transcriptome experiments does not support the idea of a common bacterial "spaceflight response". Scientific Reports. 2018 September 26; 8(1): 14403. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32818-z.PMID: 30258082. | Impact Statement
Morrison MD, Fajardo-Cavazos P, Nicholson WL. Comparison of Bacillus subtilis transcriptome profiles from two separate missions to the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2019 January 7; 5(1): 11 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0061-0.PMID: 30623021. | Impact Statement
Morrison MD, Nicholson WL. Comparisons of transcriptome profiles from Bacillus subtilis cells grown in space versus High Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV) clinostats reveal a low degree of concordance. Astrobiology. 2020 October 19; 20(12): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2235.PMID: 33074712. | Impact Statement
Biological Research In Canisters-24 (BRIC-24) tests how space affects organelle contacts and vacuole fusion in plants, systems that may be important for plant gravity sensing and response. Vacuoles are organelles in plant cells that have important functions. This investigation grows two genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana or thale cress with fluorescent markers for direct imaging of the organelles back on Earth.
The EXPOSE research facility is built with the objective to expose biological and biochemical sample materials to the open space environment. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in Astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Baque M, Verseux CN, Bottger U, Rabbow E, de Vera JP, Billi D. Preservation of biomarkers from cyanobacteria mixed with Mars-like regolith under simulated Martian atmosphere and UV flux. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2015 November 3; epub22 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-015-9467-9.PMID: 26530341. Also: Paper presented at the 14th European Astrobiology Conference (EANA 2014) held 13–16 October 2014 in Edinburgh, United Kingdom..
Pacelli C, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, de Vera JP, Rabbow E, Horneck G, de la Torre R, Onofri S. BIOMEX experiment: Ultrastructural alterations, molecular damage and survival of the fungus Cryomyces antarcticus after the experiment verification tests. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2016 April 1; epubDOI: 10.1007/s11084-016-9485-2.PMID: 27033201. Also: Paper presented at the 14th European Astrobiology Conference (EANA 2014) held 13–16 October 2014 in Edinburgh, United Kingdom..
Dachev TP, Tomov BT, Matviichuk YN, Dimitrov PG, Bankov NG. High dose rates obtained outside ISS in June 2015 during SEP event. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2016 984-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.03.004.
Dachev TP, Bankov NG, Horneck G, Hader D. Letter to the editor. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2016 May 31; epub4 pp. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw123. | Impact Statement
Moissl-Eichinger C, Cockell CS, Rettberg P. Venturing into new realms? Microorganisms in space. Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) - Microbiology Reviews. 2016 June 26; epub16 pp. DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw015.PMID: 27354346.
Vigier F, Le Postollec A, Coussot G, Chaput D, Cottin H, Berger T, Incerti S, Triqueneaux S, Dobrijevic M, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O. Preparation of the Biochip experiment on the EXPOSE-R2 mission outside the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2013 September; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.09.026.
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Parpart A, Panitz C, Schulte W, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Demets R, Weib P, Willnecker R. EXPOSE-R2: The astrobiological ESA mission on board of the International Space Station. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017 81533. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01533.PMID: 28861052. | Impact Statement
Coussot G, Le Postollec A, Incerti S, Baque M, Faye C, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Cottin H, Ravelet C, Peyrin E, Fiore E, Vigier F, Caron J, Chaput D, Przybyla B, Berger T, Dobrijevic M. Photochemistry on the space station-aptamer resistance to space conditions: Particles exposure from irradiation facilities and real exposure outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2019 February 28; 19(8): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1896.PMID: 30817199. | Impact Statement
Coussot G, Le Postollec A, Faye C, Baque M, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Incerti S, Vigier F, Chaput D, Cottin H, Przybyla B, Berger T, Dobrijevic M. Photochemistry on the space station-antibody resistance to space conditions after exposure outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2019 February 28; 19(8): 10 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1907.PMID: 30817173. | Impact Statement
Mauclaire L, Egli M. Effect of simulated microgravity on growth and production of exopolymeric substances of Micrococcus luteus space and earth isolates. Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) - Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2010 59350-356. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00683.x. | Impact Statement
Sychev VN, Novikova ND, Poddubko SV, Deshevaya EA, Orlov OI. The biological threat: The threat of planetary quarantine failure as a result of outer space exploration by humans. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2020 January; 490(1): 28-30. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496620010093.PMID: 32342323. Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Nauki o Zhizni, 2020, Vol. 490, pp. 105–108.. | Impact Statement
Alekseev VR, Levinskikh MA, Novikova ND, Sychev VN. Studying Dormancy in Space Conditions. Dormancy in Aquatic Organisms. Theory, Human Use and Modeling. 2019 97-119. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21213-1_6. | Impact Statement
Alekseev VR. Study of the biological dormancy of aquatic organisms in open space and space flight conditions. Biology Bulletin. 2021 November 1; 48(6): 641-661. DOI: 10.1134/S1062359021060030.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 2021, No. 6, pp. 565–587. | Impact Statement
Meessen J, Wuthenow P, Schille P, Rabbow E, de Vera JP, Ott S. Resistance of the lichen Buellia frigida to simulated space conditions during the preflight tests for BIOMEX-Viability Assay and Morphological Stability. Astrobiology. 2015 15(8): 15 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1281.PMID: 26218403.
The Biomass Production System (BPS) environmental control subsystems provides a complete growing environment for plants in microgravity. Results can lead to the development of regenerative life support systems on future exploration missions to the Moon or Mars.
Publications
Frazier CM, Simpson JB, Roberts MS, Stutte GW, Fields ND, Melendez-Andrade J, Morrow RC. Bacterial and fungal communities in BPS chambers and root modules. SAE Technical Paper. 2003 2003-01-2528DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2528. | Impact Statement
Iverson JT, Crabb TM, Morrow RC, Lee MC. Biomass Production System Hardware Performance. SAE Technical Paper. 2003 2003-01-2484DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2484. | Impact Statement
Morrow RC, Iverson JT, Richter RC, Stadler JJ. Biomass Production System (BPS) Technology Validation Test Results. International Conference on Environmental Systems, Colorado Springs, CO. 2004 Jul 19; 2004-01-24601061-1070. DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2460.Also: Morrow, R. C., J. T. Iverson, R. C. Richter, and J. J. Stadler. 2004. Biomass Production System (BPS) Technology Validation Test Results. Transactions Journal of Aerospace 1:1061-1070.. | Impact Statement
Musgrave ME, Kuang A, Tuominen LK, Levine LH, Morrow RC. Seed Storage Reserves and Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa L. Grown on the International Space Station. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2005 130(6): 848-856. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.130.6.848. | Impact Statement
Allen J, Bisbee PA, Darnell RL, Kuang A, Levine LH, Musgrave ME, van Loon JJ. Gravity control of growth form in Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae): Consequences for secondary metabolism. American Journal of Botany. 2009 96(3): 652-660. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800261. | Impact Statement
Morrow RC, Stadler JJ. Analysis of Crew Interaction with Long-Duration Plant Growth Experiment. SAE Technical Paper. 2003 2003-01-2482DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2482.
Morrow RC, Crabb TM. Biomass Production System (BPS) plant growth unit. Advances in Space Research. 2000 26(2): 289-298.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Porterfield DM, Goins GD, Bingham GE. Farming in Space: Environmental and Biophysical Concerns. Advances in Space Research. 2003 January; 31(1): 151-167. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00751-2.
Monje OA, Stutte GW, Chapman DK. Microgravity does not alter plant stand gas exchange of wheat at moderate light levels and saturating CO2 concentration. Planta. 2005 222(2): 336-345. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1529-1. | Impact Statement
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Anderson S. Wheat (Triticum Aesativum L. cv. USU Apogee) Growth Onboard the International Space Station (ISS): Germination and Early Development. Plant Growth Regulation Society of America, Miami Beach, FL. 2003 3064-69.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Goins GD, Tripathy BC. Microgravity effects on thylakoid, single leaf, and whole canopy photosynthesis on dwarf wheat. Planta. 2005 September; 223(1): 46-56. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0066-2.PMID: 16160842.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Hatfield RD, Paul AL, Ferl RJ, Simone CG. Microgravity effects on leaf morphology, cell structure, carbon metabolism and mRNA expression of dwarf wheat. Planta. 2006 224(5): 1038-1049. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0290-4.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Goins GD, Chapman DK. Measurement of Gas Exchnage Characteristics of Developing Wheat in the Biomass Production System. SAE Technical Paper. 2000 July; 2000-01-22928. DOI: 10.4271/2000-01-2292.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Goins GD, Ruffe LM. Evapotranspiration and Photosynthesis Characteristics of Two Wheat Cultivars Measured in the Biomass Production System. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 July; 2001-01-21807. DOI: 10.4271/2001-01-2180.
Choi H, Ham C, Johnson R. Hands-off farming in space (development of an autonomous biomass production system for supporting human exploration in space). 40th Space Congress, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2003 April 28 - May 2; | Impact Statement
Zabel P, Bamsey M, Schubert D, Tajmar M. Review and analysis of over 40 years of space plant growth systems. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2016 August; 101-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.06.004. | Impact Statement
Monje OA, Stutte GW, Wang HT, Kelly CJ. NDS water pressures affect growth rate by changing leaf area, not single leaf photosynthesis. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 July; 2001-01-22777pp. DOI: 10.4271/2001-01-2277. | Impact Statement
Iverson JT, Crabb TM, Lee MC, Butrymowicz B. Design of temperature and humidity control systems for microgravity. SAE Technical Paper. 2004 July; 2004-01-2457DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2457.
Stryjewski EC, Peterson BV, Stutte GW, Wells HW. Long-term storage of wheat plants for light microscopy. SAE Technical Paper. 2000 July; 2000-01-22317. DOI: 10.4271/2000-01-2231.
Morrow RC, Crabb TM, Iverson JT, Frank JG. Science accommodations in the biomass production system. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 July 9; 2001-01-2231DOI: 10.4271/2001-01-2231.
Megahed A. The use of interactive 3D simulation in crew training and spaceflight operations. SAE Technical Paper. 2002 July; 2002-01-2499DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-2499.
Monje OA, Zebuhr M, Stutte GW. Understanding boundary layers surrounding plant organs to reduce indirect effects of microgravity on plant growth. Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments: Earth and Space 2004, League City, Houston, Texas. 2004 March 7-10; 340-345. DOI: 10.1061/40722(153)48.
Morrow RC, Frank JG, Stolp KM, Lee MC. Biomass Production System (BPS) ground based performance testing. SAE Technical Paper. 2002 July 15; 2002-01-2482DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-2482.
The Treadmill Kinematics experiment is the first rigorous investigation to quantify the biomechanics of treadmill exercise conditions during long duration space flight on the ISS. Exercise prescriptions are developed under the assumption that walking and running in microgravity have the same training effects as during normal gravity. However, if locomotion kinematics and kinetics differ between microgravity and normal gravity, understanding these mechanisms allows the development of appropriate exercise prescriptions to increase exercise benefits to crew health and well-being.
Publications
Schaffner G, De Witt JK, Bentley JR, Yarmanova EN, Kozlovskaya IB, Hagan RD. Effect of subject loading device load levels on gait. NASA Technical Publication. 2005
De Witt JK, Fincke RS, Guilliams ME, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Ground reaction forces during treadmill exercise on the International Space Station. 36th American Society of Biomechanics, Gainesville, Florida. 2012 August 15-18;
De Witt JK, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Ground reaction Forces during treadmill running in microgravity. Journal of Biomechanics. 2014 July 18; 47(10): 2339-2347. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.034.
De Witt JK, Cromwell RL, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Biomechanics of treadmill locomotion on the International Space Station. 2014 NASA Human Research Program Investigators ' Workshop, Galveston TX. 2014 February 12-13; 31661 pp.
Hair root cells actively divide in a hair follicle, and they sensitively reflect physical conditions. The hair shaft has an advantage in that it records the metabolic conditions of the environment where the subject is. The purpose of this experiment is to examine the effect of long duration space flight on gene expression and trace element metabolism in human body by analysing human hair.
Publications
Terada M, Kawano F, Ishioka N, Higashibata A, Majima HJ, Yamazaki TQ, Watanabe-Asaka T, Niihori M, Nakao R, Yamada S, Mukai C, Ohira Y. Biomedical analysis of rat body hair after hindlimb suspension for 14 days. Acta Astronautica. 2012 April; 7323-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.12.016. | Impact Statement
Terada M, Seki M, Takahashi R, Yamada S, Higashibata A, Majima HJ, Sudoh M, Mukai C, Ishioka N. Effects of a closed space environment on gene expression in hair follicles of astronauts in the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2016 March 30; 11(3): e0150801. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150801.PMID: 27029003. Correction Terada M, Seki M, Takahashi R, Yamada S, Higashibata A, Majima HJ, Sudoh M, Mukai C, Ishioka N. Effects of a closed space environment on gene expression in hair follicles of astronauts in the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2016 May 18; 11(5): e0156190. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156190. PMID: 27192056..
Indo HP, Majima HJ, Terada M, Suenaga S, Tomita K, Yamada S, Higashibata A, Ishioka N, Kanekura T, Nonaka I, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ, St Clair DK, Mukai C. Changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and redox status in astronauts following long stays in space. Scientific Reports. 2016 December 16; 639015. DOI: 10.1038/srep39015.PMID: 27982062.
The Biomolecule Extraction and Sequencing Technology (BEST) investigation studies the use of sequencing for the identification of unknown microbial organisms living on the International Space Station (ISS), and for understanding how humans, plants and microbes adapt to living on the ISS. Microbial Organisms are isolated and identified from various locations on the ISS using a swab-to-sequencer process that does not require cultivation of organisms prior to processing. Additional objectives of the BEST investigation include the comparison of mutation rates of bacteria grown on Earth to those of bacteria grown on the ISS using periodic whole-genome sequencing; and a demonstration that it is possible to sequence ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated from any organism directly, utilizing the Biomolecule Sequencer and Genes in Space hardware already onboard the ISS.
Publications
Stahl-Rommel SE, Jain M, Nguyen HN, Arnold RR, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Sharp GM, Castro CL, John KK, Juul S, Turner DJ, Stoddart D, Paten B, Akeson M, Burton AS, Castro-Wallace SL. Real-time culture-independent microbial profiling onboard the International Space Station using nanopore sequencing. Genes. 2021 January 16; 12(1): 106. DOI: 10.3390/genes12010106.PMID: 33467183. | Impact Statement
Living organisms contain DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and sequencing DNA is a powerful way to understand how they respond to changing environments. The Biomolecule Sequencer investigation seeks to demonstrate, for the first time, that DNA sequencing is feasible in an orbiting spacecraft. A space-based DNA sequencer could identify microbes, diagnose diseases and understand crew member health, and potentially help detect DNA-based life elsewhere in the solar system.
Publications
John KK, Botkin DJ, Burton AS, Castro-Wallace SL, Chaput JD, Dworkin JP, Lehman N, Lupisella ML, Mason CE, Smith DJ, Stahl-Rommel SE, Switzer C. The Biomolecule Sequencer Project: Nanopore sequencing as a dual-use tool for crew health and astrobiology investigations. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Woodlands, Tx. 2016 March 21-25; 2 pp. | Impact Statement
McIntyre AB, Rizzardi L, Yu AM, Alexander N, Rosen GL, Botkin DJ, Stahl-Rommel SE, John KK, Castro-Wallace SL, McGrath K, Burton AS, Feinberg AP, Mason CE. Nanopore sequencing in microgravity. npj Microgravity. 2016 October 20; 216035. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.35.PMID: 28725742. | Impact Statement
Castro-Wallace SL, Chiu C, John KK, Stahl-Rommel SE, Rubins K, McIntyre AB, Dworkin JP, Lupisella ML, Smith DJ, Botkin DJ, Stephenson TA, Juul S, Turner DJ, Izquierdo F, Federman S, Stryke D, Somasekar S, Alexander N, Yu G, Mason CE, Burton AS. Nanopore DNA Sequencing and Genome Assembly on the International Space Station. Scientific Reports. 2017 718022. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18364-0. | Impact Statement
Burton AS, Stahl-Rommel SE, John KK, Jain M, Juul S, Turner DJ, Harrington ED, Stoddart D, Paten B, Akeson M, Castro-Wallace SL. Off Earth Identification of Bacterial Populations Using 16S rDNA Nanopore Sequencing. Genes. 2020 January 9; 76(11): 76. DOI: 10.3390/genes11010076.PMID: 31936690. | Impact Statement
BioMonitor (Ax-1) monitors the vital signs of crew members on the private astronaut mission (PAM) Axiom-1 (Ax-1) and assesses the effects of spaceflight on their hearts, lungs, and circulatory systems. The Ax-1 astronauts wear the Bio-Monitor, an instrument onboard the International Space Station, during day-to-day activities, rest, and exercise. The investigation demonstrates real-time acquisition and transmission of data from the Bio-Monitor and the potential for adapting the platform to provide autonomous health monitoring of crew members on future Artemis missions. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
BioNutrients demonstrates a technology that enables on-demand production of human nutrients during long-duration space missions. The process uses engineered microbes, like yeast, to generate carotenoids from an edible media to supplement potential vitamin losses from food that is stored for very long periods. Specially designed storage/growth packets are intermittently activated by astronauts over a five-year period, then frozen and returned to Earth for examination.
Biopolymer Research for In-Situ Capabilities looks at how microgravity affects the process of creating biopolymer soil composite (BSC), a concrete alternative made by mixing an organic compound and silica, which is found in lunar and Martian dust. Using resources available on site for construction on other planetary bodies reduces the need to take along materials, lowering cost and freeing up space on long-term missions. This process also could offer an environmentally-friendly concrete alternative for making structures on Earth.
Bioradiation Dosimetry in Spaceflight (Bradoz) creates methods of bioradiation dosimetry for more precise assessments of biologically significant dose loads on the human body during long-term spaceflights. During Bradoz, complex studies are performed that make possible the establishment of a stable, reliable correlation between the physical characteristics of ionizing cosmic radiation being measured and the vitally important biological effects of radiation exposure.
Publications
Berger T, Hajek M, Summerer L, Vana N, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Arkhangelsky VV. Austrian dose measurements onboard space station MIR and the International Space Station - overview and comparison. Advances in Space Research. 2004 34(6): 1414-1419. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.063. | Impact Statement
Hajek M, Berger T, Fugger M, Furstner M, Vana N, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Arkhangelsky VV. Dose Distribution in the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2006 120(1-4): 446-449. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci566. | Impact Statement
Hajek M, Berger T, Vana N, Fugger M, Palfalvi JK, Szabó J, Eordogh I, Akatov YA, Arkhangelsky VV, Shurshakov VA. Convolution of TLD and SSNTD measurements during the BRADOS-1 experiment onboard ISS (2001). Radiation Measurements. 2008 43(7): 1231-1236. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.04.094. | Impact Statement
Tsetlin VV, Akatov YA, Arkhangelsky VV, Mitrikas VG, Bondarenko VA, Makin SA. Results of Monitoring Radiation Conditions Inside the ISS RS (2000–2005). Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2006 40(5): 21-25. | Impact Statement
Hajek M, Berger T, Fugger M, Furstner M, Vana N, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Arkhangelsky VV. BRADOS - Dose determination in the Russian Segment of the International Space Station (2006). Advances in Space Research. 2006 January; 37(9): 1664-1667. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.01.015. | Impact Statement
Szabó J, Palfalvi JK, Dudas B, Akatov YA, Eordogh I. Cosmic ray detection on the ISS by a 3 axes track etch detector stack and the complementary calibration studies. Radiation Measurements. 2008 February; 43(2-6): 688-693. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.02.016. | Impact Statement
The interaction between microbes and rocks in a liquid phase can be affected by reduced gravity in several ways. The reduction of thermal convection in low-gravity, and its absence in microgravity, minimizes the natural stirring in liquids and gases, and may restrict the supply of food and oxygen to the bacteria - leading to a suppression of growth, proliferation and mining performance. The goals of the Biorock investigation is to verify and quantify this assumption, and to find out if morphological and genetic changes occur in the biofilms.
Publications
Loudon C, Nicholson N, Finster KW, Leys N, Byloos B, Van Houdt R, Rettberg P, Moeller R, Fuchs FM, Demets R, Krause J, Vukich M, Mariani A, Cockell CS. BioRock: new experiments and hardware to investigate microbe–mineral interactions in space. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2017 July 24; epub11 pp. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550417000234. | Impact Statement
Santomartino R, Waajen AC, de Wit W, Nichols NM, Parmitano L, Loudon C, Moeller R, Rettberg P, Fuchs FM, Van Houdt R, Finster KW, Coninx, Krause J, Koehler A, Caplin N, Zuijderduijn L, Zolesi V, Balsamo M, Mariani A, Pellari SS, Carubia F, Luciani G, Leys N, Doswald-Winkler J, Herova M, Wadsworth J, Everroad RC, Rattenbacher B, Demets R, Cockell CS. No effect of microgravity and simulated Mars gravity on final bacterial cell concentrations on the International Space Station: Applications to space bioproduction. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020 October 14; 1115pp. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.579156. | Impact Statement
Cockell CS, Santomartino R, Finster KW, Waajen AC, Eades LJ, Moeller R, Rettberg P, Fuchs FM, Van Houdt R, Leys N, Coninx, Hatton JP, Parmitano L, Krause J, Koehler A, Caplin N, Zuijderduijn L, Mariani A, Pellari SS, Carubia F, Luciani G, Balsamo M, Zolesi V, Nicholson N, Loudon C, Doswald-Winkler J, Herova M, Rattenbacher B, Wadsworth J, Everroad RC, Demets R. Space station biomining experiment demonstrates rare earth element extraction in microgravity and Mars gravity. Nature Communications. 2020 November 10; 11(1): 5523. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19276-w.PMID: 33173035. | Impact Statement
Cockell CS, Santomartino R, Finster KW, Waajen AC, Nicholson N, Loudon C, Eades LJ, Moeller R, Rettberg P, Fuchs FM, Van Houdt R, Leys N, Coninx, Hatton JP, Parmitano L, Krause J, Koehler A, Caplin N, Zuijderduijn L, Mariani A, Pellari SS, Carubia F, Luciani G, Balsamo M, Zolesi V, Ochoa J, Sen P, Watt JA, Doswald-Winkler J, Herova M, Rattenbacher B, Wadsworth J, Everroad RC, Demets R. Microbially-enhanced vanadium mining and bioremediation under micro- and Mars gravity on the International Space Station. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 April 1; 12641387. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641387.PMID: 33868198. | Impact Statement
The BioScience-4 (STaARS BioScience-4) investigation examines how oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) react to microgravity, specifically the rate at which the cells proliferate and differentiate in the microgravity environment. OPCs are precursors to a type of central nervous system cells and results may help to improve neural stem cell studies, including those on tissue regrowth and organ farming.
Publications
Cepeda C, Vergnes L, Carpo N, Schibler MJ, Bentolila LA, Karouia F, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Human neural stem cells flown into space proliferate and generate young neurons. Applied Sciences. 2019 January; 9(19): 4042. DOI: 10.3390/app9194042. | Impact Statement
Olenych S. Time-lapse imaging of neural stem cells exposed to microgravity on the International Space Station. Microscopy Today. 2020 September; 28(5): 26-29. DOI: 10.1017/S1551929520001352. | Impact Statement
Shaka S, Carpo N, Tran V, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Behavior of astrocytes derived from human neural stem cells flown onto space and their progenies. Applied Sciences. 2021 January; 11(1): 41. DOI: 10.3390/app11010041. | Impact Statement
Shaka S, Carpo N, Tran V, Ma Y, Karouia F, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Human neural stem cells in space proliferate more than ground control cells: Implications for long-term space travel. Journal of Stem Cells Research, Development & Therapy. 2021 April 27; 7(2): 69. DOI: 10.24966/SRDT-2060/100069. | Impact Statement
Tran V, Carpo N, Shaka S, Zamudio J, Choi SY, Cepeda C, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Delayed Maturation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors by Microgravity: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis and Space Flight. Life. 2022 May 27; 12(6): 797. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ life12060797.PMID: 35743828. | Impact Statement
BioServe Protein Crystalography-1 (BPC-1) seeks to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting protein crystal growth in real time aboard the International Space Station. Crew members add solutions to the hardware, observe the crystals that form and adjust for follow-on experiments. This approach gives scientists the ability to optimize crystal growth in microgravity instead of losing time waiting for samples to return and then launch them again.
Biotube-Magnetophoretically Induced Curvature in Roots (Biotube-MICRO) investigates the potential for magnetic fields to orient plant roots as they grow in microgravity. Plants are not directly sensitive to magnetic fields, but starch grains, called amyloplasts, in plant cells respond to external magnetic fields. Brassica rapa seedlings will be grown in microgravity in the presence of magnets with about 50 times the strength of refrigerator magnets to see whether the orientation of the amyloplasts or other factors induce curvature in roots as they form.
Publications
Hasenstein KH, Scherp P, Ma Z. Gravisensing in flax roots – results from STS-107. Advances in Space Research. 2005 36(7): 1189-1195. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.007. | Impact Statement
Levine HG, Anderson K, Boody A, Cox DR, Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH. Germination and elongation of flax in microgravity. Advances in Space Research. 2003 31(10): 2261-2268. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00253-9. | Impact Statement
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-9 (J-SSOD-9) is a micro-satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). J-SSOD-9 deploys the Joint Global Multi Nation Birds, known as the BIRDS-2 project, which is a constellation of three (3) identical 1 unit (1U) CubeSats developed by Bhutan, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The CubeSats are delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-15 Dragon cargo vehicle.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer #11 (J-SSOD#11) is a micro-satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). J-SSOD#11 deploys the Joint Global Multi Nation Birds, known as the BIRDS-3 Project, which is a constellation of three 1U CubeSats developed by Japan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The BIRDS-3 CubeSats were launched to the International Space Station aboard the NG-11 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle on April 17, 2019.
Publications
Kim S, Yamauchi T, Masui H, Cho M. BIRDS BUS: A standard CubeSat BUS for an annual educational satellite project. Journal of Small Satellites. 2021 July; 10(2): 1015–1034. | Impact Statement
The purpose of the Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to Space Flight Induced Bone Loss study is to determine whether an antiresorptive agent, in conjunction with the routine in-flight exercise program, protects International Space Station (ISS) crew members from the regional decreases in bone mineral density documented on previous ISS missions.
Publications
Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer J, Tucci JR, Emkey RD, Tonino RP, Rodriguez-Portales JA, Downs RW, Gupta J, Santora AC, Liberman UA. Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 350(12): 1189-1199. | Impact Statement
LeBlanc AD, Schneider VS, Shackelford LC, West S, Oganov VS, Bakulin AV, Voronin L. Bone Mineral and lean tissue loss after long duration spaceflight. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 2000 1(2): 157-160.
LeBlanc AD, Driscoll TB, Shackelford LC, Evans HJ, Rianon NJ, Smith SM, Feeback DL, Lai D. Alendronate as an Effective Countermeasure to Disuse Induced Bone Loss. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 2002 2(4): 335-343.
Watanabe Y, Ohshima H, Mizuno K, Sekiguchi C, Fukunaga M, Kohri K, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, Matsumoto T, Nakamura T. Intravenous pamidronate prevents femoral bone loss and renal stone formation during 90-day bed rest. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2004 19(11): 1771-1778.
Shapiro J, Beck TJ, Mustapha B, Ruff CB, Ballard PG, Brintzenhofescoz K, Caminis J. Zoledronic Acid Counteracts Bone Loss in the Spinal Cord Injury Model of Microgravity. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2004 19S445.
LeBlanc AD, Matsumoto T, Jones JA, Shapiro J, Lang TF, Shackelford LC, Smith SM, Evans HJ, Spector ER, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Sibonga JD, Keyak JH, Nakamura T, Kohri K, Ohshima H. Bisphosphonates as a supplement to exercise to protect bone during long-duration spaceflight. Osteoporosis International. 2013 July; 24(7): 2105-2114. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2243-z.PMID: 23334732. | Impact Statement
Okada A, Matsumoto T, Ohshima H, Isomura T, Koga T, Yasui T, Kohri K, LeBlanc AD, Spector ER, Jones JA, Shackelford LC, Sibonga JD. Bisphosphonate use may reduce the risk of urolithiasis in astronauts on long-term spaceflights. JBMR Plus. 2022 January; 6(1): e10550. DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10550.PMID: 35079672. | Impact Statement
The goal of the Blob investigation is to observe the influence of microgravity on the Blob’s (a unicellular organism whose scientific name is Physarum polycephalum) behaviour when it explores its environment or when it eats. A ground experiment takes place in schools and the results are compared against the results of the International Space Station conclusions. The final goal is motivate students from France and other European Space Agency (ESA) Member States to study the Biological sciences.
Bodies in the Space Environment: Relative Contributions of Internal and External Cues to Self-Orientation, During and After Zero Gravity Exposure (BISE) will evaluate adaptation to, the effect of, and recovery from long-duration microgravity exposure on the perception of orientation of ISS crewmembers.
Publications
Haji-Khamneh B, Harris LR. How long do intrinsic and extrinsic visual cues take to exert their effect on the perceptual upright?. Vision Research. 2009 Jul; 49(16): 2131-2139. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.06.003.PMID: 19508877. | Impact Statement
Dyde RT, Jenkin MR, Jenkin HL, Zacher JE, Harris LR. The effect of altered gravity states on the perception of orientation. Experimental Brain Research. 2009 194(4): 647-660. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1741-5.
Harris LR, Jenkin MR, Dyde RT, Jenkin HL, Zacher JE. Assessing the perceptual consequences of non-Earth environments. Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era. 2011 6 pp. | Impact Statement
Harris LR, Jenkin MR, Jenkin HL, Zacher JE, Dyde RT. The effect of long-term exposure to microgravity on the perception of upright. npj Microgravity. 2017 January 12; 3(1): 3. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-016-0005-5.PMID: 28649625. | Impact Statement
Boeing Environment Responding Antimicrobial Coatings tests an antimicrobial coating on several different materials that represent high-touch surfaces. Some microbes change characteristics in microgravity, which could create new risks to crew health and spacecraft systems as well as creating the possibility of contaminating other planetary bodies. The samples remain in space approximately six months then return to Earth for analysis.
One of the most common side effects of space travel is a loss of bone density, which happens because of microgravity. Researchers can study these effects by evaluating mice flown in space, and use the results to develop treatments for bone density loss in space as well as in patients on Earth. Bone Densitometer Hardware Validation (Bone Densitometer Validation) tests an X-ray device the size of a kitchen microwave oven, which measures bone density, muscle and fat in mice living on the International Space Station.
Content Pending
Publications
Costessi A, Vascotto C, Pines A, Schonenborg R, Romanello M, Schiller P, Moro L, Tell G. Bone Proteomics experiment (BOP): the first proteomic analysis of mammalian cells cultured in weightlessness conditions. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 October; IAC-06- A1.4.87 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-06-A1.4.08. | Impact Statement
Bonner Ball Neutron Detector (BBND) measures neutron radiation (low-energy, uncharged particles) which can deeply penetrate the body and damage blood forming organs. Neutron radiation is estimated to be 20 percent of the total radiation on the International Space Station (ISS). This study characterizes the neutron radiation environment to develop safety measures to protect future ISS crews. This was a cooperative experiment with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
Publications
Koshiishi H, Matsumoto H, Terasawa K, Koga K, Goka T. Neutron Dosimetry Inside the International Space Station. Space Radiation Research. 2009
Saito T, Niita K, Iwase H, Nakashima H, Yamaguchi Y, Sihver L. Applicability of particle and heavy ion transport code PHITS to the shielding design of spacecrafts. Radiation Measurements. 2006 October; 41(9-10): 1142-1146. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.07.014. | Impact Statement
Yajima K, Yasuda H, Takada M, Saito T, Goka T, Matsumoto H, Nakamura T. Measurements of cosmic-ray neutron energy spectra from thermal to 15 MeV with Bonner Ball Neutron Detector in aircraft. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. 2010 January; 47(1): 31-39. DOI: 10.1080/18811248.2010.9711934. | Impact Statement
Koshiishi H, Matsumoto H, Chishiki A, Goka T, Omodaka T. Evaluation of the neutron radiation environment inside the International Space Station based on the Bonner Ball Neutron Detector experiment. Radiation Measurements. 2007 October; 42(9): 1510-1520. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.02.072. | Impact Statement
Koshiishi H, Matsumoto H, Goka T, Koga K. Evaluation of Low-Energy Neutron Environment inside the International Space Station. Technical Report of Institute of Electronics, Information, and Communications Engineers. 2003 103(486): 11-14. Japanese.
Koshiishi H, Chishiki A, Matsumoto H, Takagi S, Goka T. Studies of the Neutron Environment inside the International Space Station Obtained by the Bonner Ball Neutron Detector. 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Houston, TX. 2002 Oct;
Chishiki A, Matsumoto H, Koshiishi H. Analysis of the Neutron Radiation Environment inside the International Space Station as Obtained by a Bonner Ball Neutron Detector. 2nd International Workshop on Space Radiation Research, Nara, Japan. 2002 March;
Koga K, Goka T, Matsumoto H, Muraki Y, Masuda K, Matsubara Y. Development of the fiber neutron monitor for the energy range 15-100 MeV on the International Space Station (ISS). Radiation Measurements. 2001 33(3): 287-291.
Singleterry Jr. RC, Badavi FF, Shinn JL, Cucinotta FA, Badhwar GD, Clowdsley MS, Heinbockel JH, Wilson JW, Atwell W, Beaujean R, Kopp J, Reitz G. Estimation of neutron and other radiation exposure components in low earth orbit. Radiation Measurements. 2001 33(3): 355-360.
Miller MJ. Neutron detection and multiplicity counting using a boron-loaded plastic scintillator/bismuth germanate phoswich detector array. NASA Technical Memorandum. 1998 DE-1998-006019
Armstrong TW, Colborn BL. Predictions of secondary neutrons and their importance to radiation effects inside the International Space Station. Radiation Measurements. 2001 33(3): 229-234.
Matsumoto H, Goka T, Koga K, Iwai S, Uehara T, Sato O, Takagi S. Real-time measurement of low-energy-range neutron spectra on board the space shuttle STS-89 (S/MM-8). Radiation Measurements. 2001 33(3): 321-333.
The Boundary Layer Transition (BLT) experiment involves the use of ten modified tiles, equipped with thermocouples (indicate a temperature change based on voltage between a junction of two different metals), placed on the bottom of Space Shuttle Discovery’s left wing. One tile is also equipped with a protuberance (specially modified speed bump) to study the characteristics of how the airflow is tripped from laminar (smooth) to turbulent (rough) during re-entry. This experiment will improve understanding of the parameters associated with re-entering the atmosphere and including the significant heat increase caused by turbulent boundary layer flow.
Researchers suspect that astronauts’ brains adapt to living in weightlessness by using previously untapped links between neurons. As the astronauts learn to navigate inside their spacecraft, left–right and up–down become second nature as these connections are activated. The Brain-DTI investigation seeks to confirm this theory by putting crew members through advanced MRI scanners before and after their spaceflight, to study any changes in their brain structure. A control group on ground undergoes the same scans for further comparison.
Publications
Demertzi A, Van Ombergen A, Tomilovskaya ES, Jeurissen B, Pechenkova E, Di Perri C, Litvinova L, Amico E, Rumshiskaya A, Rukavishnikov IV, Sijbers J, Sinitsyn V, Kozlovskaya IB, Sunaert S, Parizel PM, Van de Heyning PH, Laureys SS, Wuyts FL. Cortical reorganization in an astronaut's brain after long-duration spaceflight. Brain Structure and Function. 2015 epubDOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1054-3.PMID: 25963710. | Impact Statement
Van Ombergen A, Jillings S, Jeurissen B, Tomilovskaya ES, Rumshiskaya A, Litvinova L, Nosikova I, Pechenkova E, Rukavishnikov IV, Manko O, Danylichev S, Ruhl RM, Kozlovskaya IB, Sunaert S, Parizel PM, Sinitsyn V, Laureys SS, Sijbers J, zu Eulenburg P, Wuyts FL. Brain ventricular volume changes induced by long-duration spaceflight. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019 May 21; 116(21): 10531-10536. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820354116.PMID: 31061119. | Impact Statement
Pechenkova E, Nosikova I, Rumshiskaya A, Litvinova L, Rukavishnikov IV, Mershina E, Sinitsyn V, Van Ombergen A, Jeurissen B, Jillings S, Laureys SS, Sijbers J, Grishin AP, Chernikova L, Naumov IA, Kornilova LN, Wuyts FL, Tomilovskaya ES, Kozlovskaya IB. Alterations of Functional Brain Connectivity After Long-Duration Spaceflight as Revealed by fMRI. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019 10761. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00761.PMID: 31333476. | Impact Statement
Jillings S, Van Ombergen A, Tomilovskaya ES, Rumshiskaya A, Litvinova L, Nosikova I, Pechenkova E, Rukavishnikov IV, Kozlovskaya IB, Manko O, Danilichev SN, Sunaert S, Parizel PM, Sinitsyn V, Petrovichev V, Laureys SS, zu Eulenburg P, Sijbers J, Wuyts FL, Jeurissen B. Macro- and microstructural changes in cosmonauts’ brains after long-duration spaceflight. Science Advances. 2020 September 1; 6(36): eaaz9488. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9488.PMID: 32917625. | Impact Statement
Doroshin A, Jillings S, Jeurissen B, Tomilovskaya ES, Pechenkova E, Nosikova I, Rumshiskaya A, De Laet C, Schoenmaekers C, Sijbers J, Laureys SS, Petrovichev V, Van Ombergen A, Annen J, Sunaert S, Parizel PM, Sinitsyn V, zu Eulenburg P, Osipowicz K, Wuyts FL. Brain connectometry changes in space travelers after long-duration spaceflight. Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 2022 February 18; 16DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.815838.PMID: 35250494. | Impact Statement
Barisano G, Sepehrdand F, Collins HR, Jillings S, Jeurissen B, Taylor JA, Schoenmaekers C, De Laet C, Rukavishnikov IV, Nosikova I, Litvinova L, Rumshiskaya A, Annen J, Sijbers J, Laureys SS, Van Ombergen A, Petrovichev V, Sinitsyn V, Pechenkova E, Grishin AP, zu Eulenburg P, Law M, Sunaert S, Parizel PM, Tomilovskaya ES, Roberts DR, Wuyts FL. The effect of prolonged spaceflight on cerebrospinal fluid and perivascular spaces of astronauts and cosmonauts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2022 April 26; 119(17): e2120439119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120439119.PMID: 35412862. | Impact Statement
BRazing of Aluminum alloys IN Space (SUBSA-BRAINS) examines differences in capillary flow, interface reactions, and bubble formation during solidification of brazing alloys in microgravity. Brazing technology bonds similar materials (such as an aluminum alloy to aluminum) or dissimilar ones (such as aluminum alloy to ceramics) at temperatures above 450°C. It is a potential tool for construction of human space habitats and manufactured systems as well as repair of damage from micrometeoroids or space debris.
Fungal organisms are well known for the production of a large number of compounds that have benefits for human medicine (e.g., antibiotics and anticancer drugs) and agriculture (e.g., antifungal agents to protect crops). In the BRIC-Natural Products (BRIC-NP) investigation, radiation-tolerant fungal strains isolated from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant are exposed to spaceflight conditions on board the International Space Station (ISS), and then screened for the biological production of beneficial medical or agricultural substances.
Publications
Singh NK, Blachowicz A, Romsdahl J, Wang CC, Torok T, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of several fungal strains selected for exposure to microgravity at the International Space Station. Genome Announcements. 2017 April 13; 3 pp. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01602-16.PMID: 28408692. | Impact Statement
Romsdahl J, Blachowicz A, Chiang AJ, Singh NK, Stajich JE, Kalkum M, Venkateswaran KJ, Wang CC. Characterization of Aspergillus niger Isolated from the International Space Station. mSystems. 2018 October 30; 3(5): e00112-18. DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00112-18.PMID: 30246146. | Impact Statement
Romsdahl J, Blachowicz A, Chiang AJ, Chiang Y, Masonjones S, Yaegashi J, Countryman S, Karouia F, Kalkum M, Stajich JE, Venkateswaran KJ, Wang CC. International Space Station conditions alter genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in Aspergillus nidulans. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2018 December 12; epub15 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9525-0.PMID: 30539259. | Impact Statement
Blachowicz A, Raffa N, Bok JW, Choera T, Knox BP, Lim FY, Huttenlocher A, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ, Keller NP. Contributions of spore secondary metabolites to UV-C protection and virulence vary in different Aspergillus fumigatus strains. mBio. 2020 February 8; 11(1): e03415-19. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03415-19.PMID: 32071276. | Impact Statement
Romsdahl J, Blachowicz A, Chiang Y, Venkateswaran KJ, Wang CC. Metabolomic analysis of Aspergillus niger isolated from the International Space Station reveals enhanced production levels of the antioxidant pyranonigrin A. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020 May 21; 11931. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00931.PMID: 32670208. | Impact Statement
Blachowicz A, Romsdahl J, Chiang AJ, Masonjones S, Kalkum M, Stajich JE, Torok T, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. The International Space Station environment triggers molecular responses in Aspergillus niger. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022 13893071. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893071.PMID: 35847112. | Impact Statement
The purpose of the BRIC-LED Tech Demo (BRIC-LED-001) investigation is to demonstrate the use of light emitting diodes (LED) as a lighting source in the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware, and to evaluate its functionality in growing plants in a closed system. Arabidopsis thaliana plants are grown for 10 days on the International Space Station (ISS) at ambient temperature, with light provided by the new LED lighting in the new hardware.
The Burning and Suppression of Solids (BASS) investigation examines the burning and extinction characteristics of a wide variety of fuel samples in microgravity. The BASS experiment will guide strategies for extinguishing accidental fires in microgravity. BASS results contribute to the combustion computational models used in the design of fire detection and suppression systems in microgravity and on Earth.
Publications
Ferkul PV, Olson SL, Johnston MC, T'ien JS. Flammability Aspects of Fabric in Opposed and Concurrent Air Flow in Microgravity. 8th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Park City, Utah. 2013 May 19-22; 070HE-0218
Carmignani L, Dong K, Bhattacharjee S. Radiation from Flames in a Microgravity Environment: Experimental and Numerical Investigations. Fire Technology. 2019 June 28; epub15 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-019-00884-y. | Impact Statement
Endo M, Tien JS, Ferkul PV, Olson SL, Johnston MC. Flame growth around a spherical solid fuel in low speed forced flow in microgravity. Fire Technology. 2020 January 1; 56(1): 5-32. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-019-00848-2. | Impact Statement
The Burning and Suppression of Solids –II (BASS-II) investigation examines the burning and extinction characteristics of a wide variety of fuel samples in microgravity. The BASS-II experiment will guide strategies for materials flammability screening for use in spacecraft as well as provide valuable data on solid fuel burning behavior in microgravity. BASS-II results contribute to the combustion computational models used in the design of fire detection and suppression systems in microgravity and on Earth.
Publications
Zhao X, T'ien JS, Ferkul PV, Olson SL. Concurrent flame growth, spread and extinction over composite fabric samples in low speed purely forced flow in microgravity. 9th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2015 May 17-20; 9 pp.
Olson SL, Ferkul PV. Microgravity flammability of PMMA rods in concurrent flow. 9th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2015 May 17-20; 11 pp.
Bhattacharjee S, Laue M, Carmignani L, Ferkul PV, Olson SL. Opposed-flow flame spread: A comparison of microgravity and normal gravity experiments to establish the thermal regime. Fire Safety Journal. 2016 January; 79111-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.11.011.Also Subrata Bhattacharjee1, M. Laue1, L. Carmignani1, P. Ferkul2, and S. Olson2, Opposed-Flow Flame Spread: A Comparison of Microgravity and Normal Gravity Experiments Establishing the Thermal Regime. 31st ASGSR Annual Meeting, Alexandria, VA, November 11-14, 2015..
Olson SL, Ferkul PV, Bhattacharjee S, Miller FJ, Fernandez-Pello AC, Link S, Tien JS, Wichman I. Results from on-board CSA-CP and CDM sensor readings during the Burning and Suppression of Solids–II (BASS-II) Experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG). 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Bellevue, Washington. 2015 July 12-16; ICES-2015-1969 pp.
Wichman I, Olson SL, Miller FJ, Hariharan A. Fire in microgravity. American Scientist. 2016 January-February; 104(1): 44. DOI: 10.1511/2016.118.44.
Shah TJ, Miller FJ, Olson SL, Wichman I. Modeling and analysis of intermediate thickness PMMA sheets burning in microgravity opposed flow. Western States Section of the Combustion Institute Fall 2015, Provo, Utah. 2015 October 5-6; 134HC-00569 pp. Also: Shah, Tirthesh J., Sandra Olson, and, Fletcher J. Miller, ‘Modeling and Analysis of Intermediate Thickness PMMA Sheets in Microgravity Opposed Flow’, in 31st ASGSR Annual Meeting 2015 (Alexandria, VA, 2015), November 11-14, 2015..
Bhattacharjee S, Simsek A, Miller FJ, Olson SL, Ferkul PV. Radiative, thermal, and kinetic regimes of opposed-flow flame spread: A comparison between experiment and theory. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2016 August 17; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.025.
Bhattacharjee S, Simsek A, Olson SL, Ferkul PV. The critical flow velocity for radiative extinction in opposed-flow flame spread in a microgravity environment: A comparison of experimental, computational, and theoretical results. Combustion and Flame. 2016 January; 163472-477. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.10.023.Also: Bhattacharjee, S., Aslihan, S, McGrath, K., Olson, S.L, Ferkul, P.V., The Critical Flow Velocity for Radiative Extinction in Opposed-Flow Flame Spread in a Microgravity Environment: A Comparison of Experimental, Computational, and Theoretical Results, 9th Mediterranean Combustion Symposium , Rhodes, Greece, 7-11 June, 2015..
Zhao X, Liao YT, Johnston MC, Tien JS, Ferkul PV, Olson SL. Concurrent flame growth, spread, and quenching over composite fabric samples in low speed purely forced flow in microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2016 July 18; epub1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.028.Also: Zhao, Xiaoyang, James S. T’ien, Paul V. Ferkul, and Sandra L Olson, ‘Concurrent Flame Growth, Spread and Extinction over Composite Fabric Samples in Low Speed Purely Forced Flow in Microgravity’, in 9th U. S. National Combustion Meeting (Cincinnati, Ohio, 2015), p. 9 pp [accessed 12 August 2015].
Olson SL, Ferkul PV. Microgravity flammability boundary for PMMA rods in axial stagnation flow: Experimental results and energy balance analyses. Combustion and Flame. 2017 June; 180217-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.03.001.
Johnston MC, Tien JS. Gravimetric measurement of solid and liquid fuel burning rate near and at the low oxygen extinction limit. Fire Safety Journal. 2017 April 8; epub7 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.027.
Bhattacharjee S, Carmignani L, Celniker G, Rhoades B. Measurement of instantaneous flame spread rate over solid fuels using image analysis. Fire Safety Journal. 2017 April 6; epub7 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.039.
Link S, Huang X, Fernandez-Pello AC, Olson SL, Ferkul PV. The effect of gravity on flame spread over PMMA cylinders. Scientific Reports. 2018 January 9; 8(1): 120. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18398-4.PMID: 29317681. | Impact Statement
Carmignani L, Bhattacharjee S, Olson SL, Ferkul PV. Boundary layer effect on opposed-flow flame spread and flame length over thin polymethyl-methacrylate in microgravity. Combustion Science and Technology. 2018 March 4; 190(3): 535-549. DOI: 10.1080/00102202.2017.1404587. | Impact Statement
Huang X, Link S, Rodriguez A, Thomsen M, Olson SL, Ferkul PV, Fernandez-Pello AC. Transition from opposed flame spread to fuel regression and blow off: Effect of flow, atmosphere, and microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2018 June 29; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.022. | Impact Statement
Marcum JW, Ferkul PV, Olson SL. PMMA rod stagnation region flame blowoff limits at various radii, oxygen concentrations, and mixed stretch rates. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2019 37(3): 4001-4008. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.081. | Impact Statement
Xiong C, Fan H, Huang X, Fernandez-Pello AC. Evaluation of burning rate in microgravity based on the fuel regression, flame area, and spread rate. Combustion and Flame. 2022 March 1; 237111846. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111846.
Materials burn differently in microgravity than they do on Earth, and understanding these differences is crucial for maintaining safety. The Burning and Suppression of Solids-Milliken (BASS-M) investigation tests flame-retardant cotton fabrics to determine how well they resist burning in microgravity. Results benefit research on flame-retardant textiles that can be used on Earth and in space.
The Burning Rate Emulator (BRE) investigation is conducted in the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) on the International Space Station (ISS), as part of the Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project. In this fire safety study, the flammability of solid and liquid materials is simulated by burning gaseous fuels under key conditions corresponding to the solid and liquid materials. This technique has been demonstrated for a wide variety of materials in normal-gravity and could provide an efficient way to screen and select fire-resistant materials for use in spacecraft, if the technique is similarly effective in microgravity.
Publications
Dehghani P, Sunderland PB, Quintiere JG, deRis JL. Burning in microgravity: Experimental results and analysis. Combustion and Flame. 2021 June 1; 228315-330. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.01.035. | Impact Statement
Butterfly IQ Ultrasound demonstrates the effectiveness of a portable ultrasound device used in conjunction with a mobile computing device in the space environment. Such commercial off-the-shelf technology could provide important medical capabilities for future exploration missions beyond low-Earth orbit. The investigation also examines the effectiveness of just-in-time instructions for autonomous use of the device by the crew.
Disney and NASA have come together to develop hands-on educational activities, demonstrations, and exhibits centered around the flight of Buzz Lightyear on STS-124, his year aboard the International Space Station (ISS), and his return on STS-128. These activities are designed to encourage children and young adults to pursue their dreams and develop an interest in exploration and discovery.
The Cactus-Mediated Carbon Dioxide Removal in Microgravity (Space Tango Payload Card Cactus) investigation evaluates the use of the normal metabolism of cactus plants to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in microgravity. Researchers measure the carbon dioxide (CO2) intake, and oxygen (O2) output, of a selected form of cactus housed in a closed-loop system aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Three white LEDs cycled by software provide 16 hours of light followed by eight hours of darkness. The investigation is led by the International Space School Educational Trust in collaboration with King’s College.
CalliopEO (Calliope Mini in Space) is a project of Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Calliope gGmbH, and the German Space Agency at DLR to promote software programming skills among German school children. CalliopEO uses a Calliope mini computer, which is widely used in German schools, to teach coding skills. CalliopEO performs a couple of preinstalled experiments, as well as code written by German school children.
CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is an astrophysics mission that searches for signatures of dark matter and provides the highest energy direct measurements of the cosmic ray electron spectrum in order to observe discrete sources of high energy particle acceleration in our local region of the Galaxy.
Publications
Asaoka Y, Ozawa S, Torii S. On-orbit Operations and Offline Data Processing of CALET onboard the ISS. Astroparticle Physics. 2018 February 27; 10029-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2018.02.010. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y. Energy Spectrum of Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron from 10 GeV to 3 TeV Observed with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2017 November 3; 119(18): DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.181101. | Impact Statement
Motz HM, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Bhattacharyya S. CALET's sensitivity to Dark Matter annihilation in the galactic halo. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2015 December 23; 2015(12): 047. DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2015/12/047. | Impact Statement
Bhattacharyya S, Motz HM, Torii S, Asaoka Y. Decaying fermionic dark matter search with CALET. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2017 August 9; 2017(08): 012. DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2017/08/012. | Impact Statement
Niita T, Torii S, Akaike Y, Asaoka Y, Kasahara K, Ozawa S, Tamura T. Energy calibration of Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) in space. Advances in Space Research. 2015 June 1; 55(11): 2500-2508. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2015.03.006. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Bagliesi MG, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, CALET Collaboration. Search for GeV gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational wave events by CALET. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 August 20; 863(2): 160. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aad18f. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Bagliesi MG, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, CALET Collaboration. Extended measurement of the cosmic-ray electron and positron spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV with the calorimetric electron telescope on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2018 June 29; 120(26): 261102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.261102.PMID: 30004739. | Impact Statement
Kataoka R, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Terasawa T, Ozawa S, Tamura T, Shimizu Y, Akaike Y, Mori M. Relativistic electron precipitation at International Space Station: Space weather monitoring by Calorimetric Electron Telescope. Geophysical Research Letters. 2016 May 16; 43(9): 4119-4125. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL068930. | Impact Statement
Asaoka Y, Akaike Y, Komiya Y, Miyata R, Torii S, Adriani O, Asano K, CALET Collaboration. Energy calibration of CALET onboard the International Space Station. Astroparticle Physics. 2017 May 1; 911-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.03.002. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Bagliesi MG, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bonechi S, CALET Collaboration. CALET upper limits on X-Ray and gamma-ray counterparts of GW151226. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2016 September 21; 829(1): L20. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8205/829/1/L20. | Impact Statement
Cannady N, Asaoka Y, Satoh F, Tanaka M, Torii S, Cherry ML, Mori M, Adriani O, CALET Collaboration. Characteristics and performance of the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) calorimeter for gamma-ray observations. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2018 September 5; 238(1): 5. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aad6a3. | Impact Statement
Pacini L. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) space experiment for the direct measurement of high energy electrons in cosmic rays. Il Nuovo Cimento C. 2018 July 06; (102): 1-3. DOI: 10.1393/ncc/i2018-18064-1. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Bagliesi MG, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bonechi S, Bongi M, Brogi P, Bruno A, Buckley JH, Cannady N, Castellini G, Checchia C, Cherry ML, Collazuol G, Felice VD, Ebisawa K, Fuke H, Guzik TG, Hams T, Hasebe N, Hibino K, Ichimura M, Ioka K, Ishizaki W, Israel M, Kasahara K, Kataoka J, Kataoka R, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawanaka N, Kawakubo Y, Kohri K, Krawczynski HS, Krizmanic JF, Lomtadze T, Maestro P, Marrocchesi PS, Messineo AM, Mitchell JW, Miyake S, Moiseev AA, Mori K, Mori M, Mori N, Motz HM, Munakata K, Murakami H, Nakahira S, Nishimura J, de Nolfo GA, Okuno S, Ormes JF, Ozawa S, Pacini L, Palma F, Papini P, Penacchioni A, Rauch BF, Ricciarini SB, Sakai K, Sakamoto T, Sasaki M, Shimizu Y, Shiomi A, Sparvoli R, Spillantini P, Stolzi F, Suh J, Sulaj A, Takahashi I, Takayanagi M, Takita M, Tamura T, Terasawa T, Tomida H, Torii S, Tsunesada Y, Uchihori Y, Ueno S, Vannuccini E, Wefel JP, Yamaoka K, Yanagita S, Yoshida A, Yoshida K. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Proton Spectrum from 50 GeV to 10 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2019 May 10; 122(18): 181102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.181102.PMID: 31144869. | Impact Statement
Bhattacharyya S, Motz HM, Asaoka Y, Torii S. An Interpretation of the Cosmic Ray e+ + e- Spectrum from 10 GeV to 3 TeV Measured by CALET on the ISS. International Journal of Modern Physics D. 2018 October 7; 28(02): 1950035. DOI: 10.1142/S0218271819500354. | Impact Statement
Ueno H, Nakahira S, Kataoka R, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Ozawa S, Matsumoto H, Bruno A, de Nolfo GA, Collazuol G, Ricciarini SB. Radiation dose during relativistic electron precipitation events at the International Space Station. Space Weather. 2020 July; 18(7): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1029/2019SW002280. | Impact Statement
Asaoka Y, Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Bagliesi MG, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bonechi S, Bongi M, Bruno A, Buckley JH, Cannady N, Castellini G. CALET results after three years on the International Space Station. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2020 February; 1468012074. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1468/1/012074. | Impact Statement
Brogi P, Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Bagliesi MG, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bonechi S. CALET on the International Space Station: the first three years of observations. Physica Scripta. 2020 June; 95(7): 074012. DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ab957d. | Impact Statement
Torii S, Marrocchesi PS. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2019 December 15; 64(12): 2531-2537. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2019.04.013. | Impact Statement
Kataoka R, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Nakahira S, Ueno H, Miyake S, Miyoshi Y, Kurita S, Shoji M, Kasahara Y, Ozaki M, Matsuda S, Matsuoka A, Kasaba Y, Shinohara I, Hosokawa K, Uchida HA, Murase K, Tanaka Y. Plasma waves causing relativistic electron precipitation events at International Space Station: Lessons from conjunction observations with Arase satellite. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2020 August 14; 125(9): e2020JA027875. DOI: 10.1029/2020JA027875. | Impact Statement
Asaoka Y, Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Bagliesi MG, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bonechi S, Bongi M. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station: Results from the first two years on orbit. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019 February; 1181012003. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1181/1/012003. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Bagliesi MG, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR. Direct measurement of the cosmic-ray carbon and oxygen spectra from 10 GeV/n to 2.2 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2020 December 18; 125(25): 251102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.251102.PMID: 33416351. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bongi M, Brogi P. Measurement of the iron spectrum in cosmic rays from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2021 June 18; 126(24): 241101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.241101.PMID: 34213922. | Impact Statement
Akaike Y, Maestro P. Measurement of the cosmic-ray secondary-to-primary ratios with CALET on the International Space Station. 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2021), Online - Berlin, Germany. 2021 July; 395112. | Impact Statement
Zober WV, Rauch BF, Ficklin AW, Cannady N. Progress on ultra-heavy cosmic-ray analysis with CALET on the International Space Station. 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2021), Online - Berlin, Germany. 2021 July; 395124. | Impact Statement
Bruno A, Blum LW, de Nolfo GA, Kataoka R, Torii S, Greeley AD, Kanekal SG, Ficklin AW, Guzik TG, Nakahira S. EMIC-wave driven electron precipitation observed by CALET on the International Space Station. Geophysical Research Letters. 2022 March 7; epube2021GL097529. DOI: 10.1029/2021GL097529. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bongi M, Brogi P, Bruno A, Buckley JH, Cannady N, Castellini G, Checchia C, Cherry ML, Collazuol G, Ebisawa K, Ficklin AW, Fuke H, Gonzi S, Guzik TG, Hams T, Hibino K, Ichimura M, Ioka K. Direct measurement of the nickel spectrum in cosmic rays in the energy range from 8.8 GeV/n to 240 GeV/n with CALET on the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2022 April 1; 128(13): 131103. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.131103.PMID: 35426700. | Impact Statement
Adriani O, Akaike Y, Asano K, Asaoka Y, Berti E, Bigongiari G, Binns WR, Bongi M, Brogi P, Bruno A, Buckley JH, Cannady N, Castellini G, Checchia C, Cherry ML. CALET search for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational waves during the LIGO/Virgo O3 run. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 July; 933(1): 85. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac6f53.
The Cambium investigation is one in a pair of investigations which utilizes the Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS). Cambium seeks definitive evidence that gravity has a direct effect on cambial cells (cells located under the inner bark where secondary growth occurs) in willowSalix babylonica.
For Canadarm2 Model Workshop, Canadian Space Agency astronaut David Saint-Jacques records a video about space robotics performing different configurations with a 1:50 scale model of Canadarm2. The video can be used to teach students about robotics and to inspire interest in science, technology, engineering and math studies. The actual Canadarm2, a 57.7-foot long robotic arm, helped assemble the space station and continues to perform station maintenance; move supplies, equipment, and astronauts; and grapple and berth visiting vessels to the space station.
The Canes investigation uses ligneous (wood) plant prunings (which corresponds to mature shoot with dormant buds), to monitor plant responses to unfamiliar environmental conditions. The science team studies the prunings' capacity to grow into a viable plant under Earth conditions, after undergoing a relatively long storage period on board the International Space Station (ISS), and comparing them to prunings which have stayed on Earth.
The Canopy Near-infrared Observing Project (CaNOP) investigation demonstrates reproduction of many functional capabilities of Landsat Earth imaging satellites by less-expensive CubeSat platforms. CaNOP’s small, multispectral camera provides important data on chlorophyll content and carbon sequestration capacity in global forests. The mission demonstrates several new approaches to CubeSat science, including high data-rate communications and first on-orbit use of industrial multispectral imagers.
Capillary flow is the natural wicking of fluid between narrow channels in the opposite direction of gravity. Tree roots are one example of a capillary system, drawing water up from the soil. By increasing understanding of capillary flow in the absence of gravity, the Capillary Channel Flow (CCF) experiment helps scientists find new ways to move liquids in space. Capillary systems do not require pumps or moving parts, which reduces their cost, weight and complexity.
Publications
Canfield PJ, Bronowicki PM, Chen Y, Kiewidt L, Grah A, Klatte J, Jenson RM, Blackmore W, Weislogel MM, Dreyer ME. The capillary channel flow experiments on the International Space Station: experiment set-up and first results. Experiments in Fluids. 2013 May 8; 54(5): 1519. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-013-1519-1.
Conrath M, Canfield PJ, Bronowicki PM, Dreyer ME, Weislogel MM, Grah A. Capillary channel flow experiments aboard the International Space Station. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2013 88(6): 063009. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.88.063009.
Jenson RM, Wollman AP, Weislogel MM, Sharp LM, Green RD, Canfield PJ, Klatte J, Dreyer ME. Passive phase separation of microgravity bubbly flows using conduit geometry. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 2014 June; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.05.011.
Bronowicki PM, Canfield PJ, Grah A, Dreyer ME. Free surfaces in open capillary channels—Parallel plates. Physics of Fluids. 2015 January; 27(1): 012106. DOI: 10.1063/1.4906154.
Grah A, Canfield PJ, Bronowicki PM, Dreyer ME, Chen Y, Weislogel MM. Transient capillary channel flow stability: Experiments on the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2014 December; 26(6): 385-396. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-014-9403-z.
Weislogel MM, Wollman AP, Jenson RM, Geile JT, Tucker JF, Wiles JA, Trattner AL, DeVoe C, Sharp LM, Canfield PJ, Klatte J, Dreyer ME. Capillary Channel Flow (CCF) EU2-02 on the International Space Station (ISS): An Experimental Investigation of Passive Bubble Separations in an Open Capillary Channel. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2015 June; NASA/TM-2015-21872068 pp.
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Weislogel MM, Graf JC, Wollman AP, Turner CC, Cardin KJ, Torres LJ, Goodman JE, Buchli JC. How advances in low-g plumbing enable space exploration. npj Microgravity. 2022 May 20; 8(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00201-y.
Even mundane tasks like taking a drink are complicated in space, where microgravity affects the way fluids behave. Crew members must drink from special sealed bags instead of using straws or normal cups. Capillary Effects of Drinking in the Microgravity Environment (Capillary Beverage) studies the process of drinking from specially designed Space Cups that use fluid dynamics to mimic the effect of gravity.
Publications
Weislogel MM, Graf JC, Wollman AP, Turner CC, Cardin KJ, Torres LJ, Goodman JE, Buchli JC. How advances in low-g plumbing enable space exploration. npj Microgravity. 2022 May 20; 8(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00201-y.
Capillary Flow Experiment (CFE) is a suite of fluid physics experiments that investigate capillary flows and flows of fluids in containers with complex geometries. Results will improve current computer models that are used by designers of low gravity fluid systems and may improve fluid transfer systems on future spacecraft.
Publications
Chen Y, Jenson RM, Weislogel MM, Collicott SH. Capillary Wetting Analysis of the CFE-Vane Gap Geometry. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 AIAA 2008-817
Jenson RM, Weislogel MM, Tavan NT, Bunnell CT. Capillary Flow Experiments Aboard ISS. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 AIAA-2009-0614
Klatte J, Haake D, Weislogel MM, Dreyer ME. A fast numerical procedure for steady capillary flow in open channels. Acta Mechanica. 2008 ;201:269-276.269-276. DOI: 10.1007/s00707-008-0063-1.
Weislogel MM, Bunnell CT, Kurta CE, Golliher EL, Green RD, Hickman JM. Preliminary Results from the Capillary Flow Experiment Aboard ISS: The Moving Contact Line Boundary Condition. 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2005 AIAA 2005-1439
Weislogel MM, Jenson RM, Klatte J, Dreyer ME. Interim Results from the Capillary Flow Experiment Aboard ISS: the Moving Contact Line Boundary Condition. 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2007 AIAA-2007-747
Weislogel MM, Jenson RM, Klatte J, Dreyer ME. The Capillary Flow Experiments aboard ISS: Moving Contact Line Experiments and Numerical Analysis. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 AIAA 2008-816
Weislogel MM, Jenson RM, Chen Y, Collicott SH, Klatte J, Dreyer ME. The capillary flow experiment aboard the International Space Station: Status. Acta Astronautica. 2009 Sep-Oct; 65(5-6): 861-869. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.008.
Chen Y, Weislogel MM, Bolleddula DA. Capillary Flow in Cylindrical Containers with Rounded Interior Corners. 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2007 AIAA-2007-745.
Weislogel MM, Jenson RM, Bolleddula DA. Capillary Driven Flows in Weakly 3-Dimensional Polygonal Containers. 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2007 AIAA-2007-748.
Concus P, Finn R, Weislogel MM. Capillary Surfaces in an Exotic Container: Results from Space Experiments. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1999 394119-135.
Chen Y, Weislogel MM. Analysis of Capillary Flow in Rounded Corners. Heat Transfer and Fluids Engineering Summer Conference, Charlotte, NC. 2004 HT-FED2004-56253935-944.
Weislogel MM, Nardin CL. Passive Fluids Management in Low-g: Partially Wetting Systems. 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2004 AIAA2004-1152. | Impact Statement
Weislogel MM, Collicott SH, Gotti DJ, Bunnell CT, Kurta CE, Golliher EL. The Capillary Flow Experiments: Handheld Fluids Experiments for International Space Station. 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2004 AIAA2004-1148. | Impact Statement
Concus P, Finn R, Weislogel MM. Measurement of Critical Contact Angle in a Microgravity Experiment. Experiments in Fluids. 2000 28197-205.
Pettit DR, Weislogel MM, Concus P, Finn R. Beverage cup for drinking use in spacecraft or weightless environments. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 Dec 13; 8,074,827
Thomas CM, Ma Y, North A, Weislogel MM. Microgravity condensing heat exchanger. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2008 Jul 1; 7,913,499
Weislogel MM, Thomas EA, Graf JC. Systems and methods for separating a multiphase fluid. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2008 Aug 12; 7,905,946
Weislogel MM, Jenson RM, Chen Y, Collicott SH, Klatte J, Dreyer ME. Postflight summary of the Capillary Flow Experiments aboard the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress, Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC-08.A2.6.A8
Jenson RM, Weislogel MM, Klatte J, Dreyer ME. Dynamic Fluid Interface Experiments Aboard the International Space Station: Model Benchmarking Dataset. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2010 July-August; 47(4): 670-679. DOI: 10.2514/1.47343.
Weislogel MM, Chen Y, Bolleddula DA. A better nondimensionalization scheme for slender laminar flows: The Laplacian operator scaling method. Physics of Fluids. 2008 20(9): 093602-1 -093602-7. DOI: 10.1063/1.2973900.
Weislogel MM, Jenson RM, Collicott SH, Williams SL. Geometry Pumping on Spacecraft (The CFE-Vane Gap Experiments on ISS). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2008 25(3): 291-295.
Weislogel MM, Thomas EA, Graf JC. A Novel Device Addressing Design Challenges for Passive Fluid Phase Separation Aboard Spacecraft. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 July; 21(3): 257-268. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-008-9091-7.
Weislogel MM, Baker JA, Jenson RM. Quasi-steady capillarity-driven flows in slender containers with interior edges. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2011 October 25; 685271-305. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2011.314.
Weislogel MM, McCraney JT. The symmetric draining of capillary liquids from containers with interior corners. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2019 January; 859902-920. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2018.848. | Impact Statement
McCraney JT, Weislogel MM, Steen PH. The draining of capillary liquids from containers with interior corners aboard the ISS. npj Microgravity. 2021 November 11; 7(1): 45. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00173-5.PMID: 34764319. | Impact Statement
Weislogel MM, Graf JC, Wollman AP, Turner CC, Cardin KJ, Torres LJ, Goodman JE, Buchli JC. How advances in low-g plumbing enable space exploration. npj Microgravity. 2022 May 20; 8(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00201-y.
Liquids behave differently in space than they do on Earth, so containers that can process, hold or transport them must be designed carefully to work in microgravity. The Capillary Flow Experiment-2 furthers research on wetting, which is a liquid’s ability to spread across a surface, and its impact over large length scales in strange container shapes in microgravity environments. This work will improve our capabilities to quickly and accurately predict how related processes occur, and allow us to design better systems to process liquids aboard spacecraft (i.e., liquid fuel tanks, thermals fluids, and water processing for life support).
Publications
Weislogel MM, Chen Y, Collicott SH, Bunnell CT, Green RD, Bohman D. More Handheld Fluid Interface Experiments for the International Space Station (CFE-2). 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 Jan 5-8; AIAA-2009-615DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-615.
Current life-support systems on the International Space Station require special equipment to separate liquids and gases, including rotating or moving devices that could cause contamination if they break or fail. The Capillary Structures for Exploration Life Support (Capillary Structures) investigation studies a new method using structures of specific shapes to manage fluid and gas mixtures. The investigation studies water recycling and carbon dioxide removal, benefiting future efforts to design lightweight, more reliable life support systems for future space missions.
Capillary-Driven Microfluidics in Space (Capillary Driven Microfluidics) examines the drawing of fluids into a tiny narrow tube in microgravity. Results may improve current mathematical models and understanding of microfluidic systems and improve fluid control in various devices. Diagnostic devices require separation of blood cells and plasma, which have different densities, and the absence of sedimentation and buoyancy-driven convection in microgravity improves the efficiency of this separation.
The CapiSorb Visible System investigation demonstrates a liquid control using capillary forces, over a range of liquid properties that are characteristic of liquid carbon dioxide sorbents. Because microgravity makes it difficult to control the flow of liquids, carbon dioxide removal methods on the International Space Station have been unable to take advantage of systems that use specialized liquids, such as those on submarines. Previous experiments have shown that capillary forces, the interaction of a liquid with a solid that draws fluid up a narrow tube, can be used to control liquids in microgravity and could contribute to design of more efficient carbon dioxide removal systems in space. Capisorb Visible System takes this one step further by manipulating liquid properties in microgravity and proving the ability to control the liquid over the full property range.
CASPER will examine the sleep patterns of ISS crewmembers by monitoring heart rates and information provided in a questionnaire. This information will help determine what might be causing any sleep disturbances and develop countermeasures.
Publications
O-Griofa M. The use of heart rate and heart rate variability as a marker for sleep. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004
As humans get older on Earth, arteries stiffen and this causes an increase in blood pressure (hypertension) and elevates the risk for cardiovascular disease. Recently, it has been observed that some crew members returning from the International Space Station (ISS) have much stiffer arteries than when they went into space. Cardiac and Vessel Structure and Function with Long-Duration Space Flight and Recovery (Vascular Echo) examines changes in blood vessels, and the heart, while the crew members are in space, and then follow their recovery on return to Earth. The results could provide insight into potential countermeasures to help maintain crew member health, and quality of life for everyone.
Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction During and After Long Duration Spaceflight: Functional Consequences for Orthostatic Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for Cardiac Arrhythmias (Integrated Cardiovascular) aims to quantify the extent, time course and clinical significance of cardiac atrophy (decrease in the size of the heart muscle) associated with long-duration space flight and identify the mechanisms of this atrophy and the functional consequences for crewmembers who spend extended periods of time in space.
Publications
Dorfman T, Levine BD, Tillery T, Peshock RM, Hastings JL, Schneider SM, Macias BR, Biolo G, Hargens AR. Cardiac atrophy in women following bed rest. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 103(1): 8-16. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01162.2006.
Fu Q, Levine BD, Pawelczyk JA, Ertl AC, Diedrich A, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Ray CA, Smith ML, Iwase S, Saito M, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Zhang R, Iwasaki K, Lane LD, Buckey, Jr. JC, Cooke WH, Robertson RM, Baisch FJ, Blomqvist CG, Eckberg DL, Robertson D, Biaggioni I. Cardiovascular and sympathetic neural responses to handgrip and cold pressor stimuli in humans before, during and after spaceflight. Journal of Physiology. 2002 08/30/2002; 544.2(2): 653-664. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.025098.
Martin DS, South DA, Wood ML, Bungo MW, Meck JV. Comparison of Echocardiographic Changes After Short- and Long-Duration Spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 73(6): 532-536. PMID: 12056667.
Perhonen MA, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Deterioration of left ventricular chamber performance after bed rest: 'Cardiovascular deconditioning' or hypovolemia?. Circulation. 2001 1031851-1857. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.103.14.1851.
Bleeker MW, De Groot P, Pawelczyk JA, Hopman M, Levine BD. Effects of 18 days of bed rest on leg and arm venous properties. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004 96(3): 840-847. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00835.2003.
Fu Q, Witkowski S, Okazaki K, Levine BD. Effects of Gender and Hypovolemia on Sympathetic Neural Responses to Orthostatic Stress. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2005 289(1): R109-R116. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00013.2005.
Iwasaki K, Levine BD, Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA, Diedrich A, Ertl AC, Cox JF, Cooke WH, Giller CA, Ray CA, Lane LD, Buckey, Jr. JC, Baisch FJ, Eckberg DL, Robertson D, Biaggioni I, Blomqvist CG. Human cerebral autoregulation before, during, and after spaceflight. Journal of Physiology. 2007 March; 579(3): 799-810. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.119636.
Levine BD, Pawelczyk JA, Ertl AC, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, Ray CA, Smith ML, Iwase S, Saito M, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Zhang R, Iwasaki K, Lane LD, Buckey, Jr. JC, Cooke WH, Baisch FJ, Robertson D, Eckberg DL, Blomqvist CG. Human muscle sympathetic neural and haemodynamic responses to tilt following spaceflight. Journal of Physiology. 2002 January; 538(1): 331-340. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012575.
Pawelczyk JA, Zuckerman JH, Blomqvist CG, Levine BD. Regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity after bed rest deconditioning. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2001 280(5): 2230-2239.
Lathers CM, Schraeder PL, Bungo MW. The Mystery of Sudden Death: Mechanisms for Risk. Epilepsy and Behavior. 2008 Jan; 12(1): 3-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.09.016.PMID: 18086454.
Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, Buckey, Jr. JC, Blomqvist CG, Zerwekh JE, Peshock RM, Weatherall PT, Levine BD. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 91645-653.
Dorfman T, Rosen BD, Perhonen MA, Tillery T, McColl R, Peshock RM, Levine BD. Diastolic Suction is Impaired by Bed Rest: MRI Tagging Studies of Diastolic Untwisting. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008 104(4): 1037-1044. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00858.2006.
Arbab-Zadeh A, Dijk E, Prasad A, Fu Q, Torres P, Zhang R, Thomas JD, Palmer DM, Levine BD. Effect of Aging and Physical Activity on Left Ventricular Compliance. Circulation. 2004 110(13): 1799-1805. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000142863.71285.74.
Cooke WH, Ames IV JE, Crossman AA, Cox JF, Kuusela TA, Tahvanainen KU, Moon LB, Drescher J, Levine BD, Baisch FJ, Blomqvist CG, Eckberg DL, Mano T. Nine months in space: The effects on human autonomic cardiovascular regulation. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 891039-1045. PMID: 10956348.
Ertl AC, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, Levine BD, Robertson RM, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA, Ray CA, Buckey, Jr. JC, Lane LD, Shiavi R, Gaffney FA, Costa F, Holt C, Blomqvist CG, Eckberg DL, Baisch FJ, Robertson D. Human muscle sympathetic nerve activity and plasma noradrenaline kinetics in space. Journal of Physiology. 2002 538321-329. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012576.
Khine HW, Steding-Ehrenborg K, Hastings JL, Kowal J, Daniels JD, Page RL, Goldberger JJ, Ng J, Adams-Huet B, Bungo MW, Levine BD. Effects of Prolonged Spaceflight on Atrial Size, Atrial Electrophysiology, and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation - Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 2018 May; 11(5): e005959. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005959.PMID: 29752376. | Impact Statement
Marshall-Goebel K, Laurie SS, Alferova IV, Arbeille P, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Ebert DJ, Lee SM, Macias BR, Martin DS, Pattarini JM, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Ribeiro LC, Tarver WJ, Dulchavsky SA, Hargens AR, Stenger MB. Assessment of jugular venous blood flow stasis and thrombosis during spaceflight. JAMA Network Open. 2019 November 1; 2(11): e1915011-e1915011. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15011.PMID: 31722025. | Impact Statement
Fu Q, Shibata S, Hastings JL, Platts SH, Hamilton DR, Bungo MW, Stenger MB, Ribeiro LC, Adams-Huet B, Levine BD. Impact of prolonged spaceflight on orthostatic tolerance during ambulation and blood pressure profiles in astronauts. Circulation. 2019 August 27; 140(9): 729-738. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041050.PMID: 31319685. | Impact Statement
Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Control on Return from ISS (CCISS) will study the effects of long-duration space flight on crewmembers' heart functions and their blood vessels that supply the brain. Learning more about the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems could lead to specific countermeasures that might better protect future space travelers. This experiment is collaborative effort with the Canadian Space Agency.
Publications
Edwards MR, Topor ZL, Hughson RL. A new two-breath technique for extracting the cerebrovascular response to arterial carbon dioxide. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2003 284R853-R859.
Shoemaker JK, Hughson RL, Sinoway LI. Gender affects sympathetic neurovascular control during postural stress. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2002 9P83-P84.
Sigaudo-Roussel D, Custaud M, Maillet A, Guell A, Kaspranski R, Hughson RL, Gharib C, Fortrat JO. Heart rate variability after prolonged spaceflights. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002 86258-265.
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Topor ZL, Edwards MR, O-Leary DD, Lin DC, Gelb AW. Optimizing an LBNP protocol to test cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreflex control of vascular resistance. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2002 9P73-P74.
Hughson RL, O-Leary DD, Shoemaker JK, Lin DC, Topor ZL, Edwards MR, Tulppo MP. Searching for the vascular component of the arterial baroreflex. Cardiovascular Engineering. 2004 4155-162.
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Arbeille P, O-Leary DD, Pizzolitto KS, Hughes MD. Splanchnic and peripheral vascular resistance during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and tilt. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 11P95-P96.
O-Leary DD, Shoemaker JK, Edwards MR, Hughson RL. Spontaneous beat-by-beat fluctuations of total peripheral and cerebrovascular resistance in response to tilt. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2004 287R670-R679.
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK. Vascular health in space. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 Jul; 11(2): P71-P74. PMID: 16235421.
Fraser KS, Greaves DK, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Hughson RL. Heart Rate and Daily Physical Activity with Long-Duration Habitation of the International Space Station. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 Jun; 83(6): 577-584. PMID: 22764612.
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Arbeille P, Greaves DK, Pereira, Jr. PP, Xu D. Cardiovascular regulation during long-duration spaceflights to the International Space Station. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 March; 112(5): 719-727. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01196.2011.PMID: 22134699. | Impact Statement
Zuj KA, Arbeille P, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Greaves DK, Xu D, Hughson RL. Impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation and reduced CO2 reactivity after long duration spaceflight. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2012 June 15; 302(12): H2592-H2598. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00029.2012.PMID: 22492717. | Impact Statement
Blaber AP, Goswami N, Bondar RL, Kassam MS. Impairment of Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation in Astronauts With Orthostatic Intolerance After Flight. Stroke. 2011 July; 42(7): 1844-1850. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.610576.PMID: 21617145. | Impact Statement
Xu D, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Arbeille P, Fraser KS, Hughson RL. Reduced heart rate variability during sleep in long-duration spaceflight. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2013 July 15; 305(2): R164-R170. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00423.2012.PMID: 23637139. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Robertson AD, Arbeille P, Shoemaker JK, Rush JW, Fraser KS, Greaves DK. Increased post-flight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from six-months spaceflight in male and female astronauts. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2016 January 8; epubajpheart.00802.2015. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00802.2015.PMID: 26747504. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK. Autonomic responses to exercise: Deconditioning/inactivity. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical. 2015 March; 18832-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.012.PMID: 25458429. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Helm A, Durante M. Heart in space: effect of the extraterrestrial environment on the cardiovascular system. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2018 March; 15167 - 180. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.157.PMID: 29053152. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Arbeille P. CCISS, Vascular and BP Reg: Canadian space life science research on ISS. Acta Astronautica. 2014 November; 104(1): 444-448. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.02.008. | Impact Statement
Cardiovascular Health Consequences of Long-Duration Space Flight (Vascular) investigates the impact of long-duration space flight on the blood vessels of astronauts. Space flight accelerates the aging process, and it is important to understand this process to develop specific countermeasures. Data is collected before, during, and after space flight to assess inflammation of the artery walls, changes in blood vessel properties, and cardiovascular fitness.
Publications
Hughson RL. Recent findings in cardiovascular physiology with space travel. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 169 Suppl 1S38-S41. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.07.017.PMID: 19635590.
Demiot C, Dignat-George F, Fortrat JO, Sabatier F, Gharib C, Larina IM, Gauquelin-Koch G, Hughson RL, Custaud M. WISE 2005: Chronic bed rest impairs microcirculatory endothelium in women. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2007 293(5): H3159-H3164. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00591.2007.
Edgell H, Zuj KA, Greaves DK, Shoemaker JK, Custaud M, Kerbeci P, Arbeille P, Hughson RL. WISE-2005: Adrenergic responses of women following 56-days, 6 degrees head-down bed rest with or without exercise countermeasures. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2007 293(6): R2343-R2352. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00187.2007.PMID: 17928515.
Guinet P, Schneider SM, Macias BR, Watenpaugh DE, Hughson RL, Traon PL, Bansard J, Hargens AR. Wise-2005: Effect of aerobic and resistive exercises attenuate orthostatic intolerance during 60-days bed rest in women. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 May; 106(2): 217-227. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1009-6.
Fraser KS, Greaves DK, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Hughson RL. Heart Rate and Daily Physical Activity with Long-Duration Habitation of the International Space Station. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 Jun; 83(6): 577-584. PMID: 22764612.
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Arbeille P, Greaves DK, Pereira, Jr. PP, Xu D. Cardiovascular regulation during long-duration spaceflights to the International Space Station. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 March; 112(5): 719-727. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01196.2011.PMID: 22134699. | Impact Statement
Zuj KA, Arbeille P, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Greaves DK, Xu D, Hughson RL. Impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation and reduced CO2 reactivity after long duration spaceflight. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2012 June 15; 302(12): H2592-H2598. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00029.2012.PMID: 22492717. | Impact Statement
Blaber AP, Goswami N, Bondar RL, Kassam MS. Impairment of Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation in Astronauts With Orthostatic Intolerance After Flight. Stroke. 2011 July; 42(7): 1844-1850. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.610576.PMID: 21617145. | Impact Statement
Xu D, Shoemaker JK, Blaber AP, Arbeille P, Fraser KS, Hughson RL. Reduced heart rate variability during sleep in long-duration spaceflight. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2013 July 15; 305(2): R164-R170. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00423.2012.PMID: 23637139. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Robertson AD, Arbeille P, Shoemaker JK, Rush JW, Fraser KS, Greaves DK. Increased post-flight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from six-months spaceflight in male and female astronauts. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2016 January 8; epubajpheart.00802.2015. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00802.2015.PMID: 26747504. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK. Autonomic responses to exercise: Deconditioning/inactivity. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical. 2015 March; 18832-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.012.PMID: 25458429. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Greaves DK, Arbeille P. Vascular Adaptations to Spaceflight: Results from the Vascular Series Experiments. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2019 September 18; 38(3): 8 pp. | Impact Statement
Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK, Arbeille P. CCISS, Vascular and BP Reg: Canadian space life science research on ISS. Acta Astronautica. 2014 November; 104(1): 444-448. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.02.008. | Impact Statement
Patel S. The effects of microgravity and space radiation on cardiovascular health: From low-Earth orbit and beyond. IJC Heart & Vasculature. 2020 October 1; 30100595. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100595.
Goswami N, Batzel JJ, Clement GR, Stein TP, Hargens AR, Sharp MK, Blaber AP, Roma PG, Hinghofer-Szalkay HG. Maximizing information from space data resources: a case for expanding integration across research disciplines. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 July; 113(7): 1645-1654. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2507-5.
Blaber AP, Zuj KA, Goswami N. Cerebrovascular autoregulation: lessons learned from spaceflight research. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 August; 113(8): 1909-1917. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2539-x.
Robertson AD, Greaves DK, Shoemaker JK, Arbeille P, Rush JW, Hughson RL. Carotid distensibility following a long-duration stay on the International Space Station. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 IAC-11,A1,2,1,x946974-77.
Arbeille P, Greaves DK, Chaput D, Maillet A, Hughson RL. Index of reflectivity of ultrasound radio frequency signal from the carotid artery wall increases in astronauts after a 6 mo spaceflight. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2021 May 14; epub7pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.028.PMID: 34001406. | Impact Statement
Fischer D, Arbeille P, Shoemaker JK, O'Leary DD, Hughson RL. Altered hormonal regulation and blood flow distribution with cardiovascular deconditioning after short-duration head down bed rest. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 Dec; 103(6): 2018-2025. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00121.2007.
Trudel G, Payne M, Madler B, Ramachandran N, Lecompte M, Wade C, Biolo G, Blanc S, Hughson RL, Bear L, Uhthoff HK. Bone Marrow Fat Accumulation after 60 Days of Bedrest Persisted 1 Year after Resuming Activities Along with Hemopoietic Stimulation - the WISE Study. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 107540-548. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91530.2008.
Arbeille P, Kerbeci P, Mattar L, Shoemaker JK, Hughson RL. Insufficient flow reduction during LBNP in both splanchnic and lower limb areas is associated with orthostatic intolerance after bed rest. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2008 295(5): H1846-H1854. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.509.2008.
Content Pending
The CARTILAGE investigation studies the degree that the astronauts’ cartilage is affected (weakened) by exposure to microgravity for an extended time, focusing on the type of cartilage found in such areas as the knees and elbows. This helps researchers to develop ways to counteract any negative effects which, in turn, helps to maintain astronaut health and performance. Findings could also be used in the prevention/rehabilitation of similar conditions on Earth.
The Cartilage–Bone–Synovium (CBS) Micro-Physiological System (MPS) Using the Multi-purpose Variable-G Platform (MVP) (MVP Cell-01) aboard the International Space Station (ISS) studies the effects of spaceflight on musculoskeletal disease biology. Motivated by a disease called Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis, in which a traumatic joint injury may lead to arthritis after loss of cartilage and bone, the ability of potential drugs to prevent the progression of this disease is tested on Earth and in space.
The Cartilage–Bone–Synovium Micro-Physiological System Investigation Using the Multi-purpose Variable-G Platform (MVP Cell-06) develops a biological model to study the effects of spaceflight on musculoskeletal disease. Traumatic joint injury may lead to arthritis after loss of cartilage and bone, a disease called post-traumatic osteoarthritis. This investigation could lead to drugs to prevent the progression of this disease.
To fight multiple diseases and pathogens, the human immune system produces a wide range of cells and proteins, including proteins called monoclonal antibodies. Crystallizing these proteins allows pharmaceutical researchers to study them in detail, and crystallizing them in microgravity produces larger, more perfect specimens. The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space - Protein Crystal Growth-3 (CASIS PCG-3) investigation crystallizes human monoclonal antibodies developed by Merck Research Labs, which are undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of several diseases.
Astronauts experience changes in their cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems during spaceflight, which can affect their capacity to exercise and to maintain blood pressure when standing after return to Earth. Causal Analysis of Cardiorespiratory Coupling on the ISS (CARDIOBREATH) studies the combined effects of cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations on blood pressure regulation during spaceflight. Results could provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of these adaptations on long-duration missions and support development of methods for assessing cardiovascular and respiratory effects on blood pressure before and after spaceflight.
Cell Bio Tech Demo is a technical test of hardware concept models and operational procedures for incorporation into the design and development of the new NASA developed cell biology and microbiology incubator, Bioculture System. The new incubator allows the International Space Station (ISS) crew to aseptically access specimens and move solutions and cells between biospecimen chambers and medium feed bags without introducing contaminants that would ruin the experiment.
Space Tango Cell Culture Hardware Test (Cell Culture Hardware Test) is an engineering test of systems prior to science operations in another hardware unit. This experiment is a preliminary test of Space Tango’s standard Cell Culturing Module. Space Tango Cell Culture Hardware Test provides an evaluation of the Cell Culturing Module inside the TangoLab-1 facility during orbit, and evaluates the microfluidic control while on orbit.
Cell Culture Module - Effect of Microgravity on Wound Repair: In Vitro Model of New Blood Vessel Development (CCM-Wound Repair) is Department of Defense Space Test Program research that uses cell culture in micrgravity as a model of wound healing. This investigation is directed at the use of adipose derived adult stem cells for use in injury repair and how microgravity alters new blood vessel development which is a key component of wound and tissue repair.
Publications
Kulesh DA, Anderson LH, Wilson B, Otis EJ, Elgin DM, Barker MJ, Mehm WJ, Kearney GP. Space shuttle flight (STS-45) of L8 myoblast cells results in the isolation of nonfusing cell line variant. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1994 55(4): 530-44.
Vandenburgh HH, Chromiak JA, Shansky J, Del Tatto M, LeMaire J. Space travel directly induces skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 1999 131031-1038.
Lee PH, Vandenburgh HH. Spaceflight Reduces Foreign Protein Expression in Tissue-engineered Skeletal Muscle. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2012 April; 26(1): 17-24. | Impact Statement
McCarthy SJ, Gregory KW, Wiesmann WP, Campbell TD. Wound dressing and method for controlling severe, life-threatening bleeding. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2008 May 13; 7,371,403 | Impact Statement
Cell Culture Module - Immune Response of Human Monocytes in Microgravity (CCM-Immune Response) is Department of Defense Space Test Program research that uses cell culture in microgravity as a model of reduced immune function. This investigation will examine the response of human immune cells in microgravity to new chitosan-based antibacterials.
Publications
Kulesh DA, Anderson LH, Wilson B, Otis EJ, Elgin DM, Barker MJ, Mehm WJ, Kearney GP. Space shuttle flight (STS-45) of L8 myoblast cells results in the isolation of nonfusing cell line variant. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1994 55(4): 530-44.
Vandenburgh HH, Chromiak JA, Shansky J, Del Tatto M, LeMaire J. Space travel directly induces skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 1999 131031-1038.
The Cell Culture Module Fluid Behavior Demonstration tests variables of fluid exchange in a common 96-well culture plate. Images from a series of fluid experiments are used to assess capillary action of the plate in microgravity and results are compared to ground-based controls to identify an optimum microgravity fluid exchange procedure. The data help optimize media exchanges for future cell culture research in microgravity.
The Cell Science-02 (CS-02) investigation, uses osteoblast progenitor cells isolated from mouse bones to investigate the effects of microgravity on osteoblast cellular processes at the molecular and biochemical level. CS-02 uses a computational biology omics approach to investigate how osteoblasts respond to treatment with two known osteo-inductive factors.
Cellbox-3 contains two experiments that investigate cell behavior in microgravity, forming 3D structures that more closely resemble the growth and behavior of cells inside the body. Spheroid Aggregation and Viability in Space (SHAPE), determines how cellular spheroids from human bone marrow form in microgravity and their viability. Nerve-Muscle Co-culture (NEMUCO) determines whether the neuromuscular junction structure develops properly in microgravity, which could provide an experimental model for investigating nerve and muscle cell-to-cell interaction and communication in space and on the ground.
Content Pending
Cells grown in microgravity grow and replicate into complex structures, unlike cells grown on Earth. To better understand the mechanisms that cause the differentiation of cells in microgravity, a human ovarian tumor cell line was grown on ISS. The cells were returned to Earth and were used in the studies to define mechanisms of ovarian cancer with the goal of developing new ovarian cancer treatments.
Publications
Hammond DK, Becker JL, Elliott TF, Holubec K, Baker TL, Love JE. Antigenic Protein in Microgravity-Grown Human Mixed Mullerian Ovarian Tumor (LN-1) Cells Preserved in a RNA Stabilizing Agent. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 99-100. PMID: 16044626.
Becker JL, Souza GR. Using space-based investigations to inform cancer research on Earth. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2013 May; 13315-327. DOI: 10.1038/nrc3507.PMID: 23584334.
CBOSS-FDI will optimize the procedures for dispersion of cells and molecules in microgravity to enable future successes for growing cells in space. This investigation will use image analysis to assess how well the particles mix and if the size of particles causes distribution differences.
Cells grown in microgravity grow and replicate into complex structures, unlike cells grown on Earth. To better understand the mechanisms that cause several kidney disorders, human renal cortical epithelial (kidney) cell lines were grown on ISS. Microgravity allows the cells to grow in three-dimensional structures which are similar to how they grow in the human body. The cells were returned to Earth and were used in studies of several kidney disorders.
Publications
Hammond DK, Elliott TF, Holubec K, Baker TL, Allen PL, Hammond TG, Love JE. Proteomic Retrieval from Nucleic Acid Depleted Space-Flown Human Cells. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2006 19(2):
Hammond TG, Hammond JM. Optimized suspension culture: the rotating-wall vessel. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology. 2001 281(1): F12-F25.
Hammond TG, Benes E, O'Reilly KC, Wolf DA, Linnehan RM, Taher A, Kaysen JH, Allen PL, Goodwin TJ. Mechanical culture conditions effect gene expression: gravity-induced changes on the space shuttle. Physiological Genomics. 2000 09/08/2000; 3(3): 163-173. PMID: 11015612.
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Low-Shear modeled microgravity alters the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stress response in an RpoS-independent manner. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 68(11): 5408-5416. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5408-5416.2002. | Impact Statement
Cells grown in microgravity grow and replicate into complex structures, unlike cells grown on Earth. To better understand the mechanisms of neural regeneration and pain suppression, a neuroendocrine cell line was grown on ISS, then returned to Earth for analysis.
Publications
Unsworth BR, Lelkes PI. Growing tissues in microgravity. Nature Medicine. 1998 4(8): 901-907.
Lelkes PI, Galvan DL, Hayman GT, Goodwin TJ, Chatman DY, Cherian S, Garcia RM, Unsworth BR. Simulated microgravity conditions enhance differentiation of cultured PC12 cells towards the neuroendocrine phenotype. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 1998 34(4): 316-325.
Cells grown in microgravity grow and replicate into complex structures, unlike cells grown on Earth. To better understand the mechanisms that cause the differentiation of cells in microgravity, seven cell lines of common human illnesses were grown on ISS. The cells were returned to Earth and were used in the studies of several human diseases. This study is important for understanding the mechanisms needed to fight immune dysfunction caused by microgravity.
Publications
Sytkowski AJ, Davis KL. Erythroid cell growth and differentiation in vitro in the simulated microgravity environment of the NASA rotating wall vessel bioreactor. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 2001 37(2): 79-83.
Feldman L, Sytkowski AJ. Pleiotrophic actions of erythropoietin. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 2003 7(6): 239-245.
Cells grown in microgravity replicate and grow into complex structures, unlike cells grown on Earth. To better understand the mechanisms that cause the differentiation of cells in microgravity, six cell lines of common human illnesses were grown on ISS. The cells were returned to Earth and were used in the studies of several human diseases. This study is important for understanding the mechanisms needed to fight diseases of the human immune system.
Publications
Fitzgerald W, Chen S, Walz C, Zimmerberg J, Margolis L, Grivel J. Immune suppression of human lymphoid tissues and cells in rotating suspension culture and onboard the International Space Station. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 2009 December; 45(10): 622-632. DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9225-2.PMID: 19609626.
Cells grown in microgravity grow and replicate into complex structures, unlike cells grown on Earth. To better understand the mechanisms that cause the differentiation of cells in microgravity, six cell lines of common human illnesses were grown on ISS. The cells were returned to Earth and were used in the studies of several human diseases. This study is important for understanding the mechanisms needed to fight colon cancer in humans.
Publications
Jessup JM, Laguinge LM, Lin S, Samara RN, Aufman K, Battle P, Frantz M, Edmiston KH, Thomas P. Carcinoembryonic antigen induction of IL-10 and IL-6 inhibits hepatic ischemic/reperfusion injury to colorectal carcinoma cells. International Journal of Cancer. 2004 111332-337.
Jessup JM, Samara RN, Battle P, Laguinge LM. Carcinoembryonic antigen promotes tumor cell survival in liver through an IL-10-dependent pathway. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 2004 21(8): 709-717.
Jessup JM, Frantz M, Sonmez-Alpan E, Locker J, Skena K, Waller H, Battle P, Nachman A, Bhatti, Weber ME, Thomas DA, Curbeam Jr. RL, Baker TL, Goodwin TJ. Microgravity culture reduces apoptosis and increases the differentiation of a human colorectal carcinoma cell line. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 2000 36(6): 367-373.
Laguinge LM, Lin S, Samara RN, Salesiotis AN, Jessup JM. Nitrosative Stress in Rotated Three-Dimensional Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Cultures Induces Microtubule Depolymerization and Apoptosis. Cancer Research. 2004 64(8): 2643-8. PMID: 15087371.
Microgravity is believed to affect the internal structures of cells, leading to reduced stiffness in bone cells similar to that seen with disuse and aging on Earth. Cellular Mechanotransduction by Osteoblasts in Microgravity (Cellular Mechanotransduction by Osteoblasts) uses a special device to measure the stiffness of human osteoblasts, cells involved in the formation of bone. The device enables measurement of changes in cell shape under different pressures, measurements not previously carried out in microgravity.
Changes in Sleep and the Microbiome before, during, and after Short Duration Spaceflight (Changes in Sleep and the Microbiome [Ax-1]) examines sleep quantity and quality of astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). The investigation also examines effects on the human gut microbiome or microbial community and the environmental microbiome, and records factors associated with cardiac and metabolic health, including body mass index, heart rate, and blood glucose. Sleep contributes to overall health and well-being; inadequate sleep can increase risk of certain diseases. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Marangoni convection is the flow driven by the presence of a surface tension gradient which can be produced by temperature difference at a liquid/gas interface. The convection in liquid bridge of silicone oil is generated by heating the one disc higher than the other. Scientists are observing flow patterns of how fluids move to learn more about how heat is transferred in microgravity.
Publications
Yano T, Nishino K, Kawamura H, Ueno I, Matsumoto S. Instability and associated roll structure of Marangoni convection in high Prandtl number liquid bridge with large aspect ratio. Physics of Fluids. 2015 February; 27(2): Q24108. DOI: 10.1063/1.4908042.
Nishino K, Yano T, Kawamura H, Matsumoto S, Ueno I, Ermakov MK. Instability of thermocapillary convection in long liquid bridges of high Prandtl number fluids in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2015 June 15; 42057-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.01.039.
Nishimura M, Ueno I, Nishino K, Kawamura H. 3D PTV measurement of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in half-zone liquid bridge. Experiments in Fluids. 2005 January 13; 38(3): 285-290. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-004-0885-0.
Sato F, Ueno I, Kawamura H, Nishino K, Matsumoto S, Ohnishi M, Sakurai M. Hydrothermal wave instability in a high-aspect-ratio liquid bridge of Pr > 200. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2013 25(1): 43-58. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9332-7.
Ueno I, Kawazoe A, Enomoto H. Effect of ambient-gas forced flow on oscillatory thermocapillary convection of half-zone liquid bridge. FDMP: Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing. 2010 6(1): 99-108. DOI: 10.3970/fdmp.2010.006.099.
Abe Y, Ueno I, Kawamura H. Dynamic particle accumulation structure due to thermocapillary effect in noncylindrical half-zone liquid bridge. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009 April; 1161(1): 240-245. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.04073.x.
Ueno I, Abe Y, Noguchi K, Kawamura H. Dynamic particle accumulation structure (PAS) in half-zone liquid bridge – Reconstruction of particle motion by 3-D PTV. Advances in Space Research. 2008 January; 41(12): 2145-2149. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.08.039.
Abe Y, Ueno I, Kawamura H. Effect of shape of HZ liquid bridge on particle accumulation structure (PAS). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 October; 19(3/4): 84-86. DOI: 10.1007/BF02915760.
Irikura M, Arakawa Y, Ueno I, Kawamura H. Effect of ambient fluid flow upon onset of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in half-zone liquid bridge. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2005 March; 16(1-4): 176-180. DOI: 10.1007/BF02945971.
Ueno I, Tanaka S, Kawamura H. Various flow patterns in thermocapillary convection in half-zone liquid bridge of high prandtl number fluid. Advances in Space Research. 2003 July; 32(2): 143-148. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90244-4.
Kudo M, Shiomi J, Ueno I, Amberg G, Kawamura H. Experiment on multimode feedback control of non-linear thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge. Advances in Space Research. 2005 36(1): 57-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.046.
Tanaka S, Kawamura H, Ueno I, Schwabe D. Flow structure and dynamic particle accumulation in thermocapillary convection in a liquid bridge. Physics of Fluids. 2006 18(6): 067103-1 - 067103-11. DOI: 10.1063/1.2208289.
Ueno I, Tanaka S, Kawamura H. Oscillatory and Chaotic Thermocapillary Convection in a Half-Zone Liquid Bridge. Physics of Fluids. 2003 15(2): 408-416. DOI: 10.1063/1.1531993.
Kawamura H, Nishino K, Matsumoto S, Ueno I. Report on Microgravity Experiments of Marangoni Convection Aboard International Space Station. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2012 134(3): 031005-1 - 031005-13. DOI: 10.1115/1.4005145.
Goto M, Sakagami K, Matsumoto S, Ohkuma H. Entering 'A NEW REALM' of KIBO Payload Operations - Continuous efforts for microgravity experiment environment and lessons learned from real time experiment operations in KIBO. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 327(012054): 1-13. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012054.
Yano T, Nishino K, Kawamura H, Ueno I, Matsumoto S, Ohnishi M, Sakurai M. Space Experiment on the Instability of Marangoni Convection in Large Liquid Bridge - MEIS-4: Effect of Prandtl Number -. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 327DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012029.
Yano T, Nishino K, Kawamura H, Ueno I, Matsumoto S, Ohnishi M, Yoda S. 3-D Flow Measurement of Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection in Liquid Bridge in MEIS. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2011 28(2): 126-132. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.28.2.126.
Yano T, Nishino K, Kawamura H, Ueno I, Matsumoto S, Ohnishi M, Sakurai M. 3-D PTV Measurement of Marangoni Convection in Liquid Bridge in Space Experiment. Experiments in Fluids. 2011 53(1): 9-20. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-011-1136-9.
Yano T, Nishino K, Ueno I, Matsumoto S, Kamotani Y. Sensitivity of hydrothermal wave instability of Marangoni convection to the interfacial heat transfer in long liquid bridges of high Prandtl number fluids. Physics of Fluids. 2017 April; 29(4): 044105. DOI: 10.1063/1.4979721. | Impact Statement
Watanabe T, Takakusagi T, Ueno I, Kawamura H, Nishino K, Ohnishi M, Sakurai M, Matsumoto S. Terrestrial and microgravity experiments on onset of oscillatory thermocapillary-driven convection in hanging droplets. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018 August 1; 123945-956. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.03.035. | Impact Statement
Kawamura H, Ueno I, Ishikawa T. Study of thermocapillary flow in a liquid bridge towards an on-orbit experiment aboard the international space station. Advances in Space Research. 2002 January; 29(4): 611-618. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00651-2.
Yano T, Nishino K. Flow visualization of axisymmetric steady Marangoni convection in high-Prandtl-number liquid bridges in microgravity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 April 30; 36(2): 360202. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.36.2.360202.
Matsugase T, Ueno I, Nishino K, Ohnishi M, Sakurai M, Matsumoto S, Kawamura H. Transition to chaotic thermocapillary convection in a half zone liquid bridge. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2015 October; 89903-912. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.041.
Melnikov DE, Shevtsova V, Yano T, Nishino K. Modeling of the experiments on the Marangoni convection in liquid bridges in weightlessness for a wide range of aspect ratios. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2015 August; 87119-127. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.03.016.
Amyloid fibrils are protein aggregations associated with Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes. Developing new treatments requires understanding the mechanisms behind amyloid fibril formation. Recent evidence suggests similarities between amyloid formation and protein crystallization, widely studied in space. Characterization of Amyloid Formation Under Microgravity Environment: Toward Understanding the Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases (Amyloid) prepares high-quality, homogeneous amyloid fibrils in microgravity and examines the samples back on Earth, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron microscopic analyses, to characterize the fibrilization process.
Publications
Yagi-Utsumi M, Yanaka S, Song C, Satoh T, Yamazaki C, Kasahara H, Shimazu T, Murata K, Kato K. Characterization of amyloid β fibril formation under microgravity conditions. npj Microgravity. 2020 June 12; 6(1): 17. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0107-y.PMID: 32566742. | Impact Statement
The Characterization of Biofilm Formation, Growth, and Gene Expression on Different Materials and Environmental Conditions in Microgravity (Space Biofilms) investigation characterizes the mass, thickness, structure, and associated gene expression of biofilms (molds) that form in space by analyzing a fungal species grown on different materials. Biofilm formation can cause equipment malfunction and human illnesses, and could be a serious problem on future long-term human space missions.
Publications
Flores P, Schauer R, McBride SA, Luo J, Hoehn CV, Doraisingam S, Widhalm D, Chadha J, Selman L, Mueller DW, Floyd S, Rupert MA, Gorti S, Reagan SE, Varanasi KK, Koch C, Meir JU, Muecklich F, Moeller R, Stodieck LS, Countryman S, Zea L. Preparation for and performance of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm experiment on board the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2022 July 14; epub25pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.07.015.
Characterization of Targeted Space Gut Microbiome Isolates to Advance Astronaut Gut-On-A-Chip Platform Development (Rhodium Space Microbiome Isolates) characterizes individual bacterial species from the human gut microbiome that change during spaceflight. Research shows a connection between alterations in the gut microbiome and multiple chronic and acute diseases. Studies also show that changes occur in the composition and function of the gut microbiome during spaceflight. A better understanding of these changes could support development of ways to help protect people on future missions from potential negative effects.
Characterization of the Function and Stability of Bacteriorhodopsin Following Exposure to a Microgravity Environment (Protein-Based Artificial Retina Manufacturing) evaluates a manufacturing system using bacteriorhodopsin, the light-activated protein responsible for the activity of the artificial retina. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-activated protein that replaces the function of damaged photoreceptor cells in the eye. Retinal implants are created using a layer-by-layer process, and microgravity may improve the quality and stability of films by limiting aggregation and sedimentation that occur on Earth.
Plants cultivated in microgravity look mostly normal, but space-grown plants have a number of distinct features compared to plants grown in comparable habitats on Earth, most notably in the way their roots grow. The Characterizing Arabidopsis Root Attractions-2 (CARA-2) investigation studies the molecular signals that can cause these changes, including the genetic underpinnings of how a plant senses the direction of gravity. Results can improve efforts to grow plants in microgravity on future space missions, enabling crews to use plants for food and oxygen.
Characterizing Antibiotic Resistance in Microgravity Environments (CARMEn) observes how spaceflight affects the growth of a culture of two species of bacteria. Spaceflight environments such as the International Space Station can contain communities of multiple microorganisms, known as biofilms, that are generally associated with greater virulence and levels of antibiotic resistance and so may pose higher risk of infections to crew members. This investigation could improve understanding of how bacteria affect each other’s growth and antibiotic resistance, how space changes the activity of bacterial communities, and which antibiotics may be most effective for treating space-borne infectious diseases.
Microgravity has been shown to reduce the capability of the human immune system to adequately respond to pathogens. Characterizing Human Immunodeficiency in Microgravity Environments Microgravity (CHIME) analyzes one pathway of immune cell differentiation, a prerequisite to immune activity, to see whether and how microgravity may disrupt it. Findings could provide a better understanding of the effect of microgravity on the human immune system and insight into possible ways to counteract microgravity-induced immune deficiencies.
The Characterizing the Effects of Spaceflight on the Candida albicans Adaptation Response (Micro-14) investigation aboard the International Space Station (ISS) extends previous flight and ground-based studies on an opportunistic yeast, Candida albicans, to define mechanisms that lead to cellular adaptation responses to the spaceflight environment. As an opportunistic pathogen, C. albicans is capable of causing severe, life-threatening illness in immunocompromised hosts. This investigation seeks to evaluate the responses of the microorganism to microgravity conditions and, in particular, to assess changes at the physiological, cellular, and molecular level and to characterize virulence factors.
Publications
Nielsen-Preiss S, White KR, Preiss K, Peart D, Gianoulias K, Juel R, Sutton J, McKinney J, Bender J, Pinc G, Bergren K, Gans W, Kelley J, McQuaid M. Growth and antifungal resistance of the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station: An aggregate of multiple flight experiences. Life. 2021 March 27; 11(4): 24pp. DOI: 10.3390/life11040283.PMID: 33801697. | Impact Statement
Chill Cooling for the ElectroMagnetic Levitator in Relation with Continuous Casting of Steel (EML Batch 3 - CCEMLCC) focuses on the investigation of surface morphology of chill-cooled industrial steel alloys, which models the solidification of the skin of continuous casting products. The obtained microstructure is also analysed.
Chromosomal Aberrations in Blood Lymphocytes of Astronauts-1 (Chromosome-1) studies space radiation on humans. The expected results will provide a better knowledge of the genetic risk of astronauts in space and can help to optimize radiation shielding.
Publications
George KA, Rhone J, Chappell LJ, Cucinotta FA. Cytogenetic biodosimetry using the blood lymphocytes of astronauts. Acta Astronautica. 2013 November; 92(1): 97-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.05.001. | Impact Statement
Obe G, Facius R, Reitz G, Johannes I, Johannes C. Manned missions to Mars and chromosome damage. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1999 75(4): 429-433. PMID: 10331847.
George KA, Wu H, Willingham V, Cucinotta FA. The effect of space radiation on the induction of chromosome damage. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 222-225. PMID: 11776981. | Impact Statement
Goedecke W, Obe G, Bergau L. Cytogenetic investigations in flight personnel. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 1999 86(4): 275-278. PMID: 11543396.
Fedorenko BS, Druzhinin S, Yudaeva L, Petrov VP, Akatov YA, Snigiryova GP, Novitskaya NN, Shevchenko V, Rubanovich A. Cytogenetic studies of blood lymphocytes from cosmonauts after long-term space flights on Mir station. Advances in Space Research. 2001 27(2): 355-359. PMID: 11642297.
Greco O, Durante M, Gialanella G, Grossi G, Pugliese M, Scampoli P, Snigiryova GP, Obe G. Biological dosimetry in Russian and Italian astronauts. Advances in Space Research. 2003 March; 31(6): 1495-1503. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00087-5.PMID: 12971404. Also Biodosimetry results.. | Impact Statement
Durante M. Biomarkers of Space Radiation Risk. Radiation Research. 2005 October; 164(4 Pt 2): 467-473. PMID: 16187751. | Impact Statement
Johannes C, Horstmann M, Durante M, Chudoba I, Obe G. Chromosome intrachanges and interchanges detected by multicolor banding in lymphocytes: searching for clastogen signatures in the human genome. Radiation Research. 2004 161540-548.
Obe G, Johannes I, Johannes C, Hallman K, Reitz G, Facius R. Chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes of astronauts after long-term space flights. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1997 72(6): 727-734.
Wu H, George KA, Willingham V, Cucinotta FA. Comparison of chromosome aberration frequencies in pre- and post-flight astronaut lymphocytes irradiated in vitro with gamma rays. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 229-231. PMID: 11776983. Also Biodosimetry related. Also: 1st International Workshop on Space Radiation Research and 11th Annual NASA Space Radiation Health Investigators’ Workshop Arona (Italy), May 27-31, 2000..
Horstmann M, Durante M, Obe G. Distribution of breakpoints and fragment sizes in human chromosome 5 after heavy-ion bombardment. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2004 80(6): 437-443. | Impact Statement
Horstmann M, Durante M, Johannes C, Obe G. Chromosomal intrachanges induced by swift iron ions. Advances in Space Research. 2005 35(2): 276-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.031. | Impact Statement
Durante M, Snigiryova GP, Akaeva E, Bogomazova A, Druzhinin S, Fedorenko BS, Greco O, Novitskaya NN, Rubanovich A, Shevchenko V, von Recklinghausen U, Obe G. Chromosome aberration dosimetry in cosmonauts after single or multiple space flights. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2003 10340-46. DOI: 10.1159/000076288.Also Biodosimetry results.. | Impact Statement
Durante M, Ando K, Furusawa Y, Obe G, George KA, Cucinotta FA. Complex chromosomal rearrangements induced in vivo by heavy ions. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2004 104240-244. DOI: 10.1159/000077497. | Impact Statement
Horstmann M, Durante M, Johannes C, Pieper R, Obe G. Space radiation does not induce a significant increase of intrachromosomal exchanges in astronaut lymphocytes. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2005 October 11; 44(3): 219-224. DOI: 10.1007/s00411-005-0017-0.PMID: 16217644. | Impact Statement
Circadian Rhythms investigates the role of synchronized circadian rhythms, or the “biological clock,” and how it changes during long-duration spaceflight. Researchers hypothesize that a non-24-hour cycle of light and dark affects crew members’ circadian clocks. The investigation also addresses the effects of reduced physical activity, microgravity and an artificially controlled environment. Changes in body composition and body temperature, which also occur in microgravity, can affect crew members’ circadian rhythms as well. Understanding how these phenomena affect the biological clock will improve performance and health for future crew members.
Publications
Gunga HC, von Ahlefeld VW, Coriolano HA, Werner A, Hoffmann U. General introduction. Cardiovascular System, Red Blood Cells, and Oxygen Transport in Microgravity. 2016 74. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33226-0.
Opatz O, Trippel T, Lochner A, Werner A, Stahn AC, Steinach M, Lenk J, Kuppe H, Gunga HC. Temporal and spatial dispersion of human body temperature during deep hypothermia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2013 November 1; 111(5): 768-775. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet217. | Impact Statement
Gunga HC, Sandsund M, Reinertsen RE, Sattler F, Koch J. A non-invasive device to continuously determine heat strain in humans. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2008 July; 33(5): 297-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.03.004. | Impact Statement
Mendt S, Maggioni MA, Nordine M, Steinach M, Opatz O, Belavy DL, Felsenberg D, Koch J, Shang P, Gunga HC, Stahn AC. Circadian rhythms in bed rest: Monitoring core body temperature via heat-flux approach is superior to skin surface temperature. Chronobiology International. 2017 May 28; 34(5): 666-676. DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1224241. | Impact Statement
Gunga HC, Werner A, Stahn AC, Steinach M, Schlabs T, Koralewski E, Kunz D, Belavy DL, Felsenberg D, Sattler F, Koch J. The Double Sensor—A non-invasive device to continuously monitor core temperature in humans on earth and in space. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 October; 169s63-s68. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.005. | Impact Statement
Nutritional assessments of astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight ensure adequate intake of energy, protein, and vitamins during missions. Scientists use the information to understand the connections between nutrition and human health during space flight, and to develop effective dietary strategies to reduce adverse health impacts.
Publications
Smith SM, Zwart SR. Nutrition issues for space exploration. Acta Astronautica. 2008 ;63: 609 - 613.609-613. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.04.010. | Impact Statement
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Block G, Rice BL, Davis-Street JE. The nutritional status of astronauts is altered after long-term space flight aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Nutrition. 2005 135(3): 437-443. PMID: 15735075. | Impact Statement
Hall PS. Past and Current Practice in Space Nutrition. Bone Loss During Spaceflight: Etiology, Countermeasures, and Implications for Bone Health on Earth. 2007 125-132.
Smith SM, Davis-Street JE, Rice BL, Nillen JL, Gillman PL, Block G. Nutritional status assessment in semiclosed environments: ground-based and space flight studies in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 2001 1312053-2061. | Impact Statement
Smith SM, Lane HW. Gravity and space flight: effects on nutritional status. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1999 2335-338.
Smith SM, Heer MA, Shackelford LC, Sibonga JD, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Zwart SR. Benefits for bone from resistance exercise and nutrition in long-duration spaceflight: Evidence from biochemistry and densitometry. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2012 September; 27(9): 1896-1906. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1647.PMID: 22549960. | Impact Statement
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Heer MA, Hudson EK, Shackelford LC, Morgan JL. Men and women in space: Bone loss and kidney stone risk after long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2014 January 28; epubDOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2185.PMID: 24470067. | Impact Statement
Morgan JL, Heer MA, Hargens AR, Macias BR, Hudson EK, Shackelford LC, Zwart SR, Smith SM. Sex-specific responses of bone metabolism and renal stone risk during bed rest. Physiological Reports. 2014 August 7; 2(8): e12119-e12119. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12119. | Impact Statement
Smith SM, Heer MA, Shackelford LC, Sibonga JD, Spatz JM, Pietrzyk RA, Hudson EK, Zwart SR. Bone metabolism and renal stone risk during international space station missions. Bone. 2015 October 8; 81712-720. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.002.PMID: 26456109. | Impact Statement
Smith SM, Zwart SR. Magnesium and space flight. Nutrients. 2015 December 8; 7(12): 10209-10222. DOI: 10.3390/nu7125528.PMID: 26670248. | Impact Statement
The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS) investigation uses a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system to measure the location, composition and distribution of pollution, dust, smoke, aerosols and other particulates in the atmosphere. CATS is mounted on the Japanese Experiment Module's Exposed Facility and is used to study the atmospheric constituents that impact global climate. By gaining a better understanding of cloud and aerosol coverage, scientists can create a better model of the Earth's climate feedback processes.
Publications
McGill MJ, Hlavka DL, Vaughan MA, Trepte CR, Hart WD, Winker DM, Keuhn R. Airborne validation of spatial properties measured by the CALIPSO lidar. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2007 October 17; 112(D20): 27. DOI: 10.1029/2007JD008768. | Impact Statement
McGill MJ, Hlavka DL, Hart WD, Welton E, Campbell JR. Airborne lidar measurements of aerosol optical properties during SAFARI-2000. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2003 July; 108(D13): 16. DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002370. | Impact Statement
McGill MJ, Rallison RD. Holographic optics convert rings to points for detection. Laser Focus World. 2001 37(3): 131-136.
McGill MJ, Hlavka DL, Hart WD, Scott VS, Spinhirne, Schmid. Cloud Physics Lidar: instrument description and initial measurement results. Applied Optics. 2002 Jun 20; 41(18): 3725-3734. DOI: 10.1364/AO.41.003725.
Rajapakshe C, Zhang Z, Yorks JE, Yu H, Tan Q, Meyer K, Platnick S, Winker DM. Seasonally transported aerosol layers over southeast Atlantic are closer to underlying clouds than previously reported. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017 June 16; 44(11): 5818-5825. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL073559. | Impact Statement
Yorks JE, McGill MJ, Palm SP, Hlavka DL, Selmer PA, Nowottnick EP, Vaughan MA, Rodier SD, Hart WD. An overview of the CATS level 1 processing algorithms and data products. Geophysical Research Letters. 2016 May 7; 434632-4639. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL068006. | Impact Statement
McGill MJ, Yorks JE, Scott S, Kupchock AW, Selmer PA. The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS): a technology demonstration on the International Space Station. Proceedings of SPIE 9612, Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XV, San Diego, CA. 2015 September 1; DOI: 10.1117/12.2190841. | Impact Statement
Chuang T, Burns P, Walters EB. Space-based, multi-wavelength solid-state lasers for NASA's Cloud Aerosol Transport System for International Space Station (CATS-ISS). Proceedings of SPIE 8599, Solid State Lasers XXII: Technology and Devices, San Francisco, CA. 2013 March 6; DOI: 10.1117/12.2005545.
Noel V, Chepfer H, Chiriaco M, Yorks JE. The diurnal cycle of cloud profiles over land and ocean between 51° S and 51° N, seen by the CATS spaceborne lidar from the International Space Station. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018 July 6; 18(13): 9457-9473. DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-9457-2018. | Impact Statement
Hughes EJ, Yorks JE, Krotkov NA, da Silva AM, McGill MJ. Using CATS near-real-time lidar observations to monitor and constrain volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) forecasts. Geophysical Research Letters. 2016 October 28; 43(20): 11,089-11,097. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL070119. | Impact Statement
Gogoi MM, Jayachandran VN, Vaishya A, Babu SN, Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK. Airborne in situ measurements of aerosol size distributions and black carbon across the Indo-Gangetic Plain during SWAAMI–RAWEX. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020 July 22; 20(14): 8593-8610. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-8593-2020. | Impact Statement
Mitra A, Di Girolamo L, Hong Y, Zhan Y, Mueller KJ. Assessment and error analysis of Terra-MODIS and MISR cloud-top heights through comparison with ISS-CATS lidar. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2021 May 8; 126(9): e2020JD034281. DOI: 10.1029/2020JD034281.PMID: 34221784. | Impact Statement
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) Space Diagnostics (Ax-1 CRISPR) tests CRISPR-based genetic identification on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). CRISPR is a genome editing system that allows its users to detect and manipulate specific DNA and RNA sequences in living cells of diverse species. This technology could provide rapid and accurate detection of pathogens and contaminants on future long-term space missions. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle. These flights are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-2 (CSLM-2) investigates the rates of coarsening of solid particles embedded in a liquid matrix. During this process, small particles shrink by losing atoms to larger particles, causing the larger particles to grow (coarsen) within a liquid lead/tin matrix. This study defines the mechanisms and rates of coarsening that govern similar processes that occur in materials such as turbine blades, dental amalgam fillings, aluminum alloys, etc.
Publications
Kammer D, Genau A, Voorhees PW, Duval WM, Hawersaat RW, Hickman JM, Lorik T, Hall DG, Frey CA. Coarsening In Solid-Liquid Mixtures: A Reflight. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 AIAA2008-813.
Kammer D, Genau A, Voorhees PW, Duval WM, Howersatt R, Hickman JM, Lorik T, Hall DG, Frey CA. Results from the International Space Station: Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 January; AIAA 2009-6165pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-616.
Seyhan I, Ratke L, Bender W, Voorhees PW. Ostwald Ripening of Solid-Liquid Pb-Sn Dispersions. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 1996 27(9): 2470 - 2478.
Rowenhurst DJ, Kuang JP, Thorton K, Voorhees PW. Three-dimensional analysis of particle coarsening in high volume fraction solid-liquid mixtures. Acta Materialia. 2006 54(8): 2027-2039.
Thomson JR, Casademunt J, Drolet F, Vinals J. Coarsening of solid-liquid mixtures in a random acceleration field. Physics of Fluids. 1997 9(5): 1336-1343.
Snyder V, Alkemper J, Voorhees PW. The development of spatial correlations during Ostwald ripening: a test of theory. Acta Materialia. 2000 482689. DOI: 10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00036-7.
Alkemper J, Snyder V, Akaiwa N, Voorhees PW. The Dynamics of Late-Stage Phase Separation: A Test of Theory. Physical Review Letters. 1999 822725.
Gulsoy EB, Wittman K, Thompson J, Voorhees PW. Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures: Effect of Microgravity Accelerations on Particle Sedimentation. 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, Orlando, FL. 2011 Jan 4-7; AIAA 2011-1346
Duval WM, Hawersaat RW, Lorik T, Thompson J, Gulsoy EB, Voorhees PW. Coarsening in Solid-liquid Mixtures: Overview of Experiments on Shuttle and ISS. 2013 Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 2013 Oct 27;
Cool T, Voorhees PW. The evolution of dendrites during coarsening: Fragmentation and morphology. Acta Materialia. 2017 April 1; 127359-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.01.029.
The Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-3 (CSLM-3) is a materials science investigation that studies the growth and solidification processes (i.e., coarsening) in lead-tin solid-liquid mixtures that contain a small amount (low volume fraction) of tin branch-like (i.e., dendritic) structures, some of which possess many arms. During sample heating, the growth at the tip of each dendrite continues over time, whereas side branches, behind the tip, develop during constant temperature (i.e., isothermal) conditions. By understanding how temperature and time control the growth of such dendrites, researchers hope to develop more efficient and economical means of producing higher quality products derived from the casting of molten metals.
The Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-4 (CSLM-4) investigation studies growth and solidification processes in tin-lead mixtures that contain a small amount of tin dendrites. Some metal alloys form tiny branching structures called dendrites when they crystallize, and the size, spacing, and interlocking of these dendrites play an important role in determining their physical properties such as softness, hardness, or brittleness. The microgravity environment of the International Space Station enables scientists to study dendritic growth without any interference from gravity to improve our knowledge of materials science, potentially leading to making new alloys with enhanced properties.
Publications
Stan T, Thompson ZT, Voorhees PW. Optimizing convolutional neural networks to perform semantic segmentation on large materials imaging datasets: X-ray tomography and serial sectioning. Materials Characterization. 2020 February 1; 160110119. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110119. | Impact Statement
The Coflow Laminar Diffusion Flame (CLD Flame) experiment is conducted in the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) on the International Space Station, as part of the Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project. In this experiment, the flame - burning a gaseous fuel - is surrounded by air flowing in the same direction. Measurements are made of flame characteristics such as the size, structure, temperature, soot, and stability. Conducting the tests in microgravity allows for great simplifications in the analysis, enabling new understanding and the development of more efficient and less polluting combustion technology for use on Earth.
Publications
O'Malley TF, Sheredy WA, Stocker DP. Combustion Research on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC08-A2.1.07. | Impact Statement
The Cardiocog-2 experiment studies the impacts of microgravity (weightlessness) on the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. This investigation will examine the stress as well as the cognitive and physiological reactions of crewmembers during long-duration space missions.
Publications
Beckers F, Verheyden B, Morukov BV, Aubert AE. Impact of space flight on cardiovascular autonomic control. 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Paris, France. 2004 July 18-25; 1654. Also: F. Beckers, B. Verheyden, B.V. Morukov, A. Aubert, (2004), 'Impact of Space Flight on Cardiovascular Autonomic Control', Proceedings of the 55th IAC, IAC-04-G.P.01, IAC.
Beckers F, Verheyden B, Aubert AE. Evolution of Heart Rate Variabilty Before, During and After Spaceflight. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2003 10(1): 83-84. | Impact Statement
Aubert AE, Verheyden B, d'Ydewalle C, Beckers F, Van den Bergh O. Effects of Mental Stress on Autonomic Cardiac Modulation During Weightlessness. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2009 November 6; 298H202-H209. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00865.2009. | Impact Statement
Beckers F, Verheyden B, Liu J, Aubert AE. Cardiovascular Autonomic Control After Short-duration Spaceflights. Acta Astronautica. 2009 September; 65(5-6): 804-812. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.004. | Impact Statement
Verheyden B, Beckers F, Couckuyt K, Liu J, Aubert AE. Respiratory Modulation of Cardiovascular Rhythms Before and After Short-duration Human Spaceflight. Acta Physiologica. 2007 December; 191(4): 297-308. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01744.x. | Impact Statement
Verheyden B, Liu J, Beckers F, Aubert AE. Adaptation of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure to Short and Long Duration Space Missions. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 October; 169S13-S16. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.03.008. | Impact Statement
Verheyden B, Liu J, Beckers F, Aubert AE. Operational Point of Neural Cardiovascular Regulation in Humans up to 6 Months in Space. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010 January 14; 108646-654. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00883.2009. | Impact Statement
Beckers F, Verheyden B, De Winne F, Duque P, Chaput D, Aubert AE. HICOPS: Human Interface Computer Program. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 2004 April; 18(2): 131-136. DOI: 10.1023/B:JOCM.0000032745.15545.78.
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Publications
Vidal M, Lipshits M, McIntyre J, Berthoz A. Gravity and spatial orientation in virtual 3D-mazes. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2003 13(4-6/2003): 273-286. PMID: 15096671. | Impact Statement
The structure of many castings in manufacturing is the result of a competition between the growth of columnar and equiaxed crystals/grains. The main objective of the Columnar-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing for the Transparent Alloys Instrument (Transparent Alloys - CETSOL) research programme is to help improve the integrated modelling of the grain structure in industrially important castings. In particular, this investigation is aimed at providing scientists and manufacturers confidence in the reliability of the relationships and numerical tools introduced in the integrated numerical models of casting, which can be ultimately used for the in-house optimisation of casting processes.
The Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing (CETSOL) investigation aims to deepen the understanding of the physical principles that govern solidification processes in metal alloys. The patterns of the crystals resulting from transitions of liquids to solids is of substantial importance to processes in producing materials such as solar cells, thermoelectrics, and metal alloys.
Publications
Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Liu DR, Nguyen-Thi H, Bergeon N, Gandin C, Browne DJ, Beckermann C, Tourret D, Karma A. Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing of AlSi7 Alloys in Microgravity the CETSOL Project. Materials Science Forum. 2014 May; 790-79112-21. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.790-791.12.
Mirihanage WU, Browne DJ, Zimmermann G, Sturz L. Simulation of international space station microgravity directional solidification experiments on columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Acta Materialia. 2012 October; 60(18): 6362-6371. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.08.015.
Liu DR, Mangelinck-Noel N, Gandin C, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Nguyen-Thi H, Billia B. Structures in directionally solidified Al–7wt.% Si alloys: Benchmark experiments under microgravity. Acta Materialia. 2013 November; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.038.
Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Nguyen-Thi H, Gandin C, Browne DJ, Mirihanage WU. Investigation of columnar-to-equiaxed transition in solidification processing of AlSi alloys in microgravity – The CETSOL project. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327(1): 012003-12014. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012003.
Mirihanage WU, Browne DJ, Sturz L, Zimmermann G. Numerical Modelling of the Material Science Lab - Low Gradient Furnace (MSL-LGF) Microgravity Directional Solidification Experiments on the Columnar to Equiaxed Transition. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2012 January 12; 27(1): 012010. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/27/1/012010.
Ludwig A, Mogeritsch JP, Kolbe M, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Bergeon N, Billia B, Faivre G, Akamatsu S, Bottin-Rousseau S, Voss D. Advanced solidification studies on transparent alloy systems: A new European solidification insert for material science glovebox on board the International Space Station. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2012 September; 64(9): 1097-1101. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-012-0403-4.
Liu DR, Mangelinck-Noel N, Gandin C, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Thi HN, Billia B. CAFE simulation of columnar-to-equiaxed transition in Al-7wt%Si alloys directionally solidified under microgravity. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2016 March; 117DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/117/1/012009.
Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Nguyen-Thi H, Mangelinck-Noel N, Li YZ, Gandin C, Fleurisson R, Guillemot G, McFadden S, Mooney RP, Voorhees PW, Roosz A, Ronafoldi A, Beckermann C, Karma A, Chen CH, Warnken N, Saad A, Grun GU, Grohn M, Poitrault I, Pehl T, Nagy I, Todt D, Minster O, Sillekens WH. Columnar and equiaxed solidification of Al-7 wt.% Si alloys in reduced gravity in the framework of the CETSOL project. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2017 June 1; 691269–1279. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-017-2397-4.
Li YZ, Mangelinck-Noel N, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Nguyen-Thi H. Effect of solidification conditions and surface pores on the microstructure and columnar-to-equiaxed transition in solidification under microgravity. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018 June 15; 749344-354. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.300. | Impact Statement
Li YZ, Mangelinck-Noel N, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Nguyen-Thi H. Comparative study of directional solidification of Al-7wt.% Si alloys in space and on Earth: Effects of gravity on dendrite growth and columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2019 May 1; 51320-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2019.02.050. | Impact Statement
Sturz L, Zimmermann G, Gandin C, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Nguyen-Thi H, Browne DJ, Mirihanage WU, Voss D, Beckermann C, Karma A. ISS Experiments of Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing. 141st TMS 2012 Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Orlando, FL. 2012 NASA/CP-2012-21746656-62.
Li YZ, Mangelinck-Noel N, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Nguyen-Thi H. Modification of the microstructure by rotating magnetic field during the solidification of Al-7 wt.% Si alloy under microgravity. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020 September 25; 836155458. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155458. | Impact Statement
McFadden S, Mooney RP, Sturz L, Zimmermann G. A Nucleation Progenitor Function approach to polycrystalline equiaxed solidification modelling with application to a microgravity transparent alloy experiment observed in-situ. Acta Materialia. 2018 April 15; 148289-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.02.012. | Impact Statement
McFadden S, Mooney RP, Sturz L, Zimmermann G. A Nucleation Progenitor Function approach to polycrystalline equiaxed solidification modelling with application to a microgravity transparent alloy experiment observed in-situ. Acta Materialia. 2018 April 15; 148289-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.02.012.
Zimmermann G, Hamacher M, Sturz L. Effect of zero, normal and hyper-gravity on columnar dendritic solidification and the columnar-to-equiaxed transition in Neopentylglycol-(D)Camphor alloy. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2019 April 15; 51247-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2019.01.043. | Impact Statement
Roosz A, Ronafoldi A, Li Y, Mangelinck-Noel N, Zimmermann G, Nguyen-Thi H, Sveda M, Veres Z. Influence of solidification parameters on the amount of eutectic and secondary arm spacing of Al–7wt% Si alloy solidified under microgravity. Crystals. 2022 March; 12(3): 414. DOI: 10.3390/cryst12030414. | Impact Statement
Frick J, Senesky D. Metal alloy synthesis in microgravity. In-Space Manufacturing and Resources. 2022 269-284. DOI: 10.1002/9783527830909.ch14.
Mooney RP, Sturz L, Zimmermann G, Mangelinck-Noel N, Nguyen-Thi H, Li Y, Browne DJ, McFadden S. Concurrent model for sharp and progressive columnar to equiaxed transitions validated by directional solidification experiments processed in microgravity conditions. Computational Materials Science. 2022 July 1; 210111436. DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2022.111436.
Liu DR, Mangelinck-Noel N, Gandin C, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Nguyen-Thi H, Billia B. Simulation of directional solidification of refined Al–7wt.%Si alloys – Comparison with benchmark microgravity experiments. Acta Materialia. 2015 July; 9324-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.03.058.
McFadden S, Browne DJ, Sturz L, Zimmermann G. Analysis of a microgravity solidification experiment for columnar to equiaxed transitions with modeling results. Materials Science Forum. 2010 May; 649361-366. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.649.361.
Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing-2 (CETSOL-2) investigation aims to deepen the understanding of the physical principles that govern solidification processes in metal alloys. The patterns of the crystals resulting from transitions of liquids to solids is of substantial importance to processes in producing materials such as solar cells, thermoelectrics, and metal alloys.
Publications
Mirihanage WU, Browne DJ, Zimmermann G, Sturz L. Simulation of international space station microgravity directional solidification experiments on columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Acta Materialia. 2012 October; 60(18): 6362-6371. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.08.015.
Liu DR, Mangelinck-Noel N, Gandin C, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Nguyen-Thi H, Billia B. Structures in directionally solidified Al–7wt.% Si alloys: Benchmark experiments under microgravity. Acta Materialia. 2013 November; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.038.
Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Nguyen-Thi H, Gandin C, Browne DJ, Mirihanage WU. Investigation of columnar-to-equiaxed transition in solidification processing of AlSi alloys in microgravity – The CETSOL project. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327(1): 012003-12014. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012003.
Mirihanage WU, Browne DJ, Sturz L, Zimmermann G. Numerical Modelling of the Material Science Lab - Low Gradient Furnace (MSL-LGF) Microgravity Directional Solidification Experiments on the Columnar to Equiaxed Transition. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2012 January 12; 27(1): 012010. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/27/1/012010.
Sturz L, Zimmermann G, Gandin C, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Nguyen-Thi H, Browne DJ, Mirihanage WU, Voss D, Beckermann C, Karma A. ISS Experiments of Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing. 141st TMS 2012 Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Orlando, FL. 2012 NASA/CP-2012-21746656-62.
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Publications
De Wilde J, Froyen L, Orru R, Cao G, Beloki IA, Sytschev AE, Rogachev AS, Jarvis DJ, Vautmans L, Preud'homme F, Licheri R. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of Al-Ti-B in the ISS: reactor design and preliminary evaluation. International Journal of Self-Propogating High Temperature Synthesis. 2003 12(3): 165-177.
Orru R, Licheri R, Locci AM, Cao G, De Wilde J, Lemoisson F, Froyen L, Beloki IA, Systchev AE, Rogachev AS, Jarvis DJ. Self-propagating combustion synthesis of intermetallic matrix composites in the ISS. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 XIX-5/685-89. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919459.
Comfort and Human Factors AstroRad Radiation Garment Evaluation (CHARGE) (AstroRad Vest) tests a special vest designed to protect astronauts from radiation caused by unpredictable solar particle events (SPEs). Astronauts provide input on the garment as they wear it while performing daily tasks, including how easy it is to put on, how it fits and feels, and the range of motion it allows. Garment developers can use this input to improve design, and use of the vest protects crew members on missions to the Moon and Mars.
Commercial Biomedical Test Module - 2 (CBTM-2) uses a validated mouse model to examine the effectiveness of an experimental therapeutic as a possible countermeasure for muscle atrophy.
Publications
Harrison BC, Allen DL, Girten BE, Stodieck LS, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA, Morony SE, Lacey DL, Leinwand LL. Skeletal muscle adaptations to microgravity exposure in the mouse. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 95(6): 2462-2470. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00603.2003.PMID: 12882990. | Impact Statement
Baqai FP, Zawieja DC, Slater JM, Luo-Owen X, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Behnke BJ, Delp MD. Effects of spaceflight on innate immune function and antioxidant gene expression. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 1061935-1942. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91361.2008. | Impact Statement
Zawieja DC, Slater JM, Luo-Owen X, Rizvi A, Behnke BJ, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Delp MD. Spaceflight Effects on T-lymphocyte distrubution, function and gene expression. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 January; 106(1): 194-202. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91126.2008.PMID: 18988762. | Impact Statement
Ortega MT, Delp MD, Zawieja DC, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Behnke BJ. Shifts in Bone Marrow Cell Phenotypes Caused by Space Flight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 Feb; 106(2): 548-555. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91138.2008.PMID: 19056998. | Impact Statement
Cannon CM, Dieter-Seelig H, Stodieck LS, Hanson AM, Simske SJ, Ferguson VL. A novel combination of methods to assess sarcopenia and muscle performance in mice. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2005 41116-121.
Bar-Shai M, Carmeli E, Coleman R, Reznick AZ. Mechanisms in muscle atrophy in immobilization and aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004 1019475-478.
Tian J, Delp MD, Slater JM, Zawieja DC. Spaceflight Modulates Expression of Extracellular Matrix, Adhesion, and Profibrotic Molecules in Mouse Lung. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010 January; 108(1): 162-171. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00730.2009.PMID: 19850731. | Impact Statement
Lebsack, Fa, Woods, Gruener, Manziello, Delp MD, Zawieja DC, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, DeLuca. Microarray Analysis of Spaceflown Murine Thymus Tissue Reveals Changes in Gene Expression Regulating Stress and Glucocorticoid Receptors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2010 May 15; 110(2): 372-381. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22547.PMID: 20213684. | Impact Statement
Dabertrand F, Porte Y, Macrez N, Morel J. Spaceflight regulates ryanodine receptor subtype 1 in portal vein myocytes in the opposite way of hypertension.. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 February 1; 112(3): 471-480. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00733.2011. | Impact Statement
Smith IM, Forsman AD. Ovarian Follicular and Luteal Development in the Spaceflight Mouse. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2012 26(2): 30-37. | Impact Statement
Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ, Green LM, Herrmann EC, Bianski B, Slater JM, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Sandberg LB. Effects of Space Flight on the Expression of Liver Proteins in the Mouse. Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics. 2012 5(10): 256-261. DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000246. | Impact Statement
Zawieja DC, Mao XW, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Moldovan M, Cunningham C, Jones TA, Slater JM, Delp MD. Changes in Mouse Thymus and Spleen after Return from the STS-135 Mission in Space. PLOS ONE. 2013 September 19; 8(9): e75097. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075097.PMID: 24069384. | Impact Statement
Mao XW, Delp MD, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Bouxsein ML, Jones TA, Moldovan M, Cunningham C, Chieu J, Zawieja DC. Spaceflight environment induces mitochondrial oxidative damage in ocular tissue. Radiation Research. 2013 September 13; epubDOI: 10.1667/RR3309.1.PMID: 24033191. | Impact Statement
Lloyd SA, Ferguson VL, Simske SJ, Dunlap AW, Livingston EW, Bateman TA. Housing in the Animal Enclosure Module Spaceflight Hardware increases trabecular bone mass in ground-control mice. Gravitational and Space Research. 2013 October; 1(1): 2-19. | Impact Statement
Forsman AD, Nier HA. The effects of spaceflight on mucin production in the mouse uterus. Gravitational and Space Research. 2013 October; 1(1): 20-28. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2013-0002. | Impact Statement
Sung M, Li J, Spieker AJ, Spatz JM, Ellman R, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Rosen GD, Bouxsein ML, Rutkove SB. Spaceflight and hind limb unloading induce similar changes in electrical impedance characteristics of mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 2013 December; 13(4): 405-411. PMID: 24292610. | Impact Statement
Latchney SE, Rivera PD, Mao XW, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Stodieck LS, Nelson GA, Eisch AJ. The effect of spaceflight on mouse olfactory bulb volume, neurogenesis, and cell death indicates the protective effect of novel environment. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2014 June 15; 116(12): 1593-1604. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01174.2013. | Impact Statement
Romer C, Forsman AD. The effects of the spaceflight environment on the vaginal mucin layer of the mouse. Gravitational and Space Research. 2015 July; 3(1): 20-28. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0002. | Impact Statement
Coulombe JC, Sarazin BA, Ortega AM, Livingston EW, Bateman TA, Stodieck LS, Lynch ME, Ferguson VL. Microgravity-induced alterations of mouse bones are compartment- and site-specific and vary with age. Bone. 2021 June 2; 116021. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116021. | Impact Statement
Ortega AM, Bateman TA, Livingston EW, Paietta RC, Gonzalez SM, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL. Spaceflight related changes in structure and strength of mouse trabecular and cortical bone from the STS-118 space shuttle mission. ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Sunriver, Oregon. 2013 June 26-29; SBC2013-14785V01AT08A005. DOI: 10.1115/SBC2013-14785. | Impact Statement
Commercial Biomedical Testing Module: Effects of Osteoprotegerin on Bone Maintenance in Microgravity (CBTM) provides the capability to use the microgravity environment for evaluation of new pharmaceutical candidates in small mammals. Results may expedite the review of new pharmaceuticals for allowing immediate access to new disease treatments.
Publications
Harrison BC, Allen DL, Girten BE, Stodieck LS, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA, Morony SE, Lacey DL, Leinwand LL. Skeletal muscle adaptations to microgravity exposure in the mouse. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 95(6): 2462-2470. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00603.2003.PMID: 12882990. | Impact Statement
Allen DL, Bandstra ER, Harrison BC, Thorng S, Stodieck LS, Kostenuik PJ, Morony SE, Lacey DL, Hammond TG, Leinwand LL, Argraves WS, Bateman TA, Barth JL. Effects of Spaceflight on Murine Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90780.2008.PMID: 19074574. | Impact Statement
Bateman TA. Molecular therapies for disuse osteoporosis. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2004 17(2): 83-89. | Impact Statement
Zawieja DC, Nelson GA, Peters LL, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA, Morony SE, Stodieck LS, Lacey DL, Simske SJ, Delp MD. Genetic models in applied physiology: selected contribution: effects of spaceflight on immunity in the C57BL/6 mouse. II. Activation, cytokines, erythrocytes, and platelets. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 94(5): 2095-2103. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01052.2002.PMID: 12514166. | Impact Statement
Dalton P, Gould M, Girten BE, Stodieck LS, Bateman TA. Preventing annoyance from odors in spaceflight: a method for evaluating the sensory impact of rodent housing. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 95(5): 2113-2121. | Impact Statement
Sieck GC. Commentary. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 942084. | Impact Statement
Adams GR, Caiozzo VJ, Baldwin KM. Skeletal muscle unweighting: spaceflight and ground-based models. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 952185-2201.
Bateman TA, Bandstra ER. How animal models inform the debate. Bone Loss During Spaceflight: Etiology, Countermeasures, and Implications for Bone Health on Earth. 2007 189-199. | Impact Statement
Pecaut MJ, Nelson GA, Peters LL, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA, Morony SE, Stodieck LS, Lacey DL, Simske SJ, Gridley DS. Genetic models in applied physiology: selected contribution: effects of spaceflight on immunity in the C57BL/6 mouse. I. Immune population distributions. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 May; 94(5): 2085-2094. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01052.2002. | Impact Statement
Milstead JR, Simske SJ, Bateman TA. Spaceflight and hindlimb suspension disuse models in mice. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2004 40105-110. PMID: 15133943. | Impact Statement
Lloyd SA, Morony SE, Ferguson VL, Simske SJ, Stodieck LS, Warmington KS, Livingston EW, Lacey DL, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA. Osteoprotegerin is an effective countermeasure for spaceflight-induced bone loss in mice. Bone. 2015 December; 81562-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.08.021. | Impact Statement
Hammond TG, Allen PL, Birdsall HH. Effects of space flight on mouse liver versus kidney: Gene pathway analyses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018 December 18; 19(12): 12 pp. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124106.PMID: 30567358. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3: Assessment of sclerostin antibody as a novel bone forming agent for prevention of spaceflight-induced skeletal fragility in mice (CBTM-3-Sclerostin Antibody) is one in a series of investigations designed to determine if administering an experimental agent preflight reduces the loss of bone associated with space flight. Humans and animals have been observed to lose bone mass during the reduced gravity of space flight. The sclerostin antibody is designed to inhibit the action of "sclerostin", a protein that is a key negative regulator of bone formation, bone mass and bone strength.
Publications
Devlin MJ, Cloutier AM, Thomas NA, Panus DA, Lotinun S, Pinz I, Baron R, Rosen CJ, Bouxsein ML. Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2010 25(9): 2078-88. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.82.PMID: 20229598. | Impact Statement
Li X. Inhibition of sclerostin by monoclonal antibody increases bone formation, bone mass, and bone strength in aged male rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2010 25(12): 2647-2656. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.182.PMID: 20641040. | Impact Statement
Liu X, Bruxvoort KJ, Zylstra CR, Liu J, Cichowski R, Faugere M, Bouxsein ML, Wan C, Williams BO, Clemens TL. Lifelong accumulation of bone in mice lacking Pten in osteoblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 104(7): 2259-64.
O-Brien CA, Plotkin LI, Galli C, Goellner JJ, Gortazar AR, Allen MR, Robling AG, Bouxsein ML, Schipani E, Turner CH, Jilka RL, Weinstein RS, Manolagas SC, Bellido T. Control of bone mass and remodeling by PTH receptor signaling in osteocytes. PLOS ONE. 2008 3(8): 2942. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002942.PMID: 18698360. | Impact Statement
Ferguson VL, Ayers RA, Bateman TA, Simske SJ. Bone development and age-related bone loss in male C57BL/6J mice. Bone. 2003 33(3): 387-398. DOI: 10.1016/S8756-3282(03)00199-6.PMID: 13678781. | Impact Statement
Lin C, Jiang X, Dai Z, Guo X, Weng T, Wang J, Li Y, Feng G, Gao X, He L. Sclerostin mediates bone response to mechanical unloading through antagonizing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2009 Oct; 24(10): 1651-1661. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090411.PMID: 19419300. | Impact Statement
Fajardo RJ, Manoharan RK, Pearsall RS, Davies MV, Marvell T, Monnell TE, Ucran JA, Pearsall AE, Khanzode D, Kumar R, Underwood KW, Roberts B, Seehra J, Bouxsein ML. Treatment with a soluble receptor for activin improves bone mass and structure in the axial and apendicular skeleton of female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Bone. 2010 46(1): 64-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.09.018.PMID: 19781677. | Impact Statement
Bailey JF, Hargens AR, Cheng KK, Lotz JC. Post-spaceflight recovery of biomechanical properties of murine intervertebral discs. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2012 October; 26(2): 38-47. | Impact Statement
Mao XW, Pecaut MJ, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Bouxsein ML, Gridley DS. Biological and metabolic response in STS-135 space-flown mouse skin. Free Radical Research. 2014 August; 48(8): 890-897. DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.920086.PMID: 24796731. | Impact Statement
Wagner EB, Granzella NP, Saito H, Newman DJ, Young LR, Bouxsein ML. Partial weight suspension: a novel murine model for investigating adaptation to reduced musculoskeletal loading. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010 August; 109(2): 350-357. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2009.PMID: 20522735. | Impact Statement
Spatz JM, Fields EE, Yu EW, Pajevic PD, Bouxsein ML, Sibonga JD, Zwart SR, Smith SM. Serum sclerostin increases in healthy adult men during bed rest. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012 September; 97(9): E1736-1740. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1579.PMID: 22767636. | Impact Statement
Spatz JM, Ellman R, Cloutier AM, Louis L, van Vliet M, Suva LJ, Dwyer D, Stolina M, Ke HZ, Bouxsein ML. Sclerostin antibody inhibits skeletal deterioration due to reduced mechanical loading. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2013 April; 28(4): 865-874. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1807.PMID: 23109229. | Impact Statement
Ellman R, Spatz JM, Cloutier AM, Palme R, Christiansen BA, Bouxsein ML. Partial reductions in mechanical loading yield proportional changes in bone density, bone architecture, and muscle mass. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2013 April; 28(4): 875-885. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1814.PMID: 23165526. | Impact Statement
Hwang S, Crucian BE, Sams CF, Actor JK. Post-spaceflight (STS-135) mouse splenocytes demonstrate altered activation properties and surface molecule expression. PLOS ONE. 2015 May 13; 10(5): e0124380. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124380.PMID: 25970640. | Impact Statement
Philippou A, Minozzo FC, Spinazzola JM, Smith LR, Lei H, Rassier DE, Barton ER. Masticatory muscles of mouse do not undergo atrophy in space. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2015 July; 29(7): 2769-2779. DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-267336.PMID: 25795455. | Impact Statement
Gridley DS, Mao XW, Tian J, Cao JD, Perez C, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Pecaut MJ. Genetic and apoptotic changes in lungs of mice flown on the STS-135 mission in space. In Vivo. 2015 July 8; 29(4): 423-433. PMID: 26130787. | Impact Statement
Ghosh P, Stabley JN, Behnke BJ, Allen MR, Delp MD. Effects of spaceflight on the murine mandible: Possible factors mediating skeletal changes in non-weight bearing bones of the head. Bone. 2016 February; 83156-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.001.PMID: 26545335. | Impact Statement
Jonscher KR, Alfonso-Garcia A, Suhalim JL, Orlicky DJ, Potma EO, Ferguson VL, Bouxsein ML, Bateman TA, Stodieck LS, Levi M, Friedman JE, Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ. Spaceflight activates lipotoxic pathways in mouse liver. PLOS ONE. 2016 April 20; 11(4): e0152877. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152877.PMID: 27097220. Image and caption correction issued in Jonscher KR, Alfonso-Garcia A, Suhalim JL, Orlicky DJ, Potma EO, Ferguson VL, Bouxsein ML, Bateman TA, Stodieck LS, Levi M, Friedman JE, Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ. Correction: Spaceflight activates lipotoxic pathways in mouse liver. PLOS ONE. 2016 May 4; 11(5): e0155282. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155282. PMID: 27145222.. | Impact Statement
Blaber EA, Pecaut MJ, Jonscher KR. Spaceflight activates autophagy programs and the proteasome in mouse liver. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017 September 27; 18(10): 2062. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102062.PMID: 28953266. | Impact Statement
Mao XW, Sandberg LB, Gridley DS, Herrmann EC, Zhang G, Raghavan R, Zubarev RA, Zhang B, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Pecaut MJ. Proteomic analysis of mouse brain subjected to spaceflight. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018 December 20; 20(1): 16 pp. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010007.PMID: 30577490. | Impact Statement
Pecaut MJ, Mao XW, Bellinger DL, Jonscher KR, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Mohney RP, Gridley DS. Is spaceflight-induced immune dysfunction linked to systemic changes in metabolism?. PLOS ONE. 2017 May 24; 12(5): e0174174. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174174.PMID: 28542224. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
Berrios DC, Weitz E, Grigorev K, Costes SV, Gebre SG, Beheshti A. Visualizing omics data from apaceflight samples using the NASA GeneLab platform. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. 2020 March 11; 7089-98. DOI: 10.29007/rh7n. | Impact Statement
Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3: STS-135 space flight's affects on vascular atrophy in the hind limbs of mice (CBTM-3-Vascular Atrophy) examines the effects of space flight on the skeletal bones of mice and the efficacy of a novel agent that may mitigate the loss of bone associated with space flight. Humans and animals have been observed to lose bone mass during the reduced gravity of space flight. CBTM-3-Vascular Atrophy specifically determines if there is a correlation between space flight induced altered blood supply to the bones and surrounding tissues with a resultant loss of bone mass.
Publications
Gashev AA, Pecaut MJ, Gridley DS. Inhibition of active lymph pump by simulated microgravity in rats. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006 290H2295-H2308.
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McDonald KS, Pecaut MJ, Fitts RH. Effect of hindlimb unweighting on tissue blood flow in the rat. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1992 722210-2218.
Zhang L, Mao QW, Ma J, Yu Z. Effects of simulated weightlessness on arterial vasculature (an experimental study of vascular deconditioning). Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 1996 35-8.
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Tuday EC, Nyhan D, Shoukas AA, Berkowitz DE. Simulated microgravity-induced aortic remodeling. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 1062002-2008.
Pecaut MJ, Colleran PN, Wilkerson MK, McCurdy MR, Muller-Delp JM. Structural and functional remodeling of skeletal muscle microvasculature is induced by simulated microgravity. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2000 278H1866-H1873.
Morey-Holton ER, Globus RK, Kaplansky AS, Durnova GN. The hindlimb unloading rat model: literature overview, technique update and comparison with space flight data. Advances in Space Biology and Medicine. 2005 107-40.
Ma J, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhang L. Time course and reversibility of arterial vasoreactivity changes in simulated microgravity rats. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 1997 4P45-P46. PMID: 11540694.
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Stabley JN, Dominguez, II JM, Dominguez CE, Mora Solis FR, Ahlgren J, Chapes SK, Muller-Delp JM, Pecaut MJ. Spaceflight Reduces Vasoconstrictor Responsiveness of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Arteries in Mice. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 11/01/2012; 113(9): 1439-1445. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00772.2012. | Impact Statement
Taylor CR, Hanna M, Chapes SK, Stabley JN, McCullough DJ, Davis, III RT, Ghosh P, Papadopoulos A, Muller-Delp JM, Pecaut MJ. Spaceflight-induced alterations in cerebral artery vasoconstrictor, mechanical, and structural properties: implications for elevated cerebral perfusion and intracranial pressure. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2013 June; 27(6): 2282-2292. DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222687.PMID: 23457215. | Impact Statement
Hwang S, Crucian BE, Sams CF, Actor JK. Post-spaceflight (STS-135) mouse splenocytes demonstrate altered activation properties and surface molecule expression. PLOS ONE. 2015 May 13; 10(5): e0124380. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124380.PMID: 25970640. | Impact Statement
Ritchie LE, Taddeo SA, Weeks BR, Lima F, Bloomfield SA, Azcarate-Peril MA, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Turner ND. Space environmental factor impacts upon murine colon microbiota and mucosal homeostasis. PLOS ONE. 2015 June 17; 10(6): e0125792. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125792.PMID: 26083373. | Impact Statement
Ishihara A, Nagatomo F, Terada M, Fujino H, Kondo H, Ishioka N. Effects of microgravity on the mouse triceps brachii muscle. Muscle & Nerve. 2015 July; 52(1): 63-68. DOI: 10.1002/mus.24491.PMID: 25307981. | Impact Statement
Gridley DS, Mao XW, Tian J, Cao JD, Perez C, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Pecaut MJ. Genetic and apoptotic changes in lungs of mice flown on the STS-135 mission in space. In Vivo. 2015 July 8; 29(4): 423-433. PMID: 26130787. | Impact Statement
Behnke BJ, Stabley JN, McCullough DJ, Davis, III RT, Dominguez, II JM, Muller-Delp JM, Delp MD. Effects of spaceflight and ground recovery on mesenteric artery and vein constrictor properties in mice. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2013 January; 27(1): 399-409. DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218503.PMID: 23099650. | Impact Statement
Ghosh P, Stabley JN, Behnke BJ, Allen MR, Delp MD. Effects of spaceflight on the murine mandible: Possible factors mediating skeletal changes in non-weight bearing bones of the head. Bone. 2016 February; 83156-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.001.PMID: 26545335. | Impact Statement
Mao XW, Sandberg LB, Gridley DS, Herrmann EC, Zhang G, Raghavan R, Zubarev RA, Zhang B, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Pecaut MJ. Proteomic analysis of mouse brain subjected to spaceflight. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018 December 20; 20(1): 16 pp. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010007.PMID: 30577490. | Impact Statement
Pecaut MJ, Mao XW, Bellinger DL, Jonscher KR, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Mohney RP, Gridley DS. Is spaceflight-induced immune dysfunction linked to systemic changes in metabolism?. PLOS ONE. 2017 May 24; 12(5): e0174174. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174174.PMID: 28542224. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
Berrios DC, Weitz E, Grigorev K, Costes SV, Gebre SG, Beheshti A. Visualizing omics data from apaceflight samples using the NASA GeneLab platform. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. 2020 March 11; 7089-98. DOI: 10.29007/rh7n. | Impact Statement
Previous studies showed increased antibiotic production during short duration space flights. The CGBA-APS investigation examined actinomycin D production, an antibiotic, during long term exposure to microgravity to determine the mechanism that caused the increased antibiotic production. Once the mechanism is determined, it can be applied to Earth based pharmaceutical manufacturing techniques.
Publications
Benoit MR, Li W, Stodieck LS, Lam KS, Winther CL, Roane TM, Klaus DM. Microbial Antibiotic Production Aboard the International Space Station. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2006 70(4): 403-411. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0098-3.
Klaus DM, Benoit MR, Bonomo M, Bollich J, Freeman J, Stodieck LS, McClure G, Lam KS. Antibiotic production in space using an automated fed-bioreactor system. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 October 15-18; AIAA-2001-49216 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2001-4921. | Impact Statement
Matin AC, Lynch SV, Benoit MR. Increased Bacterial Resistance and Virulence in Simulated Microgravity and its Molecular Basis. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2006 19(2): 31-42. | Impact Statement
Lam KS, Gustavson DR, Pirnik DL, Pack EJ, Bulanhagui C, Mamber SW, Forenza S, Stodieck LS, Klaus DM. The effect of space flight on the production of actinomycin D by Streptomyces plicatus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002 December 1; 29(6): 299-302. DOI: 10.1038/sj.jim.7000312.PMID: 12483468.
Chynoweth DP, Owens JM, Teixeira AA, Pullammanappallil P, Luniya SS. Anaerobic Digestion of Space Mission Wastes. Water Science and technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2006 53177-186.
Klaus DM, Brown R, Cierpik K. Antibiotic Production in Space. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings. 1998 420633-637. DOI: 10.1063/1.54857. | Impact Statement
Klaus DM. Gravitational Influence on Biomolecular Engineering Processes. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2004 1751-65.
Klaus DM. Microgravity and its Implication for Fermentation Biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology. 1998 16(9): 369-373. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01197-4.
Lam KS, Mamber SW, Pack EJ, Forenza S, Fernandes PB, Klaus DM. The Effects of Space Flight on the Production of Monorden by Humicola fuscoatra WC5157 in Solid State Fermentation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1998 May 25; 49(5): 579-583. DOI: 10.1007/s002530051216.PMID: 9650257.
Klaus DM, Howard HN. Antibiotic efficacy and microbial virulence during space flight. Trends in Biotechnology. 2006 Mar; 24(3): DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.01.008.
Lam KS, Mamber SW, Pack EJ, Forenza S, Fernandes PB, Klaus DM. The effects of space flight on the production of monorden by Humicola fuscoatra WC5157 in solid-state fermentation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1998 May 25; 49(5): 579-583. DOI: 10.1007/s002530051216.PMID: 9650257.
This investigation examined how microgravity alters the genes controlling the production of proteins in association with kidney cells; using commercial scientific hardware that has supported many biological laboratory investigations adapted to operate in space and which require temperature controls from 4°C to 37°C. This research will allow the manipulation of cells to produce specific tissues for use as models in the development of new medicines to treat kidney disorders. This investigation was part of a suite of three experiments that used the CGBA hardware.
Publications
Hammond TG, Benes E, O'Reilly KC, Wolf DA, Linnehan RM, Taher A, Kaysen JH, Allen PL, Goodwin TJ. Mechanical culture conditions effect gene expression: gravity-induced changes on the space shuttle. Physiological Genomics. 2000 09/08/2000; 3(3): 163-173. PMID: 11015612.
This investigation examined how microgravity affects nervous system development in fruit flies, using commercial scientific hardware that can support many biological laboratory investigations adapted to operate in space and which require temperature controls from 4°C to 37°C. The results from this investigation may give insight on how microgravity affects human nervous system development. This investigation was part of a suite of experiments that used the CGBA hardware.
Publications
Fernandes JJ, Keshishian H. Patterning the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles (DLM) of Drosophila: insights from the ablation of larval scaffolds. Development. 1996 122(12): 3755-3763.
Fernandes JJ, Keshishian H. Nerve-muscle interactions during flight muscle development in Drosophila. Development. 1998 125(9): 1769-1779.
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 01 (CSI-01) is comprised of two educational experiments that will be utilized by middle school students in the Uniteds States and Malaysia. One experiment is examining seed germination in microgravity including gravitropism (plant growth towards gravity) and phototropism (plant growth towards light). The second experiment is examining how microgravity affects the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, a small nematode worm. Thousands of students began participating in the experiments in February 2007.
Publications
Hoehn A, Countryman S, Freeman J, Gifford K, Goulart C, Kalinowski WC, Koenig PM, Kusminski S, Williams S, Stodieck LS. Science Research and Education Modules for the CGBA Spaceflight Incubator. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2007 2007-01-3188DOI: 10.4271/2007-01-3188. | Impact Statement
Oczypok EA, Etheridge T, Freeman J, Stodieck LS, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Szewczyk NJ. Remote automated multigenerational growth and observation of an animal in low Earth orbit. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2012 Mar; 9(68): 596-599. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0716. | Impact Statement
Goulart C, Woodard S, Campbell K. STARS™ (Science Technology and Research Students): A Hands-on, Interactive, Scientific and Cultural Exchange Lesson. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 2005-01-3102DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-3102. | Impact Statement
Szewczyk NJ, Mancinelli RL, McLamb W, Reed DW, Blumberg BS, Conley CA. Caenorhabditis elegans Survives Atmospheric Breakup of STS-107, Space Shuttle Columbia. Astrobiology. 2005 5(6): 690-705. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2005.5.690. | Impact Statement
Woodard S, Goulart C, Hoehn A. Performance of the STARS life sciences payload during benchtop testing and mission simulations. International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vancouver, Canada. 2003 2003-01-2530DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2530. | Impact Statement
Goulart C, Woodard S, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS. Performance of the STARS life sciences habitats in spaceflight and ground controls. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2004 2004-01-2394DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2394. | Impact Statement
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 02 (CSI-02) is an educational payload designed to interest middle school students in science, technology, engineering and math by participating in near real-time research conducted on board the International Space Station (ISS). Students will observe four experiments through data and imagery downlinked and distributed directly into the classroom via the internet. The first experiment will examine seed germination and plant development in microgravity. The second experiment will examine yeast cells adaptation to the space environment. The third experiment will examine plant cell cultures and the fourth will be a silicate garden. The experiments conducted for CSI-02 are designed primarily to meet education objectives; however, to the maximum extent possible, meaningful scientific research is conducted to generate new knowledge into gravity-dependent biological processes and to support future plans for human space exploration. CSI-02 has the potential to impact over 15,000 middle school and high school students.
Publications
Cartwright JH, Escribano B, Sainz-Diaz CI, Stodieck LS. Chemical-Garden Formation, Morphology, and Composition. II. Chemical Gardens in Microgravity. Langmuir. 2011 April 5; 27(7): 3294-3300. DOI: 10.1021/la104193q.PMID: 21391639. | Impact Statement
Hoehn A, Countryman S, Freeman J, Gifford K, Goulart C, Kalinowski WC, Koenig PM, Kusminski S, Williams S, Stodieck LS. Science Research and Education Modules for the CGBA Spaceflight Incubator. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2007 2007-01-3188DOI: 10.4271/2007-01-3188. | Impact Statement
Woodard S, Goulart C, Hoehn A. Performance of the STARS life sciences payload during benchtop testing and mission simulations. International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vancouver, Canada. 2003 2003-01-2530DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2530. | Impact Statement
Goulart C, Woodard S, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS. Performance of the STARS life sciences habitats in spaceflight and ground controls. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2004 2004-01-2394DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2394. | Impact Statement
Poynter J, MacCallum T, Anderson G, Rupert MA, Woodard S, Goulart C, Campbell K. The Development and Testing of Visualization and Passively Controlled Life Support Systems for Experimental Organisms During Spaceflight. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 July; 2001-01-22888 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2001-01-2288. | Impact Statement
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 03 (CSI-03) is one investigation in the CSI program series. The CSI program provides the K-12 community opportunities to utilize the unique microgravity environment of the International Space Station as part of the regular classroom to encourage learning and interest in science, technology, engineering and math. CSI-03 will examine the complete life cycle of the painted lady butterfly, eat, grow and undergo metamorphosis in space.
Publications
Moreno NP, Erdmann DB. Addressing Science Teacher Needs. Science. 2010 3271589-1560. DOI: 10.1126/science.1182432. | Impact Statement
Moreno NP, Vogt GL, Denk JP, Countryman S, Stodieck LS, Thomson WA. Butterflies and Spiders in Space: Space Life Science Investigations for the Classroom. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2012 26(1): 77 - 87. | Impact Statement
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 05: Spiders, Fruit Flies and Directional Plant Growth (CSI-05) examines the long duration orb weaving characteristics of a Nephila clavipes (golden orb-web spiders), the movement behavior of fruit flies, and the thigmatropic (directional plant growth in response to a stimulus of direct contact) and phototropic (directional plant growth in response to a light source) responses that occur during seed germination in microgravity. CSI-05 utilizes the unique microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the K-12 classroom to encourage learning and interest in science, technology, engineering and math.
Publications
Woodard S, Goulart C, Hoehn A. Performance of the STARS life sciences payload during benchtop testing and mission simulations. International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vancouver, Canada. 2003 2003-01-2530DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2530. | Impact Statement
Goulart C, Woodard S, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS. Performance of the STARS life sciences habitats in spaceflight and ground controls. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2004 2004-01-2394DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2394. | Impact Statement
Zschokke S, Countryman S, Cushing PE. Spiders in space-orb-web-related behaviour in zero gravity. Science of Nature. 2020 December 3; 108(1): 1. DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-01708-8.PMID: 33270151. | Impact Statement
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert – 06: Ants in Space (CSI-06) compares behavior differences in groups of ants living in normal gravity and microgravity conditions. It measures how the interactions among ants in a group depend on the number of ants in a given area. These interactions may be important in determining group behavior. Cameras record ants living on the International Space Station, and software analyzes their movement patterns and interaction rates. Students in grades K-12 observe the videos in near real-time as the ISS experiment and conduct their own classroom experiments as part of a related curriculum.
Publications
Goulart C, Rupert MA, Hoehn A. Habitat Development in Support of Small Scale Biological and Biochemical Space Experiments. International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vancouver, Canada. 2002 2002-01-2282DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-2282. | Impact Statement
Goulart C, Woodard S, Campbell K. STARS™ (Science Technology and Research Students): A Hands-on, Interactive, Scientific and Cultural Exchange Lesson. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 2005-01-3102DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-3102. | Impact Statement
Woodard S, Goulart C, Hoehn A. Performance of the STARS life sciences payload during benchtop testing and mission simulations. International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vancouver, Canada. 2003 2003-01-2530DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2530. | Impact Statement
Goulart C, Woodard S, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS. Performance of the STARS life sciences habitats in spaceflight and ground controls. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2004 2004-01-2394DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2394. | Impact Statement
Countryman S, Stumpe MC, Crow SP, Adler FR, Greene M, Vonshak M, Gordon D. Collective search by ants in microgravity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2015 March 30; 3(25): 10 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00025. | Impact Statement
The Lego Bricks payload is a series of toy Lego kits that are assembled on orbit and used to demonstrate scientific concepts. Some of these models include satellites, a space shuttle orbiter, and a scale model of the International Space Station (ISS).
Commercial Protein Crystal Growth - High Density (CPCG-H) tested hardware using a variety of protein crystal growth methods. Researchers determined the type of hardware that would be most appropriate for each experiment and which type of hardware could be permanently added to or removed from ISS facilities for future protein crystal experiments. Protein crystal growth experiments aid the generation of computer models of carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins, and further advance the progress of biotechnology. Understanding these results will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes, both in medicine and agriculture.
Publications
Krauspenhaar R, Rypniewski W, Kalkura N, Moore K, DeLucas LJ, Stoeva S, Mikhailov A, Voelter W, Betzel C. Crystallisation under microgravity of mistletoe lectin I from Viscum album with adenine monophosphate and the crystal structure at 1.9 angstrom resolution. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 581704-1707. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902014270.
Miele AE, Federici L, Sciara G, Draghi F, Brunori M, Vallone B. Analysis of the effect of microgavity on protein crystal quality: the case of a myoglobin triple mutant. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2003 May 23; D59(6): 982-988. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444903005924.
Nardini M, Spano S, Cericola C, Pesce A, Damonte G, Luini A, Corda D, Bolognesi M. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of brefeldin A-ADP ribosylated substrate (BARS). Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 581068-1070. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902006984.
Vallazza M, Banumathi S, Perbandt M, Moore K, DeLucas LJ, Betzel C, Erdmann VA. Crystallization and Structure Analysis of Thermus flavus 5S rRNA helix B. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 581700-1703. DOI: 10.1107/S090744490201421X.
DeLucas LJ, Moore K, Long MM. Protein crystal growth and the International Space Station. Gravitational and Space Biology. 1999 1239-45.
Moore K, Long MM, DeLucas LJ. Protein crystal growth in microgravity: status and commericial implications. AIP Conference Proceedings: Space Technology and Applications International Forum, Albuquerque, NM. 1999 458(1): 217-224.
DeLucas LJ. Protein crystallization -- is it rocket science. Drug Discovery Today. 2001 6(14): 734-744.
The Commercial Protein Crystal Growth HM (CPCG-HM) investigation expands an ongoing program into the complex realm of membrane proteins that move signals or molecules to and from a cell’s interior or help cells identify each other for immune responses. Proteins in the microgravity environment are exposed to conditions that concentrate them so they form crystals that would be too fragile to form on Earth, but which can be returned to Earth for X-ray analysis.
To share the excitement of space exploration, inspire and ignite interest among Canadians in Canada's next space mission, Expedition 34/35, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield will participate in an ARISS connection with a Canadian school. This live Ham radio event will create interest and engage young Canadians in learning in the mission.
To share the excitement of space exploration, inspire and ignite interest among Canadians in Canada's next space mission, Expedition 34/35, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield will record a series of short video podcasts from the ISS in a maximum of 9 sessions (some prime, some reserve) ranging from 16 to 57 minutes in duration. These video podcasts will be distributed to Canadian media, posted on CSA's Website and other social media tools in an effort to reach out to Canadians all across the country.
To share the excitement of space exploration, inspire and ignite interest among Canadians in Canada's next space mission, Expedition 34/35, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield takes a series of still photos with flown items as part of his Official Flight Kit while aboard the International Space Station (ISS). A list with the items (close to 30) is provided to him. These still photos are posted on the Canadian Space Agency website and social media tools, distributed to groups and included as part of special mission montages during astronaut Hadfield’s post-mission tour back in Canada.
Communication and Outreach-C3-CSA includes educational activities such as video messages, pictures of Earth from space, and images of life aboard the space station. These activities help raise awareness and engage the general public and Canadian youth with space exploration as well as science, technology, engineering, and math themes.
Comparative Real-time Metabolic Activity Tracking for Improved Therapeutic Assessment Screening Panels (Metabolic Tracking) examines effects of microgravity on the metabolic impact of five different therapeutic compounds. It also evaluates use of autobioluminescent human tissue culture for continuous tracking of metabolic activity without destroying the sample. This tool may streamline microgravity-based drug discovery assays relative to traditional fluorescent/bioluminescent assays.
GSM experiment documented the growth of seeds of a Brazilian native plant, Astronium fraxinifolium (Goncalo alves or Kingwood).
Publications
Inglis PW, Ciampi AY, Salomao AN, Costa Td, Azevedo VC. Expression of stress-related genes in zebrawood (Astronium fraxinifolium, Anacardiaceae) seedlings following germination in microgravity. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2014 March; 37(1): 81-92. DOI: 10.1590/S1415-47572014000100014.PMID: 24688295. | Impact Statement
Complex Micro(μ)-Biological System (CommuBioS) studies the aging of complex multicomponent liquids during long-term storage in space. It stores samples of wine, a chemically complex liquid, on the space station and compares the samples with those stored in an aging facility on the ground to determine the effect of the space environment on specific components. Results advance knowledge of the evolution of compounds that are critical for the nutrition and taste of foods.
The Component Repair Experiment -1, SDTO 17012U (CRE-1) is an incremental step toward providing an electronics repair capability during future long-duration space missions. Implementation of repair capabilities can help reduce the burden of replacement hardware. Specifically, CRE-1 demonstrates the physical steps of component-level electronics repair conducted by crewmembers aboard the International Space Station (ISS). These physical processes all have a direct gravitational dependence (such as the soldering process itself) or an indirect, operational dependence on the gravity environment (such as placing, aligning, and securing small replacement parts). Therefore, the repair processes must be demonstrated in a relevant environment as part of a repair capability development.
Publications
Easton JW, Struk PM, Rotella A. Imaging and Analysis of Void-Defects in Solder Joints Formed in Reduced Gravity Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 2008-824 | Impact Statement
Pettegrew RD, Struk PM, Watson JK, Haylett DR. Experimental Methods in Reduced-Gravity Soldering Research. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2002 2002-211993 | Impact Statement
Easton JW, Pettegrew RD, Struk PM. Electronic Repair Concepts for Long-Duration Spaceflight. 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2007 AIAA-2007-545 | Impact Statement
Struk PM, Oeftering RC, Easton JW, Anderson EE. Semi-Automated Diagnosis, Repair, and Rework of Spacecraft Electronics. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 AIAA-20081130. | Impact Statement
Pettegrew RD, Struk PM, Watson JK, Haylett DR, Downs RS. Gravitational Effects on Solder Joints. Welding Journal. 2003 82(10): 44-48. | Impact Statement
Struk PM, Pettigrew RD, Downs RS. The Effects of an Unsteady Reduced Gravity Environment on the Soldering Process. 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2004 AIAA 2004-1311
Grugel RN, Cotton LJ, Segre PN, Ogle JA, Funkhouser G, Parris F, Murphy L, Gillies D, Hua F, Anilkumar AV. The In-Space Soldering Investigation (ISSI): Melting and Solidification Experiments Aboard the International Space Station. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV. 2006 AIAA 2006-521 | Impact Statement
Easton JW, Struk PM. Component Repair Experiment-1: An Experiment Evaluating Electronic Component-Level Repair During Spaceflight. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2012 Mar; NASA/TM-2012-217022(CLEAR-RPT-007): | Impact Statement
Comprehensive Study of the Pattern of Main Indicators of Cardiac Activity and Blood Circulation (Cardio-ODNT Perfection) identifies the associations in regulation of human systemic and pulmonary circulation during the stages of individual adaptation to conditions of long-term microgravity using functional load testing along with the application of negative pressure to the lower part of the body (LBNP) in order to assess and predict orthostatic intolerance (dizziness upon standing up).
Publications
Grigoriev AI, Yarov AS, Kriutchenko SG, Kleyev VV. Device for the redistribution of blood in the human body during arterial hypertension, and under conditions of weightlessness during spaceflight. Federal Service for Intellectual Property. 2005 September 10;
Turchaninova VF, Alfyorova IV, Golubchikova ZA, Lyamin VR, Krivolapov VV. Initial results of the Kardio-ODNT experiment on board the ISS. XII Conference on Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine, Moscow, Russia. 2002 June 10-14; 330-331.
Turchaninova VF, Alfyorova IV, Golubchikova ZA, Lyamin VR, Krivolapov VV. The Kardio-ODNT experiment on board the ISS. V International Scientific and Applied Conference Manned Spaceflights, Star City, Russia. 2003 April 9-10;
Comprehensive Study of the Pattern of Main Indicators of Cardiac Activity and Blood Circulation (Cardio-ODNT) identifies the associations in regulation of human systemic and pulmonary circulation during the stages of individual adaptation to conditions of long-term microgravity using functional load testing along with the application of negative pressure to the lower part of the body (LBNP) in order to assess and predict orthostatic intolerance (dizziness upon standing up).
Publications
Kotovskaya AR, Fomina GA. Human venous hemodynamics in microgravity and prediction of orthostatic tolerance in flight. Human Physiology. 2015 December 22; 41(7): 699-703. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119715070063.PMID: 23700615. Russian. Original Russian Text © A.R. Kotovskaya, G.A. Fomina, 2013, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 37–42..
Kotovskaya AR. CHANGES IN MAIN VEIN CHARACTERISTICS OF COSMONAUT'S LOWER EXTREMITIES IN THE COURSE OF YEAR-LONG SPACE MISSIONS. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2016 50(6): 5-10. PMID: 29553599. Russian. Original Russian text. Kotovskaya A.R., Fomina G.А. 2016, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2016. V. 50. № 6. P. 5–10..
Kotovskaya AR, Fomina GA, Salnikov VA. [Normal values of the major parameters of lower limb veins in Russian cosmonauts prior to flight and in healthy untrained subjects]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2015 49(1): 13-18. PMID: 25958461. Russian.
Kotovskaya AR, Fomina GA, Salnikov VA. Investigations of leg veins in cosmonauts after repeated 6-month missions to the RS of the ISS. Human Physiology. 2020 December 1; 46(7): 776-779. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119720070087. | Impact Statement
Turchaninova VF, Alfyorova IV, Krivolapov VV. Several aspects of a comparative analysis of hemodynamic reactions to LBNP in crewmembers from various age groups. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2010 44(1): 20-25. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119712070249.Also: Turchaninova, V. F., I. V. Alferova, and V. V. Krivolapov, ‘Some Aspects of the Comparative Analysis of Hemodynamic Responses to LBNP Tests in Cosmonauts of Different Age Groups’, Human Physiology, 38 (2012), 721–26 http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0362119712070249. | Impact Statement
Turchaninova VF, Alferova IV, Krivolapov VV, Liamin VR, Beliaev AP. Dependence of the circulation system functioning on cosmonaut age according to the results of physical loading tests on a veloergometer. Human Physiology. 2013 December 29; 39(7): 707-711. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713070189.Original Russian Text © V.F. Turchaninova, I.V. Alferova, V.V. Krivolapov, V.R. Liamin, A.P. Beliaev, 2010, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 8–12.. | Impact Statement
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year while his twin remains on Earth. Comprehensive Whole Genome Analysis of Differential Epigenetic Effects of Space Travel on Monozygotic Twins (Twins Study – Feinberg) studies the chemical changes to DNA that result from exposure to different environmental conditions, determines whether they are temporary or long-lasting, and looks at how these changes relate to the various changes noted by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Confined Combustion examines the behavior of flame as it spreads in differently-shaped confined spaces in microgravity. Flame spread observations are translated into mathematical models for use in understanding the results and applying them to areas with different shapes.
Publications
Li Y, Liao YT, Ferkul PV, Johnston MC, Bunnell CT. Experimental study of concurrent-flow flame spread over thin solids in confined space in microgravity. Combustion and Flame. 2021 May 1; 22739-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.042. | Impact Statement
Li Y, Liao YT, Ferkul PV, Johnston MC, Bunnell CT. Confined combustion of polymeric solid materials in microgravity. Combustion and Flame. 2021 December 1; 234111637. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111637. | Impact Statement
Sharma A, Li Y, Liao YT, Ferkul PV, Johnston MC, Bunnell CT. Effects of confinement on opposed-flow flame spread over thin solids in microgravity. 2022 Spring Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion Institute, Detroit, Michigan. 2022 May 17; 11pp. | Impact Statement
Constrained Vapor Bubble (CVB) aims to achieve a better understanding of the physics of evaporation and condensation and how they affect cooling processes in microgravity using a remotely controlled microscope and a small cooling device.
Publications
Chatterjee A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, Chao DF, Sicker RJ, Lorik T, Chestney L, Eustace J, Zoldak JT. The Constrained Vapor Bubble Experiment for ISS - Earth's Gravity Results. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 2010 24(4): 400-410. DOI: 10.2514/1.47522.Also presented at the 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, Orlando, Florida, January 4 - 7, 2010 (AIAA 2010-1481)..
Gokhale SJ, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, DasGupta S. Inferred pressure gradient and fluid flow in a condensing sessile droplet based on the measured thickness profile. Physics of Fluids. 2004 16(6): 1942-1955.
Plawsky JL, Panchangam SS, Gokhale SJ, Wayner, Jr. PC, DasGupta S. A Study of the Oscillating Corner Meniscus in a Vertical Constrained Vapor Bubble System. Superlattices and Microstructures. 2004 35559-572.
Panchangam SS, Gokhale SJ, Plawsky JL, DasGupta S, Wayner, Jr. PC. Experimental Determination of the Effect of Disjoining Pressure on Shear in the Contact Line Region of a Moving Evaporating Thin Film. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2005 127(3): 231-243.
Panchangam SS, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Influence of Marangoni Stresses and Slip on Spreading Characteristics of an Evaporating Binary Mixture Meniscus. 9th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. 2006 AIAA2006-3271.
Panchangam SS, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Microscale Heat Transfer in an Evaporating Moving Extended Meniscus. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2006 30245.
Gokhale SJ, DasGupta S, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Optical Investigation of the Interfacial Phenomena During Coalescence of two Condensing Drops and Shape Evolution of the Coalesced Drop. 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting, Austin, TX. 2004 Paper No. 169f | Impact Statement
Gokhale SJ, DasGupta S, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Reflectivity Based Evaluation of the Coalescence of Two Condensing Drops and Shape Evolution of the Coalesced Drop. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2004 70(5): 051610. | Impact Statement
Panchangam SS, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Spreading Characteristics and Microscale Evaporative Heat Transfer in an Ultra-Thin Film Containing a Binary Mixture. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2006 128(12): 1266-1275. | Impact Statement
Gokhale SJ, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Spreading, Evaporation and Contact Line Dynamics of Surfactant Laden Micro-Drops. Langmuir. 2005 21(18): 8188-8197. DOI: 10.1021/la050603u.
Zheng L, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, DasGupta S. Stability and Oscillations in an Evaporating Corner Mensicus. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2004 126(2): 169-178. | Impact Statement
Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Explosive Nucleation in Microgravity: The Constrained Vapor Bubble Experiment. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012 November; 55(23-24): 6473-6484. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.06.047.
Plawsky JL, Ojha M, Chatterjee A, Wayner, Jr. PC. Review of the Effects of Surface Topography, Surface Chemistry, and Fluid Physics on Evapoation at the Contact Line. Chemical Engineering Communications. 2008 December 15; 196(5): 658-696. DOI: 10.1080/00986440802569679.
Ojha M, Chatterjee A, Dalakos G, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL. Role of solid surface structure on evaporative phase change from a completely wetting corner meniscus. Physics of Fluids. 2010 22(5): 052101. DOI: 10.1063/1.3392771.
Chatterjee A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. A Boundary Value Model for an Evaporating Meniscus. Proceedings of the 14th International Heat Transfer Conference, Washington, DC. 2010 August 8-13; IHTC14-22677827-834. DOI: 10.1115/IHTC14-22677.
Chatterjee A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, Chao DF, Sicker RJ, Lorik T, Chestney L, Eustace J, Zoldak JT. The Constrained Vapor Bubble (CVB) Experiment in the Microgravity Environment of the International Space Station. 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, Orlando, FL. 2011 January 4-7; AIAA 2011-1197DOI: 10.2514/6.2011-1197.
Ojha M, Chatterjee A, Mont F, Schubert EF, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL. The role of solid surface structure on dropwise phase change processes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2010 February; 53(5-6): 910-922. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.11.033.
Chatterjee A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Disjoining pressure and capillarity in the constrained vapor bubble heat transfer system. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2011 October; 168(1-2): 40-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2011.02.011.
Chatterjee A, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL, Chao DF, Sicker RJ, Lorik T, Chestney L, Eustace J, Margie R, Zoldak JT. The Constrained Vapor Bubble Fin Heat Pipe in Microgravity. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2011 August 3; 50(15): 8917-8926. DOI: 10.1021/ie102072m.
Chatterjee A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, Chao DF, Sicker RJ, Lorik T, Chestney L, Margie R, Eustace J, Zoldak JT. Constrained Vapor Bubble Heat Pipe Experiment Aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 2013 March; 27(2): 309-319. DOI: 10.2514/1.T3792.
Kundan A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Thermophysical characteristics of a wickless heat pipe in microgravity – Constrained vapor bubble experiment. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2014 November; 781105-1113. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.07.044.
Kundan A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC. Effect of capillary and marangoni forces on transport phenomena in microgravity. Langmuir. 2015 April 15; epubDOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00428.PMID: 25874586.
Kundan A, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, Chao DF, Sicker RJ, Motil BJ, Lorik T, Chestney L, Eustace J, Zoldak JT. Thermocapillary phenomena and performance limitations of a wickless heat pipe in microgravity. Physical Review Letters. 2015 April 7; 114(14): 146105. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.146105.PMID: 25910141.
Nguyen TT, Kundan A, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL, Chao DF, Sicker RJ. The effect of an ideal fluid mixture on the evaporator performance of a heat pipe in microgravity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2016 April; 95765-772. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.12.032. | Impact Statement
Kundan A, Nguyen TT, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, Chao DF, Sicker RJ. Arresting the phenomenon of heater flooding in a wickless heat pipe in microgravity. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 2016 June; 8265-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.02.001.
Nguyen TT, Kundan A, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL, Chao DF, Sicker RJ. Experimental study of the heated contact line region for a pure fluid and binary fluid mixture in microgravity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2017 February 15; 48848-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.082.PMID: 27821339.
Kundan A, Nguyen TT, Plawsky JL, Wayner, Jr. PC, Chao DF, Sicker RJ. Condensation on highly superheated surfaces: Unstable thin films in a wickless heat pipe. Physical Review Letters. 2017 March 3; 118(9): 094501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.094501.PMID: 28306276.
Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL. Review: Change-of-phase in an extended meniscus 2020 Max Jakob Memorial Award paper. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2021 November 9; 144(1): 8pp. DOI: 10.1115/1.4052688.
Yu J, Pawar A, Plawsky JL, Chao DF. The effect of bubble nucleation on the performance of a wickless heat pipe in microgravity. npj Microgravity. 2022 April 28; 8(1): 12. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00197-5.PMID: 35484162. | Impact Statement
Constrained Vapor Bubble-2 (CVB-2) uses a miniature heat pipe and a mixture of two fuels to investigate the physics and engineering of heat transfer systems. The investigation conducts basic research in thermodynamics, including heat transfer and the phenomena that occur at the boundary between two phases of matter. It also studies the effectiveness of heat transfer using the CVB heat pipe, a passive heat transfer system on the International Space Station.
Publications
Nguyen TT, Kundan A, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL, Chao DF, Sicker RJ. Effects of cooling temperature on heat pipe evaporator performance using an ideal fluid mixture in microgravity. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2016 July; 75108-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.01.016.
Nguyen TT, Kundan A, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL, Chao DF, Sicker RJ. The effect of an ideal fluid mixture on the evaporator performance of a heat pipe in microgravity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2016 April; 95765-772. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.12.032. | Impact Statement
Nguyen TT, Yu J, Wayner, Jr. PC, Plawsky JL, Kundan A, Chao DF, Sicker RJ. Rip currents: A spontaneous heat transfer enhancement mechanism in a wickless heat pipe. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020 March 1; 149119170. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119170. | Impact Statement
Conversion of Adipogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Mature Cardiac Myocytes (Cardiac Myocytes) uses the microgravity environment of space to examine how stem cells differentiate into specialized heart cells (cardiac myocytes). Previous studies using microgravity chambers on Earth have found that low gravity environments help specially programmed stem cells move towards becoming new heart muscle cells. The Cardiac Myocytes experiment delivers frozen stem cells in an experimental setup to the International Space Station where the cells are thawed, cultured under specific conditions, tagged and then returned to Earth for analysis and comparison with control batches.
Some types of fuels initially burn very hot, then appear to go out — but they continue burning at a much lower temperature, with no visible flames (cool flames). Understanding cool flame combustion helps scientists develop new engines and fuels that are more efficient and less harmful to the environment. The Cool Flames Investigation provides new insight into this phenomenon, as well as new data on fire safety in space.
Publications
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Williams FA. Partial-burning regime for quasi-steady droplet combustion supported by cool flames. AIAA Journal. 2016 January 11; epub5 pp. DOI: 10.2514/1.J054437.
The Cooling, Annealing, and Pointing Satellite (CAPSat) CubeSat mission includes three demonstrations of satellite technology: strain-actuated deployable panels for improved pointing control and jitter reduction, an active thermal control system, and single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) to test methods of mitigating space radiation damage. The University of Illinois and Bradley University developed the mission, expected to last approximately a year.
For Coordinated Aurora Photography from Earth and Space (AuroraMAX), crewmembers photograph the aurora borealis from the International Space Station (ISS). The photography may be timed with periods of increased solar activity to increase the chances of photographing auroras. This is a public outreach initiative designed to inspire the public to learn more about solar-terrestrial science and how solar activity affects Earth.
Publications
Lay S, Vermeulen J, Perin C, Donovan E, Dachselt R, Carpendale S. Slicing the Aurora: An Immersive Proxemics-Aware Visualization. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Companion on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces. Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. 2016 November 6 - 9; 91-97. DOI: 10.1145/3009939.3009954.
Copper Indium Sulfide Defect Crystal Growth (CIS-DG) synthesizes copper indium sulfide (CuInS2) semiconductor crystals in microgravity. These crystals could be used to manufacture more efficient and economical photovoltaic or solar cell devices. Manufacturing such solar cells requires controlling chemical defects in the crystals, and the lack of gravity-driven convection in microgravity could enable this control.
The Cosmic-Ray Energetics and Mass for the International Space Station investigation, known as ISS-CREAM, places a highly successful balloon-borne instrument aboard the International Space Station where it gathers an order of magnitude (ten times) more data, which has lower background interference because Earth's atmosphere is no longer interfering. CREAM's instruments measure the charges of cosmic rays ranging from hydrogen up through iron nuclei, over a broad energy range. The modified balloon instrument is carried aloft on a Space X Dragon Lab cargo supply mission and placed on the Japanese Exposed Module for a period of at least three years.
Publications
Seo E. Direct measurements of cosmic rays using balloon borne experiments. Astroparticle Physics. 2012 December; 39-4076-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.04.002.
Ahn HS, Allison P, Bagliesi MG, Beatty JJ, Bigongiari G, Childers JT, Conklin NB, Coutu S, DuVernois MA, Ganel O, Han JH, Jeon JA, Kim KC, Lee MH, Lutz L, Maestro P, Malinin A, Marrocchesi PS, Minnick SA, Mognet SI, Nam J, Nam SW, Nutter SL, Park IH, Park NH, Seo E, Sina R, Wu J, Yang J, Yoon YS, Zei R, Zinn SY. Discrepant Hardening Observed in Cosmic-Ray Elemental Spectra. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2010 May 1; 714(1): L89-L93. DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/714/1/L89.
Ptuskin V, Zirakashvili V, Seo E. Spectrum of Galactic Cosmic Rays Accelerated in Supernova Remnants. The Astrophysical Journal. 2010 July 20; 718(1): 31-36. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/31.
Chang J, Adams, Jr. JH, Ahn HS, Bashindzhagyan GL, Christl M, Ganel O, Guzik TG, Isbert J, Kim KC, Kuznetsov EN, Panasyuk MI, Panov AD, Schmidt WK, Seo E, Sokolskaya NV, Watts JW, Wefel JP, Wu J, Zatsepin VI. An excess of cosmic ray electrons at energies of 300–800 GeV. Nature. 2008 November 20; 456(7220): 362-365. DOI: 10.1038/nature07477.
Ahn HS, Allison P, Bagliesi MG, Beatty JJ, Bigongiari G, Boyle P, Childers JT, Conklin NB, Coutu S, DuVernois MA, Ganel O, Han JH, Jeon JA, Kim KC, Lee JK, Lee MH, Lutz L, Maestro P, Malinin A, Marrocchesi PS, Minnick SA, Mognet SI, Nam SW, Nutter SL, Park IH, Park NH, Seo E, Sina R, Swordy JP, Wakely SP, Wu J, Yang J, Yoon YS, Zei R, Zinn SY. The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) instrument. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2007 September; 579(3): 1034-1053. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2007.05.203.
Seo E, Anderson T, Angelaszek D, Baek SJ. Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM). Advances in Space Research. 2014 531451-1455. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2014.01.013.
Cost-effective High E-Frequency Satellite (CHEFSat) tests and prepares consumer communications technology for use in space. The growing range of devices, components and miniaturized technology available on consumer markets represents a boon for space exploration and cost management. CHEFSat specifically readies a consumer-grade radio frequency device for wider space use by testing its safety and effectiveness in a working CubeSat deployed from the International Space Station (ISS).
The CraigX Flight Test Platform (NanoRacks-Craig-X FTP) investigation tests an array of material samples, several of which are additive manufactured materials, to determine the effects of the space environment for potential use in future space applications. In addition, testing of software defined radio technology is performed to assess possible commercial and military uses. The investigation also provides space for student-led experiments in support of the ISS National Lab’s education objectives.
Creating, Preparing, and Launching Small Spacecraft during Extravehicular Activity (RadioSkaf) uses a decommissioned Orlan spacesuit equipped with a ham radio transmitter and a compact disk containing messages and images from students around the world. After being released during extravehicular activities, the suit will transmit a ham radio signal and then re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere and burn up. Students and hobbyists from around the world can tune in to the signal to identify the transmitted words and image. This investigation will not only inspire the next generation of explorers but can help bridge the cultural gap of people around the globe.
Publications
Bauer F. This is Suitsat-1, Amateur Radio Station RS0RS!!. 23nd AMSAT Space Symposium and Annual Meeting, Lafayette, LA. 2005 17
Creation of an Express Water-Toxicity Monitoring System for Spaceflight Conditions (Toksichnost’) evaluates water toxicity in spaceflight conditions. This investigation was performed on water samples obtained from the ISS condensate water processor (downstream from the purification units, before the addition of preservatives), as well as on water samples delivered from Earth, for comparative analysis.
Publications
Alekhova TA. Microflora research on a surface of the International Space Station Russian Segment (ISS RS) constructional materials. 3rd Congress of Microbiologists of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 2005
Space missions beyond low-Earth orbit require new approaches to daily operations between ground and crew to account for significant communication delays. One approach is increased autonomy for crews, or Autonomous Mission Operations. The Crew Autonomous Scheduling Test (CAST) investigation analyzes whether crews can develop plans in a reasonable period of time with appropriate input, whether proximity of planners to the planned operations increases efficiency, and if crew members are more satisfied when given a role in plan development.
In Crew Earth Observations (CEO), crew members on the International Space Station (ISS) photograph the Earth using digital handheld cameras from their unique point of view located 200 miles above the surface. Photographs record how the planet is changing over time, from human-caused changes like urban growth and reservoir construction, to natural dynamic events such as hurricanes, floods and volcanic eruptions. A major emphasis of CEO is to monitor events needing immediate (disaster-level) response in support of the International Disaster Charter (IDC) (coordinated through the US Geological Survey). CEO imagery provides researchers on Earth with key data to understand the planet from the perspective of the ISS. Crew members have been photographing Earth from space since the early Mercury missions beginning in 1961. The images taken from the ISS ensure this record remains unbroken.
Publications
Kyba CC, Garz S, Kuechly H, Sanchez de Miguel A, Zamorano J, Fischer J, Holker F. High-Resolution Imagery of Earth at Night: New Sources, Opportunities and Challenges. Remote Sensing. 2015 7(1): 1-23. DOI: 10.3390/rs70100001. | Impact Statement
Stumpf RP, Holderied K, Robinson JA, Feldman GC, Kuring N. Mapping water depths in clear water from space. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Coastal Zone Conference, Baltimore, MD. 2003
Robinson JA, Evans CA. Space Station Allows Remote Sensing of Earth to within Six Meters. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 2002 83(17): 185-188. DOI: 10.1029/2002EO000121.
Elvidge CD, Cinzano P, Pettit DR, Arvesen J, Sutton PC, Small C, Nemani R, Longcore T, Rich C, Safran J, Weeks J, Ebener S. The Nightsat mission concept. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2007 June 20; 28(12): 2645-2670. DOI: 10.1080/01431160600981525. | Impact Statement
Andrefouet S, Robinson JA, Hu C, Feldman GC, Salvat B, Payri C, Muller-Karger FE. Influence of the spatial resolution of SeaWiFS, Landsat 7, SPOT and International Space Station data on landscape parameters of Pacific Ocean atolls. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing. 2003 29(2): 210-218. DOI: 10.5589/m02-086. | Impact Statement
Andrefouet S, Gilbert A, Yan L, Remoissenet G, Payri C, Chancerelle Y. The remarkable population size of the endangered clam Tridacna maxima assessed in Fangatau Atoll using in situ remote sensing data. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2005 July 12; 62(6): 1037-1048. DOI: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.04.006. | Impact Statement
Cembella AD, Ibarra DA, Diogene J, Dahl E. Harmful Algal Blooms and their Assessment in Fjords and Coastal Embayments. Oceanography. 2005 18(2): 160-173. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2005.51. | Impact Statement
Lulla K. 2003 Nighttime Urban Imagery from International Space Station:Potential Applications for Urban Analyses and Modeling. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 2003 69941-942. | Impact Statement
Quod J, Bigot L, Blanchot J, Chabanet P, Durville P, Nicet J, Wendling B. Research and monitoring of the coral reefs of the French islands of the Indian Ocean. Assessment activities in 2002. Mission carried out in Glorieuses. Reunion: IFRECOR (l'Initiative Francaise pour les Recifs Corallines). 2002 2French.
Stefanov WL, Robinson JA, Spraggins SA. Vegetation Measurements From Digital Astronaut Photography. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2003 24185-189. | Impact Statement
Wilkinson MJ, Marshall LG, Lundberg JG. River behavior on megafans and potential influences on diversification and distribution of aquatic organisms. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2006 21151-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2005.08.002. | Impact Statement
Scambos T, Sergienko O, Sargent A, MacAyeal D, Fastook J. ICESat profiles of tabular iceberg margins and iceberg breakups at low altitudes. Geophysical Research Letters. 2005 32L23S09. DOI: 10.1029/2005GL023802. | Impact Statement
Gebelein J, Eppler DB. How Earth remote sensing from the International Space Station complements current satellite-based sensors. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2006 27(13): 2613-2629. DOI: 10.1080/01431160600552250. | Impact Statement
Elvidge CD, Safran J, Sutton PC, Cinzano P, Pettit DR, Arvesen J, Small C. Potential for Global Mapping of Development via Nightsat Mission. GeoJournal. 2007 69(1-2): 45-53. DOI: 10.1007/s10708-007-9104-x.
Robinson JA, Amsbury DL, Liddle DA, Evans CA. Astronaut-acquired orbital photographs as digital data for remote sensing: spatial resolution. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2002 23(20): 4403-4438. DOI: 10.1080/01431160110107798. | Impact Statement
Scott KP, Runco SK, Eppler DB. Pressurized Earth observations capabilities on board the International Space Station. 53rd International Astronautical Congress, The World Space Congress, Houston, TX. 2002 IAC-02-B.2.03.
Kratzenberg-Annies V. Space: A Journey of Discovery. Space: A Journey of Discovery. 2005
Spalding MD, Ravilious C, Green EP. Reef Mapping. World Atlas of Coral Reefs. 2001 78-89.
Stern RJ, Beyth M, Bodechtel J, Wetzel H. Potential of the International Space Station for imaging Earth: Lessons from MOMS-2P aboard Mir. Geology. 2002 30851-854.
Wilkinson MJ. Method for Identifying Sedimentary Bodies from Images and its Application to Mineral Exploration. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2006 Jan 10; 6,985,606 | Impact Statement
Jehl A, Farges T, Blanc E. Color pictures of sprites from non-dedicated observation on board the International Space Station. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2013 January; 118(1): 454-461. DOI: 10.1029/2012JA018144. | Impact Statement
Kotarba AZ, Aleksandrowicz S. Impervious surface detection with nighttime photography from the International Space Station. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2016 April; 176295-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.009. | Impact Statement
Stefanov WL, Evans CA. Data Collection for Disaster Response from the International Space Station. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2015 April 29; XL-7/W3851-855. DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-851-2015.Also presented at the 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 11–15 May 2015, Berlin, Germany. | Impact Statement
Stefanov WL, Evans CA, Runco SK, Wilkinson MJ, Willis KK. Astronaut Photography: Handheld Camera Imagery from Low Earth Orbit. Handbook of Satellite Applications. 2013 683-728. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7671-0_39.
Kuffer M, Pfeffer K, Sliuzas R, Taubenboeck H, Baud I, van Maarseveen M. Capturing the urban divide in nighttime light images from the International Space Station. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2018 August; 11(8): 2578-2586. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2828340. | Impact Statement
Garcia-Saenz A, Sanchez de Miguel A, Espinosa A, Valentin A, Aragones N, Llorca J, Amiano P, Sanchez VM, Guevara M, Capelo R, Tardon A, Peiro-Perez R, Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Roca-Barcelo A, Perez-Gomez B, Dierssen-Sotos T, Fernandez-Villa T, Moreno-Iribas C, Moreno V, Garcia-Perez J, Castano-Vinyals G, Pollan M, Aube M, Kogevinas M. Evaluating the association between artificial light-at-night exposure and breast and prostate cancer risk in Spain (MCC-Spain study). Environmental Health Perspectives. 2018 April 23; 126(4): 047011. DOI: 10.1289/EHP1837.PMID: 29687979. | Impact Statement
Schirmer AE, Gallemore C, Liu T, Magle S, DiNello E, Ahmed H, Gilday T. Mapping behaviorally relevant light pollution levels to improve urban habitat planning. Scientific Reports. 2019 August 15; 9(1): 11925. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48118-z. | Impact Statement
Leake S. Reverse Geolocation of Images Taken from the International Space Station Utilizing Various Lightning Datasets. 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2019 June 20; 10 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2019.8741774. | Impact Statement
Li K, Chen Y, Li Y. The Random Forest-Based Method of Fine-Resolution Population Spatialization by Using the International Space Station Nighttime Photography and Social Sensing Data. Remote Sensing Letters. 2018 October 17; 10(10): 1650. DOI: 10.3390/rs10101650. | Impact Statement
Wicht M, Kuffer M. The continuous built-up area extracted from ISS night-time lights to compare the amount of urban green areas across European cities. European Journal of Remote Sensing. 2019 August 9; 5258-73. DOI: 10.1080/22797254.2019.1617642. | Impact Statement
Cote-Lussier C, Knudby A, Barnett T. A novel low-cost method for assessing intra-urban variation in night time light and applications to public health. Social Science & Medicine. 2020 January 30; 248112820. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112820.PMID: 32036268. | Impact Statement
Rybnikova N, Portnov BA. Population-level study links short-wavelength nighttime illumination with breast cancer incidence in a major metropolitan area. Chronobiology International. 2018 May 16; 1-11. DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1466802.PMID: 29768068. | Impact Statement
Garcia-Saenz A, Sanchez de Miguel A, Espinosa A, Costas L, Aragones N, Tonne C, Moreno V, Perez-Gomez B, Valentin A, Pollan M, Castano-Vinyals G, Aube M, Kogevinas M. Association between outdoor light-at-night exposure and colorectal cancer in Spain (MCC-Spain study). Epidemiology. 2020 September; 31(5): 718-727. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001226.PMID: 32639250. | Impact Statement
Nanjo S, Hozumi Y, Hosokawa K, Kataoka R, Miyoshi Y, Oyama S, Ozaki M, Shiokawa K, Kurita S. Fine-scale visualization of aurora in a wide area using color digital camera images from the International Space Station. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2020 125(3): e2019JA027729. DOI: 10.1029/2019JA027729. | Impact Statement
Costa J, Bock A, Emmart C, Hansen C, Ynnerman A, Silva C. Interactive visualization of atmospheric effects for celestial bodies. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 2020 October 13; 11pp. DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2020.3030333.PMID: 33048680. | Impact Statement
Sanchez de Miguel A, Zamorano J, Aube M, Bennie J, Gallego J, Ocana F, Pettit DR, Stefanov WL, Gaston KJ. Colour remote sensing of the impact of artificial light at night (II): Calibration of DSLR-based images from the International Space Station. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2021 August 10; 112611. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112611. | Impact Statement
Rybnikova N, Mirkes EM, Gorban AN. CNN-based spectral super-resolution of panchromatic night-time light imagery: City-size-associated neighborhood effects. Sensors. 2021 November 18; 21(22): 7662. DOI: 10.3390/s21227662.PMID: 34833738. | Impact Statement
Rybnikova N, Sanchez de Miguel A, Rybnikov S, Brook A. A new approach to identify on-ground lamp types from night-time ISS images. Remote Sensing. 2021 January; 13(21): 4413. DOI: 10.3390/rs13214413. | Impact Statement
Crew Earth Observations - International Polar Year (CEO-IPY) supports an international collaboration of scientists studying the Earth’s Polar Regions from 2007 to 2009. Space station crew members photograph polar phenomena including icebergs, auroras and mesospheric clouds in response to daily correspondence from the scientists on the ground.
Publications
Scambos T, Ross R, Bauer R, Yemolin Y, Skvarca P, Long DG, Bohlander J, Haran T. Calving and ice-shelf break-up processes investigated by proxy: Antarctic tabular iceberg evolution during northward drift. Journal of Glaciology. 2008 54(187): 579-591. DOI: 10.3189/002214308786570836.
Evans CA, Pettit DR. International Space Station Supports International Polar Year. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 2007 88(15): 171. | Impact Statement
Glasser NF, Scambos T. A structural glaciological analysis of the 2002 Larsen B ice-shelf collapse. Journal of Glaciology. 2008 54(184): 3-16. | Impact Statement
Weekly questionnaires are completed to identify and define important interpersonal factors that may impact the performance of the crew and ground support personnel during ISS missions. Results are used to improve the ability of future crew members to interact safely and effectively with each other and ground support personnel. The results may also be used to improve methods for crew selection, training and inflight support.
Publications
Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Ritsher JB, Gushin VI, Weiss DS, Saylor SA, Kozerenko OP, Marmar CR. Human interactions in space: ISS versus Shuttle/Mir. Acta Astronautica. 2006 July; 59(1-5): 413-419. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.02.007.Also: Kanas, N, V Salnitskiy, J Ritsher, V Gushin, D Weiss, S Saylor, and others, ‘Human Interactions in Space: ISS Vs. Shuttle/Mir’,56th International Astronautical Congress, Fukuoka, Japan (2005). IAC-05-AI.5.02..
Ritsher JB, Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Gushin VI, Saylor SA, Weiss DS, Marmar CR. Cultural and Language Backgrounds of International Space Station Program Personnel. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 IAC-06-A1.1.3
Ritsher JB, Kanas NA, Gushin VI, Saylor SA. Cultural differences in patterns of mood states on board the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2007 61(7-8): 668-671. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.12.002.Ritsher JB, Kanas NA, Gushin VI, Saylor SA. Cultural differences in patterns of mood states on board the International Space Station. 56th International Astronautical Congress, Fukuoka, Japan; 2005 4 pp..
Robinson JA, Slack KJ, Trenchard MH, Willis KK, Baskin P, Ritsher JB, Olson VA. Patterns in Crew-Initiated Photography of Earth From ISS -- Is Earth Observation a Salutogenic Experience?. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 IAC-06-A1.1.4
Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Ritsher JB, Gushin VI, Weiss DS, Saylor SA, Kozerenko OP, Marmar CR. Psychosocial interactions durring ISS missions. Acta Astronautica. 2007 60(4-7): 329-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.001.
Boyd JE, Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Gushin VI, Saylor SA, Weiss DS, Marmar CR. Cultural Differences in Crewmembers and Mission Control Personnel During Two Space Station Programs. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2009 80(6): 532-546. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2430.2009.
Clement JL, Ritsher JB. Operating the ISS: Cultural and leadership challenges. 56th International Astronautical Congress, Fukuoka, Japan. 2005 IAC-05-AI.5.0511 pp..
Clement JL, Ritsher JB, Kanas NA, Saylor SA. Leadership Challenges in ISS Operations: Lessons Learned from Junior and Senior Mission Control Personnel. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 IAC-06-A1.1.6
Kanas NA, Ritsher JB. Leadership Issues with Multicultural Crews on the International Space Station: Lessons learned from Shuttle/Mir. Acta Astronautica. 2005 ;56:932-936.DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.01.020.
Ritsher JB, Kanas NA, Saylor SA. Do Psychological Decrements Occur During the 2nd Half of Space Missions?. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 IAC-06-A1.1.02i
Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Boyd JE, Gushin VI, Weiss DS, Saylor SA, Kozerenko OP, Marmar CR. Crewmember and mission control personnel interactions during International Space Station missions. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2007 78(6): 601-607.
Ihle EC, Ritsher JB, Kanas NA. Positive Psychological Outcomes of Spaceflight: An Emperical Study. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2006 Feb; 77(2): 93-101. PMID: 16491575.
Kanas NA, Harris M, Neylan T, Boyd JE, Weiss DS, Cook C, Saylor SA. High versus low crewmember autonomy during a 105-day Mars simulation mission. Acta Astronautica. 2011 69240-244. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.04.014.
Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Gushin VI, Weiss DS, Grund EM, Flynn C, Kozerenko OP, Sled A, Marmar CR. Asthenia--does it exist in space?. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 63(6): 874-880. PMID: 11719624.
Ritsher JB. Cultural factors and the International Space Spation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2005 76(6 Suppl): B135-44.
Kanas NA, Caldwell B. Summary of research issues in personal, interpersonal, and group dynamics. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2000 Sep; 71(9 Suppl): A26-A28. PMID: 10993305.
Weed WS. Can we go to Mars without going crazy?. Discover. 2001 22(5):
Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Grund EM, Weiss DS, Gushin VI, Kozerenko OP, Sled A, Marmar CR. Human interactions during Shuttle/Mir space missions. Acta Astronautica. 2001 48(5-12): 777-784. DOI: 10.1016/S0094-5765(01)00024-8.
Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Grund EM, Weiss DS, Gushin VI, Kozerenko OP, Sled A, Marmar CR. Human interactions in space: results from Shuttle/Mir. Acta Astronautica. 2001 August; 49(3): 243-260. DOI: 10.1016/S0094-5765(01)00103-5.
Kanas NA. Interpersonal issues in Space: Shuttle/Mir and Beyond. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2005 76((6 Suppl)): B126-34.
Kanas NA, Saylor SA, Harris M, Neylan T, Boyd JE, Weiss DS, Baskin P, Cook C, Marmar CR. High versus low crewmember autonomy in space simulation environments. Acta Astronautica. 2010 67731-738. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.009.
Kanas NA, Gushin VI, Yusupova AK. Problems and Possibilities of astronauts -- Ground Communication Content Analysis Validity Check. Acta Astronautica. 2008 63(7-10): 822-827. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.01.007.
Ritsher JB, Kanas NA, Ihle EC, Saylor SA. Psychological Adaptation and Salutogenesis in Space: Lessons from a Series of Studies. Acta Astronautica. 2007 60(4-7): 336-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.002.
Kanas NA, Salnitskiy VP, Grund EM, Weiss DS, Gushin VI, Bostrom A, Kozerenko OP, Sled A, Marmar CR. Psychosocial Issues in Space: Results from Shuttle/MIR. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2001 14(2): 35-45.
Kanas NA, Sandal GM, Boyd JE, Gushin VI, Manzey D, North RM, Leon GR, Suedfeld P, Bishop S, Fielder ER, Inoue N, Johannes B, Kealey DJ, Kraft NO, Matsuzaki I, Musson D, Palinkas LA, Salnitskiy VP, Sipes, Stuster JW, Wang J. Psychology and culture during long-duration space missions. Acta Astronautica. 2009 Apr-may; 64(7-8): 659-677. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.12.005.
Uhlig T, Mannel T, Fortunato A, Illmer N. Space-to-ground communication for Columbus: A quantitative analysis. The Scientific World Journal. 2015 2015308031. DOI: 10.1155/2015/308031.PMID: 26290898.
CRUISE is a technology/crew operations demonstration experiment for a voice guided procedure execution and mixed manual & data-handling instructions (procedural display).
Publications
Smets N, Neerincx M. CRUISE Evaluation Report. TNO. 2013 November; TNO 2013 R1137936 pp. | Impact Statement
CryoCube demonstrates on-orbit thermal management technology. Such technology has a variety of potential applications, including storing rocket propellants in space, cooling instruments to improve their signal-to-noise ratios, and supporting future cryogenic experiments in microgravity. The small satellite uses a deployable shield to block radiation from the Sun and Earth and an attitude control system to point its experiment into deep space.
In orbit, space radiation can compromise encryption keys within computer memory causing ‘bit-flips’ that may cause the mismatch of the encryption key on the ground with the one in space—leading to disruptions in communication. Until now, to overcome this issue, dedicated and expensive, radiation-hardened devices are required. The Cryptography ICE Cube (CryptIC) investigation evaluates technological solutions to make encryption-based secure communication feasible for space missions.
Cryptosat - Secured Edge Computing (Cryptosat-ManD) tests using a network of satellites in space to address the challenges of securing cryptocurrency computing devices. It includes multiple experiments (Bounce Blockchain, Drand Randomness Beacon, Space Signatures, and Proof of Space) that test various roles of crypto satellites that transmit cryptocurrency and use blockchain protocol, cryptographic applications, and security. Such satellite networks could provide a trusted, tamper-proof validator for cryptocurrency transmission in space and have long-term potential for cheaper, more reliable, and more secure blockchain applications.
The Ice Crystal 2 investigation examines the growth rates, and stability, of ice crystals in supercooled water that contains antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP).The growth of ice crystals in the supercooled water is controlled by the preferential accumulation of the AFGP molecules at the surface where ice and water interface in solution. The growth of ice crystals, and their adsorption of AFGP, is observed in the microgravity environment, free from the effects of gravity-based convection.
Publications
Furukawa Y, Yokoyama E, Yoshizaki I, Tamaru H, Shimaoka T, Sone T. Crystal growth experiments of ice in kibo of ISS. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2014 31(3): 93-99.
Furukawa Y, Nagashima K, Nakatsubo S, Yoshizaki I, Tamaru H, Shimaoka T, Sone T, Yokoyama E, Zepeda S, Terasawa T, Asakawa H, Murata K, Sazaki G. Oscillations and accelerations of ice crystal growth rates in microgravity in presence of antifreeze glycoprotein impurity in supercooled water. Scientific Reports. 2017 March 6; 743157. DOI: 10.1038/srep43157.PMID: 28262787.
Furukawa Y, Nagashima K, Nakatsubo S, Zepeda S, Murata K, Sazaki G. Crystal-plane-dependent effects of antifreeze glycoprotein impurity for ice growth dynamics. Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences. 2019 June 3; 377(2146): 20180393. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0393.PMID: 30982456. | Impact Statement
Furukawa Y, Nagashima K, Yokoyama E, Nakatsubo S, Zepeda S, Yoshizaki I, Tamaru H, Shimaoka T, Sone T, Maki T, Yamamoto A, Tomobe T, Murata K, Sazaki G. Ice crystal growth experiments conducted in the Kibo of International Space Station. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2021 January 31; 38(1): 380101. DOI: 10.15011/ijmsa.38.1.380101. | Impact Statement
The Crystal Growth of Alloy Semiconductor Under Microgravity (Alloy Semiconductor) investigation aims to develop a clear understanding of how semiconductor materials grow and crystallize in microgravity. The materials studied are also known to be useful as devices which convert heat into electricity (thermoelectrics). These studies may ultimately shed light on how higher quality crystals may be derived from other materials or incorporated into other devices such as solar cells.
Publications
Sakata K, Mukai M, Rajesh G, Arivanandhan M, Inatomi Y, Ishikawa T, Hayakawa Y. Thermal properties of molten InSb, GaSb, and InxGa1-xSb alloy semiconductor materials in preparation for crystal growth experiments on the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2013 December; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.12.002.
Kumar VN, Arivanandhan M, Rajesh G, Koyama T, Momose Y, Sakata K, Ozawa T, Okano Y, Inatomi Y, Hayakawa Y. Investigation of directionally solidified InGaSb ternary alloys from Ga and Sb faces of GaSb(111) under prolonged microgravity at the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2016 July 21; 216026. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.26.PMID: 28725736.
Hayakawa Y, Kumar VN, Arivanandhan M, Rajesh G, Koyama T, Momose Y, Sakata K, Ozawa T, Okano Y, Inatomi Y. Effects of gravity and crystal orientation on the growth of InGaSb Ternary Alloy Semiconductors-experiments at the International Space Station and on Earth. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2017 34(1): 340111. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.34.340111.
Kumar VN, Arivanandhan M, Koyama T, Udono H, Inatomi Y, Hayakawa Y. Effects of varying indium composition on the thermoelectric properties of InxGa1−xSb ternary alloys. Applied Physics A Materials Science & Processing. 2016 September 12; 122(10): 885. DOI: 10.1007/s00339-016-0409-9.
Kumar VN, Hayakawa Y, Arivanandhan M, Rajesh G, Koyama T, Momose Y, Ozawa T, Okano Y, Inatomi Y. Orientation-dependent dissolution and growth kinetics of InxGa1-xSb by vertical gradient freezing method under microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2018 August-September; 496-49715-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.04.033. | Impact Statement
Jin X, Sekimoto A, Okano Y, Yamamoto T, Hayakawa Y, Inatomi Y, Dost S. Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Heating Rate on InGaSb Crystal Growth under Zero-Gravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 August; 31(4): 377-380. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-9698-x. | Impact Statement
Nobeoka M, Takagi Y, Okano Y, Hayakawa Y, Dost S. Numerical simulation of InGaSb crystal growth by temperature gradient method under normal- and micro-gravity fields. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2014 January 1; 38566-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.04.061. | Impact Statement
Jin X, Mirsandi H, Yamamoto T, Takagi Y, Okano Y, Inatomi Y, Hayakawa Y, Dost S. Numerical simulation of InGaSb crystals growth under microgravity onboard the International Space Station. JJAP Conference Proceedings, Hamamatsu, Japan. 2015 October 5; 4011107. DOI: 10.7567/JJAPCP.4.011107. | Impact Statement
Mirsandi H, Yamamoto T, Takagi Y, Okano Y, Inatomi Y, Hayakawa Y, Dost S. A numerical study on the growth process of InGaSb crystals under microgravity with interfacial kinetics. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2015 September 1; 27(5): 313-320. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-015-9417-1.
Sakata K, Mukai M, Arivanandhan M, Rajesh G, Ishikawa T, Inatomi Y, Hayakawa Y. Crystal growth of ternary alloy semiconductor and preliminary study for microgravity experiment at the International Space Station. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2014 12(ists29): Ph_31-Ph_35. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.12.Ph_31. | Impact Statement
Sakata K, Mukai M, Rajesh G, Arivanandhan M, Inatomi Y, Ishikawa T, Hayakawa Y. Viscosity of molten InSb, GaSb, and InxGa1-xSb alloy semiconductors. International Journal of Thermophysics. 2014 February 1; 35(2): 352-360. DOI: 10.1007/s10765-014-1582-8.
Jin X, Yamamoto T, Takagi Y, Okano Y, Inatomi Y, Hayakawa Y, Dost S. A numerical study on the dissolution process of InGaSb under zero gravity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2017 34(2): 340206. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.34.2.340206.
Inatomi Y, Sakata K, Arivanandhan M, Rajesh G, Hayakawa Y, Tanaka A, Ozawa T, Okano Y, Ishikawa T, Takayanagi M, Yoda S, Yoshimura Y. Current status of Alloy Semiconductor crystal growth project under microgravity. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2012 10(ists28): Th_1-Th_4. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.10.Th_1.
Inatomi Y, Sakata K, Arivanandhan M, Rajesh G, Kumar VN, Koyama T, Momose Y, Ozawa T, Okano Y, Hayakawa Y. Growth of InxGa1−xSb alloy semiconductor at the International Space Station (ISS) and comparison with terrestrial experiments. npj Microgravity. 2015 August 27; 115011. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.11.
The Crystal Growth of Cs2LiYCl6:Ce Scintillators in Microgravity (CLYC-Crystal Growth) investigation uses a new crystal that, for the first time, effectively detects both gamma-rays and neutrons. High-quality crystals are essential to a wide variety of applications and the microgravity environment produces better quality crystals. Analyzing CLYC crystals grown in microgravity helps researchers better understand exact conditions needed to produce the highest-quality, defect-free crystals. Insights from this work support commercial scale-up of CLYC production on Earth.
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The Crystallization of Huntingtin Exon 1 Using Microgravity (CASIS PCG HDPCG-1) investigation focuses on the crystallization of huntingtin, a protein associated with Huntington’s disease. Crystallization is crucial for the development of new drugs to treat this degenerative brain disorder, which is caused by an inherited mutation in the huntingtin gene. But the huntingtin protein has evaded crystallization for more than a decade. Crystallizing it would be an important milestone in the field of macromolecular crystallography as well as a step toward developing a treatment for this ultimately fatal disease.
Publications
Owens GE, New DM, Olvera AI, Manzella JA, Macon BL, Dunn JC, Cooper DA, Rouleau RL, Connor DS, Bjorkman PJ. Comparative analysis of anti-polyglutamine Fab crystals grown on Earth and in microgravity. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology Communications. 2016 October 1; 72(10): 762-771. DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X16014011.PMID: 27710941.
Crystallization of LRRK2 Under Microgravity Conditions (CASIS PCG 7) uses the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to grow larger versions of an important protein, LRRK2, implicated in Parkinson’s disease. Defining the exact shape and morphology of LRRK2 would help scientists better understand the pathology of Parkinson’s and aid in the development of therapies against this target, but gravity keeps Earth-grown versions of this protein too small and too compact to study. CASIS PCG 7 uses automated biotechnology devices to grow larger versions of this protein in space, which are then returned to Earth for detailed laboratory analysis.
Publications
Mathea S, Baptista M, Reichert P, Spinale Ay, Wu J, Allaire M, Fiske B, Knapp S. Crystallizing the Parkinson's disease protein LRRK2 under microgravity conditions. bioRxiv. 2018 February 4; 11 pp. DOI: 10.1101/259655.non peer-reviewed preprint. | Impact Statement
Crystallization of LRRK2 Under Microgravity Conditions-2 (CASIS PCG 16) evaluates growth of Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein crystals in microgravity. LRRK2 is implicated in Parkinson’s disease, but crystals of the protein grown on Earth are too small and compact to study. Detailed analysis of larger, space-grown crystals can define the protein’s exact shape and morphology and help scientists better understand the disease’s pathology.
Crystallizing proteins can help scientists determine the proteins’ atomic structure, which is important for developing new drugs as well as understanding how enzymes and other proteins function in the human body. In general, protein crystals grown in microgravity environments are larger and more perfect than crystals grown on Earth, where gravity interferes with the process. Crystallization of Medically Relevant Proteins Using Microgravity (Protein Crystallography) uses crystallization processes on the International Space Station to study the atomic structures of several key enzymes, which could be used to design new drugs to treat various diseases.
Publications
Malley KR, OK, Miller I, Sanishvili R, Jenkins CM, Gross RW, Korolev S. The structure of iPLA2β reveals dimeric active sites and suggests mechanisms of regulation and localization. Nature Communications. 2018 February 22; 9(765): DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03193-0. | Impact Statement
Crystallization of RAS in Space (CASIS PCG 17) grows crystals of KRAS proteins, which have a pivotal role in cell growth and death. Mutations in KRAS proteins are responsible for a third of all cancers and identifying the structure of these proteins is critical to developing therapeutics and treatments. Protein crystals grow larger and more perfectly in microgravity, allowing for detailed laboratory analysis of their structure back on Earth.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Boyko KM, Timofeev VI, Samygina VR, Kuranova IP, Popov VO, Koval'chuk MV. Protein crystallization under microgravity conditions. Analysis of the results of Russian experiments performed on the International Space Station in 2005−2015. Crystallography Reports. 2016 September; 61(5): 718-729. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774516050059.
Givargizov E, Grebenko AI, Zadorozhnaya LA, Melik-Adamyan VR. Growth of biocrystalline films of PVC catalase in space using artificial epitaxy (graphoepitaxy). Journal of Crystal Growth. 2008 310(4): 847-852. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.11.166.
Timofeev VI, Slutskaya E, Gorbacheva MA, Boyko KM, Rakitina TV, Korzhenevskiy DA, Lipkin AV, Popov VO. Structure of recombinant prolidase from Thermococcus sibiricus in space group P21221. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2015 August 1; 71(8): 951-957. DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X15009498.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Akparov VK, Timofeev VI, Maghsoudi NN, Kuranova IP. Three-dimensional structure of porcine pancreatic carboxypeptidase B with an acetate ion and two zinc atoms in the active site. Crystallography Reports. 2017 March 1; 62(2): 249-253. DOI: 10.1134/S106377451702002X.Original Russian Text © V.Kh. Akparov, V.I. Timofeev, N.N. Maghsoudi, I.P. Kuranova, 2017, published in Kristallografiya, 2017, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 237–242.. | Impact Statement
Smirnova EA, Kislitsyn YA, Sosfenov NI, Lyashenko AV, Popov AN, Baidus AN, Timofeev VI, Kuranova IP. Protein crystal growth on the Russian segment of the International Space Station. Crystallography Reports. 2009 September; 54(5): 901-911. DOI: 10.1134/S106377450905023X. | Impact Statement
Akparov VK, Grishin AM, Timofeev VI, Kuranova IP. Preparation, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of mutant carboxypeptidase T containing the primary specificity pocket of carboxypeptidase B. Crystallography Reports. 2010 September; 55(5): 802-805. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774510050147.Also: Original Russian Text © V.Kh. Akparov, A.M. Grishin, V.I. Timofeev, I.P. Kuranova, 2010, published in Kristallografiya, 2010, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 851–854.. | Impact Statement
Akparov VK, Timofeev VI, Kuranova IP. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of porcine carboxypeptidase B. Crystallography Reports. 2015 May; 60(3): 367-369. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774515030025.Original Russian Text © V.Kh. Akparov, V.I. Timofeev, I.P. Kuranova, 2015, published in Kristallografiya, 2015, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 413–415..
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Akparov VK, Konstantinova GE, Timofeev VI, Kuranova IP, Khaliullin IG. Preparation, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of mutant carboxypeptidase T bearing the primary specificity pocket and the active-site loop of carboxypeptidase B. Crystallography Reports. 2020 November 1; 65(6): 900-902. DOI: 10.1134/S106377452006005X.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Kristallografiya, 2020, Vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 896–899.. | Impact Statement
Akparov VK, Timofeev VI, Kuranova IP, Khaliullin IG. Study of the interaction of sorption and catalytic centers in carboxypeptidase T by X-ray analysis. Crystals. 2021 September; 11(9): 1088. DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091088.
Timofeev VI, Kuznetsov SA, Akparov VK, Chestukhina GG, Kuranova IP. Three-dimensional structure of carboxypeptidase T from thermoactinomyces vulgaris in complex with N-BOC-L-leucine. Biochemistry (Moscow). 2013 March; 78(3): 252-259. DOI: 10.1134/S0006297913030061.PMID: 23586718. Original Russian Text © V. I. Timofeev, S. A. Kuznetsov, V. Kh. Akparov, G. G. Chestukhina, I. P. Kuranova, 2013, published in Biokhimiya, 2013, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 338-347. Originally published in Biochemistry (Moscow) On-Line Papers in Press, as Manuscript BM12-283, January 20, 2013. | Impact Statement
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Timofeev VI, Abramchik YA, Zhukhlistova NE, Muravieva TI, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. Three-dimensional structure of E. Coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase at 0.99 Å resolution. Crystallography Reports. 2016 March; 61(2): 249-257. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774516020292.Original Russian Text © V.I. Timofeev, Yu.A. Abramchik, N.E. Zhukhlistova, T.I. Muravieva, R.S. Esipov, I.P. Kuranova, 2016, published in Kristallografiya, 2016, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 247–255.. | Impact Statement
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Timofeev VI, Chupova LA, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase from M. tuberculosis crystallizing in space group P32. Crystallography Reports. 2015 September; 60(5): 682-684. DOI: 10.1134/S106377451505017X.[Also: Original Russian Text © V.I. Timofeev, L.A. Chupova, R.S. Esipov, I.P. Kuranova, 2015, published in Kristallografiya, 2015, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 745–747.].
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Timofeev VI, Abramchik YA, Zhukhlistova NE, Muravieva TI, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. Three-dimensional structure of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase from E. coli at 2.71 Å resolution. Crystallography Reports. 2016 January 24; 61(1): 44-54. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774516010247.Original Russian Text © V.I. Timofeev, Yu.A. Abramchik, N.E. Zhukhlistova, T.I. Muravieva, R.S. Esipov, I.P. Kuranova, 2016, published in Kristallografiya, 2016, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 51–61.. | Impact Statement
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The CubeSat Assessment and Test (CAT) investigation is led by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and uses two commercial off-the-shelf spacecraft to support a government furnished equipment communications experiment to be launched from the International Space Station.
Microwave radiometers provide important data for Earth science investigations, such as soil moisture, atmospheric water vapor, sea surface temperature and sea surface winds. Man-made radiofrequency interference (RFI) reduces the accuracy of microwave radiometer data, thus the CubeSat Radiometer Radio Frequency Interference Technology Validation (CubeRRT) mission demonstrates technologies to detect and remove these unwanted RFI signals. Successful completion of the CubeRRT mission demonstrates that RFI processing is feasible in space, high volumes of data may be processed aboard a satellite, and that future satellite-based radiometers may utilize RFI mitigation.
Publications
Johnson JT, Ball C, Chen C, McKelvey C, Smith GE, Andrews M, O'Brien A, Garry jL, Misra S, Bendig R, Felten C, Brown S, Jarnot RF, Kocz J, Horgan K, Lucey JF, Knuble JJ, Solly MA, Duran-Aviles C, Peng J, Bradley DC, Piepmeier JR, Laczkowski D, Pallas M, Monahan N, Krauss E. Real-time detection and filtering of radio frequency interference onboard a spaceborne microwave radiometer: The CubeRRT Mission. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2020 April 8; 131610-1624. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2020.2978016. | Impact Statement
CubeSat Laser Infrared Crosslink, Vehicle A (CLICK A) demonstrates technology to advance communications between small spacecraft and to gauge relative distance and location among constellations or swarms of small spacecraft. This first of two planned missions, CLICK A demonstrates high-precision pointing to enable the use of lower-power lasers for high data transmission rates and fine-pointing capability for communication between low-Earth orbit and a ground station. Results could enable scientific missions using constellations or swarms of spacecraft carrying sensors that require high-rate data processing and transmission.
The Cultivating Escheria coli Producer of CAF1 Protein in Weightlessness (Astrovaktsina) studies the effect of spaceflight factors on the processes of biosynthesis, secretion, capsule formation, and the biological properties of the E. coli producer of the genetically engineered CAF1 antigen protein of Yersinia pestis during its exposure to microgravity.
Publications
Abramov VM, Khlebnikov VS, Vasiliev AM, Kosarev IV, Vasilenko RN, Kulikova NL, Motin VL, Smirnov GB, Evstigneev VI, Karkischenko NN, Uversky VN, Brubaker RR. A study of the interaction of yersinia pestis virulence factors with 1L-1R/TLR recognition system. National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases, NIH. 2008 1215-225.
Abramov VM, Khlebnikov VS, Vasiliev AM, Kosarev IV, Vasilenko RN, Kulikova NL, Khodyakova AV, Evstigneev VI, Uversky VN, Motin VL, Smirnov GB, Brubaker RR. Attachment of LcrV from Yersinia pestis at dual binding sites to human TLR-2 and human IFN-gamma receptor. Journal of Proteome Research. 2007 June; 6(6): 2222-2231. DOI: 10.1021/pr070036r.
Derewenda U, Mateja A, Devedjiev Y, Routzahn KM, Evdokimov AG, Derewenda ZS, Waugh DS. The Structure of Yersinia pestis V-Antigen, an Essential Virulence Factor and Mediator of Immunity against Plague. Structure. 2004 12301-306. DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.01.010.
Mueller CA, Broz P, Mueller SA, Ringler P, Erne-Brand F, Sorg I, Kuhn M, Engel A, Cornelius G. The V-Antigen of Yersinia Forms a Distinct Structure at the Tip of Injectisome Needles. Science. 2005 October 28; 310674-676. DOI: 10.1126/science.1118476.
Content Pending
Previous research has highlighted communication problems due to misperceptions and misunderstandings, language problems, and differences in work style (e.g. decision making, leadership) as being among the most often mentioned challenges of multinational space crews. The overall aim of the proposed project is to assess the potential effects of individually and culturally related values, attitudes and behavioural preferences on operational and interpersonal factors in relation to multinational space missions, including such aspects as crew interaction and cohesion, group identification, leadership, conflict resolution, decision-making, and error management. Highlighting where differences in cultural or personal values and perspectives exist is a major step towards developing procedures to avoid any adverse crew interaction occurring in space (or on ground) on a future long-duration mission, or to support quicker resolution of any issues occurring.
Culture, Values and Environmental Adaptation in Space [At Home in Space (Ax-1)] on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) assesses culture, values, and psychosocial adaptation of astronauts to sharing a space environment with multinational crews. Whether crew members feel at home in space and develop a shared space culture could affect the success of future long-duration missions. Ax-1 crew members complete a questionnaire battery before, during, and after flight to evaluate individual and culturally-related differences, family functioning, coping with stress, and post-experience change. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to outreach, commercial research, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Culture, Values, and Environmental Adaptation in Space (At Home In Space) assesses culture, values, and psychosocial adaptation of astronauts to a space environment shared by multinational crews on long-duration missions. It is hypothesized that astronauts develop a shared space culture that is an adaptive strategy for handling cultural differences and they deal with the isolated confined environment of the space craft by creating a home in space. At Home In Space uses a questionnaire battery to investigate individual and culturally related differences, family functioning, values, coping with stress, and post-experience growth.
Publications
Johnson PJ, Asmaro D, Suedfeld P, Gushin VI. Thematic content analysis of work – family interactions: Retired cosmonauts’ reflections. Acta Astronautica. 2012 December; 81(1): 306-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.07.032.also presented during the 62nd IAC in Cape Town.
Culture-based Environmental Monitoring of Crop-based Space Food Systems (Veggie Monitoring) collects microbial samples from the surface of the station’s Veggie plant production system in conjunction with quarterly Environmental Health System (EHS) sample collection. Longer exploration missions require space-based systems for growth of plants, and this investigation is expected to help establish requirements to protect these systems, plants, and crew from contamination.
Culturing of Human Myocytes in Microgravity: An In Vitro Model to Evaluate Therapeutics to Counteract Muscle Wasting (Culturing of Human Myocytes in Microgravity) in a Millifluidic Lab-On-A-Chip evaluates an automated culturing device using human muscle precursor cells, or myoblasts, which form muscle tissue and play an important role in muscle growth and repair. The investigation measures changes in cell morphology during spaceflight and gene expression changes postflight in samples returned to Earth.
The Cutaneous Hypersensitivity and Balance Control in Humans (Hypersole) investigation studies the range of mechanisms that humans rely on to maintain balance while standing or walking. One of these mechanisms involves receptors in the sole of the foot, which for example, detect pressure changes as a person walks across the ground. Hypersole uses a vibration device and monofilaments (a single strand of manmade fiber similar to fishing line) to record the sensitivity of the receptors in eleven crewmembers. Researchers are documenting, for the first time, any changes in the skin sensitivity of each crewmember’s foot sole in order to identify which receptors may be influenced by a period of weightlessness. Coupled with tests that assess changes in crewmembers’ abilities to maintain their balance, these measures will help establish how increased skin sensitivity contributes to balance control.
Publications
Lowrey CR, Perry SD, Strzalkowski ND, Williams DR, Wood SJ, Bent LR. Selective skin sensitivity changes and sensory reweighting following short-duration space flight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2014 March 15; 116(6): 683-692. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01200.2013.PMID: 24458748.
Strzalkowski ND, Lowrey CR, Perry SD, Williams DR, Wood SJ, Bent LR. Selective weighting of cutaneous receptor feedback and associated balance impairments following short duration space flight. Neuroscience Letters. 2015 April; 59294-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.046.PMID: 25711797.
Launching satellites from Earth using rockets is expensive and risky, but small satellites can be delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) in larger groups, and then individually deployed from there. The Cyclops, also known as the Space Station Integrated Kinetic Launcher for Orbital Payload Systems (SSIKLOPS), ejects nanosatellites from outside the ISS. Nanosatelittes are inserted into the Cyclops platform inside the Japanese Experiment Module airlock then get moved to the outside of the ISS by the station’s robotic arms where they are deployed.
Chromosome-2, a European Space Agency experiment, is a continuation of the Chromosome investigation performed on earlier ISS expeditions. White blood cells (lymphocytes) are collected from crewmembers preflight and postflight. The lymphocytes are examined using different analytic methods to determine quantity and quality of genetic changes resulting from exposure to cosmic radiation, particularly ionizing radiation.
Publications
Cucinotta FA, Kim MY, Willingham V, George KA. Physical and Biological Organ Dosimetry Analysis for International Space Station Astronauts. Radiation Research. 2008 July; 170(1): 127-138. DOI: 10.1667/RR1330.1.PMID: 18582161. | Impact Statement
George KA, Rhone J, Beitman A, Cucinotta FA. Cytogenetic damage in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts: Effects of repeat long-duration space missions. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2013 August 30; 756(1-2): 165-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.007.PMID: 23639573. | Impact Statement
George KA, Chappell LJ, Cucinotta FA. Persistence of space radiation induced cytogenetic damage in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2010 August; 701(1): 75-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.02.007.PMID: 20176126. | Impact Statement
Hada M, Gersey B, Saganti PB, Wilkins R, Cucinotta FA, Wu H. mBAND analysis of chromosome aberrations in human epithelial cells induced by γ-rays and secondary neutrons of low dose rate. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2010 August 14; 701(1): 67-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.03.009.PMID: 20338263. | Impact Statement
George KA, Durante M, Wu H, Willingham V, Badhwar GD, Cucinotta FA. Chromosome aberrations in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts after space flight. Radiation Research. 2001 December; 156(6): 731-738. PMID: 11741497. | Impact Statement
Durante M, Bonassi S, George KA, Cucinotta FA. Risk estimation based on chromosomal aberrations induced by radiation. Radiation Research. 2001 November; 156(5 pt 2): 662-667. PMID: 11604089. | Impact Statement
Obe G, Facius R, Reitz G, Johannes I, Johannes C. Manned missions to Mars and chromosome damage. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1999 75(4): 429-433. PMID: 10331847.
George KA, Wu H, Willingham V, Cucinotta FA. The effect of space radiation on the induction of chromosome damage. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 222-225. PMID: 11776981. | Impact Statement
Goedecke W, Obe G, Bergau L. Cytogenetic investigations in flight personnel. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 1999 86(4): 275-278. PMID: 11543396.
Fedorenko BS, Druzhinin S, Yudaeva L, Petrov VP, Akatov YA, Snigiryova GP, Novitskaya NN, Shevchenko V, Rubanovich A. Cytogenetic studies of blood lymphocytes from cosmonauts after long-term space flights on Mir station. Advances in Space Research. 2001 27(2): 355-359. PMID: 11642297.
Durante M. Biomarkers of Space Radiation Risk. Radiation Research. 2005 October; 164(4 Pt 2): 467-473. PMID: 16187751. | Impact Statement
George KA, Durante M, Cucinotta FA. Chromosome Aberrations in Astronauts. Advances in Space Research. 2007 40(4): 483-490. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.03.100. | Impact Statement
George KA, Willingham V, Cucinotta FA. Stability of Chromosome Aberrations in the Blood Lymphocytes of Astronauts Measured After Space Flight by FISH Chromosome Painting. Radiation Research. 2005 October; 164(4 pt 2): 474-480. DOI: 10.1667/RR3323.1.PMID: 16187752. | Impact Statement
Cucinotta FA. Space Radiation Organ Doses for Astronauts on Past and Future Missions. NASA Technical Publication. 2006 2007001070432 pp. | Impact Statement
Johannes C, Horstmann M, Durante M, Chudoba I, Obe G. Chromosome intrachanges and interchanges detected by multicolor banding in lymphocytes: searching for clastogen signatures in the human genome. Radiation Research. 2004 161540-548.
Obe G, Johannes I, Johannes C, Hallman K, Reitz G, Facius R. Chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes of astronauts after long-term space flights. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1997 72(6): 727-734.
Wu H, George KA, Willingham V, Cucinotta FA. Comparison of chromosome aberration frequencies in pre- and post-flight astronaut lymphocytes irradiated in vitro with gamma rays. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 229-231. PMID: 11776983. Also Biodosimetry related. Also: 1st International Workshop on Space Radiation Research and 11th Annual NASA Space Radiation Health Investigators’ Workshop Arona (Italy), May 27-31, 2000..
Chatterjee A, Borak TH. Physical and biological studies with protons and HZE particles in a NASA supported research center in radiation health. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 59-66.
Horstmann M, Durante M, Johannes C, Obe G. Chromosomal intrachanges induced by swift iron ions. Advances in Space Research. 2005 35(2): 276-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.031. | Impact Statement
In vitro cultures of mammalian cells react specifically to microgravity, but there is no solid scientific evidence available about how and why. The Involvement of Rho family GTPases in gravity perception and reaction (Cytoskeleton) investigation attempts to acquire new information about the events that are happening inside a mammalian cell, with the working hypothesis that the microgravity environment affects the function of RhoGTPases and the cellular signaling that they control. RhoGTPases are signaling molecules residing under the Rho family of proteins, known to be involved as "molecular switches", in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), gene expression (flow of genetic information from gene to protein), and cytoskeletal organization.
The Daytime Atmospheric and Ionospheric Limb Imager (DAILI) is a CubeSat that images the edge of Earth’s atmosphere to determine daytime density of atmospheric oxygen. Variation in this density based on transport of air from auroral regions and atmospheric tides and waves has an effect on atmospheric phenomena. DAILI collects images at altitudes between 140 km and 180 km (roughly 87 to 112 miles), a region that is difficult to measure and so has uncertain atmospheric models. DAILI also demonstrates a sunshade that can drastically decrease the signal from the sunlit Earth and allow measurement of weak colors.
The objective of Defining the Relationship Between Biomarkers of Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress and the Risk for Atherosclerosis in Astronauts During and After Long-duration Spaceflight (Cardio Ox) is to determine whether biological markers of oxidative and inflammatory stress are elevated during and after space flight and whether this results in an increased, long-term risk of atherosclerosis in astronauts. Twelve crew members will provide blood and urine samples to assess biomarkers before launch, 15 and 60 days after launch, 15 days before returning to Earth, and within days after landing. Ultrasound scans of the carotid and brachial arteries will be obtained at the same time points, as well as through 5 years after landing, as an indicator of cardiovascular health.
Deformable Mirror CubeSat (DeMi) is the first space-based demonstration of technology to improve observations of very distant objects such as exoplanets. Deformable mirrors take better pictures because they can adjust their shape to correct for the effects of temperature and mechanical changes on a space telescope. DeMi uses a Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) deformable mirror that makes it possible to fit powerful space telescopes into small satellites.
A stream of charged particles and magnetic field, called the solar wind, flows constantly outward from the dynamic sun, impacting Earth’s magnetic field and leading to space weather effects, including roiling the outer layers of Earth’s atmosphere. Dellingr/RBLE measures the magnetic fluctuations and molecular changes in this layer of Earth’s upper atmosphere in order to determine baseline conditions and observe space weather impacts.
The Delphini-1 NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer investigation is a proof-of-concept demonstration of using nano-satellites for research and education. It includes taking Earth images with an onboard camera and performing time series observations of bright stars to measure their intrinsic variability. The investigation is a collaboration between Danish company GomSpace A/S and Aarhus University.
Plant-based life support systems are a strategic component of future space exploration and settlements, such as those on the Moon. One challenge is safely stabilizing these small ecological systems to prevent ecological collapse. Demonstrating Optogenetics Capability at Space Environment for Next Generation Life Support Systems (SpaceHummus) demonstrates technology for controlling plant growth using optogenetics, or synthetic biology and light. This technology could contribute to systems for sustaining life on the lunar surface and beyond and in harsh environments on Earth.
Demonstrating the Effect of Restoring the Form of Billets Made of Cellular Polymer Materials (MATI-75) demonstrates the ability of polyurethane foam to restore and lock their shapes, sizes, and the pore structure during heating and cooling in microgravity.
Publications
Babaevski PG, Kozlov NA, Agapov IG, Reznichenko GM, Churilo NV, Churilo IV. Manifestation of the shape-memory effect in polyetherurethane cellular plastics, fabric composites, and sandwich structures under microgravity. Cosmic Research. 2016 September 27; 54(5): 399-404. DOI: 10.1134/S001095251604002X.
The Demonstration of Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMGs) on the Northrop Grumman Cygnus to Enable Long-Duration Flights in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (Long Duration Cygnus Demonstration Flight) demonstrates a Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Cygnus spacecraft performing extended free-flight operations after departing the space station. The Cygnus vehicle, equipped with the Honeywell Momentum Control System 8 (MCS-8), is a single integrated package of four next-generation Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMGs) that provide attitude control of Cygnus with the use of minimal fuel, thus enabling the long-duration flight. The free flight offers a more pristine microgravity environment than that of the station, providing a commercial platform that expands research and technology capabilities. Long-duration Cygnus also demonstrates flying two Cygnus vehicles simultaneously, regular cargo service missions and an extended free-flight mission, resulting in greater flexibility for customers.
The integrated Standard Imager for Microsatellites (iSIM), is a high-resolution optical binocular telescope developed by SATLANTIS. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the technology, and its functionality, in the low-Earth orbit environment.
The Demonstration of JEM Water Recovery System (JWRS) generates potable water from urine. In the past, urine and wastewater were collected and stored, or vented overboard. For long-term space missions, however, water supply could become a limiting factor. Demonstrating the function of this water recovery system on orbit contributes to updating the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) to support astronauts on the space station and future exploration missions.
The Loop Heat Pipe Radiator (LHPR), is an advanced two-phase heat transfer device that utilizes the evaporation and condensation of a working fluid to transfer heat, and the capillary force to circulate the fluid. This investigation demonstrates the heat transfer performance/functions under microgravity conditions using the LHPR experimental apparatus, which is grappled by the JEM Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). This technology can be applied in the thermal control system of future satellites that generate large amounts of heat that could negatively affect satellite operations.
Publications
Okamoto A, Miyakita T, Sato K, Nagano H. On-orbit Experiment Plan of Loop Heat Pipe and the Test Results of Thermal Vacuum Test. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-32712. | Impact Statement
Okamoto A, Miyakita T, Nagano H. On-orbit experiment plan of loop heat pipe and the test results of ground test. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 June !; 31(3): 327-337. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-9703-4. | Impact Statement
Demonstration of MPEP (JEMRMS Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform)-Mounted Far Infrared Camera (JEM IR Camera Demo) tests JAXA’s new infrared (IR) camera mounted on the Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP). The MPEP is an external payload tray that is handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS), and is moved to target locations by commands from the ground. The JEM IR Camera can take infrared images without sunlight or artificial light and remotely measure the temperature of target objects, including payloads on the outside of the International Space Station.
Demonstration of Small Optical Communication System (SOLISS) demonstrates use of this optical system with power, communication and cooling provided by an EFU Adapter, which is a Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) exposed facility platform interface. SOLISS technology allows transmission of large amounts of data from the space station, as well as from satellites in Geostationary Orbit (GEO), to ground stations.
Publications
Iwamoto K, Ohta S, Kubo Y, Nakao T, Yamazoe H, Kamata T, Munemasa Y, Kunimori H, Toyoshima M, Koda D, Sawada H, Ikeda T. Experimental results on in-orbit technology demonstration of SOLISS. Free-Space Laser Communications XXXIII, Online Event. 2021 March; 11678116780D. DOI: 10.1117/12.2578089. | Impact Statement
Komatsu H, Ohta S, Yamazoe H, Kubo Y, Nakao T, Ito T, Koda D, Sawada H, Ikeda T, Munemasa Y, Kunimori H, Kubooka T, Toyoshima M, Iwamoto K. The pointing performance of the optical communication terminal, SOLISS in the experimentation of bidirectional laser communication with an optical ground station. Free-Space Laser Communications XXXIII, Online Event. 2021 March; 1167811678F. DOI: 10.1117/12.2577067. | Impact Statement
When a metal solidifies during casting or additive manufacturing, it forms a multitude of tiny crystals called dendrites. The dendrite shape and whether the dendrites fragment determines the strength of the resulting solid metal. However, since gravity affects the growth and fragmentation process, it is unclear how those dendrites grow during freezing. The Dendrite Fragmentation and Morphology During Melting and Solidification (DFM) investigation, conducted in the Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA) facility, uses microgravity to examine the effects of cooling and heating rate on the shape of these crystals.
Department of Defense Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites – Chip Scale Atomic Clock (DoD SPHERES – CSAC) demonstrates the performance of an atomic clock in the sustained microgravity environment of ISS. Atomic clocks are the most accurate time keepers in the world. An atomic clock is a precision clock that depends, for its operation, on an electrical oscillation regulated by the natural vibration frequencies of an atomic system.
The Department of Defense SPHERES-Resonant Inductive Near-field Generation System (DOD SPHERES-RINGS) uses two small, self-contained satellites (SPHERES) fitted with donut-like rings (RINGS) to test wireless power transfer and formation flight using electromagnetic fields. The RINGS hardware are equipped with aluminum coils and current control systems and are mounted onto the SPHERES vehicles. The investigation provides insight for the Department of Defense and NASA to develop a new control method for clusters of multiple satellites, and demonstrates the ability to wirelessly transfer power across a medium distance, which could provide greater flexibility of future satellite cluster architectures.
Publications
Porter AK, Alinger DJ, Sedwick RJ, Merk J, Opperman RA, Buck A, Eslinger G, Fisher P, Miller DW, Bou E. Dual-purpose resonate actuators for electromagnetic formation flight and wireless power transfer. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, National Harbor, Maryland. 2014 January 13-17; AIAA 2014-044918 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-0449. | Impact Statement
Alinger DJ, Porter AK, Sedwick RJ. Optimization of resonant inductive wireless power transfer using multilayer flat spiral coils. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2014 August 5; epub9 pp. DOI: 10.2514/1.A32901. | Impact Statement
Porter AK, Alinger DJ, Sedwick RJ, Merk J, Opperman RA, Buck A, Eslinger G, Fisher P, Miller DW, Bou E. Demonstration of electromagnetic formation flight and wireless power transfer. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2014 September 26; epub10 pp. DOI: 10.2514/1.A32940. | Impact Statement
The DESCENT investigation demonstrates the feasibility of using long conducting wires called electrodynamic tethers (EDTs) as spacecraft deorbiting platforms. The EDT collects and ejects electrons from Earth’s magnetic field, slowing down the satellites, which eventually burn up in Earth’s atmosphere. The investigation uses two 1-Unit CubeSats launched from the International Space Station attached to each other with a 100-meter long EDT.
Design of Scalable Gas Separation Membranes via Synthesis Under Microgravity (Cemisca) tests a novel approach of using particles of calcium-silicate (C-S) to synthesize nanoporous membranes (those with pores 100 nanometers or smaller) that can separate carbon dioxide molecules from air or other gases. Membrane separation is among the most energy-efficient and cost-effective technologies for removing carbon dioxide from waste gases to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Synthesizing the materials in microgravity may resolve existing challenges in membrane manufacturing and lead to development of lower-cost membranes with improved flux and high-temperature stability.
In previous research, Indium iodide (InI) showed promise as a material for detecting nuclear radiation at room temperature. As a non-toxic, stable material with a relatively low melting point, it also is ideal for experiments aboard the space station. The Detached Melt and Vapor Growth of InI in SUBSA Hardware (Detached Melt and Vapor Growth of InI) investigation grows separate, high-quality InI crystals in microgravity in order to test it against more expensive and difficult-to-grow current detection materials such as Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT). This work advances the process of fabricating high-quality InI and other crystals on Earth for use as better and less expensive detectors of nuclear radiation.
The ATOMIZATION experiment investigates the liquid spraying process in microgravity, on board the Japanese Experimental Module (JEM), in order to confirm the new atomization concept developed from drop tower experiments on Earth. This new concept can predict correct breakup positions of a liquid stream, or ligament, which provides key information to improve spray combustion processes inside rocket and jet engines.
Publications
Umemura A, Osaka J, Shinjo J, Nakamura Y, Matsumoto S, Kikuchi M, Taguchi T, Ohkuma H, Dohkojima T, Shimaoka T, Sone T, Nakagami H, Ono W. Coherent capillary wave structure revealed by ISS experiments for spontaneous nozzle jet disintegration. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2020 January 1; epub29 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-09756-0. | Impact Statement
Umemura A. On questions raised by microgravity liquid-jet-instability observations. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2021 April 30; 38(2): 380201. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.38.380201.
The Light-1 CubeSat focuses on the detection of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) coming from the Earth’s atmosphere. This feat is achieved by utilizing two detectors that are integrated onboard a compact 3-Unit (3U) satellite bus, proving to be extremely efficient in terms of cost, manufacturing and assembly time. Light-1 is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-20 (J-SSOD-20) micro-satellite deployment mission, and launches to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-24 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
Publications
Almazrouei A, Khan A, Almesmari A, Albuainain A, Bushlaibi A, Al Mahmood A, Alqaraan A, Alhammadi A, AlBalooshi A, Khater A, Alharam A, AlTawil B, Alkhzaimi B, Almansoori E, Jarrar F, Issa H, Al Blooshi H, Ansari MT, Alzaabi N, Braik N, Dimitropoulos P, Marpu P, Alialali R, Alhammadi R, Al-haddad R, Almazrouei S, Bahumaish S, Vu T, Alqassab Y. A complete mission concept design and analysis of the student-led CubeSat project: Light-1. Aerospace. 2021 September; 8(9): 247. DOI: 10.3390/aerospace8090247. | Impact Statement
Di Giovanni A, Manenti L, AlKhouri F, Alkindi LR, Almannaei A, Alqasim A, Benabderrahmane ML, Bruno G, Conicella V, Fawwaz O, Marpu P, Panicker P, Pittori C, Roberts MS, Vu T, Arneodo F. Characterisation of a CeBr3(LB) detector for space application. Journal of Instrumentation. 2019 September; 14(09): P09017–P09017. DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/14/09/P09017. | Impact Statement
Roberts MS, Arneodo F, Di Giovanni A, Alqasim A, Almannaei A, Almarri N, Alkindi LR, AlKhouri F, Panicker P, Ha S, Manenti L, Bruno G, Torres R, Conicella V, Marpu P, Vu T, Al Blooshi H. RAAD: a CubeSat-based soft gamma-ray detector for the study of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and other short timescale phenomena. Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XXIII, Strasbourg, France. 2019 October; 11151178-185. DOI: 10.1117/12.2533447. | Impact Statement
The Determing and Analyzing the Magnetic Interference on the ISS (Iskazheniye) investigation determines and analyzes the magnetic interference on the ISS to improve the accuracy of determining orientation using magnetic measurements sensors and to support the high-quality analysis of scientific experiments, in which Earth’s magnetic field (EFM) is used, or accounted for.
Loss of muscle mass and strength present a major challenge for astronauts on future long space voyages. Determining Muscle Strength in Space-flown Caenorhabditis elegans (Micro-16) uses this tiny worm to test whether decreased expression of muscle proteins is associated with decreased strength. The research team developed a new device to measure muscle strength in multiple generations of space-reared C. elegans worms and compare that strength to postflight muscle gene expression analyses.
Publications
Bilbao A, Patel A, Rahman M, Vanapalli SA, Blawzdziewicz J. Roll maneuvers are essential for active reorientation of Caenorhabditis elegans in 3D media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2018 April 17; 115(16): E3616-E3625. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706754115.PMID: 29618610. | Impact Statement
Hewitt JE, Pollard AK, Lesanpezeshki L, Deane CS, Gaffney CJ, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Vanapalli SA. Muscle strength deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction in a muscular dystrophy model of Caenorhabditis elegans and its functional response to drugs. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2018 December 1; 11(12): dmm036137. DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036137.PMID: 30396907. | Impact Statement
Laranjeiro R, Harinath G, Hewitt JE, Hartman JH, Royal MA, Meyer JN, Vanapalli SA, Driscoll M. Swim exercise in Caenorhabditis elegans extends neuromuscular and gut healthspan, enhances learning ability, and protects against neurodegeneration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019 November 19; 116(47): 23829-23839. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909210116. | Impact Statement
Lesanpezeshki L, Hewitt JE, Laranjeiro R, Antebi A, Driscoll M, Szewczyk NJ, Blawzdziewicz J, Lacerda CR, Vanapalli SA. Pluronic gel-based burrowing assay for rapid assessment of neuromuscular health in C. elegans. Scientific Reports. 2019 October 23; 9(1): 15246. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51608-9. | Impact Statement
Rahman M, Hewitt JE, Van-Bussel F, Edwards H, Blawzdziewicz J, Szewczyk NJ, Driscoll M, Vanapalli SA. NemaFlex: a microfluidics-based technology for standardized measurement of muscular strength of C. elegans. Lab on a Chip. 2018 July 24; 18(15): 2187-2201. DOI: 10.1039/C8LC00103K. | Impact Statement
Determining the Efficacy of Bacteria Resistant Polymers in Microgravity (Bacteria Resistant Polymers in Space) examines the effects of microgravity on bacteria-resistant polymer materials. Researchers plan to analyze variance in performance in space and on the ground of two polymers with proven bacteria resistance. More effective bacteria-resistant materials could help reduce the risk of disease transmission and ensure material integrity on future long-term space missions.
Developing a Procedure for Radiosounding of the Satellite Coverage Area using a Network of Ground Receivers (Ten-Mayak) studies very high frequency (VHF) radio reception and transmittal signal conditions from an onboard radio beacon located on the International Space Station (ISS) using the world radio amateur network and determine the characteristics of the radio signals broadcasting and retransmitting using an onboard transceiver.
The Developing New Technologies for the Optimization of Gaseous Environment in Living Compartments of the International Space Station Russian Segment (Veterok) investigation studies the capability of destroying pathogenic microbes, dust, fungi, and odors. By depriving the air of ions, living organisms may die. Veterok ionizes the purified air of the spacecraft to confirm the equipment operational capability and the effectiveness of new technologies for the gas environment parameters optimization under the International Space Station (ISS) orbital flight conditions.
Content Pending
Development of control methods of the robotic arm via Internet with regard to time delays to study the remote objects control capability.
Publications
Artigas J, Balachandran R, Riecke C, Stelzer M, Weber B, Ryu J, Albu-Schaeffer A. KONTUR-2: Force-feedback teleoperation from the international space station. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Stockholm, Sweden. 2016 May 16-21; 1166-1173. DOI: 10.1109/ICRA.2016.7487246. | Impact Statement
Muliukha V, Zaborovski VS, Ilyashenko A, Podgurski Y. Communication technologies in the space experiment "Kontur-2". Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Networks and Systems. 2017 August 28; 587-597. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67380-6_55. | Impact Statement
Muliukha V, Ilyashenko A, Zaborovski VS, Novopasheniy A. Space experiment "Kontur-2": Applied methods and obtained results. Proceedings of the 21st Conference of Fruct Association, Helsinki, Finland. 2017 November 6-10; 244-253. | Impact Statement
Weber B, Balachandran R, Riecke C, Stulp F, Stelzer M. Teleoperating robots from the International Space Station: Microgravity effects on performance with force feedback. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS 2019, Macau, China. 2019 November 4; 8138-8144. | Impact Statement
Weber B, Riecke C, Stulp F. Sensorimotor impairment and haptic support in microgravity. Experimental Brain Research. 2021 March 1; 239(3): 967-981. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-06024-1.PMID: 33464389. | Impact Statement
The Development of Advanced 3D Organ Culture System Utilizing the Microgravity Environment (Space Organogenesis) investigation demonstrates growth of organ buds from human stem cells in three-dimensional (3D) cultures in microgravity. Researchers plan to use these cultures to observe growth of the organ buds and analyze changes in gene expression. Cell culture on Earth needs supportive materials or forces to achieve 3D growth, but in microgravity cell cultures likely can expand into three dimensions without those devices.
Development of Atom Interferometry Experiments for the International Space Station's Cold Atom Laboratory (Cold Atom Lab - Atom Interferometry) demonstrates using atom interferometry as a precision measurement technique on the space station. Atom interferometry is an ultra-sensitive measurement technique that splits the quantum wave function of an atom into two distinct wave packets that travel separate trajectories and then recombine. This technique, already demonstrated on the ground, should work better in space and could be useful for future space navigation systems.
The Development of Methods and Onboard Equipment to Assure Aseptic Conditions Performing Biotechnology Experiments During Manned Spaceflight (Aseptik) investigation onducts an experimental assessment of the reliability and efficiency of methods and equipment, for assuring aseptic (sterile) conditions for biological investigations performed on board ISS.
Test of the procedure to determine carbon dioxide and methane content in the Earth atmosphere to understand a role of natural processes and human activity determining the atmospheric content of NI2 and NI4.
The Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware supports a variety of biological investigations. The Development of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance By Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens During Human Space Flight (BRIC-18-1) investigation tests the hypothesis that microgravity increases the development of simultaneous resistance to rifampicin (RIF) and trimethoprim (TMP), two antibiotics that are often prescribed together.
Publications
Fajardo-Cavazos P, Nicholson WL. Cultivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human spaceflight environment leads to alterations in the frequency and spectrum of spontaneous rifampicin-resistance mutations in the rpoB gene. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016 7999. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00999.PMID: 27446039.
Current spacecraft entering the atmosphere of Earth, Mars and other worlds control their entry, descent and landing using thrusters or other propulsion systems. The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability–Small Payload Quick Return (TechEdSat-5) investigation studies a new system called the Exo-Brake, which uses a spacecraft’s own atmospheric drag to change its velocity and adjust its approach. This investigation tests the controls, avionics and methods that may be used on future spacecraft using the Exo-Brake system, including small payloads returning to Earth or landing on Mars.
Test of information support procedure by the ISS Russian Segment crews in full-scale conditions for scientific-searching and fishing operations performed by State Fishery Committee ships in the World ocean waters.
Development of the On-board Monitoring System for Microorganisms in Potable Water on Manned Spacecraft (Micro Monitor) examines a high-performance, real-time system for monitoring spacecraft water systems. It uses an ultraviolet light and a fluorescence detector to measure microbes in the space station’s potable water and compares results with conventional cultivation methods. This monitoring system could be used on future deep space exploration missions.
Content Pending
DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization Alice Like Insert (DECLIC-ALI) studies liquids at the verge of boiling. The flow of heat during boiling events is different in microgravity than it is on Earth. Understanding how heat flows in fluids at the verge of boiling will help scientists develop cooling systems for use in microgravity.
Publications
Pont G, Belbis O, Burger H, Bornas N. DECLIC Operations and Ground Segment an Effective Way to Operate a Payload in the ISS. 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. 2012 IAC-12-B3.4-B6.5.8
Lecoutre C, Garrabos Y, Beysens DA, Nikolayev VS, Hahn I. Boiling phenomena in near-critical SF6 observed in weightlessness. Acta Astronautica. 2014 March; epub10 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.03.012.
Pont G, Barde S, Blonde D, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Hahn I, Bergeon N, Billia B, Chen L, Ramirez A, Trivedi R. DECLIC, soon two years of successful operations. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 October 3-7; IAC-11.A2.5.412 pp.
Nikolayev VS, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Hitz D, Chatain D, Guillaument R, Janecek V, Beysens DA. Boiling crisis dynamics: Low gravity experiments and modeling. 8th European Symposium on Aerothermodynamics for Space Vehicles, Lisbon, Portugal. 2015 March 2-6; 6 pp.
Lecoutre C, Guillaument R, Marre S, Garrabos Y, Beysens DA, Hahn I. Weightless experiments to probe universality of fluid critical behavior. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2015 June 8; 91(6-1): 060101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.91.060101.PMID: 26172640.
Nikolayev VS, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Charignon T, Hitz D, Chatain D, Guillaument R, Marre S, Beysens DA. Boiling crisis dynamics: Low gravity experiments at high pressure. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2015 August 6; epubDOI: 10.1007/s12217-015-9447-8.
Marcout R, Raymond G, Martin B, Cambon G, Zappoli B, Duclos F, Barde S, Beysens DA, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Billia B, Bergeon N, Mangelinck-Noel N. DECLIC : A facility to investigate fluids and transparent materials in microgravity conditions in ISS. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 October 6; 1 IAC-06-A2.5.0213 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-06-A2.5.02.
Beysens DA, Pichavant G, Chatain D, Nikolayev VS, Lecoutre C, Garrabos Y. Non Marangoni motion of a bubble under a temperature gradient. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 December; IAC-11-A2.6.711 pp.
Cambon G, Zappoli B, Barde S, Duclos F, Lauver R, Marcout R, Raymond G, Beysens DA, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Billia B, Bergeon N, Mangelinck-Noel N. The DECLIC program developments status. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 October 4; IAC-IAF/IAA-04-J.5.0311 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-04-J.5.03.
Pont G, Barde S, Bioulez P, Blonde D, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Bergeon N, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Ramirez A, Trivedi R. DECLIC, first results on orbit. 61st International Astronautical Congress, Prague, Czech Republic. 2010 January; IAC-10-A2.5.110 pp.
Oprisan A, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA. Pattern evolution during double liquid-vapor phase transitions under weightlessness. Molecules. 2017 June 9; 22(6): 947. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060947.PMID: 28598367.
Oprisan A, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA. Measuring the transition rates of coalescence events during double phase separation in microgravity. Molecules. 2017 July 6; 22(7): 1125. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071125.
DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization Alice Like Insert-Refurbishment (DECLIC-ALI-R) studies liquids at the verge of boiling. The flow of heat during boiling events is different in microgravity than it is on Earth. Understanding how heat flows in fluids at the verge of boiling helps scientists to develop cooling systems for use in microgravity.
Publications
Lecoutre C, Marre S, Garrabos Y, Beysens DA, Hahn I. Near-critical density filling of the SF6 fluid cell for the ALI-R-DECLIC experiment in weightlessness. Acta Astronautica. 2018 March 3; epub12 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.03.004.Also: This paper IAC-17-A2,4 was presented at 68th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), 25-29 September 2017, Adelaide, Australia.. | Impact Statement
DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization (DECLIC) is a multi-user facility utilized to study transparent media and their phase transitions in microgravity onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The Directional Solidification Insert (DSI) portion of the DECLIC multi-user facility experiment will study a series of benchmark experiments on transparent alloys that freeze like metals under microgravity onboard the International Space Station (ISS) using SCN (succinonitrile-a transparent organic substance in the liquid state that is used to study the phenomena related to solidification processes) based alloys. The DSI insert will be installed for the second run of the three series of DECLIC experiments.
Publications
Bergeon N, Ramirez A, Chen L, Billia B, Gu J, Trivedi R. Dynamics of interface pattern formation in 3D alloy solidification: first results from experiments in the DECLIC directional solidification insert on the International Space Station. Journal of Materials Science. 2011 466191-6202. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-011-5382-2.
Pont G, Belbis O, Burger H, Bornas N. DECLIC Operations and Ground Segment an Effective Way to Operate a Payload in the ISS. 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. 2012 IAC-12-B3.4-B6.5.8
Ramirez A, Chen L, Bergeon N, Billia B, Gu J, Trivedi R. In situ and real time characterization of interface microstructure in 3D alloy solidification: benchmark microgravity experiments in the DECLIC-Directional Solidification Insert on ISS. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2012 January 12; 27(1): 012087. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/27/1/012087.
Pont G, Barde S, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Hahn I, Bergeon N, Billia B, Trivedi R, Karma A. DECLIC, now and tomorrow. 64th International Astronautical Congress, Beijing, China. 2013 IAC-13,A2,5.59 pp.
Pont G, Barde S, Blonde D, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Hahn I, Bergeon N, Billia B, Chen L, Ramirez A, Trivedi R. DECLIC, soon two years of successful operations. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 October 3-7; IAC-11.A2.5.412 pp.
Mota FL, Bergeon N, Tourret D, Karma A, Trivedi R, Billia B. Initial transient behavior in directional solidification of a bulk transparent model alloy in a cylinder. Acta Materialia. 2015 February; 85362-377. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.11.024.
Marcout R, Raymond G, Martin B, Cambon G, Zappoli B, Duclos F, Barde S, Beysens DA, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Billia B, Bergeon N, Mangelinck-Noel N. DECLIC : A facility to investigate fluids and transparent materials in microgravity conditions in ISS. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 October 6; 1 IAC-06-A2.5.0213 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-06-A2.5.02.
Beysens DA, Pichavant G, Chatain D, Nikolayev VS, Lecoutre C, Garrabos Y. Non Marangoni motion of a bubble under a temperature gradient. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 December; IAC-11-A2.6.711 pp.
Tourret D, Debierre J, Song Y, Mota FL, Bergeon N, Guerin R, Trivedi R, Billia B, Karma A. Oscillatory cellular patterns in three-dimensional directional solidification. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2015 October 7; 92(4): 042401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.042401.PMID: 26565251.
Bergeon N, Mota FL, Chen L, Tourret D, Debierre J, Guerin R, Karma A, Billia B, Trivedi R. Dynamical microstructure formation in 3D directional solidification of transparent model alloys: in situ characterization in DECLIC Directional Solidification Insert under diffusion transport in microgravity. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2015 June 11; 84012077. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012077.
Bergeon N, Tourret D, Chen L, Debierre J, Guerin R, Ramirez A, Billia B, Karma A, Trivedi R. Spatiotemporal dynamics of oscillatory cellular patterns in three-dimensional directional solidification. Physical Review Letters. 2013 May 31; 110(22): 226102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.226102.PMID: 23767735. | Impact Statement
Cambon G, Zappoli B, Barde S, Duclos F, Lauver R, Marcout R, Raymond G, Beysens DA, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Billia B, Bergeon N, Mangelinck-Noel N. The DECLIC program developments status. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 October 4; IAC-IAF/IAA-04-J.5.0311 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-04-J.5.03.
Mota FL, Bergeon N, Tourret D, Karma A, Trivedi R, Billia B. Effect of thermal drift on the Initial transient behavior in directional solidification of a bulk transparent model alloy. TMS 2016: 145th Annual Meeting & Exhibition: Supplemental Proceedings. 2016 February 3; 21-30. DOI: 10.1002/9781119274896.ch3.
Pont G, Barde S, Bioulez P, Blonde D, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Bergeon N, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Ramirez A, Trivedi R. DECLIC, first results on orbit. 61st International Astronautical Congress, Prague, Czech Republic. 2010 January; IAC-10-A2.5.110 pp.
Pereda J, Mota FL, Chen L, Billia B, Tourret D, Song Y, Debierre J, Guerin R, Karma A, Trivedi R, Bergeon N. Experimental observation of oscillatory cellular patterns in three-dimensional directional solidification. Physical Review E. 2017 January; 95(1-1): 012803. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.95.012803.PMID: 28208400.
Mota FL, Song Y, Pereda J, Billia B, Tourret D, Debierre J, Trivedi R, Karma A, Bergeon N. Convection effects during bulk transparent alloy solidification in DECLIC-DSI and phase-field simulations in diffusive conditions. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2017 May 31; 691280–1288. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-017-2395-6.
Song Y, Tourret D, Mota FL, Pereda J, Billia B, Bergeon N, Trivedi R, Karma A. Thermal-field effects on interface dynamics and microstructure selection during alloy directional solidification. Acta Materialia. 2018 May 15; 150139-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.012. | Impact Statement
Mota FL, Ji K, Lyons T, Strutzenberg LL, Trivedi R, Karma A, Bergeon N. In situ observation of growth dynamics in DECLIC directional solidification insert onboard ISS: DSI-R flight campaign. 70th International Astronautical Congress 2019, Washington, DC. 2019 October 21; IAC-19-A2.6.28 pp. | Impact Statement
Pereda J, Mota FL, Debierre J, Billia B, Trivedi R, Karma A, Bergeon N. Experimental characterization and theoretical analysis of cell tip oscillations in directional solidification. Physical Review E. 2020 September; 102(3-1): 032804. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.102.032804.PMID: 33075934. | Impact Statement
Mota FL, Bergeon N, Karma A, Trivedi R, Debierre J. Oscillatory-nonoscillatory transitions for inclined cellular patterns in three-dimensional directional solidification. Physical Review E. 2020 September; 102(3-1): 032803. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.102.032803.PMID: 33075956. | Impact Statement
Mota FL, Pereda J, Ji K, Song Y, Trivedi R, Karma A, Bergeon N. Effect of sub-boundaries on primary spacing dynamics during 3D directional solidification conducted on DECLIC-DSI. Acta Materialia. 2020 November 24; epub116500. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.116500. | Impact Statement
Bergeon N, Reinhart G, Mota FL, Mangelinck-Noel N, Nguyen-Thi H. Analysis of gravity effects during binary alloy directional solidification by comparison of microgravity and Earth experiments with in situ observation. European Physical Journal E. 2021 July 20; 44(7): 98. DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00102-0. | Impact Statement
The DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization (DECLIC) is used to study crystal growth in transparent liquids. The Directional Solidification Insert (DSI) portion of DECLIC observes clear alloys that freeze like metals in microgravity. By providing real-time views of the crystal structures that form in the liquid, DECLIC-DSI sheds light on the physics that control the formation of solid materials.
Publications
Pont G, Barde S, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Hahn I, Bergeon N, Billia B, Trivedi R, Karma A. DECLIC, now and tomorrow. 64th International Astronautical Congress, Beijing, China. 2013 IAC-13,A2,5.59 pp.
DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization (DECLIC) is a multi-user facility utilized to study transparent media and their phase transitions in microgravity onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The High Temperature Insert (HTI) portion of DECLIC studies water (H20) near its critical point, and this insert will be installed for the first run of the DECLIC series of experiments.
Publications
Pont G, Belbis O, Burger H, Bornas N. DECLIC Operations and Ground Segment an Effective Way to Operate a Payload in the ISS. 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. 2012 IAC-12-B3.4-B6.5.8
Pont G, Barde S, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Hahn I, Bergeon N, Billia B, Trivedi R, Karma A. DECLIC, now and tomorrow. 64th International Astronautical Congress, Beijing, China. 2013 IAC-13,A2,5.59 pp.
Pont G, Barde S, Blonde D, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Hahn I, Bergeon N, Billia B, Chen L, Ramirez A, Trivedi R. DECLIC, soon two years of successful operations. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 October 3-7; IAC-11.A2.5.412 pp.
Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Palencia F, Beysens DA, Nikolayev VS, Evesque P. Optical cells for study of water properties near its liquid-gas critical point. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2008 25(3): 279-283.
Marcout R, Raymond G, Martin B, Cambon G, Zappoli B, Duclos F, Barde S, Beysens DA, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Billia B, Bergeon N, Mangelinck-Noel N. DECLIC : A facility to investigate fluids and transparent materials in microgravity conditions in ISS. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 October 6; 1 IAC-06-A2.5.0213 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-06-A2.5.02.
Beysens DA, Pichavant G, Chatain D, Nikolayev VS, Lecoutre C, Garrabos Y. Non Marangoni motion of a bubble under a temperature gradient. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 December; IAC-11-A2.6.711 pp.
Cambon G, Zappoli B, Barde S, Duclos F, Lauver R, Marcout R, Raymond G, Beysens DA, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Billia B, Bergeon N, Mangelinck-Noel N. The DECLIC program developments status. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 October 4; IAC-IAF/IAA-04-J.5.0311 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-04-J.5.03.
Pont G, Barde S, Bioulez P, Blonde D, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Bergeon N, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Ramirez A, Trivedi R. DECLIC, first results on orbit. 61st International Astronautical Congress, Prague, Czech Republic. 2010 January; IAC-10-A2.5.110 pp.
Nikolayev VS, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Pichavant G, Chatain D, Beysens DA. Evaporation condensation-induced bubble motion after temperature gradient set-up. Comptes Rendus Mécanique. 2017 January 1; 345(1): 35-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.crme.2016.10.002. | Impact Statement
The DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - High Temperature Insert-Reflight (DECLIC HTI-R) investigation studies water near its critical point, the point beyond which water loses its distinction between liquid and vapor and begins to behave as a dense gas. Salt tends to precipitate out from water at temperatures and pressures beyond its critical point. Understanding this behavior will assist designers in building extended-life and low-maintenance supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) reactors that will provide for more environmentally friendly waste management systems and reduce operating costs of power plants that use supercritical water for its working fluid.
Publications
Pont G, Barde S, Zappoli B, Garrabos Y, Lecoutre C, Beysens DA, Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Hahn I, Bergeon N, Billia B, Trivedi R, Karma A. DECLIC, now and tomorrow. 64th International Astronautical Congress, Beijing, China. 2013 IAC-13,A2,5.59 pp.
Hicks MC, Hegde UG, Lecoutre C, Marre S, Garrabos Y. Supercritical water (SCW) investigations in the DECLIC and DECLIC-Evo: Past, present and future. Acta Astronautica. 2020 June 4; 17659-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.006. | Impact Statement
The Dietary Intake Can Predict and Protect Against Changes in Bone Metabolism during Spaceflight and Recovery (Pro K) investigation is NASA's first evaluation of a dietary countermeasure to lessen bone loss of astronauts. Pro K proposes that a flight diet with a decreased ratio of animal protein to potassium will lead to decreased loss of bone mineral. Pro K has impacts on the definition of nutritional requirements and development of food systems for future exploration missions, and could yield a method of counteracting bone loss that would have virtually no risk of side effects.
Publications
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Heer MA, Lee SM, Baecker N, Meuche S, Macias BR, Shackelford LC, Schneider SM, Hargens AR. WISE-2005: Supine Treadmill Exercise within Lower Body Negative Pressure and Flywheel Resistive Exercise as a Countermeasure to Bed Rest-Induced Bone Loss during 60-Day Simulated Microgravity in Women. Bone. 2008 42(572-81): 572.
Zwart SR, Smith SM. The impact of space flight on the human skeletal system and potential nutritional countermeasures. International SportMed Journal. 2005 6(4): 199-214.
Zwart SR, Davis-Street JE, Paddon-Jones D, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Smith SM. Amino acid supplementation alters bone metabolism during simulated weightlessness. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005 99134-40.
Zwart SR, Hargens AR, Smith SM. The ratio of animal protein intake to potassium intake is a predictor of bone resorption in space flight analogues and in ambulatory subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 80(4): 1058-1065.
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Kloeris VA, Heer MA. Nutritional Biochemistry of Space Flight. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2008 4687-130. DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)00403-4.
Zwart SR, Rice BL, Dlouhy H, Shackelford LC, Heer MA, Koslovsky MD, Smith SM. Dietary acid load and bone turnover during long-duration spaceflight and bed rest. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2018 May; 107(5): 834-844. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy029.PMID: 29722847. | Impact Statement
Paul AM, Cheng-Campbell M, Blaber EA, Anand S, Bhattacharya S, Zwart SR, Crucian BE, Smith SM, Meller R, Grabham P, Beheshti A. Beyond low-Earth orbit: Characterizing immune and microRNA differentials following simulated deep spaceflight conditions in mice. iScience. 2020 November 25; 23(12): 101747. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101747.PMID: 33376970. | Impact Statement
Zwart SR, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Heer MA, Melin MM, Smith SM. Albumin, oral contraceptives, and venous thromboembolism risk in astronauts. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2022 April 7; epub29pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2022.PMID: 35389755. | Impact Statement
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year, while his twin remains on Earth. Differential Effects on Telomeres and Telomerase in Twin Astronauts Associated with Spaceflight (Twins Study – Bailey) explores differences between the twins’ telomeres, protective “caps” on the ends of chromosomes that shorten as a person ages as well as when they are exposed to a variety of life stresses, to see if telomeres respond differently to spaceflight (as compared to life on earth), and then how such changes relate to the various endpoints studied by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Luxton JJ, McKenna MJ, Taylor LE, George KA, Zwart SR, Crucian BE, Drel VR, Garrett-Bakelman FE, MacKay M, Butler DJ, Foox J, Grigorev K, Bezdan D, Meydan C, Smith SM, Sharma K, Mason CE, Bailey SM. Temporal telomere and DNA damage responses in the space radiation environment. Cell Reports. 2020 November 20; eoub108435. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108435.PMID: 33242411. | Impact Statement
Luxton JJ, McKenna MJ, Lewis A, Taylor LE, George KA, Dixit SM, Moniz M, Benegas W, MacKay M, Mozsary C, Butler DJ, Bezdan D, Meydan C, Crucian BE, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Mason CE, Bailey SM. Telomere length dynamics and DNA damage responses associated with long-duration spaceflight. Cell Reports. 2020 November 20; epub108457. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108457.PMID: 33242406. | Impact Statement
Luxton JJ, Bailey SM. Twins, telomeres, and aging-in space!. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2021 January 1; 147(1S-2): 7S-14S. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007616.PMID: 33347069. | Impact Statement
Bailey SM, Luxton JJ, McKenna MJ, Taylor LE, George KA, Jhavar SG, Swanson GP. Ad Astra - telomeres in space!. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2021 July 26; 1-9. DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1956010.PMID: 34270368. | Impact Statement
This experiment investigates how long term exposure to microgravity, such as would be experienced on missions to the Moon and Mars, effects production of cells critical to the human immune system.
Publications
Ortega MT, Delp MD, Zawieja DC, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Behnke BJ. Shifts in Bone Marrow Cell Phenotypes Caused by Space Flight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 Feb; 106(2): 548-555. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91138.2008.PMID: 19056998. | Impact Statement
Ortega MT, Lu N, Behnke BJ. Evaluation of in vitro Macrophage Differentiation During Space Flight. Advances in Space Research. 2012 May; 49(10): 1441-1455. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.02.021. | Impact Statement
Digital Holter ECG (Holter ECG) will record 24-hours of ECG data to monitor cardiovascular and autonomic function of the International Space Station crewmembers. The location of electrodes and skin changes after 24-hours of ECG monitoring are recorded by HDTV camera.
Digital Tablet Eye Vision Test for Space Missions [Reflective Eye Test (Ax-1)] on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) evaluates visual function before, during and after spaceflight using well-tested software on a hand-held device. Results are expected to provide information on the effects of weightlessness on visual and other brain functions. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Content Pending
Publications
Cheron G, Leroy A, Palmero-Soler E, de Saedeleer C, Bengoetxea A, Cebolla AM, Vidal M, Dan B, Berthoz A, McIntyre J. Gravity influences top-down signals in visual processing. PLOS ONE. 2014 January 6; 9(1): e82371. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082371.PMID: 24400069. | Impact Statement
Cheron G, Cebolla AM, Petieau M, Bengoetxea A, Palmero-Soler E, Leroy A, Dan B. Adaptive Changes of Rhythmic Eeg Oscillations in Space: Implications for Brain-Machine Interface Applications. International Review of Neurobiology. 2009 86171-187. chapter 13.
de Saedeleer C, Vidal M, Lipshits M, Bengoetxea A, Cebolla AM, Berthoz A, Cheron G, McIntyre J. Weightlessness alters up/down asymmetries in the perception of self-motion. Experimental Brain Research. 2013 April; 226(1): 95-106. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3414-7.PMID: 23397113.
Lipshits M, Bengoetxea A, Cheron G, McIntyre J. Two Reference Frames for Visual Perception in Two Gravity Conditions. Perception. 2005 34(5): 545-555. DOI: 10.1068/p5358.
Cheron G, Leroy A, de Saedeleer C, Bengoetxea A, Lipshits M, Cebolla AM, Servais L, Dan B, Berthoz A, McIntyre J. Effect of Gravity on Human Spontaneous 10-Hz Electroencephalographic Oscillations During the Arrest Reaction. Brain Research. 2006 November; 1121(1): 104-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.098.PMID: 17034767.
Leroy A, de Saedeleer C, Bengoetxea A, Cebolla AM, Leurs F, Dan B, Berthoz A, McIntyre J, Cheron G. Mu and Alpha EEG Rhythms During the Arrest Reaction in Microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 102-107. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919462.
The Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) program is a step toward building a reliable Interplanetary Internet. The experiment establishes a long-term communications test bed on the International Space Station (ISS), which transmits test messages between the ISS and ground stations. Delay- and disruption-tolerant networks can improve electronic communications by storing data when a connection is interrupted, and forwarding it to its destination using relay stations.
Publications
Jenkins A, Kuzminsky S, Gifford K, Pitts RL, Nichols K. Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking: Flight test results from the international space station. 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2010 March 6-13; 1279DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446948. | Impact Statement
Dissecting the Influence of Gravity on Human Immune Function in Adults and the Elderly (Celestial Immunity) builds on earlier studies to evaluate how gravity affects functional immune response, from innate mechanisms of defense to adaptive responses. It uses peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from both elderly and younger adult donors to facilitate the study of possible age-associated effects. The investigation could uncover novel immune pathways useful for the development of new vaccines and drugs to prevent and treat existing and emerging human diseases.
Divert Unwanted Space Trash (DUST) collects and analyzes particulates in airborne debris from the International Space Station (ISS) cabin. Unique aspects of the spacecraft environment, such as lack of gravity and no fresh air, influence the size, quantity, and components of airborne particulate matter, which in turn affects air quality aboard the station. The data also provides baseline information for future spacecraft particle detector design, and the debris can be used for realistic testing of possible particulate monitors for future long-duration missions.
Publications
Jahn LG, Bland GD, Monroe LW, Sullivan RC, Meyer ME. Single-particle elemental analysis of vacuum bag dust samples collected from the International Space Station by SEM/EDX and sp-ICP-ToF-MS. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2021 January 20; 0(ja): 1-13. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1874610. | Impact Statement
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer for Microsatellite (J-SSOD-M1) mission deploys the 50kg CubeSat DIWATA-1, the first satellite from the Philippines, from Kibo. The satellite was developed jointly by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of the Republic of the Philippines (DOST), the University of the Philippines Diliman, Tohoku University, and Hokkaido University. DIWATA-1 is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the OA-6 Cygnus cargo vehicle.
The German Space Agency (DLR) Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS) investigation verifies and enhances the use of space-based hyperspectral (from the visual to near infrared spectrum) imaging capabilities for Earth remote sensing, and provides an instrument which produces high value hyperspectral imagery for Teledyne Brown Engineering (TBE) commercial purposes. Requested images are collected and transferred to the MUSES (Multiple User System for Earth Sensing) server onboard the International Space Station for delivery to a hosted cloud that provides users with access. The instrument has a number of commercial and humanitarian applications.
Publications
Eckardt A, Horack J, Lehmann F, Krutz D, Drescher J, Whorton M, Soutullo M. DESIS (DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer for the ISS-MUSES platform). Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Milan Italy. 2015 July 26-31; DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326053.
Perkins R, Galloway PN, Miller R, Graham L. Teledyne's muses mission on the ISS: Enabling flexible and reconfigurable earth observation from space. 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Fort Worth, Texas. 2017 July 23-28; 1177-1180. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8127167. | Impact Statement
Muller R, Avbelj J, Carmona E, Eckardt A, Gerasch B, Graham L, Guenther B, Heiden U, Ickes J, Kerr G, Knodt U, Krutz D, Krawczyk H, Makarau A, Miller R, Perkins R, Walter I. The new hyperspectral sensor DESIS on the multi-payload platform MUSES installed on the ISS. XXIII ISPRS Congress - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. 2016 July 12-19; XLI-B1461-467. DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B1-461-2016. | Impact Statement
Alonso K, Bachmann M, Burch K, Carmona E, Cerra D, de los Reyes R, Dietrich D, Heiden U, Holderlin A, Ickes J, Knodt U, Krutz D, Lester H, Muller R, Pagnutti M, Reinartz P, Richter R, Ryan R, Sebastian I, Tegler M. Data products, quality and validation of the DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS). Sensors. 2019 October 15; 19(20): 44 pp. DOI: 10.3390/s19204471.PMID: 31618940. | Impact Statement
Krutz D, Muller R, Knodt U, Gunther B, Walter I, Sebastian I, Sauberlich T, Reulke R, Carmona E, Eckardt A, Venus H, Fischer C, Zender B, Arloth S, Lieder M, Neidhardt M, Grote U, Schrandt F, Gelmi S, Wojtkowiak A. The instrument design of the DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS). Sensors. 2019 April 4; 19(7): 1622. DOI: 10.3390/s19071622.PMID: 30987374. | Impact Statement
The DLR-EAC Retinal Diagnostics Study (Retinal Diagnostics) utilizes a commercially available ophthalmology lens, approved for routine clinical use with mobile devices, to capture images of the human retina in space. The videos/images are downlinked to test and train models to detect retinal pathologies common among astronauts.
The DNA Photodamage: Measurements of Vacuum Solar Radiation-induced DNA Damages within Spores (EXPOSE-R PHOTO) experiment studies the effect of exposure of bacterial spores, and samples of their DNA, to solar UV radiation. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat J, Wagner JR. Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage to nucleic acids in cells: facts and artifacts. Bioanalytical Reviews. 2012 December; 4(2-4): 55-74. DOI: 10.1007/s12566-012-0029-6.
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Horneck G, Wynn-Williams DD, Mancinelli RL, Cadet J, Munakata N, Ronto G, Edwards HG, Hock B, Wanke H, Reitz G, Dachev TP, Hader D, Brioullet C. Biological experiments on the Expose facility of the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1998 November 16-18; 10. | Impact Statement
The common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has a complex immune system that can serve as a model for understanding how well the human immune system functions in space. The spaceflight environment is known to affect host-pathogen interactions, which could make animals, as well as humans, more susceptible to infection, especially because it is possible that pathogens may become more virulent in space. Does Spaceflight Alter the Virulence of a Natural Parasite of Drosophila (Fruit Fly Lab-03) (FFL-03) examines the combined effect of altered host response, with changes to pathogens, during spaceflight.
Content Pending
Publications
Kitamoto J, Fukui A, Asashima M. Temporal regulation of global gene expression and cellular morphology in Xenopus kidney cells in response to clinorotation. Advances in Space Research. 2005 January; 35(9): 1654-1661. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.100.
Ikuzawa M, Akiduki S, Asashima M. Gene expression profile of Xenopus A6 cells cultured under random positioning machine shows downregulation of ion transporter genes and inhibition of dome formation. Advances in Space Research. 2007 January; 40(11): 1694-1702. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.08.014.
Ikuzawa M, Asashima M. Global Expression of Simulated Microgravity-Responsive Genes in Xenopus Liver Cells. Zoological Science. 2008 August; 25(8): 828-837. DOI: 10.2108/zsj.25.828.
Domesticating Algae for Sustainable Production of Feedstocks in Space (Space Algae) explores the genetic basis for productivity of algae cultivated in space and whether this requires genetic adaptations. Algae may perceive microgravity as an abiotic stress, which can trigger production of high value compounds. Investigators plan whole genome sequencing of the space-grown algal populations to identify genes related to growth in spaceflight and testing of algal composition for production of high value compounds.
The Dose Distribution Inside ISS - Dosimetry for Biological Experiments in Space (DOSIS-DOBIES) provides documentation of the actual nature and distribution of the radiation field inside the ISS and develops a standard method to measure the absorbed doses in biological samples onboard the ISS.
Publications
Bilski P, Berger T, Hajek M, Twardak A, Koerner C, Reitz G. Thermoluminescence fading studies: Implications for long-duration space measurements in Low Earth Orbit. Radiation Measurements. 2013 September; 56303-306. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.01.045. | Impact Statement
Berger T, Przybyla B, Matthia D, Reitz G, Burmeister S, Labrenz J, Bilski P, Horwacik T, Twardak A, Hajek M, Fugger M, Hofstatter C, Sihver L, Palfalvi JK, Szabó J, Stradi A, Ambrozova I, Kubancak J, Brabcova KP, Vanhavere F, Cauwels V, Van Hoey O, Schoonjans W, Parisi A, Gaza R, Semones E, Yukihara EG, Benton ER, Doull BA, Uchihori Y, Kodaira S, Kitamura H, Boehme M. DOSIS & DOSIS 3D: long-term dose monitoring onboard the Columbus Laboratory of the International Space Station (ISS). Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2016 November 11; 6(A39): 19 pp. DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2016034. | Impact Statement
Berger T, Burmeister S, Matthia D, Przybyla B, Reitz G, Bilski P, Hajek M, Sihver L, Szabó J, Ambrozova I, Vanhavere F, Gaza R, Semones E, Yukihara EG, Benton ER, Uchihori Y, Kodaira S, Kitamura H, Boehme M. DOSIS & DOSIS 3D: radiation measurements with the DOSTEL instruments onboard the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS in the years 2009–2016. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2017 March 13; 7(A8): 19 pp. DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2017005. | Impact Statement
Berger T, Matthia D, Burmeister S, Zeitlin C, Rios R, Stoffle NN, Schwadron NA, Spence HE, Hassler DM, Ehresmann B, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF. Long term variations of galactic cosmic radiation on board the International Space Station, on the Moon and on the surface of Mars. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2020 July 28; 1034. DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2020028. | Impact Statement
International Space Station crewmembers are continually exposed to varying levels of radiation which can be harmful to their health. Dose Distribution Inside the International Space Station - 3D (DOSIS-3D) uses several active and passive detectors to determine the radiation doses inside the ISS. The goal is a three-dimensional radiation map covering all sections of the ISS.
Publications
Berger T, Przybyla B, Matthia D, Reitz G, Burmeister S, Labrenz J, Bilski P, Horwacik T, Twardak A, Hajek M, Fugger M, Hofstatter C, Sihver L, Palfalvi JK, Szabó J, Stradi A, Ambrozova I, Kubancak J, Brabcova KP, Vanhavere F, Cauwels V, Van Hoey O, Schoonjans W, Parisi A, Gaza R, Semones E, Yukihara EG, Benton ER, Doull BA, Uchihori Y, Kodaira S, Kitamura H, Boehme M. DOSIS & DOSIS 3D: long-term dose monitoring onboard the Columbus Laboratory of the International Space Station (ISS). Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2016 November 11; 6(A39): 19 pp. DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2016034. | Impact Statement
Berger T, Burmeister S, Matthia D, Przybyla B, Reitz G, Bilski P, Hajek M, Sihver L, Szabó J, Ambrozova I, Vanhavere F, Gaza R, Semones E, Yukihara EG, Benton ER, Uchihori Y, Kodaira S, Kitamura H, Boehme M. DOSIS & DOSIS 3D: radiation measurements with the DOSTEL instruments onboard the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS in the years 2009–2016. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2017 March 13; 7(A8): 19 pp. DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2017005. | Impact Statement
Larsson O, Benghin VV, Berger T, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Fuglesang C, Larosa M, Lund-Jensen B, Nagamatsu A, Narici L, Nikolaev IV, Picozza P, Reitz G, De Santis C, Zaconte V. Measurements of heavy-ion anisotropy and dose rates in the Russian section of the International Space Station with the Sileye-3/Alteino detector. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 2014 December; 42(2): 025002. DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/42/2/025002. | Impact Statement
Berger T, Matthia D, Burmeister S, Zeitlin C, Rios R, Stoffle NN, Schwadron NA, Spence HE, Hassler DM, Ehresmann B, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF. Long term variations of galactic cosmic radiation on board the International Space Station, on the Moon and on the surface of Mars. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2020 July 28; 1034. DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2020028. | Impact Statement
Caprotti AS, Brudern M, Burmeister S, Heber B, Herbst K. Yield function of the DOSimetry TELescope count and dose rates aboard the International Space Station. Space Weather. 2021 April 1; 19(5): e2020SW002510. DOI: 10.1029/2020SW002510. | Impact Statement
Direct comparisons of how medications work in space compared to on Earth have not yet been performed, and scientists need more data to determine whether the drugs are working differently. The Dose Tracker Application for Monitoring Crew Medication Usage, Symptoms, and Adverse Effects During Missions (Dose Tracker) experiment, for which data collection is now complete, uses an iPad app to collect information on members’ medication use during their missions. Results help determine whether medicines act differently on humans in space than they do on Earth.
Publications
Wotring VE. Medication use by U.S. crewmembers on the International Space Station. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2015 November; 29(11): 4417-4423. DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-264838.PMID: 26187345. | Impact Statement
Wotring VE, Smith LK. Dose Tracker Application for Collecting Medication Use Data from International Space Station Crew. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2020 January 1; 91(1): 41-45. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5392.2020.PMID: 31852573. | Impact Statement
Dose-Response Study of Musculoskeletal Outcomes Following Centrifugation in Adult Mice on ISS, part of the Joint Partial-gravity Rodent Research (JPG-RR) Mouse Habitat Unit-8 (MHU-8) mission, examines whether partial gravity via centrifuge reduces musculoskeletal deterioration during spaceflight. Results could help determine whether this artificial gravity may mitigate a suite of health risks associated with spaceflight, thus improving crew health and mission success for future space exploration.
Dosimetric Mapping (DOSMAP) allowed mapping of radiation levels throughout the internal environment of the International Space Station (ISS) and in the immediate vicinity of each crew member. The resulting data helped determine the best radiation shielding locations on board the ISS, thereby providing the crew with the best possible protection during unusually high levels of radiation due to solar flares and other cosmic phenomena.
Publications
Beaujean R, Dachev TP, Reitz G, Deme S, Heinrich W, Luszik-Bhadra M, Olko P. Dosimetric Mapping. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA-2001-4903DOI: 10.2514/6.2001-4903. | Impact Statement
Reitz G, Beaujean R, Benton ER, Burmeister S, Dachev TP, Deme S, Luszik-Bhadra M, Olko P. Space radiation measurements on-board ISS - the DOSMAP experiment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2005 116(1-4): 374-379. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci262. | Impact Statement
Drag De-Orbit Device (D3) tests a device with controllable drag surfaces that can be repeatedly deployed and retracted to adjust a satellite’s rate of orbital decay. It also tests an algorithm to control these surfaces in order to reach a targeted re-entry point. This technology could provide an alternative for deorbiting spacecraft in low-Earth orbit more rapidly, which could help keep them from posing a risk to other spacecraft and the ground.
BASF and DreamUp’s DreamKit: Plants in Space, a plant growth investigation designed by NanoRacks, examines how light and gravity affect plant growth using arugula grown on the space station. Previous research shows that gravity and the amount and color of light affect growth and direction of roots and stems. The investigation compares the growth of rocket arugula (Eruca sativa) seeds in a clear medium and in a medium that blocks a specific wavelength of light. Results support development of a DreamKit educational module that encourages students to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM).
DreamStar is a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education project using space to inspire girls of every age. The project creates videos and educational content that are shared via YouTube, the Barbie Vlog, and social media to an audience of nearly 20 million viewers. This content highlights historical women in space and current minority women in space to reinforce the message, “if you can see it, you can be it”. Other educational content accompanies the digital media campaign and touches on issues in science and international cooperation.
Supplied high definition television video cameras and obtained high quality video footage of activities on ISS for commercial, historical, training, educational, and public-interest use.
Drinking Coffee in Space: The Impact of Microgravity on Streptococcus mutans on Susceptibility to Coffee (SmCoffee) investigates how coffee affects the oral hygiene of crew members during spaceflight. On Earth, coffee is known to kill or diminish the growth of S. mutans, a bacteria commonly found in the human mouth, and so may support better dental hygiene. This student-developed investigation grows S. mutans aboard the space station and exposes it to coffee to determine the effect on the bacteria in microgravity.
Droplet Formation Studies in Microgravity (Droplet Formation Study) evaluates water droplet formation and water flow of Delta Faucet’s H2Okinetic shower head technology. To conserve water, flow rates in shower devices have been reduced, but this lower flow rate also reduces the effectiveness of these devices and often causes consumers to take longer showers, undermining the goal of using less water. Gravity’s full effects on formation of water droplet size are unknown, and research in microgravity could help improve the technology, creating better performance and improved user experience while conserving water and energy.
Content Pending
Publications
van Loon JJ, Medina F, Stenuit H, Istasse E, Heppener M, Marco R. The National - ESA Soyuz Missions Andromede, Marco Polo, Odissea, Cervantes, Delta and Eneide. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 9-32. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919448. | Impact Statement
Herranz R, Hill RJ, Dijkstra CE, Eaves L, van Loon JJ, Medina F. The behavioural-driven response of the Drosophila imago transcriptome to different types of modified gravity. Genomics Discovery. 2013 1(1): 1. DOI: 10.7243/2052-7993-1-1. | Impact Statement
Herranz R, Benguria A, Lavan DA, Lopez-Vidriero I, Gasset G, Medina F, van Loon JJ, Marco R. Spaceflight-related suboptimal conditions can accentuate the altered gravity response of Drosophila transcriptome. Molecular Ecology. 2010 Oct; 19(19): 4255-4264. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04795.x.PMID: 20819157. | Impact Statement
Herranz R, Lavan DA, Dijkstra CE, Larkin O, Davey MR, Medina F, van Loon JJ, Marco R, Schiller P. Drosophila behaviour and gene expression in altered gravity conditions: comparison between space and ground facilities. 2008 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Angers, France. 2008 ESA SP-663 | Impact Statement
Hill RJ, Larkin O, Dijkstra CE, Manzano AI, de Juan E, Davey MR, Anthony P, Eaves L, Medina F, Marco R, Herranz R. Effect of magnetically simulated zero-gravity and enhanced gravity on the walk of the common fruitfly. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2012 9(72): 1438-1449. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0715.PMID: 22219396. | Impact Statement
Horn ER, Dournon C, Frippiat J, Marco R, Boser S, Kirschnick U. Development of neuronal and sensorimotor systems in the absence of gravity: Neurobiological research on four soyuz taxi flights to the international space station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 164-169. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919474. | Impact Statement
de Juan E, Benguria A, Villa A, Leandro LJ, Herranz R, Duque P, Horn ER, Medina F, van Loon JJ, Marco R. The Ageing Experiment in the Spanish Soyuz Mission to the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 170-174. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919475. | Impact Statement
Serrano P, van Loon JJ, Manzano AI, Medina F, Herranz R. Selection of Drosophila altered behaviour and aging strains for Microgravity Research. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2010 | Impact Statement
Dual RF Astrodynamic GPS Orbital Navigator Satellite (DRAGONSat) will demonstrate autonomous rendezvous and docking (ARD) in low Earth orbit (LEO) and gather flight data with a global positioning system (GPS) receiver strictly designed for space applications. ARD is the capability of two independent spacecraft to rendezvous in orbit and dock without crew intervention. DRAGONSat consists of two picosatellites (one built by the University of Texas and one built by Texas A and M University) and the Space Shuttle Payload Launcher (SSPL); this project will ultimately demonstrate ARD in LEO.
Publications
Graves JT, Perez JA, Reed H, McLelland A, Kanipe DB, Provence RS, Runkle TA. AggieSat2 student satellite mission. 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012 January 9-12; AIAA 2012-043417 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2012-434. | Impact Statement
Duckweeds are rich in crucial nutrients and fast growing (doubling biomass every 48-72 hours). Duckweed Nano Growth Module (GreenOnyx) grows duckweeds in microgravity using a proprietary autonomous growth system to explore their potential as a sustainable food source for future space missions.
Fresh Duckweed Safe Space Consumption in Zero Gravity (GreenOnyx – Duckweed Pack) tests a food tube that provides storage for and a way to consume duckweeds in microgravity. Duckweeds are tiny vegetables, and the food tube may contribute to a better containment and allow an easier method of consumption for crew members on future missions.
The Dust Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test (DAFT) releases particles in the International Space Station (ISS) atmosphere to test the ability of different equipment to measure the levels of dust and air quality.
Publications
Urban DL, Ruff GA, Yuan Z, Cleary T, Griffin DW, Yang J, Mulholland G. Detection of Smoke from Microgravity Fires. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 2005-01-293010 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2930. | Impact Statement
Ruff GA, Urban DL, King MK. A Research Plan for Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression in Crewed Exploration Systems. 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2005 2005-341 | Impact Statement
Demonstrated significant advances in the ability of researchers to control protein crystal growth processes. Previous research demonstrated that macromolecular crystals grown in microgravity are frequently larger and more perfectly formed than their Earth grown counterparts. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.
Publications
DeLucas LJ. Applications of Protein Crystallography in Structural Biology and Drug Design. 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2001 Jan 8-11; 2001-032510pp.
Collingsworth PD, Bray TL, Christopher GK. Crystal growth via computer controlled vapor diffusion. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2000 219283-289.
Dynamics of the Microbiome in Space (DynaMoS) examines how microgravity affects metabolic interactions in communities of soil microbes. On Earth, communities of microorganisms carry out key functions in soil, including cycling of carbon and other nutrients and support of plant growth. This research focuses on the soil microorganism communities that decompose chitin, the second most abundant carbon polymer on Earth. Results could improve understanding of function of soil microorganisms in space compared to on Earth.
The Dynamism of Auxin Efflux Facilitators (CsPINs) Responsible for Gravity-regulated Growth and Development in Cucumber investigation uses cucumber seedlings to analyze gravity’s effect on plants. The investigation examines the formation of small horizontal “pegs” in cucumber plants, which develop near the transition between the plant’s root and stem. Gravity plays a role in where the peg forms. The investigation examines how plants sense gravity, and how gravity affects plant hormone transportation, plant growth and root development, all of which are important for plant cultivation in space.
Publications
Shimizu M, Miyazawa Y, Fujii N, Takahashi H. p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric Acid Impairs Auxin Response for Gravity-regulated Peg Formation in Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) Seedlings. Journal of Plant Research. 2008 121(1): 107-114. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0121-0.
Yamazaki C, Fujii N, Miyazawa Y, Kamada M, Kasahara H, Osada I, Shimazu T, Fusejima Y, Higashibata A, Yamazaki TQ, Ishioka N, Takahashi H. The gravity-induced re-localization of auxin efflux carrier CsPIN1 in cucumber seedlings: spaceflight experiments for immunohistochemical microscopy. npj Microgravity. 2016 September 15; 216030. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.30.
Morohashi K, Okamoto M, Yamazaki C, Fujii N, Miyazawa Y, Kamada M, Kasahara H, Osada I, Shimazu T, Fusejima Y, Higashibata A, Yamazaki TQ, Ishioka N, Kobayashi A, Takahashi H. Gravitropism interferes with hydrotropism via counteracting auxin dynamics in cucumber roots: clinorotation and spaceflight experiments. New Phytologist. 2017 epub14 pp. DOI: 10.1111/nph.14689. | Impact Statement
Undisturbed rotation of solid bodies in 3D can result in surprisingly complex motion. While stable rotation around the axis of smallest or largest moment of inertia is possible, rotation around the intermediate axis is unstable and may lead so alternating phases of spinning and flipping, depending on the shape of the body. Based on the idea of students, the Dzhanibekov Demonstrations activity demonstrates this effect using objects of different shape.
The Early Detection of Osteoporosis in Space (EDOS) project investigates bone loss occurring in crewmembers which is similar to osteoporosis on Earth. This helps to test the efficiency of methods (exercise, dietary, etc.) currently used to counteract such conditions and will help in the development of new methods in the future. It may also help feed into preventative methods and rehabilitation for patients on Earth with similar bone conditions such as osteoporosis.
Publications
Vico L, Van Rietbergen B, Vilayphiou N, Linossier M, Locrelle H, Normand M, Zouch M, Gerbaix M, Bonnet N, Novikov VE, Thomas T, Vassilieva G. Cortical and trabecular bone microstructure did not recover at weight-bearing skeletal sites and progressively deteriorated at non-weight-bearing sites during the year following International Space Station missions. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2017 October; 32(10): 2010-2021. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3188.PMID: 28574653. | Impact Statement
Gordienko KV, Novikov V, Servuli E, Nosovsky AM, Vasilieva GY. Detailed Analysis of the Central Osteodensitometry Data from Cosmonauts Participating in the Mir and ISS Programs. Human Physiology. 2019 December 1; 45(7): 764-767. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719070065.Russian Text published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2018, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 33–36.. | Impact Statement
Astronauts on long-duration missions in space exhibit bone loss similar to osteoporosis. The combined Early Detection of Osteoporosis in Space-2 (EDOS-2) experiment addresses whether there is a post re-entry bone loss, and establishes when the bone lost will recover after return to Earth. Understanding the physiology of immobilization-related bone losses is paramount to the development of efficient countermeasures to microgravity induced bone loss.
Earth Imagery from ISS creates a series of videos showcasing Earth from space. These videos are taken with cameras on the International Space Station (ISS) in 6K hi-resolution, then integrated into videos for screensavers for public enjoyment, exploration, and engagement.
The Earth Observation (Ax-1) investigation on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) uses images taken from the International Space Station to study changes in weather and other planetary features; natural events, including fires and volcanic eruptions; and human features such as agriculture and urbanization. The project also plans to take images of the Great Lakes Basin to enhance the ongoing Great Lakes Project sponsored by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society (RCGS). An important source of water in Canada and the US, the Basin faces stress from climate change, urbanization, and other factors. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Mineral dust carried into Earth’s atmosphere by high winds can affect local warming and cooling, air quality, rate of snow melt, and plankton in the oceans. These effects depend heavily on the type of mineral involved – dark-colored particles absorb sunlight and increase heat while light-colored particles can have a cooling effect. Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) uses imaging spectrometer technology to determine the type and distribution of minerals in the dust of Earth’s arid regions. Results could improve understanding of how mineral dust affects solar energy balance on the planet.
Earthlings: an Open Call to Artists as Earth’s Citizens (Earthlings) is part of a series of investigations by the MIT Media Lab Space Exploration Initiative using the NanoRacks Black Box platform. Earthlings made an "open call" to artists around the world for miniature, passive and non-hazardous samples to be integrated into a cohesive narrative and deployed in a rotating structure simulating Martian and Lunar gravities and the microgravity aboard the space station. It encourages broader commercial and creative efforts and engages a new community in the potential uses of microgravity.
The purpose of the ECHO investigation is to evaluate a tele-operated ultrasound system, equipped with motorized probes that are controlled by flight controllers on the ground. Additionally, this investigation serves to perform the commissioning of the Echo instrument, which is planned to be used for the Vascular Echo experiment in the future.
Publications
Arbeille P, Chaput D, Zuj KA, Depriester A, Maillet A, Belbis O, Benarroche P, Barde S. Remote Echography between a Ground Control Center and the International Space Station Using a Tele-operated Echograph with Motorized Probe. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2018 November; 44(11): 2406 - 2412. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.06.012.PMID: 30093338. | Impact Statement
The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) investigation provides the first-ever high spatiotemporal (space-time) resolution thermal infrared measurements of the surface of the Earth from the International Space Station (ISS). Taken at varying times throughout the daylight cycle, these high spatiotemporal thermal infrared measurements enable ECOSTRESS to answer several key science questions related to water stress in plants and how selected regions may respond to future changes in climate.
Publications
Stavros EN, Schimel D, Pavlick R, Serbin S, Swann A, Duncansaon L, Fisher JB, Fassnacht F, Ustin S, Dubayah R, Schweiger A, Wennberg P. ISS observations offer insights into plant function. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2017 June 22; 10194. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0194. | Impact Statement
Malone JB, Bergquist R, Martins M, Luvall JC. Use of geospatial surveillance and response systems for vector-borne diseases in the elimination phase. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2019 January 18; 4(1): 16 pp. DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010015.PMID: 30669341. | Impact Statement
Fisher JB, Lee B, Purdy AJ, Halverson GH, Dohlen MB, Cawse-Nicholson K, Wang A, Anderson RG, Aragon B, Arain AM. ECOSTRESS: NASA's next generation mission to measure evapotranspiration from the International Space Station. Water Resources Research. 2020 April 6; 56(4): e2019WR026058. DOI: 10.1029/2019WR026058. | Impact Statement
Li X, Xiao J, Fisher JB, Baldocchi D. ECOSTRESS estimates gross primary production with fine spatial resolution for different times of day from the International Space Station. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2021 June 1; 258112360. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112360. | Impact Statement
Meng X, Cheng J, Yao B, Guo Y. Validation of the ECOSTRESS land surface temperature product using ground measurements. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2022 191-5. DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2021.3123816. | Impact Statement
Chang Y, Xiao J, Li X, Middel A, Zhang Y, Gu Z, Wu Y, He S. Exploring diurnal thermal variations in urban local climate zones with ECOSTRESS land surface temperature data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2021 September 15; 263112544. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112544.
Cooley SS, Fisher JB, Goldsmith G. Convergence in water use efficiency within plant functional types across contrasting climates. Nature Plants. 2022 April 14; 1-5. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01131-z.PMID: 35422082.
Chang Y, Xiao J, Li X, Zhou D, Wu Y. Combining GOES-R and ECOSTRESS land surface temperature data to investigate diurnal variations of surface urban heat island. Science of the Total Environment. 2022 February 3; 153652. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153652.PMID: 35124056.
Pascolini-Campbell M, Lee CM, Stavros EN, Fisher JB. ECOSTRESS reveals pre-fire vegetation controls on burn severity for Southern California wildfires of 2020. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2022 August 24; epub14pp. DOI: 10.1111/geb.13526. | Impact Statement
The astronaut will discuss in detail how solar cells work and how they provide energy. The activity is videotaped and for use in classroom lectures.
Content Pending
Education Payload Operation - Kit D (EPO-Kit D) includes educational items that will be used to support the live International Space Station (ISS) education downlinks and Education Payload Operation-Demonstrations (EPO-Demos) onboard the ISS. The main objective of EPO-Kit D supports the National Aeronautics and Space Administration goal of attracting students to study and seek careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
The Education Payload Operation-Demonstrations (EPO-Demos) investigation records video education demonstrations using equipment already onboard the International Space Station. Toys, tools and other common objects are used to demonstrate science and technology concepts in microgravity. EPO-Demos enhances existing NASA education resources for educators and students in grades K-12.
Education Payload Operations (EPO) includes curriculum-based educational activities that demonstrate basic principles of science, mathematics, technology, engineering and geography. These activities are videotaped and then used in classroom lectures. EPO is designed to support the NASA mission to inspire the next generation of explorers.
Publications
McClain B, Woodard D. Extending the Learning Environment to the World's Most Unique Microgravity Laboratory: The International Space Station. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 IAC-03-P.5./T.5.03
Education Payload Operations - Kit C Plant Growth Chambers (EPO-Kit C) is an on-orbit plant growth investigation using basil seeds. The still and video imagery acquired will be used as part of a national engineering design challenge for students in grades K-12. Students will grow basil seeds (control and flown seeds) to conduct their own science experiments on plant growth using growth chambers created by the students on the ground.
Education Payload Operations - Robotics (EPO-Robo) creates an on-orbit video demonstration explaining robotic arm operations on the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.
Education Payload Operations-Lewis and Clark-Demonstrations (EPO-Lewis and Clark-Demos) records video education demonstrations performed on the International Space Station (ISS) by crewmembers using hardware already onboard the ISS. EPO-Lewis and Clark-Demos enhance existing NASA education resources and programs for educators and students in grades K-12. EPO-Lewis and Clark-Demos support the NASA mission to inspire the next generation of explorers.
Education Payload Operations - Educator (EPO - Educator) will use video and still photography to capture data of experiment activities on-orbit. Students also will be designing and completing ground-based investigations developed by the NASA Education Office, focusing on grades K-12. The activities will support the educator astronaut in their mission on orbit. An educator astronaut is a full-time astronaut who has experience teaching in K-12 classrooms.
Education Payload Operations- International Toys in Space (EPO-International Toys in Space) includes curriculum-based educational activities that demonstrate basic principles of physics by studying how common everyday items (toys and games) act in a microgravity environment. These activities are videotaped and then used in classroom lectures. EPO-International Toys in Space is designed to support the NASA mission to inspire the next generation of explorers.
Education Payload Operations-Museum Aerospace Education Alliance (EPO-MAEA) includes five participating museums which develop educational activities for diverse applications in exhibits and other informal educational activities. EPO-MAEA is designed to support the NASA mission to inspire the next generation of explorers.
Effect of Environmental Stressors on Oral Biofilm Growth and Treatment (Oral Biofilms in Space) studies the effect of gravity on the behavior of oral bacteria, including the structure of the bacterial community, and changes in bacterial response to common oral care agents. The findings could support development of novel treatments to fight oral diseases such as cavities, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The investigation also could provide insights into how microgravity affects the microbiome of other mucosal surfaces in the body.
The Neurospat experiment is improving our knowledge of how astronaut perception is altered in space, where gravity cannot help with orientation, and what areas of the brain are responsible. This could help in finding / developing countermeasures alleviating any disorientation experienced by astronauts especially during key activities such as spacewalks and docking/undocking of spacecraft.
Publications
Balazs L, Czigler I, Grosz A, Emri M, Mikecz P, Szakall S, Tron Jr L. Environmental challenge impairs prefrontal brain functions. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2005 12(1): 31-32.
Cebolla AM, Petieau M, Dan B, Balazs L, McIntyre J, Cheron G. Cerebellar contribution to visuo-attentional alpha rhythm: insights from weightlessness. Scientific Reports. 2016 November 24; 637824. DOI: 10.1038/srep37824.PMID: 27883068. | Impact Statement
Petit G, Cebolla AM, Fattinger S, Petieau M, Summerer L, Cheron G, Huber R. Local sleep-like events during wakefulness and their relationship to decreased alertness in astronauts on ISS. npj Microgravity. 2019 May 2; 5(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0069-0.PMID: 31069253. | Impact Statement
Cheron G, Leroy A, de Saedeleer C, Bengoetxea A, Lipshits M, Cebolla AM, Servais L, Dan B, Berthoz A, McIntyre J. Effect of Gravity on Human Spontaneous 10-Hz Electroencephalographic Oscillations During the Arrest Reaction. Brain Research. 2006 November; 1121(1): 104-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.098.PMID: 17034767.
Takacs E, Barkaszi I, Czigler I, Pato LG, Altbacker A, McIntyre J, Cheron G, Balazs L. Persistent deterioration of visuospatial performance in spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2021 May 5; 11(1): 9590. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88938-6.PMID: 33953237. | Impact Statement
Cebolla AM, Petieau M, Palmero-Soler E, Cheron G. Brain potential responses involved in decision-making in weightlessness. Scientific Reports. 2022 July 29; 12(1): 12992. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17234-8. | Impact Statement
CIS (Cells in Space) is a Malaysian Space Agency (Angkasa) experiment that evaluates the affects of the microgravity environment on cancer cells.
Publications
Kapitonova MY, Muid S, Froemming GR, Yusoff KN, Othman S, Ali AM, Nawawi HM. Real space flight travel is associated with ultrastructural changes, cytoskeletal disruption and premature senescence of HUVEC. Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2012 34(2): 103-113. PMID: 23424772.
Muid S, Froemming GR, Manaf A, Muszaphar S, Yusoff KN, Nawawi HM. Changes in Protein and gene Expression of Adhesion Molecules and Cytokines of Endothelial Cells Immediately Following Short-term Spaceflight Travel. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2010 August; 23(2): S-1 - S-11.
Muid S, Froemming GR, Ali AM, Nawawi HM. Interleukin-6 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression remains elevated in revived live endothelial cells following spaceflight. Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2013 December; 35(2): 165-176. PMID: 24362480.
The Effect of Microgravity at Bone Cell and Tissue Levels (Invitrobone) investigation seeks to provide insight into better understanding the effect of the microgravity environment on bone turnover, with the final goal of the development of more efficient countermeasures for astronauts. Invitrobone seeks to provide a complete in vitro model to mimic the process of bone matrix deposition and remodeling in microgravity, using a controlled environment in which the user can apply different chemical and mechanical factors, as well real-time control and characterization during the evolution of the co-culture.
Publications
Colucci S, Colaianni G, Brunetti G, Ferranti F, Mascetti G, Mori G, Grano M. Irisin prevents microgravity-induced impairment of osteoblast differentiation in vitro during the space flight CRS-14 mission. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2020 June 15; epub11 pp. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000216R.PMID: 32539174. | Impact Statement
Effect of Microgravity on Drug Responses Using Engineered Heart Tissues (Cardinal Heart) studies the effects of change in gravitational force on cardiovascular cells at the cellular and tissue level using engineered heart tissues (EHTs). Microgravity significantly affects heart tissues that perform work and exert an opposite force to gravity and is known to cause molecular and structural abnormalities in cells and tissues that can lead to disease. The investigation could provide new understanding of similar heart issues on Earth and help identify new treatments.
A previous investigation showed that four weeks of microgravity exposure caused significant changes in heart cell function and gene expression that could lead to long-term damage or cardiac muscle atrophy. Effect of Microgravity on Drug Responses Using Heart Organoids (Cardinal Heart 2.0) uses heart organoids to test whether clinically approved drugs reduce these microgravity-induced changes in heart cell function. Results could support development of effective drug combinations to improve the health of astronauts and patients on Earth.
MEK (Effects of Micro-g on Fermentative Kinetics) is a study of the kinetics (rates) of enzymatic reactions with lipase and invertase (these break down fats and sugars respectively).
Crewmembers’ bone density decreases during space flight in part because of the influence of osteoclasts, which are bone-absorbing cells. The molecular mechanisms that develop osteoclasts are still being investigated. In the Medaka Osteoclast 2 investigation, scientists examine medaka fish living in microgravity; these fish have translucent bodies, and have been genetically modified with fluorescent proteins to allow clearer observation of their cellular and genetic changes during space flight.
Publications
Chatani M, Kudo A. Fish as a Model for Research in Space. Handbook of Space Pharmaceuticals. 2019 1-15. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50909-9_5-1. | Impact Statement
Chatani M, Kudo A. Fish in space shedding light on gravitational biology. Zebrafish, Medaka, and Other Small Fishes: New Model Animals in Biology, Medicine, and Beyond. 2018 85-97. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1879-5_5. | Impact Statement
Chatani M, Mantoku A, Takeyama K, Abduweli D, Sugamori Y, Aoki K, Ohya K, Suzuki HH, Uchida S, Sakimura T, Kono Y, Tanigaki F, Shirakawa M, Takano Y, Kudo A. Microgravity promotes osteoclast activity in medaka fish reared at the international space station. Scientific Reports. 2015 September 21; 5(14172): DOI: 10.1038/srep14172.
Effect of Microgravity on the Peripheral Subcutaneous Veno-Arteriolar Reflex in Humans (Xenon1) investigated the mechanism of orthostatic intolerance (the inability to regulate blood pressure while upright) and will lay an important foundation for the development of treatments for orthostatic intolerance following space flight. After space flight, orthostatic intolerance can occur, which can severely inhibit the functional cerebral capacity of crewmembers during reentry and landing.
Publications
Gabrielsen A, Norsk P. Effect of Spaceflight on the subcutaneous venoarteriolar reflex in the human lower leg. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 103(3): 959-962. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00899.2006. | Impact Statement
Kimmerly DS, Shoemaker JK. Hypovolemia and neurovascular control during orthostatic stress. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2002 282(2): H645-655.
Watenpaugh DE, Buckey, Jr. JC, Lane LD, Gaffney FA, Levine BD, Moore WE, Wright SJ, Blomqvist CG. Effects of spaceflight on human calf hemodynamics. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 90(4): 1552-1558.
Ertl AC, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, Levine BD, Robertson RM, Cox JF, Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA, Ray CA, Buckey, Jr. JC, Lane LD, Shiavi R, Gaffney FA, Costa F, Holt C, Blomqvist CG, Eckberg DL, Baisch FJ, Robertson D. Human muscle sympathetic nerve activity and plasma noradrenaline kinetics in space. Journal of Physiology. 2002 538321-329. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012576.
The Biopsy researchers take calf muscle biopsies of crew members before and after their stay aboard the International Space Station (ISS). This allows scientists to begin developing an in-space countermeasure exercise program aimed at keeping muscles at their peak performance during long missions in space.
Publications
Trappe SW, Costill DL, Gallagher PM, Creer AC, Peters JR, Evans HJ, Riley DA, Fitts RH. Exercise In Space: Human Skeletal Muscle After 6 Months Aboard The International Space Station. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 April 1; 106(4): 1159-1168. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91578.2008. | Impact Statement
Fitts RH, Trappe SW, Costill DL, Gallagher PM, Creer AC, Colloton PA, Peters JR, Romatowski JG, Bain JL, Riley DA. Prolonged Space Flight-Induced Alterations in the Structure and Function of Human Skeletal Muscle Fibres. Journal of Physiology. 2010 July 26; 588(18): 3567-3592. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188508.PMID: 20660569. | Impact Statement
Trappe SW, Trappe TA, Lee GA, Widrick JJ, Costill DL, Fitts RH. Comparison of a space shuttle flight (STS-78) and bed rest on human muscle function. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 91(1): 57-64.
Riley DA, Bain JL, Thompson JL, Fitts RH, Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Trappe TA, Costill DL. Decreased thin filament density and length in human atrophic soleus muscle fibers after spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 88(2): 567-572.
Fitts RH, Romatowski JG, De La Cruz L, Widrick JJ, Desplanches D. Effect of spaceflight on the maximal shortening velocity, morphology, and enzyme profile of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2000 7(1): S37-S38.
Fitts RH. Effects of regular exercise training on skeletal muscle contractile function. American Journal Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 82(4): 320-331.
Fitts RH, Riley DA, Widrick JJ. Functional and structural adaptations of skeletal muscle to microgravity. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2001 2043201-3208. | Impact Statement
Riley DA, Bain JL, Thompson JL, Fitts RH, Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Trappe TA, Costill DL. Thin filament diversity and physiological properties of fast and slow fiber types in astronaut leg muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002 92(2): 817-825.
Bagley JR, Murach KA, Trappe SW. Microgravity-Induced Fiber Type Shift in Human Skeletal Muscle. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2012 26(1): 34-40. | Impact Statement
Fitts RH, Colloton PA, Trappe SW, Costill DL, Bain JL, Riley DA. Effects of prolonged space flight on human skeletal muscle enzyme and substrate profiles. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 September 1; 115(5): 667-679. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2013.PMID: 23766501. | Impact Statement
Space Pup represents the first step towards studying the effects of space radiation on mammalian reproduction, which must be understood to sustain life beyond Earth. This starts by holding freeze-dried mouse sperm aboard the International Space Station for one, 12, and 24 months, and then fertilizing mouse eggs on Earth to produce mouse pups to study the effects of space radiation.
Publications
Wakayama S, Kamada Y, Yamanaka K, Kohda T, Suzuki HH, Shimazu T, Tada MN, Osada I, Nagamatsu A, Kamimura S, Nagatomo H, Mizutani E, Ishino F, Yano S, Wakayama T. Healthy offspring from freeze-dried mouse spermatozoa held on the International Space Station for 9 months. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2017 May 22; epub201701425. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701425114.PMID: 28533361. | Impact Statement
Wakayama S, Ito D, Kamada Y, Shimazu T, Suzuki T, Nagamatsu A, Araki R, Ishikawa T, Kamimura S, Hirose N, Kazama K, Yang L, Inoue R, Kikuchi Y, Hayashi E, Emura R, Watanabe R, Nagatomo H, Suzuki HH, Yamamori T, Tada MN, Osada I, Umehara M, Sano H, Kasahara H, Higashibata A, Yano S, Abe M, Kishigami S, Kohda T, Ooga M, Wakayama T. Evaluating the long-term effect of space radiation on the reproductive normality of mammalian sperm preserved on the International Space Station. Science Advances. 2021 June; 7(24): eabg5554. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5554.PMID: 34117068. | Impact Statement
The Effect of Space Flight on Innate Immunity to Respiratory Viral Infections (Mouse Immunology-2) investigates the effects of microgravity on immune function to fight Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). In microgravity, crewmembers experience changes in immune function. These studies will help scientists determine the biological significance of space flight induced changes in immune responses.
Publications
Kolli D, Bataki EL, Spetch L, Guerrero-Plata MA, Jewell AM, Piedra PA, Milligan GN, Garofalo RP, Casola A. T lymphocytes contribute to antiviral immunity and pathogenesis in experimental human metapneumovirus infection. Journal of Virology. 2008 82(17): 8560-8569.
Guerrero-Plata MA, Casola A, Garofalo RP. Human metapneumovirus induces a profile of lung cytokines distinct from that of respiratory syncytial virus. Journal of Virology. 2005 79(23): 14992-14997.
Guerrero-Plata MA, Casola A, Suarez G, Yu X, Spetch L, Peeples ME, Garofalo RP. Differential response of dendritic cells to human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2006 34(5): 643.
Hosakote YM, Liu T, Castro SM, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus induces oxidative stress by modulating antioxidant enzymes. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2009 41(3): 348-357.
Spetch L, Bowlin TL, Casola A. Effect of NMSO3 treatment in a murine model of human metapneumovirus infection. Journal of Virology. 2008 892709-2712. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/003301-0.
Sonnenfeld G, Aviles H, Belay T, Vance M, Fountain K. Stress, suspension and resistance to infection. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2002 9(1): 199-200.
Castro SM, Guerrero-Plata MA, Suarez-Real G, Adegboyega PA, Colasurdo GN, Khan AM, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Antioxidant treatment ameliorates respiratory syncytial virus-induced disease and lung inflammation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2006 174(12): 1361-1369.
Blutt SE, Conner ME. Kinetics of Rotavirus Infection In Mice Are Not Altered In A Ground-Based Model of Spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2004 75(3): 215-219.
Sonnenfeld G. Animal models for the study of the effects of spaceflight on the immune system. Advances in Space Research. 2003 32(8): 1473-1476.
Zanello SB, Theriot CA, Prospero-Ponce CM, Chevez_Barrios P. Spaceflight effects and molecular responses in the mouse eye: Observations after Shuttle Mission STS-133. Gravitational and Space Research. 2013 October; 1(1): 29-46. | Impact Statement
Mednieks MI, Khatri A, Rubenstein R, Burleson JA, Hand AR. Microgravity alters the expression of salivary proteins. Oral Health and Dental Management. 2014 June; 13(2): 6 pp. PMID: 24984624. | Impact Statement
Bailey JF, Hargens AR, Cheng KK, Lotz JC. Effect of microgravity on the biomechanical properties of lumbar and caudal intervertebral discs in mice. Journal of Biomechanics. 2014 September 22; 47(12): 2983-2988. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.07.005.PMID: 25085756. | Impact Statement
Theriot CA, Zanello SB. Molecular effects of spaceflight in the mouse eye after space shuttle mission STS-135. Gravitational and Space Research. 2014 August; 2(1): 3-24. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2014-0001. | Impact Statement
Mednieks MI, Khatri A, Hand AR. Salivary gland protein expression after Bion-M1 and Space Shuttle STS-135 missions. Gravitational and Space Research. 2015 July; 3(1): 18 pp. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0001. | Impact Statement
Dagdeviren D, Beallias J, Khan I, Mednieks MI, Hand AR. Response of the mouse sublingual gland to spaceflight. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2018 October; 126(5): 373-381. DOI: 10.1111/eos.12541.PMID: 29984852. | Impact Statement
Deymier AC, Schwartz AG, Lim C, Wingender B, Kotiya A, Shen H, Silva MJ, Thomopoulos S. Multiscale effects of spaceflight on murine tendon and bone. Bone. 2019 November 12; 131115152. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115152.PMID: 31730829. | Impact Statement
Hand AR, Dagdeviren D, Larson NA, Haxhi C, Mednieks MI. Effects of spaceflight on the mouse submandibular gland. Archives of Oral Biology. 2019 November 18; 110104621. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104621.PMID: 31805482. | Impact Statement
Mednieks MI, Hand AR. Oral tissue responses to travel in space. Beyond LEO - Human Health Issues for Deep Space Exploration. 2019 June 14; 26pp. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86728. | Impact Statement
Dagdeviren D, Kalajzic Z, Adams DJ, Kalajzic I, Lurie A, Mednieks MI, Hand AR. Responses to spaceflight of mouse mandibular bone and teeth. Archives of Oral Biology. 2018 September 1; 93163-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.008.PMID: 29929058. | Impact Statement
Shen H, Lim C, Schwartz AG, Andreev-Andrievskiy A, Deymier AC, Thomopoulos S. Effects of spaceflight on the muscles of the murine shoulder. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2017 December; 31(12): 5466-5477. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700320R.PMID: 28821629. | Impact Statement
Effect of Spaceflight Factors on the Expression of Producer Strains of Interleukin 1α, 1β, and ARIL (ARIL) investigation develops a method of increasing the productivity of recombinant producer strains of interleukins 1a, 1b, and ARIL (interleukin antagonist) medication by incubating microorganism cultures in microgravity conditions and subsequently selecting the best cultures. The essence of the research is to identify possible changes in physical, chemical, morphological, and genetic properties of therapeutic and diagnostic bacteriophages exposed to spaceflight factors that could be used to obtain highly effective medicines with specific properties.
Effect of Spaceflight Factors on the Expression of Producer Strains of Interleukin 1α, 1β, and ARIL (ARIL) investigation develops a method of increasing the productivity of recombinant producer strains of interleukins 1a, 1b, and ARIL (interleukin antagonist) medication by incubating microorganism cultures in microgravity conditions and subsequently selecting the best cultures. The essence of the research is to identify possible changes in physical, chemical, morphological, and genetic properties of therapeutic and diagnostic bacteriophages exposed to spaceflight factors that could be used to obtain highly effective medicines with specific properties.
The Microbe experiment will investigate the effects of the space flight environment on virulence (ability to infect) of three model microbial pathogens: Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, that have been identified as potential threats to crew health based upon previous space flight missions.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Honer zu Bentrup K, Ramamurthy R, Quick L, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Fernandez D, Richter E, Shah M, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Devich J, Bober R, Ruggles AD, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS, Stafford P, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Allen PL, Baker-Coleman C, Hammond TG, Vogel J, Nelson R, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Nickerson CA. Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 104(41): 16299-16304. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707155104.PMID: 17901201. | Impact Statement
Crabbe A, Schurr MJ, Monsieurs P, Morici L, Schurr J, Wilson JW, Ott CM, Tsaprailis G, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Nickerson CA. Transcriptional and Proteomic Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to Spaceflight Conditions Involve Hfq Regulation and Reveal a Role for Oxygen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2011 77(4): 1221-1230. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01582-10.PMID: 21169425. | Impact Statement
Nauman EA, Ott CM, Sander E, Tucker DL, Pierson DL, Wilson JW, Nickerson CA. A Novel Quantitative Biosystem to Model Physiological Fluid Shear Stress on Cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2007 Feb; 73(3): 699-705. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02428-06. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Schurr MJ, LeBlanc CL, Ramamurthy R, Buchanan K, Nickerson CA. Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 78(918): 216-224. DOI: 10.1136/pmj.78.918.216. | Impact Statement
Crabbe A, Pycke B, Van Houdt R, Monsieurs P, Nickerson CA, Leys N, Cornelis P. Response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to low shear modeled microgravity involves AlgU regulation. Environmental Microbiology. 2010 12(6): 1545-1564. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02184.x. | Impact Statement
Sarker SF, Ott CM, Barrila J, Nickerson CA. Discovery of Spaceflight-Related virulence Mechanisms in Salmonella and Other Microbial Pathogens: Novel Approaches to Commercial Vaccine Development. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2010 23(2): 75-78. | Impact Statement
Sittka A, Pfeiffer V, Tedin K, Vogel J. The RNA chaperone Hfq is essential for the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. Molecular Microbiology. 2007 63(1): 193-217. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05489.x.PMID: 17163975. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Low-Shear modeled microgravity alters the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stress response in an RpoS-independent manner. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 68(11): 5408-5416. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5408-5416.2002. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Hammond TG, Allen PL, Ott CM, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Microarray Analysis Identifies Salmonella Genes Belonging to Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity Regulon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 99(21): 13807-11382. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212387899.PMID: 12370447.
Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Pierson DL. Microbial Responses to Microgravity and Other Low-Shear Environments. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2004 June; 68(2): 345-361. DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.68.2.345-361.2004.PMID: 15187188. | Impact Statement
Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Mister SJ, Morrow BJ, Burns-Keliher L, Pierson DL. Microgravity as a Novel Environmental Signal Affecting Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence. Infection and Immunity. 2000 68(6): 3147-3152.
Wilson JW, Coleman C, Nickerson CA. Cloning and Transfer of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System for Studies of a Range of Gram-Negative Genera. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2007 August 8; 73(18): 5911-5918. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00952-07.
Crabbe A, Nielsen-Preiss S, Woolley CM, Barrila J, Buchanan K, McCracken J, Inglis DO, Searles SC, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Ott CM, Wilson JW, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Hyman LE, Nickerson CA. Spaceflight enhances cell aggregation and random budding in Candida albicans. PLOS ONE. 2013 December 4; 8(12): e80677. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080677. | Impact Statement
Ott CM, Marshburn TH, Nickerson CA. The International Space Station: an extreme environment for key host-microbe discoveries: Microgravity encountered during spaceflight helps to determine how various forces influence microbes as they interact with hosts and environments. Microbe Magazine. 2016 June 1; 11(6): 253-261. DOI: 10.1128/microbe.11.253.1. | Impact Statement
A "hybrid training" approach has been developed to counter the atrophy of bone and muscle experience by crewmembers aboard the International Space Station (ISS). This novel approach uses the contraction produced by applying electrical stimulation to the opposite muscle which will in turn resist the voluntary contraction of the active muscle. This Effect of the Hybrid Training Method on the Disuse Atrophy of the Musculoskeletal System of the Astronauts Staying in the International Space Station for a Long Term-initial verification in ISS Hybrid Training System (HTS) can be a useful alternative for the standard exercise training device on the ISS. Additionally, there is potential for being a useful training device in smaller spacecraft for exploration class manned missions beyond Low Earth Orbit.
Publications
Shiba N, Matsuse H, Takano Y, Yoshimitsu K, Omoto M, Hashida R, Tagawa Y, Inada T, Yamada S, Ohshima H. Electrically stimulated antagonist muscle contraction increased muscle mass and bone mineral density of one astronaut - Initial verification on the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2015 August 21; 10(8): e0134736. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134736.PMID: 26296204. | Impact Statement
In the Effect of the Space Environment on Fertility of Spermatogonial Stem Cells (Sperm Stem Cells) investigation, mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are frozen and cultured to examine the impact of the space environment on their phenotype and functional properties. These cells are to be used to produce offspring after return to Earth. The offspring are analyzed for their biological characteristics.
Effect of the Space Environment on the Neural Integration System and Aging of the Model Animal C. elegans (Neural Integration System) uses this nematode to examine how microgravity affects the nervous system. Previous space experiments have shown that C. elegans experiences muscle atrophy and reduced motor activity and metabolism in microgravity. Research also has shown that space can affect the nervous system, and neural networks may transmit the effects of microgravity throughout the body. Results could support development of countermeasures to protect crew members on future space missions and contribute to better health for Earth’s aging population.
Publications
Sudevan S, Muto K, Higashitani N, Hashizume T, Higashibata A, Ellwood RA, Deane CS, Rahman M, Vanapalli SA, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Higashitani A. Loss of physical contact in space alters the dopamine system in C. elegans. iScience. 2022 February 18; 25(2): 103762. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103762.PMID: 35141505. | Impact Statement
Polca will study the Brassica napus (rapeseed) plant on the ISS to determine root gravitropism (root curvature).
Prolonged weightlessness results in a loss of muscle strength, muscle volume and bone density, particularly in the legs. These conditions can cause reduced spinal cord excitability, which can lead to loss of locomotor function in the legs. Spinal cord excitability was isolated and measured to study possible ways to reverse the process while still in flight. Reversal of this process will result in a healthier crew following long duration space flight.
Publications
Paquet N, Watt DG, Lefebvre L. Rhythmical eye-head-torso rotation alters fore-aft head stabilization during treadmill locomotion in humans. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2000 10(1): 41-49.
Watt DG. Pointing at memorized targets during prolonged microgravity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1997 Feb; 68(2): 99-103. PMID: 9125097.
Rhatigan JL, Robinson JA, Sawin CF. Exploration-related research on ISS: Connecting science results to future mission. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV. 2006 January 9; AIAA 2006-34415 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2006-344.
Watt DG, Lefebvre L. Effects of altered gravity on spinal cord excitability. First Research on the International Space Station. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA 2001-4939
Watt DG. Effects of altered gravity on spinal cord excitability (final results). Bioastronautics Investigators’ Workshop, Galveston, TX. 2003 1 pp.
Rodent Research-25 (RR-25): Effects of an Osteopromotive Bone Adhesive on Skeletal Stem Cells and Bone Regeneration (Osteopromotive Bone Adhesive) examines the function in microgravity of a bone-graft adhesive, Tetranite®. This adhesive enables bone cells called osteoblasts to repair bone fractures and defects. Microgravity may impair bone tissue regeneration by inhibiting differentiation of skeletal stem cells, and Tetranite may reverse this inhibition and promote bone regeneration.
The Effects of Impurities on Perfection of Protein Crystals, Partition Functions, and Growth Mechanisms (Advanced Nano Step) experiment monitors and records how the incorporation of specific impurity molecules affect the development and quality of protein crystals, as they grow in a quartz cell aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The crystals grown on the ISS are returned to Earth and characterized using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The protein crystal and impurity interactions are managed and monitored jointly by both scientists on the ground and the ISS crew.
Fine motor skills are crucial for successfully interacting with touch-based technologies, repairing sensitive equipment, and a variety of other tasks. In the Effects of Long-Duration Microgravity on Fine Motor Skills: 1 year ISS Investigation (Fine Motor Skills), crew members perform a series of interactive tasks on a touchscreen tablet. The investigation (for which data collection is now complete) is the first fine motor skills study to measure long-term microgravity exposure, different phases of microgravity adaptation, and sensorimotor recovery after returning to Earth gravity.
Publications
Holden K, Greene MR, Vincent E, Sandor A, Thompson S, Feiveson AH, Munson B. Effects of long-duration microgravity and gravitational transitions on fine motor skills. Human Factors. 2022 May 24; epub001872082210844. DOI: 10.1177/00187208221084486.PMID: 35609944. | Impact Statement
Effects of Microgravity Crystallization on the Synchrony and Uniformity of an RNA Crystal Phase Transition upon Ligand Binding (Uniform RNA Crystal Growth - URCG) grows micro/nanocrystals of adenine riboswitch RNA, which binds the cellular metabolite, adenine, to regulate gene expression. Using an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL), a powerful atomic imaging technology, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) team plans to record changes to X-ray diffraction by the crystals over time and observe the process of ligand-induced conformational changes that drive the phase transition.
Approximately 60% of astronauts on long-duration missions (approximately 6 months) to the International Space Station are reported to have experienced some impairment in vision. It is hypothesized that these visual disturbances are due to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) during spaceflight. Effects of Microgravity on Cerebral Arterial, Venous and Lymphatic Function: Implications for Elevated Intracranial Pressure (Delp Intracranial Pressure) examines the effects of long-term spaceflight on cerebral arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
Publications
Holley JM, Stanbouly S, Pecaut MJ, Willey JS, Delp MD, Mao XW. Characterization of gene expression profiles in the mouse brain after 35 days of spaceflight mission. npj Microgravity. 2022 August 10; 8(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00217-4.PMID: 35948598. | Impact Statement
Effects of Microgravity on Ocular Vascular Hydrodynamics, or Rodent Research-23 (RR-23), studies function of arteries, veins, and lymphatic structures in the eye and changes in the retina before and after spaceflight. The aim is to clarify whether these vascular changes impair visual function. At least 40 percent of astronauts experience vision impairment known as Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) on long-duration spaceflights, which could adversely affect mission success.
Spaceflight causes a suite of negative health effects, which become more problematic as crew members stay in orbit for long periods of time. Effects of Microgravity on Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (Heart Cells) studies the human heart, specifically how heart muscle tissue, contracts, grows and changes (gene expression) in microgravity and how those changes vary between subjects. Understanding how heart muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, change in space improves efforts for studying disease, screening drugs and conducting cell replacement therapy for future space missions.
Publications
Wnorowski A, Sharma A, Chen H, Wu H, Shao N, Sayed N, Liu C, Countryman S, Stodieck LS, Rubins K, Wu SM, Lee PH, Wu JC. Effects of spaceflight on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte structure and function. Stem Cell Reports. 2019 November 7; epub10 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.10.006.PMID: 31708475. | Impact Statement
Early studies on astronauts found that anemia (decrease of red blood cells in the blood stream) of individuals returning from a space flight was due to selective hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), neocytolysis. The Neocytolysis investigation, can lead to treatments of different types of anemia, especially those related to renal failure or acute infections.
Publications
Rizzo AM, Turello M, Antonutto G. Effects of spaceflight on erithropoiesis a study on neocytolysis. 2008 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Angers, France. 2008 June 22-27; 66348 pp.
Rizzo AM, Tell G, Vascotto C, Costessi A, Arena S, Scaloni A, Cosulich ME. Activation of human T lymphocytes under conditions similar to those that occur during exposure to microgravity: A proteomics study. Proteomics. 2005 5(7): 1827-1837.
Effects of Microgravity on the Structure and Function of Proximal and Distal Tubule Microphysiological System (MPS), or Kidney Cells, examines how kidney health is affected by microgravity and other factors of space travel, including increased chemical exposure, water conservation and recycling, and altered dietary intake. Serious medical conditions caused by poor kidney health – including protein in the urine (proteinuria), osteoporosis, and kidney stones – occur more often and more quickly in space. Knowledge gained can help protect the health of astronauts and also contribute to better treatments for kidney related conditions on Earth.
Effects of Microgravity on the Structure and Function of Proximal and Distal Tubule MPS (Kidney Cells-02) uses a 3D kidney cell model or chip to study the effects of microgravity on formation of microcrystals in kidney tubules. In microgravity, these microcrystals are expected to remain evenly suspended, allowing better observation of their effects. Astronauts living in microgravity can experience dehydration, stasis, and bone demineralization, all frequent contributors to kidney stones. Results could support design of better treatments for conditions such as kidney stones and osteoporosis for astronauts and people on Earth.
Effects of Partial Gravity on Mammals and Their Next Generations, part of the Joint Partial-gravity Rodent Research (JPG-RR) Mouse Habitat Unit-8 (MHU-8) mission, examines changes in gene expression in the organs of male mice and their offspring. Results could improve understanding of how the human body changes in space and how these changes may affect future generations.
Effects of Partial Gravity on Multi-system Mammalian Physiology: Microbiome and Related Systems, part of the Joint Partial-gravity Rodent Research (JPG-RR) Mouse Habitat Unit-8 (MHU-8) mission, examines the role of the gut microbiota, or community of microorganisms, during mammalian adaptation to changes in gravity. Results could help determine whether partial gravity via centrifugation can address health risks associated with spaceflight and protect astronaut health and performance on future missions to the Moon and Mars.
Ageing is the single biggest risk factor for almost all human pathologies, other than those caused by infections or due to congenital defects. It is suspected that DNA repair is one of the processes that influence the epigenetic clock – the newest and most powerful measure of both chronological and biological age in humans. During spaceflight, radiation causes damage to DNA, but that damage is repaired in-flight. The Effects of Prolonged Spaceflight on DNA Methylation Age (DNAmAge) investigation presents an unrivalled opportunity to address the question of whether DNA damage influences epigenetic age, which increases the understanding of the ageing process, and is of interest to current and future human spaceflight activities.
Publications
Reitz G, Beaujean R, Benton ER, Burmeister S, Dachev TP, Deme S, Luszik-Bhadra M, Olko P. Space radiation measurements on-board ISS - the DOSMAP experiment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2005 116(1-4): 374-379. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci262. | Impact Statement
Benton ER, Benton EV. Space radiation dosimetry in low-Earth orbit and beyond. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2001 Sep; 184(1-2): 255-294. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-583X(01)00748-0. | Impact Statement
Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, Zhang L, Hughes G, Sadda SR, Klotzle B, Bibikova M, Fan J, Gao Y, Deconde R, Chen M, Rajapakse I, Friend S, Ideker T, Zhang K. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Molecular Cell. 2013 January 24; 49(2): 359-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.016.PMID: 23177740. | Impact Statement
Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biology. 2013 14(10): R115. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115.PMID: 24138928. | Impact Statement
Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, Chen BH, Assime TL, Bandinelli S, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Stewart JD, Li Y, Whitsel EA, Wilson JG, Reiner AP, Aviv A, Lohman K, Liu Y, Ferrucci L, Horvath S. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging-US. 2018 April 17; 10(4): 573-591. DOI: 10.18632/aging.101414.PMID: 29676998. | Impact Statement
Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013 June 6; 153(6): 1194-1217. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039. | Impact Statement
Lu AT, Xue L, Salfati E, Chen BH, Ferrucci L, Levy D, Joehanes R, Murabito JM, Kiel DP, Tsai P, Yet I, Bell JT, Mangino M, Tanaka T, McRae AF, Marioni RE, Visscher PM, Wray NP, Deary IJ, Levine ME, Quach A, Assime TL, Tsao PS, Absher D, Stewart JD, Li Y, Reiner AP, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Whitsel EA, Aviv A, Cardona A, Day FR, Wareham NJ, Perry JR, Ong KK, Raj K, Lunetta KL, Horvath S. GWAS of epigenetic aging rates in blood reveals a critical role for TERT. Nature Communications. 2018 January 26; 9(1): 387. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02697-5.PMID: 29374233. | Impact Statement
Marioni RE, Shah S, McRae AF, Chen BH, Colicino E, Harris SE, Gibson J, Henders AK, Redmond P, Cox SR, Pattie A, Corley J, Murphy L, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Feinberg AP, Fallin MD, Multhaup M, Jaffe AE, Joehanes R, Schwartz J, Just AC, Lunetta KL, Murabito JM, Starr JM, Horvath S, Baccarelli AA, Levy D, Visscher PM, Wray NP, Deary IJ. DNA methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life. Genome Biology. 2015 16(1): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0584-6.PMID: 25633388. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Human subjects and experimental animal models returning from space have shown muscle-skeletal and cardiovascular problems accredited to injury of the endothelium: the system of cells lining the inner surface of all blood vessels. The Effects of Spaceflight on endothelial function: molecular and cellular characterization of interactions between genome transcription, DNA damage and induction of cell senescence (Endothelial Cells) investigation aims to understand the reaction of cultured endothelial cells to spaceflight, through cellular and genetic analysis.
Publications
Barravecchia I, De Cesari C, Pyankova OV, Scebba F, Mascherpa MC, Vecchione A, Tavanti A, Tedeschi L, Angeloni D. Pitting corrosion within bioreactors for space cell-culture contaminated by Paenibacillus glucanolyticus, a case report. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 May; 30(3): 309-319. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9601-1. | Impact Statement
Cazzaniga A, Locatelli L, Castiglioni S, Maier JA. The dynamic adaptation of primary human endothelial cells to simulated microgravity. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2019 May; 33(5): 5957-5966. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801586RR. | Impact Statement
Cazzaniga A, Moscheni C, Maier JA, Castiglioni S. Culture of human cells in experimental units for spaceflight impacts on their behavior. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2017 May; 242(10): 1072-1078. DOI: 10.1177/1535370216684039.PMID: 28492348. | Impact Statement
Effects of Spaceflight on Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Mice: Mechanisms and Impact on Multi-System Physiology, or Rodent Research-7 (RR-7), examines how the space environment affects the community of microoganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of mice (also known as the microbiota). It also looks at microgravity’s effects on multiple physiological systems known to be affected by the microbiota, including the gastrointestinal (GI), immune, metabolic, circadian, and sleep systems. These studies help explain mechanisms underlying interactions between these systems and the role of the microbiota in these interactions.
Physical exercise and control of posture are important for maintaining muscle mass and strength. In microgravity conditions, the postural, known as anti-gravity muscles, undergo atrophy because of prominent decrease in their gravity-dependent activity. The main question of the Zebrafish Muscle experiment is whether atrophy of muscles under microgravity also occurs in zebrafish, and why that muscle atrophy occurs in microgravity.
Content Pending
Publications
van Loon JJ, Medina F, Stenuit H, Istasse E, Heppener M, Marco R. The National - ESA Soyuz Missions Andromede, Marco Polo, Odissea, Cervantes, Delta and Eneide. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 9-32. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919448. | Impact Statement
Gonzalez-Camacho F, Medina F. Extraction of nuclear proteins from root meristematic cells. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2007 35563-72. DOI: 10.1385/1-59745-227-0:63.
Herranz R, Medina F. Role of gene and pathways redundancy in plant and animal unique transcriptomic states under altered gravity. 2012 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. 2012 June 18-22;
Lipshits M, Zwart SR. monkey on a stick. Stroke. 2020 dec 1; 1(1): 1. DOI: dddd55555.PMID: 11112222. god bless the child. | Impact Statement
Johnston SL, Conger BV, Paddon-Jones D, Legros J, Ting SC. god bless the child BOI. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2020 dec 1; 1(1): 1. DOI: sssc5566.PMID: 22223333. god bless the child. | Impact Statement
Medina F, Herranz R. Microgravity environment uncouples cell growth and cell proliferation in root meristematic cells: The mediator role of auxin. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 2010 02/01/2010; 5(2): 176-179. DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.2.10966. | Impact Statement
Matia I, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Marco R, Kiss JZ, Gasset G, Medina F. Nucleolar Structure and Proliferation Activity of Arabidopsis Root Cells from Seedlings Germinated on the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2005 36(7): 1244-1253. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.068.
Manzano AI, Matia I, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Carnero-Diaz E, van Loon JJ, Dijkstra CE, Larkin O, Anthony P, Davey MR, Marco R, Medina F. Germination of Arabidopsis Seed in Space and in Simulated Microgravity: Alterations in Root Cell Growth and Proliferation. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 21(4): 293-297. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-008-9099-z.
Matia I, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Herranz R, Kiss JZ, Gasset G, van Loon JJ, Marco R, Medina F. Plant Cell Proliferation and Growth Are Altered by Microgravity Conditions in Spaceflight. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2010 167(3): 184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.08.012.PMID: 19864040.
Matia I, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Marco R, Kiss JZ, Gasset G, van Loon JJ, Medina F. The Root experiment of the Cervantes Spanish Soyuz Mission: Cell proliferation and nucleolar activity alterations in Arabidopsis roots germinated in real or simulated microgravity.. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 XIX(5/6): 128-132. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919467.
Efficacy and Metabolism of Azonafide Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Microgravity (ADCs in Microgravity) evaluates new antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) from Oncolinx. These combine an immune-activating drug with antibodies and target only cancer cells, which increases the effectiveness of chemotherapy and reduces its side effects. In microgravity, cancer cells grow in three-dimensional, spheroid structures that closely resemble their form in the human body, allowing for better drug testing. This investigation accelerates development of targeted therapies for cancer patients.
Efficiency of a Self-Healing Material in Microgravity examines bacteria calcification in the pores of broken concrete in microgravity. Combining the bacteria with a solution of nutrients and calcification materials may provide a way to repair imperfections and cracks. Observing this self-healing process in space provides better understanding of the role gravity plays in microbially-induced calcite precipitation (MICP).
On Earth, fluids and gases transport heat by natural convection, but in microgravity, heated fluids must be moved by artificial convection methods such as pumps. Efficient Microgravity Heat and Mass Transfer with No Moving Parts (Microgravity Heat and Mass Transfer) tests a liquid cooling system that uses an electromagnetic field to drive fluid flow. With no mechanical moving parts, the system should use less power and last longer than systems with pumps.
The Eklosion investigation utilizes a vase, inspired by the VEGGIE plant growth facility, specially designed for use in the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Eklosion contains within its hull small messages and smells from Earth for the psychological benefit of the crew member who conducts the investigation.
ELaboratore Immagini TElevisive - Space 2 (ELITE-S2) investigates the connection between brain, visualization and motion in the absence of gravity. By recording and analyzing the three-dimensional motion of crewmembers, this study helps engineers apply ergonomics into future spacecraft designs and determines the effects of weightlessness on breathing mechanisms for long-duration missions. This experiment is a cooperative effort with the Italian Space Agency, ASI.
Publications
Amblard B, Assaiante C, Vaugoyeau M, Baroni G, Ferrigno G, Pedotti A, Massion J. Voluntary head stabilization in space during oscillatory trunk movements in the frontal plane performed before, during and after prolonged period of weightlessness. Experimental Brain Research. 2001 137170-179.
Pedrocchi AL, Pedotti A, Baroni G, Massion J, Ferrigno G. Inverse dynamic investigation for voluntary trunk movements in weightlessness: a new microgravity-specific strategy. Journal of Biomechanics. 2003 361691-1700.
Baroni G, Pedrocchi AL, Ferrigno G, Massion J, Pedotti A. Static and dynamic postural control in long-term microgravity: evidence of a dual adaptation. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 90(1): 205-215.
Amir AR, Baroni G, Pedrocchi AL, Newman DJ, Ferrigno G, Pedotti A. Measuring Astronaut Performance on the ISS: Advanced Kinematic and Kinetic Instrumentation. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A, Systems and Humans. 2001 50(5): 1450-1455.
Rigotti C, Cerveri P, Andreoni G, Pedotti A, Ferrigno G. Modeling and driving a reduced human mannequin through motion captured data: a neural network approach. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A, Systems and Humans. 2001 31(3): 187-193.
Baroni G, Pedrocchi AL, Ferrigno G, Massion J, Pedotti A. Motor coordination in weightless conditions revealed by long-term microgravity adaptation. Acta Astronautica. 2001 49(3-10): 199-213.
Pedrocchi AL, Tagliabue M, Lanzani A, Baroni G, Ferrigno G, Pedotti A. Motor strategies evaluation in long term microgravity exposure: simulation and comparison between CM control and net ankle moment control motor strategies. Gait and Posture. 2002 14(2): 166.
Pedrocchi AL, Baroni G, Sada S, Marcon E, Pedotti A, Ferrigno G. Optimisation of shape kernel and threshold in image-processing motion analysers. Medical and Biological Engineering & Computing. 2001 39(5): 525-533.
Ferrigno G, Pedrocchi AL, Baroni G, Bracciaferri F, Neri G, Pedotti A. ELITE S2 -- a New Instrument for Multifactorial Movement Analysis on the International Space Station. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 IAC03-G.P.05. | Impact Statement
Baroni G, Pedrocchi AL, Ferrigno G, Massion J, Pedotti A. 3-D motion capture and biomechanical modelling for neuroscience investigation in weightlessness. Recent Research and Developments in Biomechanics. 2003 0159-187.
Ferrigno G, Neri G, Pedotti A, Bracciaferri F, Cotronei V, Pedrocchi AL, Baroni G. ELITE-S2: the Facility for Multifactorial Movement Analysis for the International Space Station New Perspectives For Motion Analysers Technologies. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA2001-4943.
Ferrigno G, Pedrocchi AL, Baroni G, Bracciaferri F, Neri G, Pedotti A. ELITE-S2: the facility for multifactorial movement analysis for the International Space Station: new perspectives for motion analysis technologies. Acta Astronautica. 2004 54(10): 737-747.
Pedrocchi AL, Baroni G, Ferrigno G, Massion J, Pedotti A. EUROMIR 95 T4 experiment Human Posture in microgravity: global results and future perspectives. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2002 9(1): 117-120.
Neri G, Cotronei V, Mascetti G, Pignataro S, Zolesi V. Elite S2 - An instrument for motion analysis on board the international space station. 60th International Astronautical Congress, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 2009 Oct 12-16; IAC-09.A2.6.617 pp. | Impact Statement
Casellato C, Pedrocchi AL, Ferrigno G. Whole-body movements in long-term weightlessness: Hierarchies of the controlled variables are gravity-dependent. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2016 December 27; 49(5): 568-579. DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1247032.PMID: 28027021. | Impact Statement
Gravano S, Zago M, Lacquaniti F. Mental imagery of gravitational motion. Cortex. 2017 October; 95172-191. DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.08.005.PMID: 28910670. | Impact Statement
Elastic Memory Composite Hinge (EMCH) will study the performance of a new type of composite hinge to determine its suitability for use in space. The experiment uses elastic memory hinges to move an attached mass at one end. Materials tested in this experiment are stronger and lighter than current materials used in space hinges and could be used in the design of future spacecraft.
Publications
Barret R, Francis W, Abrahamson E, Lake M. Qualification of Elastic Memory Composite Hinges for Spaceflight Application. 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Newport, RI. 2006 May; AIAA2006-2039. DOI: 10.2514/6.2006-2039. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Publications
Stenzel C. Deployment of precise and robust sensors on board ISS-for scientific experiments and for operation of the station. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2016 September; 408(24): 6517–6536. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9789-0.PMID: 27526089. Also mentions Immunolab and FIPEX..
Reidt U, Helwig A, Muller G, Lenic J, Grosser J, Fetter V, Kornienko A, Kharin S, Novikova ND, Hummel T. Detection of microorganisms with an electronic nose for application under microgravity conditions. Gravitational and Space Research. 2020 June 17; 8(1): 1-17. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2020-0001. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Publications
Kharin S, Novikova ND, Smirnov Y, Poddubko SV, Fetter V, Hummel T, Reidt U, Helvig A, Leenich J, Grosser J. [Investigation of the microbial obsemination of the interior surfaces of the International Space Station Using the "E-Nos" portable gas sensor system]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2019 53(3): 81-88. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2019-53-3-81-88.
The Electric-Field Effects on Laminar Diffusion Flames (E-FIELD Flames) experiment is conducted in the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) on the International Space Station, as part of the Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project. In this experiment, an electric field with voltages as high as 10,000 volts is established between the burner and a mesh electrode. The motion of the charged ions, which are naturally produced within the flame, are strongly affected by a high-voltage electric field. The resulting ion-driven wind can dramatically influence the stability and sooting behavior of the flame. Measurements are made of electric-field strength, the ion current passing through the flame, and flame characteristics such as the size, structure, temperature, soot, and stability. Conducting the tests in microgravity allows for great simplifications in the analysis, enabling new understanding and the development of less polluting and more efficient combustion technology for use on Earth.
Publications
O'Malley TF, Sheredy WA, Stocker DP. Combustion Research on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC08-A2.1.07. | Impact Statement
Electrolytic Gas Evolution Under Microgravity (Electrolysis Measurement) examines the influence of gravity on electrolytic gas evolution, a complex electrochemical process with multiple applications on Earth and in space. For example, electrolysis generates bubbles that can be used to create pressure differentials in microfluidic devices, such as skin patches, used to deliver medications. Microgravity makes it possible to single out bubble growth and study its effect on the process.
The Electromagnetic Levitation Flight Support for Transient Observation of Nucleation Events (EML Batch 3 - ELFSTONE) investigation focuses on the influence of melt convection on phase selection in technically important eutectic and peritectic alloys. Different levels of electromagnetically induced convection are applied in order to study the effect of fluid flow on growth kinetics, and the incubation time between the formation of the metastable and the stable phase. Measurements include viscosity and density (in order to obtain input data for modelling of fluid flow), as well as electrical conductivity.
The CCEMLCC experiments focus on the investigation of surface morphology of chill cooled industrial steel alloys which model solidification of the skin of continuous casting products. The obtained microstructure is also analyzed.
The RESISTIVITY experiments are used to calibrate and validate the Sample Coupling Electronic (SCE) device, and to obtain first data on electrical resistivity of Niobium-Nickel (NbNi) and Zirconium-Nickel (ZrNi). Various other experiments listed above make use of the SCE device in order to obtain additional information on their materials.
The THERMOLAB experiment focuses on thermophysical properties data measurement of industrial alloys in the liquid phase as a function of temperature. The property values obtained are used to increase the accuracy of numerical modeling of casting and solidification processes of metal alloys.
The SEMITHERM experiment takes a closer look at a material that made mobile technology ubiquitous: silicon–germanium (Si-Ge) semiconductors. These computer chips are found in almost all smartphones, and creating the chips requires forming the alloy at specific temperatures. SEMITHERM is set to investigate the underlying properties of a mix of silicon and germanium as it melts in microgravity to see how microgravity affects the results.
Publications
Luo Y, Damaschke B, Lohoefer G, Samwer K. Thermophysical properties of a Si50Ge50 melt measured on board the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2020 610. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0100-5.PMID: 32219152. | Impact Statement
Luo Y, Damaschke B, Schneider S, Lohoefer G, Abrosimov N, Czupalla M, Samwer K. Contactless processing of SiGe-melts in EML under reduced gravity. npj Microgravity. 2016 December 16; 2(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-016-0007-3.
The MULTIPHAS experiments focus on the investigation of a sequence of phase transitions with increasing undercooling: from eutectic and dendritic solidification, to spinodal decomposition (a rapid unmixing of a mixture) and glass formation. The kinetics of solidifying samples are obtained from High Speed Camera videos. Microstructure investigation of solidified and frozen samples are performed during post-flight analysis on the ground.
Publications
Gangopadhyay A, Sellers M, Bracker GP, Holland-Mortiz D, Van Hoesen D, Koch S, Galenko PK, Pauls AK, Hyers RW, Kelton KF. Demonstration of the effect of stirring on nucleation from experiments on the International Space Station using the ISS-EML facility. npj Microgravity. 2021 August 6; 7(1): 31. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00161-9.PMID: 34362919. | Impact Statement
Galenko PK, Danilov DA, Reuther K, Alexandrov DV, Rettenmayr M, Herlach DM. Effect of convective flow on stable dendritic growth in rapid solidification of a binary alloy. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2017 January 1; 457349-355. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.07.042. | Impact Statement
The NEQUISOL experiment focuses on the microstructure investigation and determination of the growth velocity of nickel-aluminum (Ni-Al) and aluminum-copper (Al-Cu) samples. During the melting cycles, the growth velocity as a function of undercooling will be investigated. The nucleation is triggered by a needle, and the growth velocities are determined by videos obtained with a High Speed Camera.
The PARSEC experiments are focused on the influence of melt convection on phase selection in technically important peritectic alloys- alloys where a solid and liquid phase combine to for a second solid phase at a particular temperature and composition. Different levels of electromagnetically induced convection are applied in order to study the effect of fluid flow on growth kinetics, the incubation time between the formation of the metastable intermediate, and the stable phase. The viscosity is measured in order to obtain input data for the modelling of fluid flow.
Publications
Lomaev S, Krivilyov M, Fransaer J, Lee J, Volkmann T, Matson DM. Simulation of fluid flow in levitated Fe-Co droplets electromagnetically processed onboard the ISS. Magnetohydrodynamics. 2019 June; 55(1-2): 251-260. DOI: 10.22364/mhd.55.1-2.30. | Impact Statement
The MAGNEPHAS experiment focuses on the investigation of metastable phase formation of magnetic alloys. Growth velocity measurements deriving from High Speed Camera videos, as well as post-flight analysis of the microstructure of the alloys, are also performed.
ICOPROSOL experiments are focused on measurements of the thermophysical properties of supercooled Titanium-Zirconium-Nickel (Ti-Zr-Ni) liquids of different composition, which are to be correlated with terrestrial x-ray liquid structure studies. A second focus is an evaluation of a new model for nucleation that takes into account long-range diffusion and interfacial attachment; this is tested by studying the effect of fluid flow on maximum undercooling. Measurements of the dendritic growth velocity and viscosity are made to obtain input data for modelling and data analysis.
The COOLCOP experiments focus on Copper-Cobalt alloy samples, and the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of those immiscible alloys. The droplet growths are to be studied during post-flight analysis.
The EasyMotion investigation uses whole body Electro-Myo-Stimulation (EMS) with a wearable body skin suit for an International Space Station crew member to perform pre- and postflight EMS-assisted exercises. EMS technology initiates spontaneous (involuntary) activation of global musculature (muscle, tendon, fascia) to be monitored (muscle tone/tension and stiffness) inflight using the non-invasive Myoton technology that is currently aboard the space station for the Myotones investigation.
E-Learning will involve interactive, real-time lecture by an ESA astronaut, from the International Space Station (ISS) to universities across Europe. These lectures are a unique opportunity for university students and will help inspire the next generation of space explorers.
In order to produce glass, metal alloys, or other materials on Earth, a mixture of raw materials is placed in a container called a crucible, which heats up to melt the materials. But chemical reactions can occur between the materials and the crucible, causing imperfections and contaminations. The Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (JAXA-ELF) handles material in the containerless processing technique to reduce these imperfections and to investigate the behavior for high-temperature manufacturing of materials including oxides, semiconductors, insulators and alloys which are only possible in the microgravity environment of space.
Publications
Ohara K, Onodera Y, Kohara S, Koyama C, Masuno A, Okada JT, Tahara S, Watanabe Y, Oda H, Nakata Y, Tamaru H, Ishikawa T, Sakata O. Accurate synchrotron hard X-ray diffraction measurements on high-temperature liquid oxides. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2020 37(2): 370202. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.37.2.370202. | Impact Statement
The Electrostatic Levitation Furnance-1 (ELF-1) investigation measures the thermophysical properties of various oxides using the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Oxides are an important class of chemical compounds with a variety of applications. Results could help improve the process for synthesizing oxide melts on Earth.
The ELF-Gallium Oxide investigation measures the thermophysical properties of gallium oxide. This investigation utilizes the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) which is operated in the JEM Multipurpose Small Payload Rack (MSPR) in the Kibo Module of the International Space Station (ISS). The information provided from this investigation can help improve the process for synthesizing gallium oxide on Earth.
The ELF-Iron Oxide investigation measures the thermophysical properties of iron oxides using the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Abundant minerals on Earth, iron oxides have a variety of applications including ores, pigments, catalysts, biomedicine/pharmaceuticals, and magnetic devices. Results could help improve processes using iron oxides on Earth.
The Elucidating the Ammonia Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanism via Electrochemical Techniques at the ISS, or Ammonia Electro-oxidation Lab at the ISS (AELISS), investigation seeks to describe the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia in microgravity using the AELISS device. The experiment seeks to determine the efficiency of the device’s function in the microgravity environment and that of fluids moving through the electrical cell that convert ammonia into gaseous nitrogen.
Publications
Acevedo R, Poventud-Estrada CM, Morales-Navas C, Ortiz-Quiles E, Vidal-Iglesias FJ, Solla-Gullon J, Nicolau E, Feliu JM, Echegoyen L, Cabrera CR. Chronoamperometric study of ammonia oxidation in a direct ammonia alkaline fuel cell under the Influence of microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2017 August; 29(4): 253-261. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-017-9543-z. | Impact Statement
Nicolau E, Poventud-Estrada CM, Arroyo L, Fonseca J, Flynn MT, Cabrera CR. Microgravity effects on the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia: A parabolic flight experiment. Electrochimica Acta. 2012 July 30; 7588-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.079. | Impact Statement
Poventud-Estrada CM, Acevedo R, Morales-Navas C, Betancourt L, Diaz DC, Rodriguez III MA, Larios E, Jose-Yacaman M, Nicolau E, Flynn MT, Cabrera CR. Microgravity effects on chronoamperometric ammonia oxidation reaction at platinum nanoparticles on modified mesoporous carbon supports. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2017 October; 29(5): 381-389. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-017-9558-5. | Impact Statement
The observational finding that mice with impaired sensory nerves have noticeably suppressed recovery from bone and skeletal muscle damage suggests that the neuro-vascular network plays an important role in maintaining musculoskeletal homeostasis. To better understand the role of the neuro-vascular network in the onset or progress of age-related musculoskeletal disorders using space experiments, mice are flown to the International Space Station and are exposed to microgravity conditions on orbit as part of the Elucidating the Underlying Mechanism of Age-related Musculoskeletal Disorders from the Viewpoint of Inter-organ Communication Network (Mouse Habitat Unit-7 or MHU-7) investigation. Additionally, this study also focuses on secretory microRNA (miRNA), which is an inter-organ communication factor, as age-related functional decline of the musculoskeletal system is associated with the deterioration of various organs.
The Elucidation of Flame Spread and Group Combustion Excitation Mechanism of Randomly-distributed Droplet Clouds (Group Combustion) investigation by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency tests a theory that fuel sprays change from partial to group combustion as flames spread across a cloud of droplets. In the Multi-purpose Small Payload Rack in the Kibo module, droplets of decane, a component of gasoline or kerosene, are arranged randomly on thin-fiber lattice points, and the flame and droplet positions and temperature distribution are measured as the flame spreads. Microgravity blocks convection, which on Earth would quickly disperse the droplets and combustion products before such measurements could be made.
Publications
Mikami M, Yoshida Y, Seo T, Sakashita T, Kikuchi M, Suzuki T, Nokura M. Space-based microgravity experiments on flame spread over randomly distributed n-decane-droplet clouds: Overall flame-spread characteristics. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 August 1; 30(4): 535-542. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9637-2. | Impact Statement
Yoshida Y, Iwai K, Nagata K, Seo T, Mikami M, Moriue O, Sakashita T, Kikuchi M, Suzuki T, Nokura M. Flame-spread limit from interactive burning droplets in microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2019 37(3): 3409-3416. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.106. | Impact Statement
Nomura H, Suganuma Y, Mikami M, Kikuchi M. Observation of Interaction between a Spreading Flame and Movable Droplets using Microgravity Environment of 'KIBO'. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 36(3): 360304. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360304.Japanese.
Yoshida Y, Seo T, Mikami M, Kikuchi M. Temperature-Field Analysis of Flame Spread over Droplet-Cloud Elements with Interactive Droplets in Microgravity aboard Kibo on ISS. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 36(3): 360303. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360303. | Impact Statement
Mikami M, Kikuchi M, Kan Y, Seo T, Nomura H, Suganuma Y, Moriue O, Dietrich DL. Droplet cloud combustion experiment “Group Combustion” in KIBO on ISS. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 April 30; 33(2): 330208. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.33.330208. | Impact Statement
Mikami M, Matsumoto K, Yoshida Y, Kikuchi M, Dietrich DL. Space-based microgravity experiments on flame spread over randomly distributed n-decane-droplet clouds: Anomalous behavior in flame spread. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2021 January 1; 38(2): 3167-3174. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.139. | Impact Statement
Mikami M, Nomura H, Suganuma Y, Kikuchi M, Suzuki T, Nokura M. Generation of a large-scale n-decane-droplet cloud considering droplet pre-vaporization in “Group Combustion” experiments aboard Kibo/ISS. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2018 April 30; 35(2): 350202. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.35.350202.
Mikami M, Yoshida Y, Seo T, Moriue O, Sakashita T, Kikuchi M, Kan Y. Recent accomplishment of “Group Combustion” experiments aboard Kibo on ISS. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 July; 36(3): 360301. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360301.
Kikuchi M, Kan Y. Hardware development, preparation, and execution of the “Group Combustion” experiment. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 July; 36(3): 360302. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360302.
Yoshida Y, Sano N, Seo T, Mikami M, Moriue O, Kan Y, Kikuchi M. Analysis of local flame-spread characteristics of an unevenly arranged droplet cloud in microgravity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2018 April 30; 35(2): 350203. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.35.350203.
The Elucidation of the Gravisensing Mechanism in Single Cells (Cell Gravisensing) investigation studies how cells sense gravity. While recent research has revealed that individual animal cells can detect gravity, the mechanism for this sensing is largely unknown. This investigation analyzes changes in tension in cell stress fibers during spaceflight as a possible mechanism.
During early periods of life, modifications of the gravitational environment affect the development of sensory, neuronal and motor systems. The vestibular system exerts significant effects on motor networks that control eye and body posture as well as swimming. The objective of the Embryonic development of amphibians in weightlessness (Aquarius) investigation is to study whether altered gravity affects vestibuloocular and spinal motor systems in a correlated manner.
Publications
Boser S, Dournon C, Gualandris-Parisot L, Horn ER. Altered gravity affects ventral root activity during fictive swimming and the static vestibuloocular reflex in young tadpoles (Xenopus laevis). Archives Italiennes De Biologie. 2008 Mar; 146(1): 1-20. PMID: 18666444. | Impact Statement
Horn ER. Microgravity-induced modifications of the vestibuloocular reflex in Xenopus laevis tadpoles are related to development and the occurrence of tail lordosis. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2006 August; 209(15): 2847-2858. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02298. | Impact Statement
Horn ER, Boser S, Membre H, Dournon C, Husson D, Gualandris-Parisot L. Morphometric investigations of sensory vestibular structures in tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) after a spaceflight: implications for microgravity-induced alterations of the vestibuloocular reflex. Protoplasma. 2006 229(2-4): 193-203. DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0213-z. | Impact Statement
Horn ER, Dournon C. Experiences from a French-German project - on the integration of pupils in an actual space experiment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 230-234. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919488. | Impact Statement
Dournon C. Developmental biology of urodele amphibians in microgravity conditions. Advances in Space Biology and Medicine. 2003 9101-131. PMID: 14631631. | Impact Statement
Chill Cooling for the ElectroMagnetic Levitator in relation with Continuous Casting of Steel. The CCEMLCC experiments focus on the investigation of surface morphology of chill cooled industrial Steel alloys which model solidification of the skin of continuous casting products. The obtained microstructure are also analysed.
The COOLCOP experiment focuses on Copper-Cobalt (Cu-Co) samples, and the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of those immiscible alloys. The droplet growths are studied on Earth post-flight.
The MAGNEPHAS experiment focuses on the investigation of metastable phase formation of magnetic alloys. Growth velocity measurements deriving from High Speed Camera videos, as well as post-flight analysis of the microstructure, are also performed.
The METCOMP experiment investigates the interplay between the metallic matrix and particles in nickel- titanium (Ni-Ti) samples. Particle engulfment and pushing behavior are studied.
The NEQUISOL experiment focuses on the microstructure investigation and determination of the growth velocity of nickel-aluminum (Ni-Al) and aluminum-copper (Al-Cu) samples. During the melting cycles, the growth velocity as a function of undercooling will be investigated. The nucleation is triggered by a needle, and the growth velocities are determined by videos obtained with a High Speed Camera.
Publications
Herlach DM, Burggraf S, Galenko PK, Gandin C, Garcia-Escorial A, Henein H, Karrasch C, Mullis A, Rettenmayr M, Valloton J. Solidification of undercooled melts of Al-based alloys on Earth and in space. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2017 August; 69(8): 1303-1310. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-017-2402-y. | Impact Statement
Herlach DM, Burggraf S, Reinartz M, Galenko PK, Rettenmayr M, Gandin C, Henein H, Mullis A, Ilbagi A, Valloton J. Dendrite growth in undercooled Al-rich Al-Ni melts measured on Earth and in Space. Physical Review Materials. 2019 July 16; 3(7): 073402. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.073402. | Impact Statement
Herlach DM. Non-equilibrium solidification of undercooled metallic melts. Metals. 2014 June 20; 4(2): 196-234. DOI: 10.3390/met4020196. | Impact Statement
Herlach DM. Dendrite growth kinetics in undercooled melts of intermetallic compounds. Crystals. 2015 September; 5(3): 355-375. DOI: 10.3390/cryst5030355.
Herlach DM, Binder S, Galenko PK, Gegner J, Holland-Mortiz D, Klein S, Kolbe M, Volkmann T. Containerless undercooled melts: Ordering, nucleation, and dendrite growth. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2015 November 1; 46(11): 4921-4936. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-015-3052-8. | Impact Statement
Peng HL, Herlach DM, Voigtmann T. Crystal growth in fluid flow: Nonlinear response effects. Physical Review Materials. 2017 August 7; 1(3): 030401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.1.030401. | Impact Statement
Valloton J, Herlach DM, Henein H. Effect of convection on the dendrite growth kinetics in undercooled melts of D2 tool steels. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2016 March; 117012058. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/117/1/012058. | Impact Statement
Galenko PK, Danilov DA, Reuther K, Alexandrov DV, Rettenmayr M, Herlach DM. Effect of convective flow on stable dendritic growth in rapid solidification of a binary alloy. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2017 January 1; 457349-355. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.07.042. | Impact Statement
Reinartz M, Kolbe M, Herlach DM, Rettenmayr M, Toropova LV, Alexandrov DV, Galenko PK. Study on anomalous rapid solidification of Al-35 at%Ni in microgravity. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2022 January 12; 8pp. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-021-05098-8. | Impact Statement
The SEMITHERM experiment measures the thermophysical properties of liquid semiconductor alloy silicon-germanium (Si-Ge) as a function of temperature.
The Thermolab Experiment focuses on thermophysical properties data measurement of industrial alloys in the liquid phase as a function of temperature. The property values obtained are used to increase the accuracy of numerical modeling of casting and solidification processes of metal alloys.
Publications
Lee J, Matson DM. Prediction of Mass Evaporation of Fe50Co50 During Measurements of Thermophysical Properties Using an Electrostatic Levitator. International Journal of Thermophysics. 2014 October; 35(9-10): 1697-1704. DOI: 10.1007/s10765-014-1662-9.
Hyers RW, Matson DM, Kelton KF, Holland-Mortiz D, Volkmann T. Fluid-flow effects on phase selection and nucleation in undercooled liquid metals. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327012013. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012013.
Bojarevics V, Hyers RW. Levitated liquid dynamics in reduced gravity and gravity-compensating magnetic fields. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2012 September; 64(9): 1089-1096. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-012-0417-y.
Xiao X, Hyers RW, Wunderlich RK, Fecht HJ. Deformation induced frequency shifts of oscillating droplets during molten metal surface tension measurement. Applied Physics Letters. 2018 July 5; 113(1): 011903. DOI: 10.1063/1.5039336. | Impact Statement
Xiao X, Lee J, Hyers RW, Matson DM. Numerical representations for flow velocity and shear rate inside electromagnetically levitated droplets in microgravity. npj Microgravity. 2019 25 March; 57 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0067-2. | Impact Statement
Mohr M, Wunderlich RK, Koch S, Galenko PK, Gangopadhyay A, Kelton KF, Jiang JZ, Fecht HJ. Surface Tension and Viscosity of Cu50Zr50 Measured by the Oscillating Drop Technique on Board the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 April; 31(2): 177-184. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-9678-1. | Impact Statement
Mohr M, Wunderlich RK, Hofmann DC, Fecht HJ. Thermophysical properties of liquid Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5—prospects for bulk metallic glass manufacturing in space. npj Microgravity. 2019 October 25; 5(1): 24. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0084-1.PMID: 31667336. | Impact Statement
Van Hoesen D, Gangopadhyay A, Lohoefer G, Sellers M, Pueblo C, Koch S, Galenko PK, Kelton KF. Resistivity Saturation in Metallic Liquids Above a Dynamical Crossover Temperature Observed in Measurements Aboard the International Space Station. Physical Review Letters. 2019 November 29; 123(22): 226601. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.226601.PMID: 31868400. | Impact Statement
Mohr M, Wunderlich RK, Novakovic R, Ricci E, Fecht HJ. Precise measurements of thermophysical properties of liquid Ti–6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy on board the international space station (ISS). Advanced Engineering Materials. 2020 April 2; epub23 pp. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202000169. | Impact Statement
Chen LY, Mohr M, Wunderlich RK, Fecht HJ, Wang XD, Cao QP, Zhang DX, Yang Y, Jiang JZ. Correlation of viscosity with atomic packing in Cu50Zr50 melt. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2019 November 1; 293111544. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111544. | Impact Statement
Su Y, Mohr M, Wunderlich RK, Wang X, Cao Q, Zhang DX, Yang Y, Fecht HJ, Jiang JZ. The relationship between viscosity and local structure in liquid zirconium via electromagnetic levitation and molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2020 January 15; 298111992. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111992. | Impact Statement
Mohr M, Wunderlich RK, Dong Y, Furrer D, Fecht HJ. Thermophysical properties of advanced Ni-based superalloys in the liquid state measured on board the International Space Station. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2020 22(4): 1901228. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201901228. | Impact Statement
Novakovic R, Mohr M, Giuranno D, Ricci E, Brillo J, Wunderlich RK, Egry I, Plevachuk Y, Fecht HJ. Surface properties of liquid Al-Ni alloys: Experiments vs theory. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2020 September 25; epub16PP. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-020-09832-w. | Impact Statement
Mohr M, Hofmann DC, Fecht HJ. Thermophysical Properties of an Fe57.75Ni19.25Mo10C5B8 Glass-Forming Alloy Measured in Microgravity. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021 23(3): 2001143. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001143. | Impact Statement
Mohr M, Fecht HJ. Investigating thermophysical properties under microgravity: A review. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021 February; 23(2): 2001223. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001223. | Impact Statement
Mitic V, Serpa C, Ilic I, Mohr M, Fecht HJ. Fractal nature of advanced Ni-Based superalloys solidified on board the International Space Station. Remote Sensing. 2021 January; 13(9): 1724. DOI: 10.3390/rs13091724. | Impact Statement
Lee J, Xiao X, Matson DM, Hyers RW. Numerical prediction of the accessible convection range for an electromagnetically levitated Fe50Co50 droplet in space. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2015 February; 46199-207. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-014-0178-9. | Impact Statement
Xiao X, Brillo J, Lee J, Hyers RW, Matson DM. Impact of convection on the damping of an oscillating droplet during viscosity measurement using the ISS-EML facility. npj Microgravity. 2021 October 5; 7(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00166-4. | Impact Statement
Endothelial Cells in Microgravity as a Model System for Evaluation of Cancer Therapy Toxicity (Angiex Cancer Therapy) examines whether endothelial cells, cultured in microgravity represent a valid in vitro model to test effects of vascular-targeted agents on normal blood vessels. Angiex has developed a treatment that targets both tumor cells and vasculature, but needs a better model on which to test it. The study may facilitate a cost-effective method that does not require animal testing and which may help develop safer and more effective vascular-targeted drugs.
EntrySat: A Study of the Atmospheric Reentry (EntrySat) aims at measuring its trajectory, orientation and heating processes during the reentry phase. Based on these measurements, scientists will be able to improve models of the interface with the atmosphere and the debris reentry understanding.
Environmental Response and Utilization of Mosses in Space – Space Moss (Space Moss) grows mosses aboard the space station, and on Earth, to determine how microgravity affects their growth, development, gene expression, photosynthetic activity, and other features. Tiny plants without roots, mosses need only a small area for growth, an advantage for their potential use in space and future bases on the Moon or Mars.
Publications
Kume A, Kamachi H, Onoda Y, Hanba YT, Hiwatashi Y, Karahara I, Fujita T. How plants grow under gravity conditions besides 1 g: perspectives from hypergravity and space experiments that employ bryophytes as a model organism. Plant Molecular Biology. 2021 April 14; epub13pp. DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01146-8.PMID: 33852087. | Impact Statement
Plants exposed to environmental stress, including spaceflight, undergo epigenetic changes that involve adding extra information to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) rather than changing existing information. Epigenetic Adaptation to the Spaceflight Environment - Accumulated Genomic Change Induced by Generations in Space (Plant Habitat-03) assesses whether epigenetic adaptations in one generation of plants grown in space can transfer to the next generation. This could help identify genetic elements that increase the adaptability of plants to spaceflight, a first step toward developing cultivars better suited to provide food and air and water purification in life support systems on future space missions.
Publications
Zhou M, Sng NJ, LeFrois CE, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Epigenomics in an extraterrestrial environment: Organ-specific alteration of DNA methylation and gene expression elicited by spaceflight in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics. 2019 March 12; 20(1): 205. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5554-z.PMID: 30866818. | Impact Statement
Paul AL, Haveman NJ, Califar B, Ferl RJ. Epigenomic regulators elongator complex subunit 2 and methyltransferase 1 differentially condition the spaceflight response in Arabidopsis. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021 September 13; 12691790. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691790.PMID: 34589093. | Impact Statement
Spaceflight causes several changes to animals and plants, and those that take place on a molecular level can affect how the organism grows without altering its outward appearance. Epigenetic change in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to spaceflight - differential cytosine DNA methylation of plants (APEX-04) studies molecular changes in thale cress seedlings grown in microgravity. Results provide new insight into the molecular biology underlying how plants grow differently in space.
Publications
LeFrois CE, Zhou M, Amador DM, Sng NJ, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Enabling the spaceflight methylome: DNA isolated from plant tissues preserved in RNAlaterTM is suitable for Bisulfite PCR assay of genome methylation. Gravitational and Space Research. 2016 December; 4(2): 28-37. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2016-0010.
Paul AL, Haveman NJ, Califar B, Ferl RJ. Epigenomic regulators elongator complex subunit 2 and methyltransferase 1 differentially condition the spaceflight response in Arabidopsis. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021 September 13; 12691790. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691790.PMID: 34589093. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Epigenetics in spaceflown C. elegans (Epigenetics) investigates whether adaptations to microgravity transmit from one cell generation to another without changing the basic DNA of the organism. Epigenetics utilizes C. elegans, a millimeter-long roundworm that is widely used as a model for larger organisms. Four generations of the C. elegans worms are grown aboard the International Space Station (ISS), with adults from each generation preserved for later study on Earth.
Publications
Higashibata A, Szewczyk NJ, Conley CA, Imamizo-Sato M, Higashitani A, Ishioka N. Decreased expression of myogenic transcription factors and myosin heavy chains in Caenorhabditis elegans muscles developed during spaceflight. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2006 209(16): 3209-3218. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02365.PMID: 16888068.
Honda Y, Higashibata A, Matsunaga Y, Yonezawa Y, Kawano T, Higashitani A, Kuriyama K, Shimazu T, Tanaka M, Szewczyk NJ, Ishioka N, Honda S. Genes down-regulated in spaceflight are involved in the control of longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Scientific Reports. 2012 July 5; 1(487): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1038/srep00487.PMID: 22768380.
Etheridge T, Nemoto K, Hashizume T, Mori C, Sugimoto T, Suzuki HH, Fukui K, Yamazaki TQ, Higashibata A, Szewczyk NJ, Higashitani A. The Effectiveness of RNAi in Caenorhabditis Elegans Is Maintained During Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2011 June 1; 6(6): e20459. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020459.
Selch F, Higashibata A, Imamizo-Sato M, Higashitani A, Ishioka N, Szewczyk NJ, Conley CA. Genomic response of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to spaceflight. Advances in Space Research. 2008 January; 41(5): 807-815. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.11.015.PMID: 18392117. | Impact Statement
Higashitani A, Hashizume T, Takiura M, Higashitani N, Teranishi M, Oshima R, Yano S, Kuriyama K, Higashibata A. Histone deacetylase HDA-4-mediated epigenetic regulation in space-flown C. elegans. npj Microgravity. 2021 September 1; 7(1): 33. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00163-7.PMID: 34471121. | Impact Statement
Sudevan S, Muto K, Higashitani N, Hashizume T, Higashibata A, Ellwood RA, Deane CS, Rahman M, Vanapalli SA, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Higashitani A. Loss of physical contact in space alters the dopamine system in C. elegans. iScience. 2022 February 18; 25(2): 103762. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103762.PMID: 35141505. | Impact Statement
In the Flying Classroom, ESA Astronaut Alexander Gerst uses small items to demonstrate several principles of physics in microgravity to students between the ages of 10-17 years. A gyroscope, viscous liquid and sweets are some of the objects that Astronaut Gerst uses to talk about motion, foam, and particle agglomeration. Six experiments and demonstrations are performed.
Featuring an LED (Light Emitting Diode) beacon that is visible from the ground with the naked eye and a radio broadcasting on amateur frequencies, EQUiSat tests a new battery technology called lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). This low-cost, 1U CubeSat showcases the accessibility of space to a broader and younger audience.
The Erasmus Recording Binocular (ERB) is a three-dimensional (3-D) video camera that will be used to take images of the environment onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The images will be used to create an accurate map of the interior of ISS.
Publications
Sabbatini M, Visentin G, Collon MJ, Ranebo H, Sunderland D, Fortezza R. Stereo cameras on the International Space Station. Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV, San Jose, CA. 2007 February 15; 64901P-64901P-6. DOI: 10.1117/12.704799. | Impact Statement
Sabbatini M, Collon MJ, Visentin G. Stereo images from space. Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XIX, San Jose, CA. 2008 February 14; 680315-680315-9. DOI: 10.1117/12.768982. | Impact Statement
Erasmus Recording Binocular - 2 (ERB-2) is a three-dimensional video camera that will take images of the environment onboard the ISS to create an accurate map of the ISS interior.
The European AstroPi Challenge is an annual science and coding competition where student-written code is run on the International Space Station. This project, run in collaboration with the Raspberry Pi Foundation, is part of the ESA Education programme in support of primary and secondary school education in Europe.
ESA EPO Task List is a series of educational videos about living on the International Space Station (ISS), featuring astronauts and the ESA Kids mascot, Paxi.
NightPod is a tracking device technology being tested on the International Space Station (ISS) for its ability to assist cameras in taking improved photographs of the Earth, especially at night (in low light conditions). The device compensates for ISS movement allowing a camera fitted to the device a longer exposure time on fixed targets on Earth. This is not only helpful for taking images of Earth for education, promotion or research activities, it also holds the potential for use on orbital craft on future missions around other planets and planetary bodies.
The ESA-EPO-European Astro Pi Challenge 2019-20 is a science and coding competition where student-written code is run on the International Space Station. This project, run in collaboration with the Raspberry Pi Foundation, is part of the ESA Education programme in support of primary and secondary school education in Europe.
ESA-EPO-Gerst Earth Guardian Seeds (Earth Guardian Seeds) experiment is intended to teach students the importance of biodiversity and the protection of species, as well as, inspire curiosity for the natural and environmental sciences. Wildflower seeds are flown to the International Space Station (ISS), returned to Earth, and distributed to schools in Germany. The seeds are grown and their development is compared to grown seeds that remained on Earth.
The objective of the Haptics-1 experiment is to perform an in-orbit engineering parameter calibration and identification for one joint of an exoskeleton haptic device, and to perform a set of performance measurements withthe crew operating force reflective controllers in micro-gravity. For this purpose, a single degree of freedom motor-unit with a handle-bar and a control computer is launched to the International Space Station (ISS), to perform a set of identification experiments by the crew.
Publications
Schiele A, Aiple M, Krueger T, Van Den Hulst F, Kimmer S, Smisek J, den Exter E. Haptics-1: Preliminary results from the first stiffness JND identification experiment in space. Haptics: Perception, Devices, Control, and Applications. 2016 977413-22. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42321-0_2. | Impact Statement
Ferraz M, Ferreira E, den Exter E, Van Den Hulst F, Rovina H, Carey W, Grenouilleau J, Krueger T. Multisensory Real-Time Space Telerobotics Earth. Intelligent Computing, London, UK. 2019 July 16-17; 997275-298. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22871-2_21. | Impact Statement
The Esperimento di Navigazione per Evento Italiano Dimostrativo di EGNOS (ENEIDE) experiment applies advanced navigation techniques, based on the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS). EGNOS is Europe’s first venture into satellite navigation and augments the two military satellite navigation systems now operating: the US Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian GLONASS system - making them suitable for safety critical applications, such as flying aircraft or navigating ships through narrow channels. The goal of ENEIDE is to measure and verify, in low-Earth orbit, the GPS and EGNOS signals which are used in the combined GPS/EGNOS navigation system for spacecraft control and guidance.
Publications
van Loon JJ, Medina F, Stenuit H, Istasse E, Heppener M, Marco R. The National - ESA Soyuz Missions Andromede, Marco Polo, Odissea, Cervantes, Delta and Eneide. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 9-32. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919448. | Impact Statement
Zin A, Landenna S, Conti A, Marradi L, Di Raimondo MS. ENEIDE: An experiment of a spaceborne, L1/L2 integrated GPS/WAAS/EGNOS receiver. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 54-59. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919453.Also: A. Zin, S. Landenna, A. Conti, L. Marradi, M. S. Di Raimondo, (2006), ENEIDE: an Experiment of a Space-borne, L1/L2 Integrated GPS/WAAS/EGNOS Receiver, European Navigation Conference (ENC 2006), Manchester, UK.. | Impact Statement
Establishing Biomanufacturing Processes for Human Systems in Remote Environments (Rhodium Inflight Biomanufacturing) examines the effects of spaceflight on microbial production processes. Recent studies show that spaceflight affects the composition and function of microbial communities. A better understanding of these effects could help harness microbial production to produce key chemical compounds needed on space missions as well as in remote, resource-limited locations on Earth.
The Position Sensitive Tissue Equivalent Proportional Chamber (PS-TEPC) is a radiation measuring instrument that measures absorbed doses and path length of space radiation particles simultaneously, and determines the real time Liner Energy Transfer (LET), and equivalent doses, to assess radiation risk to crew members during space flight. Dose management for space radiation exposure is extremely important for crew members, because the dose rates resulting from radiation sources (galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events, and protons trapped in Earth’s radiation belts) and secondary particles (such as neutrons) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are a few hundred times greater than those on the ground. The detector of PS-TEPC is a time projection chamber (TPC) made of biological tissue-equivalent materials where a micro-pixel chamber (m-PIC) is used as a 2-dimensional position sensor, which can acquires 3-dimensional tracks and the energy of each particle, as well as its energy, that contributes to dose distributions occurring in the human body.
Publications
Kishimoto Y, Sasaki S, Takahashi K, Terasawa K, Miuchi K, Katsuta M, Nagamatsu A, Fuse T, Mori K, Kitamura H. Detector performance of the position-sensitive tissue-equivalent proportional chamber for space dosimetry onboard the International Space Station. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2020 January 9; 59(1): 016003. DOI: 10.7567/1347-4065/ab5de2. | Impact Statement
Radiation in space remains one of the inevitable and dominating factors relevant to crew health, safety and mission success. The European Crew Personal Active Dosimeter (EuCPAD) project tests an active radiation dosimeter system. This represents the first time that crews wear active dosimeters in order to measure changes in radiation exposure over time providing variation of radiation dose data with respect to ISS orbit and altitude, solar cycle, and solar flares.
ESA’s International Space Station (ISS) Education Programme makes use of human spaceflight and the ISS as a means to capture the attention and the interest of students, to attract them to study, in particular, scientific and technical disciplines, and to appreciate and understand the benefits, challenges, and importance of space for Europe and as a member of a global economy.
Content Pending
Publications
Evrard C, Maes D, Zegers I, Declercq J, Vanhee C, Martial J, Wyns L, Van de Weerdt C. TIM Crystals Grown by Capillary Counterdiffusion: Statistical Evidence of Quality Improvement in Microgravity. Crystal Growth and Design. 2007 November; 7(11): 2161-2166. DOI: 10.1021/cg700687t.
Maes D, Decanniere K, Zegers I, Vanhee C, Sleutel M, Willaert R, Van de Weerdt C, Martial J, Declercq J, Evrard C, Otalora Munoz F, Garcia-Ruiz JM. Protein crystallisation under microgravity conditions: What did we learn on TIM crystallisation from the Soyuz missions?. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 XIX-5/690-94. | Impact Statement
Maes D, Gonzalez Ramirez LA, Lopez-Jaramillo J, Yu B, De Bondt H, Zegers I, Afonina E, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Gulnik S. Structural study of the type II 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2004 Section D60463-471. DOI: 10.1107/S090744490302969X.
The European Space Agency-Education Payload Operation-Peake (ESA-EPO-Peake) activities are comprised of different sets of activities and demonstrations that aim to stimulate the curiosity of students emphasizing microgravity effects on physical, biological, and technological entities, respectively. These activities provide educational materials which can be used in the classroom to support the teaching of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics).
Publications
Chandler JO, Haas FB, Khan S, Bowden L, Ignatz M, Enfissi EM, Gawthrop F, Griffiths A, Fraser PD, Rensing SA, Leubner-Metzger G. Rocket Science: The effect of spaceflight on germination physiology, ageing, and transcriptome of Eruca sativa seeds. Life. 2020 April 24; 10(4): 49. DOI: 10.3390/life10040049.PMID: 32344775. | Impact Statement
Bennett J, Airey J, Dunlop L, Turkenburg M. The impact of human spaceflight on young people’s attitudes to STEM subjects. Research in Science & Technological Education. 2019 July 19; 0(0): 1-22. DOI: 10.1080/02635143.2019.1642865. | Impact Statement
The activities related to European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations Generic Videos are intended to encourage and strengthen the teaching of science curriculum, and stimulate the curiosity of students to motivate them towards further study of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects.
Video recorded fluid science demonstration. During this video recorded physics demonstration the crew is invited to explain to students the "Young-Laplace" law which involves forming two water bubbles of different sizes and bridging them with a straw. Two additional similar demonstrations are also proposed to be executed and documented.
Content Pending
ESA's International Space Station (ISS) Education Programme makes use of human spaceflight and the ISS as a means to capture the attention and the interest of students, to attract them to study, in particular, scientific and technical disciplines, and to appreciate and understand the benefits, challenges, importance of space for Europe, and as a member of a global economy.
The European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Earth Guardian (ESA-EPO-Earth Guardian) activity aims at introducing concepts of environmental observation, realization of increasing problems, and the prospects of protecting the environment. ESA-EPO-Earth Guardian is a cooperative endeavour between the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), German schools, German universities, and the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Human Spaceflight Directorate Education Team. The inflight experiment has a very strong connection with the ground activities during the mission.
European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Gerst Flying Classroom 2 (ESA-EPO-Flying Classroom 2) is a series of educational video demonstrations that show how conditions on the International Space Station (ISS) are different from those on Earth, featuring ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst.
Mission X: Train like an Astronaut is a worldwide educational initiative supported by ESA and the national space agencies of Austria, Belgium, Colombia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, UK and USA to encourage healthy and active lifestyles among children. Teams of primary school students (8- to12 years old) learn about principles of healthy eating and exercise, compete for points by finishing training modules, and get excited about the world's future in space and the educational possibilities for their own future. The lessons and activities of Mission-X are linked to a curriculum with a clear focus on science, health, and nutrition.
The European Space Agency planned several educational activities to take place during ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano’s stay aboard the International Space Station. The theme is “Telecommunications and Robotics,” and Parmitano completes several on-orbit outreach activities and demonstrations for students and the public.
European Space Agency – Education Payload Operations (ESA-EPO) records education demonstrations performed on the International Space Station (ISS) by crew members. ESA-EPO enhances the existing ESA Human Space Operations (HSO) education program. ESA-EPO-Scripts (with the theme Spaceship Earth) allows European children to compare the systems responsible for maintain life on the ISS with the Earth’s natural recycling systems. The scripts also cover observation of human life on planet Earth from the view point of the ISS and thus cover topics of Human life, biodiversity and climate.
DOSimetry TELescopes (DOSTEL) is designed to measure time-dependent fluence rates of charged particles and their corresponding dose rates and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra. The experiment uses two sensor types: planar Silicon detectors (PIPS) and PIN diodes.
Publications
Reitz G, Beaujean R, Benton ER, Burmeister S, Dachev TP, Deme S, Luszik-Bhadra M, Olko P. Space radiation measurements on-board ISS - the DOSMAP experiment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2005 116(1-4): 374-379. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci262. | Impact Statement
Dachev TP, Semkova J, Tomov BT, Matviichuk YN, Dimitrov PG, Koleva R, Malchev S, Reitz G, Horneck G, De Angelis G, Hader D, Petrov VP, Shurshakov VA, Benghin VV, Chernykh IV, Drobyshev SG, Bankov NG. Space Shuttle drops down the SAA doses on ISS. Advances in Space Research. 2011 June; 47(11): 2030-2038. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.01.034. | Impact Statement
Caprotti AS, Brudern M, Burmeister S, Heber B, Herbst K. Yield function of the DOSimetry TELescope count and dose rates aboard the International Space Station. Space Weather. 2021 April 1; 19(5): e2020SW002510. DOI: 10.1029/2020SW002510. | Impact Statement
The Earth Viewing Camera (EVC) is a fixed-pointed Earth-observing camera, located on the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF). The main goal of the system is to capture color images of the Earth’s surface, to be used as a communication tool to increase the awareness of the general public on the ISS and as a promotional tool to demonstrate the use of the ISS for observation purposes to the potential user community.
Publications
Reibaldi GG, Gianfiglio G, Feltham S, Galeone PC. The ESA Pressurized and Unpressurized Payloads in the Columbus Laboratory. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 IAC-04T.4.06.
Content Pending
Publications
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Tepfer D, Leach S. Survival and DNA damage in plant seeds exposeds for 558 and 682 days outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2017 March 6; 17(3): 11 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1457.PMID: 28263676.
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Hoppenbrouwers T, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. EXPOSE-E: An ESA Astrobiology Mission 1.5 Years in Space. Astrobiology. 2012 May; 12(5): 374-386. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0760.PMID: 22680684. also results for: EuTEF-Expose-SEEDS, DOSIS/DOBIES, R3D3.
Tepfer D, Zalar A, Leach S. Survival of Plant Seeds, Their UV Screens, and nptII DNA for 18 Months Outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2012 12(5): 517-528. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0744.PMID: 22680697. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Tribology Laboratory (TriboLab) is an investigation of the tribological (science of mechanisms of friction, lubrication, and wear of interacting surfaces that are in motion) behavior of different lubricants in microgravity which can not be simulated on Earth.
Publications
Garmendia I, Anglada E, Vallejo H, Ptaszliewicz M, Insausti N. Thermal Control of Tribolab, a materials experiment in the International Space Station. 50th Anniversary Conference. Engineering: Science and Technology, San Sebastian, Spain. 2012 May 31 to June 1; Per ESA. | Impact Statement
Garmendia I, Landaberea A, Anglada E, Fernandez-Sanz R, Santiago R, Herrada F, Encinas JM. The vacuum tribology model (VTM) of TriboLAB. 10th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium, San Sebastian, Spain. 2003 September 24-26; 52467-70. | Impact Statement
Garmendia I, Anglada E. Thermal mathematical model correlation through genetic algorithms of an experiment conducted on board the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2016 May; 12263-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.01.022. | Impact Statement
Brizuela M, Garcia-Luis A, Onate JI, Garmendia I. Tribolab: An experiment on space tribology. In–orbit data at the ISS. Proc. 13th European Space Mechnisms and Tribology, Vienna, Austria. 2009 September 23-25; 5 pp. | Impact Statement
Vaccine manufacturers continuously seek novel ways to improve production yield, reducing production time and cost of vaccine production. Influenza virus replication has been studied extensively in cell culture in normal gravity but never in microgravity. Evaluating the Production of the Attenuated Influenza Virus from Cultured MDCK Cells in Microgravity (Project Andromeda) permits investigators to identify if cell cultures in microgravity improve the production of complex vaccine biologics. This experiment could at least provide some ways to improve production in gravity and also to pave the way for potential production of biologics in microgravity.
The eValuatIon And monitoring of microBiaL biofilms insidE ISS (VIABLE ISS) study involves the evaluation of the microbial biofilm development on space materials. Both metallic and textile space materials, either conventional or innovative, are located inside and on the cover of Nomex pouches that are placed inside the International Space Station (ISS).
Publications
Marchant R, Banat IM, Rahman TJ, Berzano M. The frequency and characteristics of highly thermophilic bacteria in cool soil environments. Environmental Microbiology. 2002 4595-602.
Perfumo A, Banat IM, Canganella F, Marchant R. Rhamnolipid production by a novel thermophilic hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP02-1. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2006 72132-138.
Bond PL, Smirga SP, Banfield JF. Phylogeny of microorganisms populating a thick, subaerial predominantly lithotrophic biofilm at extreme acid mine drainage site. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 663842-3849.
Banat IM, Marchant R, Rahman TJ. Geobacillus debilis sp. nov., a novel obligately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a cool soil environment, and reassignment of Bacillus pallidus to Geobacillus pallidus comb.nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2004 542197-2201.
Canganella F, Bianconi G. Survival of microorganisms representing the three Domains of life to cosmic radiations inside the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 148-153. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919471.
Perrin E, Bacci G, Garrelly L, Canganella F, Bianconi G, Biowyse Consortium T, Fani R, Mengoni A. Furnishing spaceship environment: evaluation of bacterial biofilms on different materials used inside International Space Station. Research in Microbiology. 2018 July-August; 169(6): 289-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.04.001.PMID: 29751063. | Impact Statement
Bacci G, Amalfitano S, Levantesi C, Rossetti S, Garrelly L, Canganella F, Bianconi G, Biowyse Consortium T, Di Pilato V, Rossolini GM, Mengoni A, Fani R, Perrin E. Microbial community composition of water samples stored inside the International Space Station. Research in Microbiology. 2019 June 1; 170(4): 230-234. DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.04.003.PMID: 31075387. | Impact Statement
Amalfitano S, Levantesi C, Copetti D, Stefani F, Locantore I, Guarnieri V, Lobascio C, Bersani F, Giacosa D, Detsis E, Rossetti S. Water and microbial monitoring technologies towards the near future space exploration. Water Research. 2020 June 15; 177115787. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115787. | Impact Statement
Evaluation of Anabaena Growth for Potential Use in a Sustainable, Microgravity Agriculture System (Space Tango-Cyanobacteria) explores how nitrogen-fixing bacteria perform this function in the unique environment of space. Ninety percent of the reduced form of nitrogen required by plants on Earth is produced through nitrogen fixation completed by bacteria. The investigation determines whether these bacteria retain their nitrogen-fixing ability to help crops grow in space.
Space habitation is a simple ecosystem that mainly consists of humans and microbes, and in the near future, plants. Microbes play important roles for the material cycles and human health, but sometimes cause hazardous infectious diseases. The Evaluation of Indoor Microbial Environment in JEM, Kibo Japanese Experiment Module (JEM Microbe) investigation’s continuous microbiological monitoring provides greater insight on changes in microbial community structure during prolonged space habitation to reduce potential hazards for the crew and the infrastructure.
The Evaluation of ISS Environmental Radiation Damage on Cryopreserved Mammalian Cells (Rad-Dorm) investigation evaluates the biological impact of space radiation on the International Space Station (ISS) to human and mouse cells. DNA damage and various cell functions are analyzed to determine how different cells respond to long-duration exposure to space radiation.
Evaluation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Submaximal Estimates of VO2max Before, During, and After Long Duration International Space Station Missions (VO2max) documents changes in maximum oxygen uptake for crewmembers on board the International Space Station (ISS) during long-duration missions.
Publications
Moore Jr. AD, Lee SM, Charles JB, Greenisen MC, Schneider SM. Maximal exercise as a countermeasure to orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001 33(1): 75-80.
Lee SM, Moore Jr. AD, Barrows LK, Fortney SM, Greenisen MC. Variability of Prediction of Maximal Oxygen Consumption on the Cycle Ergometer Using Standard Equations. NASA Technical Publication. 1993
Levine BD, Lane LD, Watenpaugh DE, Gaffney FA, Buckey, Jr. JC, Blomqvist CG. Maximal exercise performance after adaptation to Microgravity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996 81(2): 686-94.
Lee SM, Moore Jr. AD, Barrows LK, Fortney SM, Greenisen MC. NASA TP 3412, Variability of Prediction of Maximal Oxygen Consumption on the Cycle Ergometer Using Standard Equations. NASA Technical Publication. 1993 0
Moore Jr. AD, Everett M, Lee SM, Feiveson AH, Knudsen P, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Peak exercise oxygen uptake during and following long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2014 June 26; epubDOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01251.2013.
Moore Jr. AD, Lynn PA, Feiveson AH. The first 10 years of aerobic exercise responses to long-duration ISS flights. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 December 1; 86(12): 78-86. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.EC10.2015.
Hoffmann U, Moore Jr. AD, Koschate J, Drescher U. VO2 and HR kinetics before and after International Space Station missions. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2016 March; 116(3): 503-511. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3298-2.PMID: 26662601.
Hoffmann U, Moore Jr. AD, Koschate J, Drescher U. Influence of weightlessness on aerobic capacity, cardiac output and oxygen uptake kinetics. Exercise in Space: A Holistic Approach for the Benefit of Human Health on Earth. 2016 39-62. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29571-8_3.
Ade CJ, Broxterman RM, Moore Jr. AD, Barstow TJ. Decreases in maximal oxygen uptake following long-duration spaceflight: Role of convective and diffusive O2 transport mechanisms. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017 February 2; epubDOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00280.2016.PMID: 28153941. | Impact Statement
The Onboard Diagnostic Kit (Onboard Diagnostic Kit) is a noninvasive, health-monitoring system capable of measuring, storing, and analyzing crewmember medical data while onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The medical data collected onboard are sent to the ground immediately, whereby doctors can quickly diagnose crewmember health.
The investigation, Evaluation of Onboard Diagnostic Kit 2 (ODK2), is a second generation study designed to evaluate several pieces of medical equipment that act as an integrated health monitoring system. Evaluation of the kit includes the real-time collection and downlinking of crewmember medical data for diagnosis and feedback from medical teams on the ground. The ultimate goal of this system is to develop techniques and tools that have the capability of monitoring crewmember health during future long duration space flight.
Evaluation of the Powered Ascent Utility Locker (PAUL) verifies the functionality of thermal and electrical capabilities of the facility. This reconfigurable hardware provides power to payloads during ascent to the space station. That makes it possible to control temperature and other conditions for investigations during their trip to the space station, expanding the possibilities for research aboard the orbiting laboratory.
Evaluation of Radiotrophic Fungi as a Potential Radiation Barrier investigates using a radiotrophic fungus as a barrier to damaging radiation in space. These fungi are theoretically able to perform radiosynthesis, producing some of their energy from radiation. Observing the rate of growth and life cycle of the fungus in space may provide insight into its radiotrophic mechanisms and the feasibility of using it as a radiation barrier.
Evaluation of Vestibular Dysfunction Induced by a Long-term Stay in the ISS (Labyrinth) examines the functions of the vestibular organ of crew members pre- and postflight, and correlates these functions to body balance impairment. The vestibular organ, located in the inner ear, includes a gravity sensor, a rotation sensor, and regulates balance. Spaceflight may affect these two types of sensors in different ways, as input to the gravity sensor becomes zero while input to the rotation sensor is preserved.
The EveryWear assistant is an ambulatory data collection system that makes use of wearable sensors connected to a space station iPad tablet computer, which itself, is wirelessly synchronized with computers on the ground. This easy-use system seeks to demonstrate the benefits of extensive physiology data collection for both science and medical follow-up purposes, by improving usability for crew members on the International Space Station (ISS).
The Evolution of E. coli Resistance to Antibiotics in Microgravity investigation evaluates the effectiveness of ampicillin on E. coli bacteria in a space environment. Microscopic images captured throughout the mission allow for analysis of bacteria growth. The study provides a stepping-stone for future antibiotic resistance studies.
Evolution of New Phage-Bacteria Interactions from Exposure to Space Environment (Phage Evolution) examines the effects of microgravity and radiation exposure on phage and bacterial host interactions, including phage specificity for a bacterial host and host resistance to specific phages. Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that invade and destroy targeted bacteria without harming human cells or the body’s beneficial bacterial population. Characterizing microgravity’s effects on phages could lead to improved therapies that provide alternative treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections.
The Evolution of Organic Matter in Space (EXPOSE-R ORGANIC) experiment monitors the survival, destruction, and chemical modification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fullerenes in space environment. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in Astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Demets R, Bertrand M, Bolkhovitinov A, Bryson KL, Colas C, Cottin H, Dettmann J, Ehrenfreund P, Elsaesser A, Jaramillo E, Lebert M, van Papendrecht G, Pereira C, Rohr T, Saiagh K, Schuster M. Window contamination on Expose-R. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 33-45. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000536. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Bryson KL, Salama F, Elsaesser A, Peeters Z, Ricco AJ, Foing B, Goreva Y. First results of the ORGANIC experiment on EXPOSE-R on the ISS. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2014 November 25; 1-12. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000597. | Impact Statement
Bryson KL, Peeters Z, Salama F, Foing B, Ehrenfreund P, Ricco AJ, Jessberger E, Bischoff A, Breitfellner M, Schmidt W, Robert F. The ORGANIC experiment on EXPOSE-R on the ISS: Flight sample preparation and ground control spectroscopy. Advances in Space Research. 2011 48(12): 1980-1996. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.07.017. | Impact Statement
Examination of the Bioactive Potential of Marine Actinobacteria (Space Line M) compares the properties, behavior, and growth rate of these bacteria in microgravity and on Earth. The investigation also looks at the hydrodynamics of the bacterial cultures. Marine actinobacteria, found in kelp, are considered a source of natural antibiotics that may be beneficial to humans.
Space Tissue Loss is a DoD Space Test Program payload flying both DoD and NASA science that uses cell and tissue cultures in microgravity to study the effects of tissue regeneration and wound healing in space.
Examination of the Multi-physical Properties of Microgravity-synthesized Graphene Aerogels (SUBSA-ugGA) seeks to create a graphene aerogel on the International Space Station. Microgravity is expected to alleviate effects of Earth’s gravity, such as agglomeration, sedimentation, and thermal convection, and enable production of a superior, uniform material structure. This research could lay the groundwork for the engineering of bulk quantities of graphene aerogel with exceptional physical properties for applications in power storage, environmental protection, and chemical sensing.
The damaging effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal soft tissues of the knee and hip joints remain undefined. The degradation of the hip and knee joint during prolonged spaceflight has the potential to cause arthritis, joint pain, impaired mobility, and reduce the astronaut’s quality of life upon return to earth. Exercise Countermeasures for Knee and Hip Joint Degeneration during Spaceflight (Willey Gait) evaluates the extent and cause of damage to the knee and hip joint cartilage.
Publications
Kwok AT, Rosas S, Bateman TA, Livingston EW, Smith TL, Moore JE, Zawieja DC, Hampton T, Mao XW, Delp MD, Willey JS. Altered Rodent Gait Characteristics after ∼35 Days in Orbit aboard the International Space Station. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2020 February; 249-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.010.PMID: 31987483. | Impact Statement
da Silveira WA, Fazelinia H, Rosenthal SB, Laiakis EC, Kim MS, Meydan C, Kidane Y, Rathi K, Smith SM, Stear B, Ying Y, Zhang Y, Foox J, Zanello SB, Crucian BE, Wang D, Nugent A, Costa HA, Zwart SR, Schrepfer S, Elworth L, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, MacKay M, Gokhale NS, Horner SM, Singh LN, Wallace DC, Willey JS, Schisler JC, Meller R, McDonald JT, Fisch KM, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Mason CE, Costes SV, Beheshti A. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis reveals mitochondrial stress as a central biological hub for spaceflight impact. Cell. 2020 November 25; 183(5): 1185-1201.e20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.002.PMID: 33242417. | Impact Statement
Kwok AT, Mohamed NS, Plate JF, Yammani RR, Rosas S, Bateman TA, Livingston EW, Moore JE, Kerr BA, Lee J, Furdui CM, Tan L, Bouxsein ML, Ferguson VL, Stodieck LS, Zawieja DC, Delp MD, Mao XW, Willey JS. Spaceflight and hind limb unloading induces an arthritic phenotype in knee articular cartilage and menisci of rodents. Scientific Reports. 2021 May 18; 11(1): 10469. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90010-2.PMID: 34006989. | Impact Statement
Willey JS, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Miles LA, Moore JE, Mao XW, Wallace RW, Foy MC. αKlotho decreases after reduced weight-bearing from both spaceflight and hindlimb unloading. npj Microgravity. 2022 June 2; 8(1): 18. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00203-w. | Impact Statement
Inhaled dust particles can cause inflammation in the airways of humans on Earth as well as in space. To study the effects of the inhaled dust particles in space, investigators will examine the amount of the gaseous Nitric Oxide, which indicates airway inflammation, exhaled by crewmembers.
Publications
Hemmingsson TE, Linnarsson D, Gambert R. Novel hand-held device for exhaled nitric oxide-analysis in research and clinical applications. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 2004 December; 18(5-6): 379-387. DOI: 10.1007/s10877-005-1158-z.PMID: 15957630.
Verbanck S, Kerckx Y, Schuermans D, Vincken W, Paiva M, Van Muylem A. Effect of airways constriction on exhaled nitric oxide. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008 February 2; 104(4): 925-903. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01019.2007.
Karlsson LL, Kerckx Y, Gustafsson LE, Hemmingsson TE, Linnarsson D. Microgravity Decreases and Hypergravity Increases Exhaled Nitric Oxide. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 November; 107(5): 1431-1437. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91081.2008.PMID: 19745185.
Decompression sickness (gas bubbles in the bloodstream) is a concern and common occurrence in scuba divers. It is unknown if astronauts experience the same type of phenomenon from extravehicular activities (EVA). NOA-2 is designed to compare the amount of nitric oxide that is exhaled before and after an EVA to determine if the astronauts experience decompression sickness.
Publications
Karlsson LL, Blogg SL, Lindholm P, Gennser M, Hemmingsson TE, Linnarsson D. Venous gas emboli and exhaled nitric oxide with simulated and actual extravehicular activity. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 October; 169s59-s62. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.003.PMID: 19442591.
Kerckx Y, Karlsson LL, Linnarsson D, Van Muylem A. Effect of blood redistribution on exhaled and alveolar nitric oxide: A hypergravity model study. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2010 May; 171(3): 187-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.04.005.PMID: 20385259.
Karlsson LL, Kerckx Y, Gustafsson LE, Hemmingsson TE, Linnarsson D. Microgravity Decreases and Hypergravity Increases Exhaled Nitric Oxide. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 November; 107(5): 1431-1437. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91081.2008.PMID: 19745185.
ExHAM: Astrobiology Japan 3 (Tanpopo-3) investigates the origin and migration of life in our solar system and gathers basic evidence of whether cyanobacteria, mosses, and trees can grow in Martian regolith. This investigation exposes microbes and seeds to the space environment for one year, using the Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) facility. Tanpopo-3 follows earlier Astrobiology Exposure and Micrometeoroid Capture Experiments, Tanpopo and Tanpopo-2.
Tin “whiskers”, which grow thinly and straight like cats’ beard, are microscopic metal fibers that grow on orbit from pure tin-plated electrode surfaces free from lead-free solder material. ExHAM-On-orbit Validation May Mitigate Tin Whisker Growth (ExHAM-WHISKER) investigates both the growth of tin whiskers in space and a conformal coating, which conforms to the contours of a component, to prevent short-circuit failures that whiskers can cause. This four-year investigation began in April 2017, and samples exposed on orbit for one year and two years were collected and returned to Earth for analysis.
The purpose of the ExHAM-Advanced Radiatior Material investigation is to evaluate the degradation properties of radiator thermal control materials that are exposed to the space environment of low-Earth orbit for periods of one, two, and three years. By understanding the rate and degradation mechanisms of the thermal control materials on orbit, more durable materials can be designed for use in thermal control systems for future space missions.
The Ex-HAM: Astrobiology Japan-2 (Tanpopo-2) investigation aims to understand the evolution history of organic molecules, and to infer the origin of life in our solar system. It is a sequential experiment evolved from the earlier Astrobiology Exposure and Micrometeoroid Capture Experiments (Tanpopo) investigation that also utilized the Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) facility on the Japanese Experimental Module 'KIBO' aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Three types of panels are employed in the Tanpopo-2 investigation to capture micro-particles, and expose extremophile microbes and organic compounds to the space environment, with the aim of gaining an understanding of the life cycle of organics in space.
ExHAM-Composite Resin Dosimeter demonstrates a new dosimeter using a film that changes color according to X-ray exposure. The investigation incorporates one of the devices into a space suit to determine how much exposure and discoloration it receives during a year. The dosimeter was developed by the Kyoto Institute of Technology.
ExHAM-Long-term Composite Reliability investigates how deployable space structures made of lightweight carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) respond to exposure to the space environment. The investigation uses the Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) installed in the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM). Analysis of changes in the appearance, shape and mechanical properties of the structures provides insight into the long-term durability and reliability of CFRPs in space.
The purpose of the ExHAM-Microwave Amplifier investigation is to expose and obtain baseline information for commercial microwave amplifier modules after being exposed to the space environment. The microwave modules are attached to the Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) outside of the Kibo module for a period of time, and then are returned to Earth for further analysis and testing.
The ExHAM: Piezo Electric Actuator Characteristic Experiments (ExHAM-Piezo Electric Actuator) investigates the effect of the space environment on a piezoelectric material that generates mechanical strain resulting from an applied electric field. The piezoelectric device is proposed for use as an actuator or a sensor device for a smart structure. The overall goal is to develop a smart structure in space that utilizes a space-tolerant piezoelectric device.
The ExHAM-Plastic Printing Material Exposure Experiment (ExHAM-Plastic Printing Material) studies the surface deterioration of 3D printed plastic material that is exposed to the space environment for approximately one year. This investigation utilizes the Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) installed on JAXA’s Kibo Module.
The ExHAM-Radiation Shielding investigation exposes samples of polymer materials to the space environment for the "verification experiment of radiation shielding material for spacecraft equipment". In this investigation, proposed by the Istanbul Technical University, polymer materials with self-repairing properties against damage caused by radiation exposure are installed on the ExHAM facility attached to the outside of the Japanese Experiment Module Kibo’s Exposed Facility on the space station, and exposed to the space radiation environment for about one year. After this exposure period, the materials are examined for their potential use in future space exploration applications.
Publications
Bel T, Mehranpour S, Sengul AV, Camtakan Z, Baydogan N. Electron beam penetration of poly (methyl methacrylate)/colemanite composite irradiated at low earth orbit space radiation environment. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2021 July 6; epub51337. DOI: 10.1002/app.51337. | Impact Statement
The goal of the Space Tango Payload Card Exomed Microbiome Bacteria investigation is to study common microbiome bacteria, and their response to the microgravity environment.
Experiment Cube #15 Mission 2 includes three experiments: Aleph Farms, which tests a technology for growing meat products from animal cells; CADW, which examines whether a specific DNA damage pathway is activated by microgravity; and Amorphical, which examines proliferation and differentiation of bone-forming and skeletal muscle cells.
The Dynamic Surf investigation is part of a series of JAXA experiments that Marangoni convection driven by the presence of surface tension gradient as produced by a temperature difference at a liquid/gas interface. Fluid convection observations of a silicone oil liquid bridge that is generated by heating the one disc higher than the other within the Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF). By observing and understanding how such fluids move researchers can learn about how heat is transferred in microgravity, and ultimately drive the design and development of more efficient fluid flow based systems and devices.
Publications
Ferrera C, Herrada MA, Montanero JM. Analysis of a resonance liquid bridge oscillation on board of the International Space Station. European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids. 2016 May-June; 5715-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2016.02.003. | Impact Statement
Yano T, Nishino K, Matsumoto S, Ueno I, Komiya A, Kamotani Y, Imaishi N. Overview of "Dynamic Surf" project in Kibo–dynamic behavior of large-scale thermocapillary liquid bridges in microgravity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2018 January 31; 35(1): 350102. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.35.350102. | Impact Statement
Shitomi N, Yano T, Nishino K. Effect of radiative heat transfer on thermocapillary convection in long liquid bridges of high-Prandtl-number fluids in microgravity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019 April 1; 133405-415. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.12.119. | Impact Statement
Yano T, Nishino K, Matsumoto S, Ueno I, Komiya A, Kamotani Y, Imaishi N. Report on microgravity experiments of Dynamic Surface deformation effects on Marangoni instability in high-Prandtl-number liquid bridges. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 October; 30599-610. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9614-9. | Impact Statement
Fujimoto S, Ogasawara T, Ota A, Motegi K, Ueno I. Effect of Heat Loss on Hydrothermal wave Instability in Half-Zone Liquid Bridges of High Prandtl NumberFluid. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 April 30; 36(2): 360204. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360204. | Impact Statement
Yano T, Nishino K. Flow visualization of axisymmetric steady Marangoni convection in high-Prandtl-number liquid bridges in microgravity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 April 30; 36(2): 360202. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.36.2.360202.
The Experimental Evolution of Bacillus subtilis Populations in Space: Mutation, Selection and Population Dynamics (MVP Cell-02) investigation seeks to understand how organisms adapt to the space environment, an important component of future space exploration. Microbes may play fundamental roles in the development of biologically-based closed-loop regenerative life support, in-situ resource utilization, and will have extensive interactions with human and plant hosts. Further, microbes may pose challenges through virulence and contamination, and as nuisance factors such as biofilms in water supply and ventilation systems.
Experimental Studies of the Possible Development of Microscopic Deterioration of ISS RS Module Structural Elements when Impacted by the Components of the Station’s External Atmosphere and Conditions Promoting the Life of Microflora on Pressure Hull Surfaces under MLI (Test) examines the chemical, toxicological, and microbiological samples taken from the exterior surface of the pressure hull on and underneath MLI in deposition areas of corrosive life support system products and components of the station’s external atmosphere.
Publications
null | Impact Statement
Deshevaya EA, Shubralova EV, Fialkina SV, Guridov AA, Novikova ND, Tsygankov OS, lianko PS, Orlov OI, Morzunov SP, Rizvanov AA, Nikolaeva IV. Microbiological investigation of the space dust collected from the external surfaces of the International Space Station. BioNanoScience. 2020 March 1; 10(1): 81-88. DOI: 10.1007/s12668-019-00712-1. | Impact Statement
Grebennikova TV, Syroeshkin AV, Shubralova EV, Eliseeva OV, Kostina LV, Kulikova NY, Latyshev OE, Morozova MA, Yuzhakov AG, Zlatskiy IA, Chichaeva MA, Tsygankov OS. The DNA of bacteria of the world ocean and the Earth in cosmic dust at the International Space Station. The Scientific World Journal. 2018 20187360147. DOI: 10.1155/2018/7360147.PMID: 29849510. | Impact Statement
Ekon environmental observation program.
Experimental Testing of a System of Photo Imagery Coordinate Referencing Using Ultrasound Sensors (Vizir) tests the technology of automated coordinate referencing of images of the Earth’s surface, and space, taken by crewmembers using “free-floating” photography equipment in weightlessness. The use of an unsecured camera enables the crewmember to easily aim it at objects, track them, and quickly re-focus on other objects. The camera is equipped with small ultrasound emitters, and a small area around the window is equipped with ultrasound receivers.
The research entitled "Exploiting On-orbit Crystal properties for Structural Studies of Medically and Economically Important Targets (On-Orbit Crystals)" uses the quasi-microgravity environment of space to grow protein crystals of four different proteins. Understanding the structure of these proteins will help researchers understand how they work, which then could lead to new pharmaceuticals that target the protein. The proteins in this investigation are linked to breast cancer, skin cancer, prion disease and oxidative stress, the latter of which is implicated in many forms of cancer and neurological disorders.
The Exploration Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS): Brine Processor System demonstrates technology to recover additional water from crew urine. Special membranes retain contaminants and selectively pass through water vapor into the cabin atmosphere, where the condensing heat exchanger captures and delivers it to the water processing system. The system could purify and recover up to 80% of available water from 22 liters of urine brine during a 26-day cycle.
Publications
Eshima SP, Nabity JS. Failure mode and effects analysis for Environmental Control and Life Support System self-awareness. 49th International Conference on Environmental Systems (Boston, Massachusetts). 2020 July 31; ICES-2020-48813 pp. | Impact Statement
Anderson MS, Sargusingh MJ, Gatens RL, Perry JL, Schneider WF, Macatangay AV, Toomarian N, McKinley MK, Shaw LA. NASA Environmental Control and Life Support technology development and maturation for exploration: 2018 to 2019 Overview. 49th International Conference on Environmental Systems (Boston, Massachusetts). 2019 July 7; ICES-2019-29716 pp. | Impact Statement
Audas C, Ugalde SO, Paille C, Lamaze B, Lasseur C. Life support systems beyond low Earth orbit advocates for an improved resources management approach. Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection. 2022 April 30; 2022(1/2022): 5-13. DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2022.1.0513.
Boyce SP, Molina S, Pasadilla P, Tewes P, Joyce CJ, Harrington W, Williamson J, Perry JL, Toon KP, Meyer C, Harper ST. Closing the water loop for exploration: 2021-2022 status of the Brine Processor Assembly. 51st International Conference on Environmental Systems, St Paul, Minnesota. 2022 July 12; ICES-2022-31715.
Kelsey LK, Boyce SP, Speight G, Pasadilla P, Tewes P, Rabel EK, Meyer C. Closing the water loop for exploration: 2020-2021 status of the Brine Processor Assembly. 50th International Conference on Environmental Systems - ICES 2020, Lisbon, Portugal. 2021 July 12; ICES-2021-42811.
Exploration Environmental Health System BioMole (EHS BioMole Facility) demonstrates technology for monitoring the microbial environment onboard a spacecraft. As part of a Crew Health Care System (CHeCS), this technology could support missions such as Gateway and Mars transit that do not have the capability to return samples to Earth for analysis. The investigation evaluates the ability of the EHS BioMole Facility to accurately analyze environmental surface samples on the space station.
Exploration-class missions including Artemis, Gateway, and beyond require an exercise device that is lightweight and has a small footprint. These devices provide a variety of full body resistance exercise options, and aerobic rowing and cycling, but no treadmill. Without a treadmill there is no means of ambulating, or reinforcing the motor pattern of walking and therefore the objective of this study is to quantify the effect of no treadmill usage during an entire spaceflight mission on bone, muscle, aerobic, and sensorimotor health and performance, which is important data for determining the adequacy of exercise regimens for exploration missions.
Solar ultraviolet photons are a major source of energy to initiate chemical reactions in the solar system, and many experimental programs on Earth are devoted to studies of the evolution of organic molecules through such chemical reactions. A wide variety of organic compounds are tested during the Photochemistry on the Space Station (P.S.S.) experiment to improve the understanding of chemical evolution in organic-rich astrophysical environments (comets, meteorites, Titan, interstellar medium), and where organic matter is being looked for (Martian surface and subsurface).
Publications
Baratta GA, Accolla M, Chaput D, Cottin H, Palumbo ME, Strazzulla G. Photolysis of cometary organic dust analogs on the EXPOSE-R2 mission at the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2019 January 17; epubDOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1853.PMID: 30653337. | Impact Statement
Coussot G, Le Postollec A, Incerti S, Baque M, Faye C, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Cottin H, Ravelet C, Peyrin E, Fiore E, Vigier F, Caron J, Chaput D, Przybyla B, Berger T, Dobrijevic M. Photochemistry on the space station-aptamer resistance to space conditions: Particles exposure from irradiation facilities and real exposure outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2019 February 28; 19(8): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1896.PMID: 30817199. | Impact Statement
Coussot G, Le Postollec A, Faye C, Baque M, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Incerti S, Vigier F, Chaput D, Cottin H, Przybyla B, Berger T, Dobrijevic M. Photochemistry on the space station-antibody resistance to space conditions after exposure outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2019 February 28; 19(8): 10 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1907.PMID: 30817173. | Impact Statement
Cottin H, Rettberg P. EXPOSE-R2 on the International Space Station (2014–2016): Results from the PSS and BOSS Astrobiology Experiments. Astrobiology. 2019 August; 19(8): 975-978. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.0625.PMID: 31373529. | Impact Statement
Stalport F, Rouquette L, Poch O, Dequaire T, Chaouche-Mechidal N, Payart S, Szopa C, Coll P, Chaput D, Jaber M, Raulin F, Cottin H. The Photochemistry on Space Station (PSS) Experiment: Organic Matter under Mars-like Surface UV Radiation Conditions in Low Earth Orbit. Astrobiology. 2019 July 17; 19(8): 17 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.2001.PMID: 31314573. | Impact Statement
Accolla M, Pellegrino G, Baratta GA, Condorelli GG, Fedoseev G, Scire C, Palumbo ME, Strazzulla G. Combined IR and XPS characterization of organic refractory residues obtained by ion irradiation of simple icy mixtures. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2018 December 1; 620A123. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834057. | Impact Statement
Cottin H, Saiagh K, Nguyen D, Grand N, Benilan Y, Cloix M, Coll P, Gazeau M, Fray N, Khalaf D, Raulin F, Stalport F, Carrasco N, Szopa C, Chaput D, Bertrand M, Westall F, Mattioda A, Quinn R, Ricco AJ, Santos O, Baratta GA, Strazzulla G, Palumbo ME, Le Postollec A, Dobrijevic M, Coussot G, Vigier F, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Incerti S, Berger T. Photochemical studies in low Earth orbit for organic compounds related to small bodies, Titan and Mars. Current and future facilities.. Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège. 2015 8460-73. | Impact Statement
Fedoseev G, Scire C, Baratta GA, Palumbo ME. Cosmic ray processing of N2-containing interstellar ice analogues at dark cloud conditions. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2018 April 1; 475(2): 1819-1828. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx3302. | Impact Statement
The eXposed Root On-Orbit Test System (XROOTS) investigation uses hydroponic and aeroponic techniques to grow plants without soil or other growth media. Video and still images enable evaluation of multiple independent growth chambers for the entire plant life cycle from seed germination through maturity. Results could identify suitable methods to produce crops on a larger scale for future space missions.
The EXPOSE-R R3D experiment includes the dosimetry package R3D-R for on-line measurement of UV and cosmic radiation and transmission by telemetry. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Dachev TP, Horneck G, Hader D, Schuster M, Lebert M. EXPOSE-R cosmic radiation time profile. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 17-25. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000093.
Berger T, Hajek M, Bilski P, Reitz G. Cosmic radiation exposure of biological test systems during the EXPOSE-R mission. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 27-32. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000548.
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Dachev TP, De Angelis G, Semkova J, Tomov BT, Dimitrov PG, Matviichuk YN, Bankov NG, Reitz G, Horneck G, Hader D. Further analysis of the space shuttle effects on the ISS SAA doses. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 January; IAC-11,A1,4,2,x991810 pp. | Impact Statement
Dachev TP, Tomov BT, Matviichuk YN, Dimitrov PG, Bankov NG. High dose rates obtained outside ISS in June 2015 during SEP event. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2016 984-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.03.004.
Dachev TP, Tomov BT, Matviichuk YN, Dimitrov PG, Bankov NG, Reitz G, Horneck G, Häder D, Lebert M, Schuster M. Relativistic electron fluxes and dose rate variations during April–May 2010 geomagnetic disturbances in the R3DR data on ISS. Advances in Space Research. 2012 July; 50(2): 282-292. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.03.028. | Impact Statement
In their natural environment, most bacteria live on surfaces as slime-encased biofilms and microbial mat communities (the fossils of the latter represent the earliest clear signs of life on Earth). In comparison to their planktonic (floating/non-fixed) counterparts, these biofilms are significantly more resistant to environmental stresses like chemical pollution, antibiotics, and predators. The Biofilm Organisms Surfing Space (BOSS) experiment tests whether biofilm-forming microbes are more resistant than planktonic samples to the environmental conditions in space, and on Mars.
Publications
Billi D. Desert cyanobacteria under space and planetary simulations: A tool for searching for life beyond Earth and supporting human space exploration. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2018 September 12; epubDOI: 10.1017/S147355041800037X. | Impact Statement
Panitz C, Frosler J, Wingender J, Flemming H, Rettberg P. Tolerances of Deinococcus geothermalis Biofilms and Planktonic Cells Exposed to Space and Simulated Martian Conditions in Low Earth Orbit for Almost Two Years. Astrobiology. 2019 29 March; 19(7): 16 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1913. | Impact Statement
Billi D, Staibano C, Verseux CN, Fagliarone C, Mosca C, Baque M, Rabbow E, Rettberg P. Dried biofilms of desert strains of Chroococcidiopsis survived prolonged exposure to space and Mars-like conditions in low Earth orbit. Astrobiology. 2019 February 11; 19DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1900. | Impact Statement
Cottin H, Rettberg P. EXPOSE-R2 on the International Space Station (2014–2016): Results from the PSS and BOSS Astrobiology Experiments. Astrobiology. 2019 August; 19(8): 975-978. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.0625.PMID: 31373529. | Impact Statement
Baque M, de Vera JP, Rettberg P, Billi D. The BOSS and BIOMEX space experiments on the EXPOSE-R2 mission: Endurance of the desert cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis under simulated space vacuum, Martian atmosphere, UVC radiation and temperature extremes.. Acta Astronautica. 2013 October 1; 91180-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.05.015. | Impact Statement
Mosca C, Rothschild LJ, Napoli A, Ferré F, Pietrosanto M, Fagliarone C, Baque M, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Billi D. Over-expression of UV-damage DNA repair genes and ribonucleic acid persistence contribute to the resilience of dried biofilms of the desert cyanobacetrium Chroococcidiopsis exposed to Mars-like UV flux and long-term desiccation. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019 October 11; 1011 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02312. | Impact Statement
Leuko S, Stan-Lotter H, Lamers G, Sjostrom S, Rabbow E, Parpart A, Rettberg P. Resistance of the archaeon Halococcus morrhuae and the biofilm-forming bacterium Halomonas muralis to exposure to low Earth orbit for 534 days. Extremophiles as Astrobiological Models. 2020 December 4; 221-236. DOI: 10.1002/9781119593096.ch10. | Impact Statement
Wadsworth J, Rettberg P, Cockell CS. Aggregated cell masses provide protection against space extremes and a microhabitat for hitchhiking co-inhabitants. Astrobiology. 2019 July 29; 19(8): 995-1007. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1924.PMID: 31194575. | Impact Statement
Wadsworth J, Rettberg P, Cockell CS. Aggregated cell masses provide protection against space extremes and a microhabitat for hitchhiking co-inhabitants. Astrobiology. 2019 July 29; 19(8): 995-1007. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1924.PMID: 31194575.
Mosca C, Fagliarone C, Napoli A, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Billi D. Revival of anhydrobiotic cyanobacterium biofilms exposed to space vacuum and prolonged dryness: Implications for future missions beyond low Earth orbit. Astrobiology. 2021 May; 21(5): 541-550. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2359.PMID: 33956489. | Impact Statement
The prime objectives of the BIOlogy and Mars Experiment (BIOMEX) are to measure the extent to which terrestrial organisms can survive in extreme environments (extremophiles), and in particular pigments and cellular components thereof, are resistant to space and Mars-like conditions. The experiment also analyzes what interactions occur between extremophiles and selected minerals (including simulated Moon- and Mars analogue varieties). The results of BIOMEX are relevant for defining a database of biological markers to help in the search for life, either existing or extinct on future space missions, for example to Mars, as well as providing information about the chances for survival during a ‘natural’ trip in space (according to the Panspermia theory).
Publications
Billi D. Desert cyanobacteria under space and planetary simulations: A tool for searching for life beyond Earth and supporting human space exploration. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2018 September 12; epubDOI: 10.1017/S147355041800037X. | Impact Statement
Onofri S, Selbmann L, Pacelli C, Zucconi L, Rabbow E, de Vera JP. Survival, DNA, and ultrastructural integrity of a cryptoendolithic Antarctic fungus in Mars and lunar rock analogues exposed outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2018 October 30; 19(2): 170-182. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1728.PMID: 30376361. | Impact Statement
Podolich O, Kukharenko O, Haidak A, Zaets I, Zaika L, Storozhuk O, Palchikovska L, Orlovska I, Reva O, Borisova T, Khirunenko L, Sosnin M, Rabbow E, Kravchenko V, Skoryk M, Kremenskoy M, Demets R, Olsson-Francis K, Kozyrovska NO, de Vera JP. Multimicrobial kombucha culture tolerates Mars-like conditions simulated on low-Earth orbit. Astrobiology. 2018 November 28; epubDOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1746.PMID: 30484685. | Impact Statement
Pacelli C, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Coleine C, de Vera JP, Rabbow E, Bottger U, Dadachova E, Onofri S. Responses of the black bungus Cryomyces antarcticus to simulated Mars and space conditions on rock analogues. Astrobiology. 2018 August 1; epub12 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1631.PMID: 30067087. | Impact Statement
Backhaus T, Meessen J, Demets R, de Vera JP, Ott S. Characterization of viability of the lichen Buellia frigida after 1.5 years in space on the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2019 February 11; 19(2): 233-241. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1894.PMID: 30742495. | Impact Statement
Billi D, Verseux CN, Fagliarone C, Napoli A, Baque M, de Vera JP. A desert cyanobacterium under simulated Mars-like conditions in low Earth orbit: Implications for the habitability of Mars. Astrobiology. 2019 February 11; 19(2): 158-169. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1807.PMID: 30742497. | Impact Statement
Huwe B, Fiedler A, Moritz S, Rabbow E, de Vera JP, Joshi J. Mosses in Low Earth Orbit:Implications for the Limits of Life and the Habitability of Mars. Astrobiology. 2019 February 11; 19(2): 221-232. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1889.PMID: 30742499. | Impact Statement
de Vera JP, Alawi M, Backhaus T, Baque M, Billi D, Bottger U, Berger T, Bohmeier M, Cockell CS, Demets R, de la Torre Noetzel R, Edwards HG, Elsaesser A, Fagliarone C, Fiedler A, Foing B, Foucher F, Fritz J, Hanke F, Herzog T, Horneck G, Hubers H, Huwe B, Joshi J, Kozyrovska NO, Kruchten M, Lasch P, Lee N, Leuko S, Leya T, Lorek A, Martinez-Frias J, Meessen J, Moritz S, Moeller R, Olsson-Francis K, Onofri S, Ott S, Pacelli C, Podolich O, Rabbow E, Reitz G, Rettberg P, Reva O, Rothschild LJ, Sancho LG, Schulze-Makuch D, Selbmann L, Serrano P, Szewzyk U, Verseux CN, Wadsworth J, Wagner D, Westall F, Wolter D, Zucconi L. Limits of Life and the Habitability of Mars:The ESA Space Experiment BIOMEX on the ISS. Astrobiology. 2019 February 11; 19(2): 145-157. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1897.PMID: 30742496. | Impact Statement
Serrano P, Alawi M, de Vera JP, Wagner D. Response of Methanogenic Archaea from SiberianPermafrost and Non-permafrost Environments to Simulated Mars-like Desiccation and the Presence of Perchlorate. Astrobiology. 2019 February 11; 19(2): 197-208. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1877.PMID: 30742498. | Impact Statement
Baque M, de Vera JP, Rettberg P, Billi D. The BOSS and BIOMEX space experiments on the EXPOSE-R2 mission: Endurance of the desert cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis under simulated space vacuum, Martian atmosphere, UVC radiation and temperature extremes.. Acta Astronautica. 2013 October 1; 91180-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.05.015. | Impact Statement
Baque M, Scalzi G, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Billi D. Biofilm and planktonic lifestyles differently support the resistance of the desert cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis under space and Martian simulations. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2013 October 1; 43(4): 377-389. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-013-9341-6. | Impact Statement
Verseux CN, Paulino-Lima IG, Baque M, Billi D, Rothschild LJ. Synthetic biology for space exploration: Promises and societal implications. Ambivalences of Creating Life: Societal and Philosophical Dimensions of Synthetic Biology. 2016 73-100. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21088-9_4. | Impact Statement
Billi D, Baque M, Verseux CN, Rothschild LJ, de Vera JP. Desert cyanobacteria: Potential for space and Earth applications. Adaption of Microbial Life to Environmental Extremes: Novel Research Results and Application. 2017 133-146. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48327-6_6. | Impact Statement
Billi D, Baque M, Smith HD, McKay CP. Cyanobacteria from extreme deserts to space. Advances in Microbiology. 2013 October 24; 3(6): 80-86. DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.36A010. | Impact Statement
Mosca C, Rothschild LJ, Napoli A, Ferré F, Pietrosanto M, Fagliarone C, Baque M, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Billi D. Over-expression of UV-damage DNA repair genes and ribonucleic acid persistence contribute to the resilience of dried biofilms of the desert cyanobacetrium Chroococcidiopsis exposed to Mars-like UV flux and long-term desiccation. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019 October 11; 1011 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02312. | Impact Statement
Verseux CN, Baque M, Lehto K, de Vera JP, Rothschild LJ, Billi D. Sustainable life support on Mars – the potential roles of cyanobacteria. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2016 January; 15(1): 65-92. DOI: 10.1017/S147355041500021X. | Impact Statement
Cosciotti B, Balbi A, Ceccarelli A, Fagliarone C, Mattei E, Lauro SE, Di Paolo F, Pettinelli E, Billi D. Survivability of anhydrobiotic cyanobacteria in salty ice: Implications for the habitability of icy worlds. Life. 2019 December; 9(4): 86. DOI: 10.3390/life9040086. | Impact Statement
Moeller R, Raguse M, Leuko S, Berger T, Hellweg CE, Horneck G. STARLIFE—An international campaign to study the role of galactic cosmic radiation in astrobiological model systems. Astrobiology. 2017 February 1; 17(2): 101-109. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1571. | Impact Statement
Pacelli C, Bryan RA, Onofri S, Selbmann L, Shuryak I, Dadachova E. Melanin is effective in protecting fast and slow growing fungi from various types of ionizing radiation. Environmental Microbiology. 2017 19(4): 1612-1624. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13681. | Impact Statement
Pacelli C, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Raguse M, Moeller R, Shuryak I, Onofri S. Survival, DNA integrity, and ultrastructural damage in antarctic cryptoendolithic eukaryotic microorganisms exposed to ionizing radiation. Astrobiology. 2017 February 1; 17(2): 126-135. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1456. | Impact Statement
Pacelli C, Selbmann L, Moeller R, Zucconi L, Fujimori A, Onofri S. Cryptoendolithic antarctic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus irradiated with accelerated helium Ions: Survival and metabolic activity, DNA and ultrastructural damage. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017 88 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02002. | Impact Statement
Billi D, Mosca C, Fagliarone C, Napoli A, Verseux CN, Baque M, de Vera JP. Exposure to low Earth orbit of an extreme-tolerant cyanobacterium as a contribution to lunar astrobiology activities. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2020 February; 19(1): 53-60. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550419000168. | Impact Statement
Selbmann L, Pacelli C, Zucconi L, Dadachova E, Moeller R, de Vera JP, Onofri S. Resistance of an Antarctic cryptoendolithic black fungus to radiation gives new insights of astrobiological relevance. Fungal Biology. 2018 June; 122(6): 546-554. DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.012.PMID: 29801799. | Impact Statement
Podolich O, Kukharenko O, Zaets I, Orlovska I, Palchikovska L, Zaika L, Sysoliatin S, Zubova G, Reva O, Galkin M, Horidko T, Kosiakova H, Borisova T, Kravchenko V, Skoryk M, Kremenskoy M, Ghosh P, Barh D, Goes-Neto A, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, de Vera JP, Kozyrovska NO. Fitness of outer membrane vesicles from Komagataeibacter intermedius is altered under the impact of simulated Mars-like stressors outside the International Space Station. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020 June; 111268. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01268.PMID: 32676055. | Impact Statement
de la Torre Noetzel R, Ortega Garcia MV, Miller AZ, Bassy O, Granja C, Cubero B, Jordao L, Martinez-Frias J, Rabbow E, Backhaus T, Ott S, Sancho LG, de Vera JP. Lichen vitality after a space flight on board the EXPOSE-R2 facility outside the International Space Station: Results of the Biology and Mars Experiment. Astrobiology. 2020 May; 20(5): 583-600. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1959.PMID: 32364796. | Impact Statement
Pacelli C, Bryan RA, Onofri S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Shuryak I, Dadachova E. The effect of protracted X-ray exposure on cell survival and metabolic activity of fast and slow growing fungi capable of melanogenesis. Environmental Microbiology Reports. 2018 June; 10(3): 255-263. DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12632.PMID: 29473314. | Impact Statement
Goes-Neto A, Kukharenko O, Orlovska I, Podolich O, Imchen M, Kumavath R, Kato RB, de Carvalho DS, Tiwari S, Brenig B, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Reva O, de Vera JP, Kozyrovska NO, Barh D. Shotgun metagenomic analysis of kombucha mutualistic community exposed to Mars-like environment outside the International Space Station. Environmental Microbiology. 2021 January 21; epub16pp. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15405.PMID: 33476085. | Impact Statement
Orlovska I, Podolich O, Kukharenko O, Zaets I, Reva O, Khirunenko L, Zmejkoski D, Rogalsky S, Barh D, Tiwari S, Kumavath R, Goes-Neto A, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Brenig B, Ghosh P, de Vera JP, Kozyrovska NO. Bacterial cellulose retains robustness but its synthesis declines after exposure to a Mars-like environment simulated outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2021 February 26; 21(7): 12pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2332.PMID: 33646011. | Impact Statement
Lee I, Barh D, Podolich O, Brenig B, Tiwari S, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Goes-Neto A, Reva O, Kozyrovska NO, de Vera JP, Kim B. Metagenome-assembled genome sequences obtained from a reactivated kombucha microbial community exposed to a Mars-like environment outside the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2021 September 9; 10(36): e0054921. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00549-21.PMID: 34498919. | Impact Statement
de Carvalho DS, Trovatti Uetanabaro AP, Kato RB, Aburjaile FF, Jaiswal AK, Profeta R, De Oliveira Carvalho RD, Tiwari S, Cybelle Pinto Gomide A, Almeida Costa E, Kukharenko O, Orlovska I, Podolich O, Reva O, Ramos PI, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Brenig B, Andrade BS, de Vera JP, Kozyrovska NO, Barh D, Goes-Neto A. The Space-exposed Kombucha Microbial Community member Komagataeibacter oboediens showed only minor changes in its genome after reactivation on Earth. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022 March 11; 1317pp. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.782175. | Impact Statement
Cassaro A, Pacelli C, Baque M, Cavalazzi B, Gasparotto G, Saladino R, Botta L, Bottger U, Rabbow E, de Vera JP, Onofri S. Investigation of fungal biomolecules after Low Earth Orbit exposure: A testbed for the next Moon missions. Environmental Microbiology. 2022 April 19; epub13pp. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15995.PMID: 35437941. | Impact Statement
Napoli A, Micheletti D, Pindo M, Larger S, Cestaro A, de Vera JP, Billi D. Absence of increased genomic variants in the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis exposed to Mars-like conditions outside the space station. Scientific Reports. 2022 May 19; 12(1): 8437. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12631-5.PMID: 35589950. | Impact Statement
Gevi F, Leo P, Cassaro A, Pacelli C, de Vera JP, Rabbow E, Timperio AM, Onofri S. Metabolomic profile of the fungus Cryomyces antarcticus under simulated Martian and space conditions as support for life-detection missions on Mars. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022 13749396. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.749396.PMID: 35633719.
Sabatino R, Sbaffi T, Corno G, de Carvalho DS, Trovatti Uetanabaro AP, Goes-Neto A, Podolich O, Kozyrovska NO, de Vera JP, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Barh D, Di Cesare A. Metagenome analysis reveals a response of the antibiotic resistome to Mars-like extraterrestrial conditions. Astrobiology. 2022 June 17; epubDOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0176.PMID: 35714354. | Impact Statement
Liu Y, Jeraldo P, Herbert W, McDonough S, Eckloff B, de Vera JP, Cockell CS, Leya T, Baque M, Jen J, Schulze-Makuch D, Walther-Antonio M. Non-random genetic alterations in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. exposed to space conditions. Scientific Reports. 2022 July 22; 12(1): 12580. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16789-w.PMID: 35869252. | Impact Statement
Liu Y, Jeraldo P, Herbert W, McDonough S, Eckloff B, Schulze-Makuch D, de Vera JP, Cockell CS, Leya T, Baque M, Jen J, Walther-Antonio M. Whole genome sequencing of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. CCCryo 231-06 using microfluidic single cell technology. iScience. 2022 May 20; 25(2): 14291. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104291.
Exposure Experiment of Copper-Zirconium Antenna Metal Mesh to the Space Environment (ExHAM-Antenna Metal Mesh) tests how well a metal mesh made from copper zirconium performs in outer space. The investigation places the copper zirconium metal mesh on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS) where it is exposed to cosmic rays and atomic oxygen in low-Earth orbit, that can degrade antenna performance.
The aim of the Exposure Experiment of Wooden Specimen to Outer Space on the International Space Station (Exposure of Wood to Outer Space) investigation is to demonstrate if wood can be utilized as a building material for artificial satellites in space. This investigation especially seeks to evaluate the erosion of wood caused by the collision of Atomic Oxygen (AO) particles, and investigate the effects of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) on the mechanical properties of wood.
The Exposure of osmophilic microbes to the space environment (EXPOSE-R OSMO) experiment is aimed at understanding the response of microbes to the vacuum of space and to solar radiation, especially on unicellular organisms that survive in salty environments of high osmotic pressure. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Mancinelli RL. The affect of the space environment on the survival of Halorubrum chaoviator and Synechococcus (Nägeli): data from the Space Experiment OSMO on EXPOSE-R. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 123-128. DOI: 10.1017/S147355041400055X. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Horneck G, Wynn-Williams DD, Mancinelli RL, Cadet J, Munakata N, Ronto G, Edwards HG, Hock B, Wanke H, Reitz G, Dachev TP, Hader D, Brioullet C. Biological experiments on the Expose facility of the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1998 November 16-18; 10. | Impact Statement
The Exposure of Resting Stages of Terrestrial Organisms to Space Conditions (EXPOSE-R IBMP) (the Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia) experiment looks into the effect of exposing a diverse collection of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, each in a resting stage of their life cycle to the open space environment. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, and microgravity.
Publications
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Novikova ND, Deshevaya EA, Levinskikh MA, Polikarpov NA, Poddubko SV, Gusev OA, Sychev VN. Study of the effects of the outer space environment on dormant forms of microorganisms, fungi and plants in the ‘Expose-R’ experiment. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 137-142. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000731. | Impact Statement
Exposure test of BASHFIBER® (ExHAM-Nippon Fiber-2) tests the resistance of a thread-like fiber to cosmic rays on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS). BASHFIBER is a mixture of basalt rock and fly ash, with high resistance to acid and salt. The fiber has the potential for a variety of applications making use of an abundant byproduct.
ExPRESS Payload Simulator is a Flight Demonstration of the Boeing developed Software Toolkit for Ethernet Lab-Like Architecture (STELLA) integrated with LabVIEW Payload Software developed by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC). STELLA is a toolkit product provided to ISS ExPRESS Rack Payload Developers to significantly aid in the development of the payload software interface to the International Space Station (ISS) Command and Data Handling subsystem.
EXPRESS Physics of Colloids in Space (EXPPCS) studied the kinetics of colloidal (fine particles suspended in a fluid) crystal formation and growth. These experiments provided the critical information necessary to use colloidal precursors to fabricate novel materials in the new field of colloidal engineering. Industries using semiconductors, electro-optics, ceramics and composites may benefit from this investigation.
Publications
Doherty MP, Bailey AE, Jankovsky AL, Lorik T. Physics of Colloids in Space: Flight Hardware Operations on ISS. 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2002 Feb; AIAA 2002-0762DOI: 10.2514/6.2002-762.
Manley S, Davidovitch B, Davies NR, Cipelletti L, Bailey AE, Christianson RJ, Gasser U, Prasad V, Segre PN, Doherty MP, Sankaran S, Jankovsky AL, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Eggers JC, Kurta CE, Lorik T, Weitz DA. Time-Dependent Strength of Colloidal Gels. Physical Review Letters. 2005 95(4): 048302(4). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.048302.
Bailey AE, Poon WC, Christianson RJ, Schofield AB, Gasser U, Prasad V, Manley S, Segre PN, Cipelletti L, Meyer WV, Doherty MP, Sankaran S, Jankovsky AL, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Eggers JC, Kurta CE, Lorik T, Pusey PN, Weitz DA. Spinodal decomposition in a model colloid-polymer mixture in microgravity. Physical Review Letters. 2007 Nov; 99(20): 205701-1 - 205701-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205701.PMID: 18233160.
Chaikin PM, Russel WB, Kopacka W, van Blaaderen A, Meyer WV, Doherty MP. Physics of Colloids in Space Plus (PCS+). Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA-2001-505842932. DOI: 10.2514/6.2001-5058.
Sankaran S, Gasser U, Manly S, Valentine M, Prasad V, Rudhardt D, Bailey AE, Dinsmore A, Segre PN, Doherty MP, Weitz DA, Pusey PN, Weeks E. Physics of Colloids in Space-2 (PCS-2). Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 Oct; 2001-4959DOI: 10.2514/6.2001-4959.
Weitz DA, Bailey AE, Manley S, Prasad V, Christianson RJ, Sankaran S, Doherty MP, Jankovsky AL, Lorik T, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Kurta CE, Eggers JC, Gasser U, Segre PN, Cipelletti L, Schofield AB, Pusey PN. Results From the Physics of Colloids Experiment on ISS. NASA Technical Publication. 2002 2002-212011:IAC-02-J.6.04
Manley S, Cipelletti L, Trappe V, Bailey AE, Christianson RJ, Gasser U, Prasad V, Segre PN, Doherty MP, Sankaran S, Jankovsky AL, Shiley WL, Bowen JP, Eggers JC, Kurta CE, Lorik T, Weitz DA. Limits to Gelation in Colloidal Aggregation. Physical Review Letters. 2004 93(10): 108302-1 - 108302-4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.108302.
Ansari RR, Hovenac EA, Sankaran S, Koudelka JM, Weitz DA, Cipelletti L, Segre PN. Physics of colloids in space experiment. AIP Conference Proceedings: Space Technology and Applications International Forum, Albuquerque, NM. 1999 January 22; 458(1): 108-113. DOI: 10.1063/1.57502. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Publications
Herranz R, Benguria A, Lavan DA, Lopez-Vidriero I, Gasset G, Medina F, van Loon JJ, Marco R. Spaceflight-related suboptimal conditions can accentuate the altered gravity response of Drosophila transcriptome. Molecular Ecology. 2010 Oct; 19(19): 4255-4264. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04795.x.PMID: 20819157. | Impact Statement
Herranz R, Lavan DA, Benguria A, Duque P, Leandro LJ, Gasset G, Medina F, van Loon JJ, Marco R. The “gene” experiment in the spanish soyuz mission to the ISS. Effects of the cold transportation step. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 196-200. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919481. | Impact Statement
Herranz R, Benguria A, Fernandez-Pineda E, Medina F, Gasset G, van Loon JJ, Zaballos A, Marco R. Gene Expression Variations During Drosophila Metamorphosis in Space. The GENE Experiment in the Spanish Cervantes Mission to the ISS. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2005 12(1): | Impact Statement
Khairul-Bariah AA, Then SM, Rageshwary R, Fazlina N, Wan-Zurinah WN, Roslan H, Klaus DM, Stodieck LS, Jamal RA. Changes in Gene Expression of HepG2 Cells Exposed to Microgravity. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2010 23(2): 91-92. | Impact Statement
Herranz R, Lavan DA, Medina F, van Loon JJ, Marco R. Drosophila GENE Experiment in the Spanish Soyuz Mission to the ISS: II. Effects of the Containment Constraints. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 November; 21(4): 299-304. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-008-9097-1. | Impact Statement
Then SM, Nordin F, Noordin KA, Munajat H, Hussin N, Abdullah M, Klaus DM, Stodieck LS, Jamal RA. Spaceflight altered the gene and protein expression of the membrane transporter proteins in Jurkat cells. Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2020 December 3; 9(1): 26pp. | Impact Statement
The Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Space (EVOO in Space) investigation studies the effects of exposure to the space environment on extra virgin olive oil. The physicochemical, sensorial, and nutritional characteristics of veiled and filtered extra virgin olive oils are compared to those from controls kept on the ground. Physicochemical, sensorial, nutritional, and microbiological analyses are carried out on extra virgin olive oils before and after flight to determine any changes from exposure to the space environment.
The Identifying and Investigation Surface Glycoproteins E1-E2 of Alphaviruses on Earth and in Space (Glikoproteid) obtains data on the atomic structure of glycoprotein biomolecules with the highest possible resolution to create effective and safe new generation vaccines and to develop new antiviral medications and diagnostic systems.
Publications
Tsygannik IN, Artemyev IV, Arkhipova SF, Pletnyev VZ, Scherbakov GY. Crystallization of proteins in microgravity. Scientific and Technical Conference on the Main Results of Applied Scientific Research on the ISS RS, Korolev, Russia. 2007
The International Space Station (ISS) has been continuously inhabited for over 15 years, and represents a special and unusual microbial biotope: the facility is not influenced by any other surrounding biological environment, but only by the influx and efflux of crew members, supplies to support the crew, and technical items. Even more, the ISS can be considered an extreme biotope for microbes, with unique but almost stable environmental conditions as a higher radiation impact than on Earth, low nutrient levels, and microgravity. The Extremophiles investigation seeks to better understand the contribution of archaea and extremophile bacteria to the microflora on the ISS.
Publications
Mora M, Perras AK, Alekhova TA, Wink L, Krause R, Aleksandrova A, Novozhilova T, Moissl-Eichinger C. Resilient microorganisms in dust samples of the International Space Station-survival of the adaptation specialists. Microbiome. 2016 December 20; 4(1): 65. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0217-7.PMID: 27998314.
Mora M, Wink L, Kögler I, Mahnert A, Rettberg P, Schwendner P, Demets R, Cockell CS, Alekhova TA, Klingl A, Krause R, Zolotariof A, Alexandrova A, Moissl-Eichinger C. Space Station conditions are selective but do not alter microbial characteristics relevant to human health. Nature Communications. 2019 December; 10(1): 3990. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11682-z.PMID: 31488812. | Impact Statement
The Eye Tracking Device (ETD) will determine the influence of prolonged microgravity and the accompanying vestibular (inner ear) adaptation on the orientation of Listing's Plane (a coordinate framework, which is used to define the movement of the eyes in the head).
Publications
Clarke AH, Kornilova LN. Ocular torsion response to active head-roll movement under one-g and zero-g conditions. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2007 17(2-3): 99-111. PMID: 18413903. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH. Listing's plane and the otolith-mediated gravity vector. Progress in Brain Research (2008). 2008 171291-294. DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00642-0.PMID: 18718316. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH, Just K, Krzok W, Schonfeld U. Listing's plane and the 3D-VOR in microgravity--the role of the otolith afferences. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2013 January 1; 23(2): 61-70. DOI: 10.3233/VES-130476.PMID: 23788133. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH, Haslwanter T. The orientation of Listing’s Plane in microgravity. Vision Research. 2007 November; 47(25): 3132-3140. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.09.001. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH. Listing's Plane and the 3D-VOR in microgravity. 2008 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Angers, France. 2008 June 22-27; 2 pp. Also: AH. Clarke, (2008) Listing’s Plane and the 3D VOR in microgravity. J Gravit. Physiol, , Vol 15:1, 29-30.. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN, Glukhikh DO, Habarova EV, Naumov IA, Ekimovskiy GA, Pavlova AS. Visual–manual tracking after long spaceflights. Human Physiology. 2016 June 28; 42(3): 301-311. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119716030105. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN. The Role of Gravitation-dependent Systems in Visual Tracking. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2004 34(8): 773-781. DOI: 10.1023/B:NEAB.0000038127.59317.c7. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN, Alekhina MI, Temnikova VV, Reshke M, Sagalovitch VN, Malakhov SV, Naumov IA, Kozlovskaya IB, Vasin AV. The Effect of a Long Stay Under Microgravity on the Vestibular Function and Tracking Eye Movements. Human Physiology. 2006 32(5): 547-555. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119706050082.Original Russian Text © L.N. Kornilova, M.I. Alekhina, V.V. Temnikova, M. Reshke, S.V. Sagalovich, S.V. Malakhov, I.A. Naumov, I.B. Kozlovskaya, A.V. Vasin, 2006, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2006, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 56–64.. | Impact Statement
Bockisch CJ, Haslwanter T. Three-dimensional eye position during static roll and pitch in humans. Vision Research. 2001 41(16): 2127-2137. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH. Vestibulo-oculomotor research & measurement technology for the space station era. Brain Research Reviews. 1998 Nov; 28(1-2): 173-184. PMID: 9795204.
Kornilova LN. [Orientation in space, vestibular function and visual tracking in conditions of a changed gravitational environment]. Aviacosmic and Ecological Medicine. 2020 54(6): 50-57. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-50-57.Russian.
Eyespots and Macular Pigments Extracted from Algal Organisms Immobilized in Organic Matrix with the Purpose to Protect Astronaut’s Retina (Night Vision) is a study on the response of microalgae strains (that contain eye spots similar to the human retina) to space radiation in order to obtain results applicable to future nutrition programs for astronauts.
Publications
Tibuzzi A, Rea G, Pezzotti G, Esposito D, Johanningmeier U, Giardi MT. A new miniaturized multiarrays biosensor system for fluorescence detection. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2007 19395006. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/39/395006. | Impact Statement
Damasso M, Dachev TP, Falzetta G, Giardi MT, Rea G, Zanini A. The radiation environment observed by Liulin-Photo and R3D-B3 spectrum-dosimeters inside and outside Foton-M3 spacecraft. Radiation Measurements. 2009 44263-272.
Scognamiglio V, Raffi D, Lambreva M, Rea G, Tibuzzi A, Pezzotti G, Johanningmeier U, Giardi MT. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genetic variants as probes for fluorescence sensing system in detection of pollutants. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009 394(4): 1081-1087. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2668-1.
Rea G, Esposito D, Damasso M, Serafil A, Margonelli A, Faraloni C, Torzillo G, Zanini A, Bertalan I, Johanningmeier U, Giardi MT. Ionizing radiation impacts photochemical quantum yield and oxygen evolution activity of Photosystem II in photosynthetic microorganisms. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2008 84(11): 867-877. DOI: 10.1080/09553000802460149.
Giardi MT, Scognamiglio V, Rea G, Rodio G, Antonacci A, Lambreva M, Pezzotti G, Johanningmeier U. Optical biosensors for environmental monitoring based on computational and biotechnological tools for engineering the photosynthetic D1 protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2009 October; 25(2): 294-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.07.003.
Esposito D, Faraloni C, Margonelli A, Pace E, Torzillo G, Zanini A, Giardi MT. The effect of ionizing radiation on photosynthetic oxygenic microrganisms for survival in Space flight revealed by automatic Photosystem II-based biosensors. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 18215-218.
Bertalan I, Esposito D, Torzillo G, Faraloni C, Johanningmeier U, Giardi MT. Photosystem II Stress Tolerance in the Unicellular Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under Space Conditions. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19122-127.
Vukich M, Ganga PL, Cavalieri D, Rizzetto L, Rivero D, Pollastri S, Mugnai S, Mancuso S, Pastorelli S, Lambreva M, Antonacci A, Margonelli A, Bertalan I, Johanningmeier U, Giardi MT, Rea G, Pugliese M, Quarto M, Roca V, Zanini A, Borla O, Rebecchi L, Altiero T, Guidetti R, Cesari M, Marchioro T, Bertolani R, Pace E, De Sio A, Casarosa M, Tozzetti L, Branciamore S, Gallori E, Scarigella M, Bruzzi M, Bucciolini M, Talamonti C, Donati A, Zolesi V. BIOKIS: A Model Payload for Multidisciplinary Experiments in Microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 12/01/2012; 24(6): 397-409. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9309-6. | Impact Statement
Scognamiglio V, Pezzotti I, Pezzotti G, Cano J, Manfredonia I, Buonasera K, Rodio G, Giardi MT. A new embedded biosensor platform based on micro-electrodes array (MEA) technology. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2013 January; 176275-283. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.101.
Scognamiglio V, Pezzotti I, Pezzotti G, Cano J, Manfredonia I, Buonasera K, Arduini F, Moscone D, Palleschi G, Giardi MT. Towards an integrated biosensor array for simultaneous and rapid multi-analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2012 November; 751161-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.010.
Rea G, Lambreva M, Polticelli F, Bertalan I, Antonacci A, Pastorelli S, Damasso M, Johanningmeier U, Giardi MT. Directed evolution and in silico analysis of reaction centre proteins reveal molecular signatures of photosynthesis adaptation to radiation pressure. PLOS ONE. 2013 January 13; 6(1): e16216. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016216.
Buonasera K, Lambreva M, Rea G, Touloupakis E, Giardi MT. Technological applications of chlorophyll a fluorescence for the assessment of environmental pollutants. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2011 September; 401(4): 1139-1151. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5166-1.PMID: 21701849.
Rea G, Antonacci A, Lambreva M, Pastorelli S, Tibuzzi A, Ferrari S, Fischer D, Johanningmeier U, Oleszek W, Doroszewska T, Rizzo AM, Berselli PV, Berra B, Bertoli A, Pistelli L, Ruffoni B, Calas-Blanchard C, Marty JL, Litescu SC, Diaconu M, Touloupakis E, Ghanotakis D, Giardi MT. Integrated plant biotechnologies applied to safer and healthier food production: The Nutra-Snack manufacturing chain. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2011 July; 22(7): 353-366. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.04.005.
Fabrication of Amorphous Metals in Space (MSL SCA-FAMIS) studies the microstructure of composites of bulk metallic glass (BMG) and tungsten spheres processed in microgravity. BMGs, also known as amorphous metals, have excellent mechanical properties such as wear resistance. Forming composites with tungsten and BMGs could create a new class of high-performance alloys and coatings, but the vast density difference between the two makes this challenging in Earth’s gravity. Results could support development of new-generation elements for gears and coatings for applications in space and on Earth.
Emulsions are very common on Earth: present in natural sources such as milk, and also in many man-made products. The Facility for Adsorption and Surface Tension (FASTER) investigates the physical principles which determine the stability of different emulsions, and which compounds can influence this. This knowledge from FASTER can aid industry by permitting the use and design of the best compounds to stabilize, or destabilize, different emulsions depending on their use, and optimising their utilisation towards more environmentally friendly products.
Publications
Kovalchuk VI, Loglio G, Bykov AG, Ferrari M, Kragel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Milyaeva OY, Noskov BA, Ravera F, Santini E, Schneck E. Effect of temperature on the dynamic properties of mixed surfactant adsorbed layers at the water/hexane interface under low-gravity conditions. Colloids and Interfaces. 2020 September; 4(3): 27. DOI: 10.3390/colloids4030027. | Impact Statement
Factors Contributing to Food Acceptability and Consumption, Mood and Stress on Long-Term Space Missions (Astro Palate) studies the relationship among emotions, mood, stress and eating during spaceflight. The study explores ways to minimize stressful aspects of the eating situation so that individuals consume more food and are more satisfied with it. Additionally, the experiment examines ways to use the eating itself to reduce the stress or negative moods that crew members might normally experience in flight.
Faraday-Girl Scouts-1 (Faraday-Girls Scouts) offers Girl Scouts the opportunity to conduct a control experiment and observe the actual experiments on plant growth, ant colonization, and brine shrimp lifecycle in Faraday boxes aboard the International Space Station. This is part of a year-long effort by the Girl Scouts of Citrus Council to engage scouts in the study and understanding of space. The program also provides scouts firsthand experience with the concept of an experimental control.
Faraday-Second Baptist School-1 (Faraday-SBS-1) places a control experiment in fifth grade classrooms at the school and provides students with images of the same experiment in space. The studies include plant growth, ant colonization, and the brine shrimp lifecycle. This activity gives students first-hand experience with microgravity research, helping to encourage them to consider the study of science, technology, engineering, and math.
Neutron spectrometers are used to make a wide range of measurements, including studies of a planetary body’s composition and measuring the flux of high-energy neutrons that could be harmful to humans. The Fast Neutron Spectrometer (FNS) investigation studies a new neutron measurement technique that is better suited for the mixed radiation fields found in deep space. Future manned and exploration missions benefit from clearer, more error-free measurement of the neutron flux present in an environment with multiple types of radiation.
Feasibility Study on Seed Irradiation in Space for Induced Genetic Diversity and Plant Mutation Breeding (Nanoracks-IAEA) exposes seeds of two plant species to microgravity and cosmic radiation inside and outside of the International Space Station for three to seven months. After return to Earth, the seeds are germinated and the biology and genome of the plants evaluated. Using radiation to induce genetic variations is commonly used to help select for desirable traits in plants. Results may advance breeding to develop crop varieties able to withstand increasingly harsh growing environments on Earth created by climate change.
With data collection now complete, Hip QCT demonstrates the utility of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) to describe unique changes in hip bone structure due to spaceflight which cannot be currently captured by routine clinical testing, and further describes the ability of in-flight bone countermeasures to mitigate these specific changes. The regions of bone measured by QCT are determinants of fracture risk in the elderly. Hence, the mitigation or restoration of QCT-determined deficits are expected to enhance the management of astronauts’ short- and long-term skeletal health.
Publications
Keyak JH, Koyama AK, LeBlanc AD, Lu Y, Lang TF. Reduction in proximal femoral strength due to long-duration spaceflight. Bone. 2009 March; 44(3): 449-453. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.11.014.PMID: 19100348.
Lang TF, LeBlanc AD, Evans HJ, Lu Y. Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Skeletal Reloading After Long-Duration Spaceflight. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006 May 29; 21(8): 1224-1230. DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.060509.
Lang TF, LeBlanc AD, Evans HJ, Lu Y, Genant HK, Yu A. Cortical and Trabecular Bone Mineral Loss from the Spine and Hip in Long-duration Spaceflight. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2004 19(6): 1006-1012. DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.040307. | Impact Statement
Sibonga JD, Spector ER, Keyak JH, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Lang TF. Use of quantitative computed tomography to assess for clinically-relevant skeletal effects of prolonged spaceflight on astronaut hips. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 2020 April 1; 23(2): 155-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.08.005.PMID: 31558405. | Impact Statement
Femto Satellites in Zero-G tests the deployment of small, 3D printed satellites aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Due to the small scale of these Femto Satellites, the effects from vibrations, micro collisions, and static charges in the first few meters of deployment may result in chaotic flight. To calibrate for the ideal deployment, crew members record and analyze the trajectories of Femto Satellites shot out of a hand-held deployer within the ISS.
Physical Optics Corporation’s (POC’s) Fiber Optic Production investigation creates optical fibers with high commercial value aboard the International Space Station (ISS) using a blend of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, sodium, and aluminum called ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF). Fiber Optic Production operates within the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG). Extensive theoretical studies along with a limited number of experimental studies suggest that ZBLAN optical fibers produced in microgravity should exhibit far superior qualities to those produced on Earth. The resulting optical fiber from Fiber Optic Production is expected to help verify these studies and guide further engineering efforts to manufacture high value optical fiber in large volume aboard the ISS.
Fiber Optic Production-2 (FOP-2) builds on previous work to manufacture commercial optical fibers in microgravity using a blend of elements called ZBLAN. Earlier theoretical and experimental studies suggest that ZBLAN optical fibers produced in microgravity exhibit qualities superior to those of fibers produced on Earth. Results from FOP-2 could help further verify these studies and guide manufacture of high value optical fiber aboard the space station for commercial use.
Fiber-optic Active Dosimeter (Lumina) is an active fiber dosimeter that monitors, in real-time, the received radiation dose by exploiting the capacity of optical fibers to darken when exposed to radiation. The dosimeter provides reliable dose measurements in complex environments such as the ones associated with electrons, protons, gamma-ray or X-ray photons or neutrons.
Fischer Rat Thyroid Low Serum 5% (FRTL5) is aimed at assessing the effects of microgravity and radiation on rat thyroid cells. This experiment should provide further indications that may help in understanding why the sensitivity of the cells to radiation damage is related to their cell cycle and to the kinetics of the radiation. Furthermore it will help improve our knowledge of the effect of the space environment on the human body, especially on long-duration missions.
Publications
Meli A, Perrella G, Toller M, Zambito AM, Spelat R, Moretti M, Ferro F, Curcio F, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. FRTL-5 experiment during ENEIDE mission. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 175-179. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919476. | Impact Statement
Albi E, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Villani M, De Pol I, Spelat R, Lazzarini R, Perrella G. Thyroid Cell Growth: Sphingomyelin Metabolism as Non-Invasive Marker for Cell Damage Acquired during Spaceflight. Astrobiology. 2010 10(8): 811-820. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0461. | Impact Statement
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-1 (J-SSOD-1) mission deploys the FITSAT-1 CubeSat. FITSAT-1 is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-3. J-SSOD-1 is the first small satellite deployment mission from Kibo on the International Space Station (ISS).
The Flame Design investigation studies the production and control of soot in order to optimize oxygen-enriched combustion and the design of robust, soot-free flames. Soot can adversely affect efficiency, emissions, and equipment lifetime, so this may lead to more efficient and cleaner burner designs. The experiment is conducted with spherical flames of gaseous fuels in the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) as part of the Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project.
Publications
O'Malley TF, Sheredy WA, Stocker DP. Combustion Research on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC08-A2.1.07. | Impact Statement
Irace PH, Lee HJ, Waddell K, Tan L, Stocker DP, Sunderland PB, Axelbaum RL. Observations of long duration microgravity spherical diffusion flames aboard the International Space Station. Combustion and Flame. 2021 July 1; 229111373. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.02.019. | Impact Statement
FLame Extinguishment Experiment (FLEX) will assess the effectiveness of fire suppressants in microgravity and quantify the effect of different possible crew exploration atmospheres on fire suppression. The goal of this research is to provide definition and direction for large scale fire suppression tests and selection of the fire suppressant for next generation crew exploration vehicles.
Publications
O'Malley TF, Sheredy WA, Stocker DP. Combustion Research on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC08-A2.1.07. | Impact Statement
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Ferkul PV, Hicks MC, Williams FA. Can Cool Flames Support Quasi-steady Alkane Droplet Burning?. Combustion and Flame. 2012 Dec; 159(12): 3583-3588. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.07.012.
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Williams FA. Methanol droplet combustion in oxygen-inert environments in microgravity. 8th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Park City, Utah. 2013 May 19-22; 070HE-030311 pp.
Dietrich DL, Nayagam V, Hicks MC, Ferkul PV, Dryer FL, Farouk TI, Shaw BD, Suh HK, Choi MY, Liu YC, Avedisian CT, Williams FA. Droplet Combustion Experiments Aboard the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2014 October; 26(2): 65-76. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-014-9372-2.
Shaw BD. ISS droplet combustion experiments - Uncertainties in droplet sizes and burning rates. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2014 June 19; epubDOI: 10.1007/s12217-014-9377-x.
Paczko G, Peters N, Seshadri K, Williams FA. The role of cool-flame chemistry in quasi-steady combustion and extinction of n-heptane droplets. Combustion Theory and Modeling. 2014 July 24; epubDOI: 10.1080/13647830.2014.934296.
Farouk TI, Hicks MC, Dryer FL. Multistage oscillatory "Cool Flame" behavior for isolated alkane droplet combustion in elevated pressure microgravity condition. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2015 35(2): 1701-1708. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.015.
Liu YC, Xu Y, Avedisian CT, Hicks MC. The effect of support fibers on micro-convection in droplet combustion experiments. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2014 August; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2014.07.022.
Farouk TI. Flameless "cool" combustion in multi-phase configuration. Procedia Engineering. 2015 105520-528. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.05.085.6th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering (ICTE 2014)..
Shaw BD, Vang CL. Oxygen Lewis number effects on reduced gravity combustion of methanol and n-heptane droplets. Combustion Science and Technology. 2015 July 16; epub150716065835002. DOI: 10.1080/00102202.2015.1072176.
Cuoci A, Frassoldati A, Faravelli T, Ranzi E. Cool flames in droplet combustion. XXXVI Meeting of the Italian Section of the Combustion Institute, Procida Island. 2013 June 13-15; 11 pp.
Farouk TI, Xu Y, Avedisian CT, Dryer FL. Combustion characteristics of primary reference fuel (PRF) droplets: Single stage high temperature combustion to multistage "Cool Flame" behavior. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2016 August 2; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.066. | Impact Statement
Vang CL, Shaw BD. Estimates of liquid species diffusivities in n-propanol/glycerol mixture droplets burning in reduced gravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2015 July; 27(4): 281-295. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-015-9455-8.
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Williams FA. Radiative extinction of large n-alkane droplets in oxygen-inert mixtures in microgravity. Combustion and Flame. 2018 August; 194107-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.04.023. | Impact Statement
Takahashi F, Katta VR, Hicks MC. Cool-flame burning and oscillations of envelope diffusion flames in microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 August; 30(4): 339-351. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9630-9.Also: 9th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, May17-20, 2015, and the 11th Asian Microgravity Symposium, Sapporo, Japan, October 25–29, 2016.. | Impact Statement
Seshadri K, Peters N, Williams FA, Nayagam V, Paczko G. Asymptotic analysis of quasi-steady n-heptane droplet combustion supported by cool-flame chemistry. Combustion Theory and Modeling. 2016 November 1; 20(6): 1118-1130. DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2016.1248494. | Impact Statement
Yu F, Shaw BD. Interpretation of backlit droplet images from ISS Droplet Combustion experiments. Gravitational and Space Research. 2014 August 29; 2(1): 12 pp. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2014-0007. | Impact Statement
Tyurenkova V. Two regimes of a single n-heptane droplet combustion. Acta Astronautica. 2019 February 2; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.01.045. | Impact Statement
Farouk TI, Dietrich DL, Dryer FL. Three stage cool flame droplet burning behavior of n-alkane droplets at elevated pressure conditions: Hot, warm and cool flame. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2019 January 1; 37(3): 3353-3361. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.015. | Impact Statement
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Williams FA. Radiative extinction of burner-supported spherical diffusion flames: A scaling analysis. Combustion and Flame. 2019 July 1; 205368-370. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.04.027. | Impact Statement
Williams FA, Nayagam V. Cool-flame dodecane-droplet extinction diameters. Combustion and Flame. 2020 February 1; 212242-244. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.10.036. | Impact Statement
Xi X, Torero JL, Jahn W. Data driven forecast of droplet combustion. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2020 July 10; epub9 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.05.012. | Impact Statement
Bhaskar R, Shaw BD. Digital image analysis of burning droplets in the presence of backlight diffraction and soot. Image Analysis & Stereology. 2019 April 11; 38(1): 53-61. DOI: 10.5566/ias.2015. | Impact Statement
Das S, Shaw BD. Analysis of noisy radiometer data from ISS reduced gravity droplet combustion experiments. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2021 January 4; 33(1): 2. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-020-09858-0. | Impact Statement
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Williams FA. Effects of properties of atmosphere diluents on cool-flame combustion of normal-alkane droplets. Combustion and Flame. 2021 July 1; 229111408. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111408. | Impact Statement
Hickman JM, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Nayagam V, Stocker DP. FLEX: A decisive step forward in NASA's combustion research program. 1st Annual International Space Station Research and Development, Denver, CO. 2012 June 26; 44pp.
The Flame Extinguishment - 2 (FLEX-2) experiment is the second experiment to fly on the International Space Station which uses small droplets of fuel to study the special spherical characteristics of burning fuel droplets in space. The FLEX-2 experiment studies how quickly fuel burns, the conditions required for soot to form, and how mixtures of fuels evaporate before burning. Understanding these processes could lead to the production of a safer spacecraft as well as increased fuel efficiency for engines using liquid fuel on Earth.
Publications
O'Malley TF, Sheredy WA, Stocker DP. Combustion Research on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC08-A2.1.07. | Impact Statement
Liu YC, Avedisian CT, Trenou KN, Rah JK. Experimental study of initial diameter effects on convection-free droplet combustion in the standard atmosphere for n-Heptane, n-Octane, and n-Decane: International Space Station and ground-based experiments. 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, National Harbor, Maryland. 2014 January 13-17; AIAA 2014-101925 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-1019.
Shaw BD. ISS droplet combustion experiments - Uncertainties in droplet sizes and burning rates. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2014 June 19; epubDOI: 10.1007/s12217-014-9377-x.
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Williams FA. Cool-flame extinction during n-alkane droplet combustion in microgravity. Combustion and Flame. 2015 May; 162(5): 2140-2147. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.01.012.
Dietrich DL, Nayagam V, Williams FA. Experimental observations of cool-flame supported binary-droplet arrays combustion in microgravity. 9th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2015 May 17-20; 5 pp. Also: Dietrich, D. L., R. Calabria, P. Massoli, V. Nayagam, and F. A. Williams, ‘Experimental Observations of the Low-Temperature Burning of Decane/Hexanol Droplets in Microgravity’, Combustion Science and Technology, 189.3 (2017), 520–54 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2016.1225730>.
Shaw BD, Vang CL. Oxygen Lewis number effects on reduced gravity combustion of methanol and n-heptane droplets. Combustion Science and Technology. 2015 July 16; epub150716065835002. DOI: 10.1080/00102202.2015.1072176.
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Williams FA. Partial-burning regime for quasi-steady droplet combustion supported by cool flames. AIAA Journal. 2016 January 11; epub5 pp. DOI: 10.2514/1.J054437.
Liu YC, Trenou KN, Rah JK, Hicks MC, Avedisian CT. Effect of varying the initial diameter of n-octane and n-decane droplets over a wide range on the spherically symmetric combustion process: International Space Station and ground-based experiments. 8th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Park City, Utah. 2013 May 19-22; 070HE-031010 pp.
Liu YC, Xu Y, Hicks MC, Avedisian CT. Comprehensive study of initial diameter effects and other observations on convection-free droplet combustion in the standard atmosphere for n-heptane, n-octane, and n-decane. Combustion and Flame. 2016 September; 17127-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.05.013. | Impact Statement
Xu Y, Hicks MC, Avedisian CT. The combustion of iso-octane droplets with initial diameters from 0.5 to 5 mm: Effects on burning rate and flame extinction. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2017 36(2): 2541-2548. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.096.
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Williams FA. Radiative extinction of large n-alkane droplets in oxygen-inert mixtures in microgravity. Combustion and Flame. 2018 August; 194107-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.04.023. | Impact Statement
Vang CL, Shaw BD. ISS experiments on combustion of heptane/hexadecane droplets. AIAA Journal. 2018 October 31; 56(12): 4858-4869. DOI: 10.2514/1.J057128. | Impact Statement
Yu F, Shaw BD. Interpretation of backlit droplet images from ISS Droplet Combustion experiments. Gravitational and Space Research. 2014 August 29; 2(1): 12 pp. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2014-0007. | Impact Statement
Nayagam V, Dietrich DL, Williams FA. Radiative extinction of burner-supported spherical diffusion flames: A scaling analysis. Combustion and Flame. 2019 July 1; 205368-370. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.04.027. | Impact Statement
Williams FA, Nayagam V. Cool-flame dodecane-droplet extinction diameters. Combustion and Flame. 2020 February 1; 212242-244. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.10.036. | Impact Statement
Xu Y, Farouk TI, Hicks MC, Avedisian CT. Initial diameter effects on combustion of unsupported equi-volume n-heptane/iso-octane mixture droplets and the transition to cool flame behavior: Experimental observations and detailed numerical modeling. Combustion and Flame. 2020 October 1; 22082-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.06.012. | Impact Statement
Bhaskar R, Shaw BD. Digital image analysis of burning droplets in the presence of backlight diffraction and soot. Image Analysis & Stereology. 2019 April 11; 38(1): 53-61. DOI: 10.5566/ias.2015. | Impact Statement
Rasul RB, Avedisian CT, Xu Y, Hicks MC, Reeves AP. Dynamic differential image circle diameter measurement precision assessment: Application to burning droplets. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2022 1-1. DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2022.3170926. | Impact Statement
Hickman JM, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Nayagam V, Stocker DP. FLEX: A decisive step forward in NASA's combustion research program. 1st Annual International Space Station Research and Development, Denver, CO. 2012 June 26; 44pp.
Fires burn differently in space, where fuels form spherical droplets and flames burn in a rounded form, rather than straight up. The Flame Extinguishment Experiment-2 JAXA (FLEX-2J) studies the interactions of flames on the motion and ignition (or non-ignition) of millimeter-sized droplets. Results can provide fundamental insight into the physics of fuel burning, which improves computer models designed to reduce emissions and improve fuel consumption efficiency in space and on Earth.
Publications
Hickman JM, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Nayagam V, Stocker DP. FLEX: A decisive step forward in NASA's combustion research program. 1st Annual International Space Station Research and Development, Denver, CO. 2012 June 26; 44pp.
Flexible Experimental Embedded Satellite 2 (FEES2) demonstrates a miniaturized CubeSat platform architecture with commercial Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and traditional radio transmission equipment. It also tests a telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) system for Internet of Things (IoT) telecommunications. IoT refers to networks of physical objects that use sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with each other over an internet connection.
Operating space hardware still requires a complicated set of computer software, which operations teams on the ground maintain. The Flight Demonstration of Telescience Resource Kit (Telescience Resource Kit [TReK]) is a software package that simplifies the software running on the International Space Station (ISS), benefiting users on Earth. Eventually, TReK software will allow scientists, engineers and students who conduct experiments in space to connect to their experiments through regular Internet connection protocols using the new and improved onboard Ethernet communications recently added to ISS.
Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE) seeks to validate a model for flow boiling critical heat flux (CHF) and develop an integrated two-phase flow boiling and condensation facility for the International Space Station. Data from microgravity and the ground are compared to determine the influence of various forces and processes needed for gravity-independent flow boiling and condensation. Results could support development of boilers and heat exchangers that work in both microgravity and partial gravity.
Publications
Konishi C, Lee H, Mudawar I, Hasan MM, Nahra HK, Hall NR, Wagner JD, May RL, Mackey JR. Flow boiling in microgravity: Part 2 – Critical heat flux interfacial behavior, experimental data, and model. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2015 February; 81721-736. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.10.052.related paper for future experiment, Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE)..
O'Neill LE, Mudawar I, Hasan MM, Nahra HK, Balasubramaniam R, Mackey JR. Flow condensation pressure oscillations at different orientations. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018 December 1; 127(Part B): 784-809. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.07.072. | Impact Statement
O'Neill LE, Mudawar I, Hasan MM, Nahra HK, Balasubramaniam R, Hall NR, Lokey A, Mackey JR. Experimental investigation into the impact of density wave oscillations on flow boiling system dynamic behavior and stability. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018 May 1; 120144-166. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.011. | Impact Statement
O'Neill LE, Balasubramaniam R, Nahra HK, Hasan MM, Mackey JR, Mudawar I. Identification of condensation flow regime at different orientations using temperature and pressure measurements. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019 June 1; 135569-590. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.133. | Impact Statement
O'Neill LE, Mudawar I. Review of two-phase flow instabilities in macro- and micro-channel systems. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020 August 1; 157119738. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119738. | Impact Statement
Lee J, O'Neill LE, Mudawar I. 3-D computational investigation and experimental validation of effect of shear-lift on two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of highly subcooled flow boiling in vertical upflow. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020 April 1; 150119291. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119291. | Impact Statement
O'Neill LE, Balasubramaniam R, Nahra HK, Hasan MM, Mudawar I. Flow condensation heat transfer in a smooth tube at different orientations: Experimental results and predictive models. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019 September 1; 140533-563. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.103. | Impact Statement
O'Neill LE, Mudawar I, Hasan MM, Nahra HK, Balasubramaniam R, Mackey JR. Experimental investigation of frequency and amplitude of density wave oscillations in vertical upflow boiling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018 October 1; 1251240-1263. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.04.138.PMID: 30713351. | Impact Statement
Darges SJ, Devahdhanush VS, Mudawar I, Nahra HK, Balasubramaniam R, Hasan MM, Mackey JR. Experimental results and interfacial lift-off model predictions of critical heat flux for flow boiling with subcooled inlet conditions – In preparation for experiments onboard the International Space Station. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2022 February 1; 183122241. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122241.
Lee J, Mudawar I, Hasan MM, Nahra HK, Mackey JR. Experimental and computational investigation of flow boiling in microgravity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2022 February 1; 183122237. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122237.
Devahdhanush VS, Darges SJ, Mudawar I, Nahra HK, Balasubramaniam R, Hasan MM, Mackey JR. Flow visualization, heat transfer, and critical heat flux of flow boiling in Earth gravity with saturated liquid‐vapor mixture inlet conditions – In preparation for experiments onboard the International Space Station. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2022 August 15; 192122890. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122890.
Devahdhanush VS, Mudawar I. Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer in a partially-heated rectangular channel at different orientations in Earth gravity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2022 October 1; 195123200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123200.
Devahdhanush VS, Mudawar I, Nahra HK, Balasubramaniam R, Hasan MM, Mackey JR. Experimental heat transfer results and flow visualization of vertical upflow boiling in Earth gravity with subcooled inlet conditions – In preparation for experiments onboard the International Space Station. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2022 June 1; 188122603. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122603.
Flow Chemistry Platform for Synthetic Reactions on ISS studies the effects of microgravity on synthetic chemical reactions as a step toward on-demand production of chemicals and materials in space. In flow chemistry, chemicals and solvents remain completely enclosed in tubing, so the investigation serves as a test for its use as a system for safe handling of organic chemicals in space. The work also identifies potential microgravity reactions that could have a range of applications for on-demand manufacturing on Earth.
The measurement of liquid displacement within a sphere in microgravity relates to a given kinematic representation of a spacecraft’s fuel tank. The Fluid Dynamics in Space (FLUIDICS) investigation evaluates the Center of Mass (CoM) position regarding a temperature gradient on a representation of a fuel tank. The observation of capillary wave turbulence on the surface of a fluid layer in a low-gravity environment can provide insights into measuring the existing volume in a sphere.
Publications
Berhanu M, Falcon E, Michel G, Gissinger C, Fauve S. Capillary wave turbulence experiments in microgravity. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2020 January; 128(3): 34001. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/128/34001. | Impact Statement
Dalmon A, Lepilliez M, Tanguy S, Alis R, Popescu ER, Roumiguie R, Miquel T, Busset B, Bavestrello H, Mignot J. Comparison between the FLUIDICS experiment and direct numerical simulations of fluid sloshing in spherical tanks under microgravity conditions. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 January 17; 31123-138. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-9675-4. | Impact Statement
This experiment is designed to test a new method for measuring the viscosity of high viscosity materials by measuring the time it takes two nearly free-floating drops of a liquid to merge. The materials used are of known viscosities (corn syrup, glycerin and silicone oil) so that the accuracy of the fluid merging test can be compared to the methods used on Earth. The FMVM experiment can lead to a greater understanding of glass formation from melted lunar soil. It will also lead to a better understanding of liquid phase sintering processes for in-space fabrication methods that can be used for constructing surface habitat structures.
Publications
Antar BN, Ethridge EC, Lehman D. Fluid Merging Viscosity Measurement (FMVM) Experiment on the International Space Station. 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2007 AIAA-2007-1151
Ethridge EC, Kaukler WF, Antar BN. Preliminary Results of the Fluid Merging Viscosity Measurement Space Station Experiment. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV. 2006 January; AIAA 2006-1142DOI: 10.2514/6.2006-1142.
Ethridge EC, Kaukler WF, Antar BN. Modeling of the Fluid Merging Viscosity Measurement (FMVM) International Space Station experiment with Comsol MultiPhysics. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 January; AIAA-2009-11517 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-1151.
Antar BN, Ethridge EC, Maxwell D. Viscosity Measurement of Highly Viscous Liquids Using Drop Coalescence in Low Gravity. 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV. 1999 Jan 11-14; AIAA 99-0708DOI: 10.2514/6.1999-708.
Antar BN, Ethridge EC, Maxwell D. Utilization of Low Gravity Environment for Measuring the Viscosity of Highly Viscous Liquids. Advances in Space Research. 1999 24(10): 1289-1292. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00735-8.
Antar BN, Ethridge EC, Maxwell D. Viscosity Measurement Using Drop Coalescence in Microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2003 149-19.
More than half of American astronauts experience vision changes and anatomical alterations to parts of their eyes during and after long-duration space flight. It is hypothesized that the headward fluid shift that occurs during space flight leads to increased pressure in the brain, which may push on the back of the eye, causing it to change shape. The Fluid Shifts Before, During, and After Prolonged Space Flight and Their Association with Intracranial Pressure and Visual Impairment (Fluid Shifts) investigation measures how much fluid shifts from the lower body to the upper body, in or out of cells and blood vessels, and determines the impact these shifts have on fluid pressure in the head, changes in vision and eye structures.
Publications
Macias BR, Liu JH, Grande-Gutierrez N, Hargens AR. Intraocular and intracranial pressures during head-down tilt with lower body negative pressure. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2015 January 1; 86(1): 3-7. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4044.2015.PMID: 25565526. | Impact Statement
Greenwald SH, Macias BR, Lee SM, Marshall-Goebel K, Ebert DJ, Liu JH, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Alferova IV, Dulchavsky SA, Hargens AR, Stenger MB, Laurie SS. Intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness respond differently to lower body negative pressure during spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2021 June 24; epub28pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01040.2020.PMID: 34166098. | Impact Statement
Arbeille P, Zuj KA, Macias BR, Ebert DJ, Laurie SS, Sargsyan AE, Martin DS, Lee SM, Dulchavsky SA, Stenger MB, Hargens AR. Lower body negative pressure reduces jugular and portal vein volumes, and counteracts the cerebral vein velocity elevation during long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2021 July 29; epub29pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00231.2021.PMID: 34323592. | Impact Statement
Jasien JV, Laurie SS, Lee SM, Martin DS, Kemp D, Ebert DJ, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Marshall-Goebel K, Alferova IV, Sargsyan AE, Danielson RW, Hargens AR, Dulchavsky SA, Stenger MB, Macias BR. Noninvasive indicators of intracranial pressure before, during, and after long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2022 July 21; epubDOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2021.PMID: 35861522. | Impact Statement
Pardon LP, Macias BR, Ferguson CR, Greenwald SH, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Alferova IV, Ebert DJ, Dulchavsky SA, Hargens AR, Stenger MB, Laurie SS. Changes in optic nerve head and retinal morphology during spaceflight and acute fluid shift reversal. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2022 June 16; epubDOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1946.PMID: 35708665.
Fluidic Space Optics (Ax-1) during the private astronaut mission (PAM) Axiom-1 (Ax-1) studies liquid behavior in microgravity. It examines how this environment affects deployment and solidification of liquid polymers into optical components, serving as a proof of concept for large scale liquid space telescopes. The investigation also provides an educational demonstration of the physics of fluid mechanics in microgravity. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
FLUMIAS-DEA demonstrates the technology for miniaturized fluorescence microscopy in space by observing two scientific samples, one of fixed cells and another of live cells. Results may pave the way for design of a much more complex use of the technology in a variety of biological studies.
Publications
Corydon TJ, Kopp S, Wehland M, Braun M, Schutte A, Mayer T, Hulsing T, Oltmann H, Schmitz B, Hemmersbach R, Grimm DG. Alterations of the cytoskeleton in human cells in space proved by life-cell imaging. Scientific Reports. 2016 January 28; 6(20043): DOI: 10.1038/srep20043.Preflight. | Impact Statement
Thiel CS, Tauber S, Seebacher C, Schropp M, Uhl R, Lauber BA, Polzer J, Neelam S, Zhang Y, Ullrich O. Real-time 3D high-resolution microscopy of human cells on the International Space Station. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019 April 25; 20(8): DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082033.PMID: 31027161. | Impact Statement
Foam Casting and Utilization in Space (FOCUS) is an industrial materials experiment to investigate foam formation and stability in microgravity.
Publications
Somosvari BM, Barczy P. Investigating the foamability decrease of water-SiO2 suspension. Materials Science Forum. 2014 May; 790-791253-258. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.790-791.253.
Somosvari BM, Barczy P, Szirovicza P, Szoke J, Barczy T. Foam Evolution and Stability at Elevated Gravity Levels. Materials Science Forum. 2010 May; 649391-397. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.649.391.
Somosvari BM, Barczy P, Szoke J, Szirovicza P, Barczy T. FOCUS: Foam evolution and stability in microgravity. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2011 June; 382(1-3): 58-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.01.035.
FOAM-Stability studies the behavior of wet foams in microgravity conditions.
Publications
Caps H, Vandewalle N, Saint-Jalmes A, Saulnier L, Yazhgur PA, Rio E, Salonen A, Langevin D. How foams unstable on Earth behave in microgravity?. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2014 September 5; 457392-396. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.05.063.
Caps H, Delon G, Vandewalle N, Guillermic RM, Pitois O, Biance AL, Saulnier L, Yazhgur PA, Rio E, Salonen A, Langevin D. Does water foam exist in microgravity?. Europhysics News. 2014 May; 45(3): 22-25. DOI: 10.1051/epn/2014303.
Carpy R, Picker G, Amann B, Ranebo H, Vincent-Bonnieu S, Minster O, Winter J, Dettmann J, Castiglione L, Höhler R, Langevin D. Foam generation and sample composition optimization for the FOAM-C experiment of the ISS. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327012025. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012025.
Banhart J, Garcia-Moreno F, Hutzler S, Langevin D, Liggieri L, Miller R, Saint-Jalmes A, Weaire D. Foams and emulsions in space. Europhysics News. 2008 July 26; 39(4): 26-28. DOI: 10.1051/epn:2008402.
Vandewalle N, Caps H, Delon G, Saint-Jalmes A, Rio E, Saulnier L, Adler M, Biance AL, Pitois O, Cohen-Addad S, Hohler R, Weaire D, Hutzler S, Langevin D. Foam Stability in Microgravity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 3271-8. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012024.
Human skin microbiome samples from selected Type 2 Diabetic patients with diabetic foot ulcers resistant to treatment are studied once again as part of the Follow-up Study of Human Skin Tissue Microbiome Studies and Yeast Cells in Space (ICE Cubes #9.2 – Maleth 2) investigation; a second and follow-up mission to the previous and first-ever Maltese space investigation on the International Space Station (ISS). The microbiome is co-cultured on both ground-based (analog) and space-based conditions to determine their adaptation and changes to the environment. All samples are analysed using state-of-the-art next generation sequencing tools in a multi-omic manner, and all data is deposited as part of NASA’s Gene Lab.
The first formal investigation of how a repetitive menu affects food acceptability during spaceflight, Food Acceptability, Menu Fatigue, and Aversion in ISS Missions (Food Acceptability) examines changes in the appeal of food aboard the International Space Station during long-duration missions. Acceptability of food – whether crew members like and actually eat something – may directly affect crew caloric intake and associated nutritional benefits. It is possible that menu fatigue, from consuming the limited foods available in a closed system repeatedly, leads to decreased acceptability and increased aversion to some foods, which may contribute to the loss of body mass often experienced by crew members. This can present the crew with unfavorable health consequences as mission length increases.
The Foot/Ground Reaction Forces During Space Flight (FOOT) experiment studies the load on the lower body and muscle activity in crewmembers while working on the International Space Station (ISS). This study will provide a better understanding of the bone and muscle loss in the lower extremities experienced by astronauts in microgravity. The results of this experiment will help in future space flights, as well as have significance for understanding, preventing and treating osteoporosis on Earth.
Publications
Cavanagh PR, Gopalakrishnan R, Rice AJ, Genc KO, Maender CC, Nystrom PG, Johnson MJ, Kuklis MM, Humphreys BT. An Ambulatory Biomechanical Data Collection System for Use in Space: Design and Validation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2009 80(10): 870-881. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2266.2009.
Pierre MC, Genc KO, Litow M, Humphreys BT, Rice AJ, Maender CC, Cavanagh PR. Comparison of Knee Motion on Earth and in Space: An Observational Study. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2006 3(8): DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-3-8.
Cavanagh PR, Genc KO, Gopalakrishnan R, Kuklis MM, Maender CC, Rice AJ. Foot forces during typical days on the international space station. Journal of Biomechanics. 2010 432182-2188. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.03.044. | Impact Statement
Genc KO, Humphreys BT, Cavanagh PR. Enhanced Daily Load Stimulus to Bone in Spaceflight and on Earth. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2009 80919-926. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2380.2009. | Impact Statement
Gopalakrishnan R, Genc KO, Rice AJ, Lee SM, Evans HJ, Maender CC, Ilaslan H, Cavanagh PR. Muscle Volume, Strength, Endurance, and Exercise Loads During 6-Month Missions in Space. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2010 81(2): 91-102. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2583.2010. | Impact Statement
Cavanagh PR, Licata AA, Rice AJ. Exercise and Pharmocological Countermeasures for Bone Loss During Long-Duration Space Flight. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 39-58. PMID: 16038092.
Genc KO, Gopalakrishnan R, Kuklis MM, Maender CC, Rice AJ, Bowersox KD, Cavanagh PR. Foot forces during exercise on the International Space Station. Journal of Biomechanics. 2010 November 16; 43(15): 3020-3027. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.028.PMID: 20728086. | Impact Statement
The Forward Osmosis Bag (FOB) system is designed to convert dirty water into a liquid that is safe to drink using a semi-permeable membrane and a concentrated sugar solution. FOB looks at the forward osmosis membrane in a space flight environment and compares its performance against ground reference controls.
Publications
Flynn MT, Gormly S, Cath TY, Adams VD, Childress AE. Direct Osmotic Concentration System for Spacecraft Wastewater Recycling. International Conference On Environmental Systems, Chicago, IL. 2007 2007-01-3035DOI: 10.4271/2007-01-3035.
Edney S, Birmele MN, Roberts MS. Evaluation Of A Passive Water Treatment Device for Contingency Liquid Recovery from Urine for Spacecraft Applications. 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Savannah, GA. 2009 Publication #200901-2488.
Gormly S, Flynn MT. Lightweight contingency urine recovery system concept development. International Conference On Environmental Systems, Chicago, IL. 2007 2007-01-303701-3037. DOI: 10.4271/2007-01-3037.
Flynn MT, Soler MP, Shull S, Broyan, Jr. JL, Chambliss JP, Howe AS, Gormly S, Hammoudeh M, Shaw H, Howard K. Forward Osmosis Cargo Transfer Bag. 42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA. 2012 Jul 15-19; AIAA 2012-3599 | Impact Statement
Four Bed CO2 Scrubber demonstrates a technology for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere on a spacecraft. The technology is based on the current system in use on the International Space Station (ISS) with mechanical upgrades in absorption beds, heater elements, and valves and use of an improved zeolite absorbant to reduce erosion and dust formation. A goal for next-generation systems is continuous operation for 20,000 hours without a failure, and this technology is a step toward that goal.
Publications
Cmarik GE, Peters WT, Knox J. 4-Bed CO2 scrubber – from design to build. 2020 International Conference on Environmental Systems. 2020 July 31; ICES-2020-1789pp. [The technical papers were not presented in person due to the inability to hold the event as scheduled in Lisbon, Portugal because of the COVID-19 global pandemic.]. | Impact Statement
Cmarik GE, Knox J. CO2 removal for the International Space Station – 4-bed molecular sieve material selection and system design. 49th International Conference on Environmental Systems (Boston, Massachusetts). 2019 July 7-11; ICES-2019-511pp. | Impact Statement
Cmarik GE, Knox J. Co-adsorption of carbon dioxide on zeolite 13X in the presence of preloaded water. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-310pp. | Impact Statement
Cmarik GE, Knox J, Huff T. Analysis of performance degradation of silica gels after extended use onboard the ISS. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-211pp. | Impact Statement
Giesy TJ, Coker RF, O'Connor BF, Knox J. Virtual design of a 4-bed molecular sieve for exploration. 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, South Carolina. 2017 July 16; ICES-2017-1117pp. | Impact Statement
Knox J, Cmarik GE, Watson DW, Miller LA, West PW, Wingard CD. Investigation of desiccants and CO2 sorbents for advanced exploration systems 2015-2016. 46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vienna, Austria. 2016 July 10; ICES-2016-4813pp. | Impact Statement
Knox J, Cmarik GE, Watson DW, Miller LA, Giesy TJ. Investigation of desiccants and CO2 sorbents for exploration systems 2016-2017. 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, South Carolina. 2021 July 16; ICES-2017-18817pp. | Impact Statement
Knox J, Coker RF, Howard DF, Peters WT, Watson DW, Cmarik GE, Miller LA. Development of carbon dioxide removal systems for advanced exploration systems 2015-2016. 46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vienna, Austria. 2016 July 10; ICES-2016-4610pp. | Impact Statement
Peters WT, Knox J. 4BMS-X design and test activation. 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, South Carolina. 2017 July 16; ICES-2017-24017pp. | Impact Statement
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-6 (J-SSOD-6) mission deploys the FREEDOM CubeSat. FREEDOM is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-6.
Freshwater Algae Production of Astaxanthin in a Microgravity Environment (Space Tango-Astaxanthin Production) investigates the production of astaxanthin by Haematococcus pluvialis, a type of freshwater algae, in microgravity. The algae produces astaxanthin when stressed, so its production may increase in space. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that could help protect the health of crew members on future long-duration space missions.
The FSL Soft Matter Dynamics - COMPGRAN - Compaction and Sound Transmission in Dense Granular Media (FSL Soft Matter Dynamics - COMPGRAN) project aims to study the dynamics of granular materials in space. In microgravity conditions, it is possible to investigate the dynamics of such systems at different concentrations: from fluid to arrested dynamics. Moreover, without gravity, it is possible to study the cooling process disentangled from the sedimentation process.
FSL Soft Matter Dynamics - Hydrodynamics of Wet Foams (Foam Coarsening) aims to investigate bubble size and rearrangement dynamics for “wet foams”. Microgravity offers the opportunity to investigate such "wet" foams, which cannot be stabilized on Earth because of drainage. Moreover, microgravity conditions are essential to study rearrangement phenomena, such as coarsening and coalescence, disentangled from drainage.
The FSL Soft Matter Dynamics - Particle STAbilised Emulsions and Foams (PASTA) (FSL Soft Matter Dynamics - PASTA) project aims to study the dynamics of droplets and their size evolution in emulsions. Experiments under microgravity conditions allow an accurate study and characterization of the action of additives (used to enhance or diminish emulsion stability) on the destabilization mechanisms of emulsions, based on the simplified conditions obtained by decoupling them from the buoyancy effects.
Publications
Loglio G, Kovalchuk VI, Bykov AG, Ferrari M, Kraegel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Noskov BA, Pandolfini P, Ravera F, Santini E. Dynamic properties of mixed cationic/nonionic adsorbed layers at the n-hexane/water interface: Capillary pressure experiments under low gravity conditions. Colloids and Interfaces. 2018 November 2; 2(4): 53. DOI: 10.3390/colloids2040053. | Impact Statement
Guzman E, Orsi D, Cristofolini L, Liggieri L, Ravera F. Two-dimensional DPPC based emulsion-like structures stabilized by silica nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2014 October 7; 30(39): 11504-11512. DOI: 10.1021/la502183t. | Impact Statement
Javadi A, Kragel J, Karbaschi M, Won J, Dan A, Gochev G, Makievski AV, Loglio G, Liggieri L, Ravera F, Kovalchuk NM, Lotfi M, Ulaganathan V, Kovalchuk VI, Miller R. Capillary pressure experiments with single drops and bubbles. Colloid and Interface Chemistry for Nanotechnology. 2013 July 23; 271-312. Google-Books-ID: 9ZcAAAAAQBAJ. | Impact Statement
Orsi D, Salerni F, Macaluso E, Santini E, Ravera F, Liggieri L, Cristofolini L. Diffusing wave spectroscopy for investigating emulsions: I. Instrumental aspects. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2019 November 5; 580123574. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123574. | Impact Statement
Salerni F, Orsi D, Santini E, Liggieri L, Ravera F, Cristofolini L. Diffusing wave spectroscopy for investigating emulsions: II. Characterization of a paradigmatic oil-in-water emulsion. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2019 November 5; 580123724. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123724. | Impact Statement
Loglio G, Kovalchuk VI, Bykov AG, Ferrari M, Kragel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Noskov BA, Pandolfini P, Ravera F, Santini E. Interfacial Dilational Viscoelasticity of Adsorption Layers at the Hydrocarbon/Water Interface: The Fractional Maxwell Model. Colloids and Interfaces. 2019 December; 3(4): 66. DOI: 10.3390/colloids3040066. | Impact Statement
Guzman E, Santini E, Zabiegaj D, Ferrari M, Liggieri L, Ravera F. Interaction of carbon black particles and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at the water/air interface: thermodynamics and rheology. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2015 December 3; 119(48): 26937-26947. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07187. | Impact Statement
Pandolfini P, Loglio G, Ravera F, Liggieri L, Kovalchuk VI, Javadi A, Karbaschi M, Kragel J, Miller R, Noskov BA, Bykov AG. Dynamic properties of Span-80 adsorbed layers at paraffin-oil/water interface: Capillary pressure experiments under low gravity conditions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2017 November 5; 532228-243. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.012. | Impact Statement
Zabiegaj D, Santini E, Ferrari M, Liggieri L, Ravera F. Carbon based porous materials from particle stabilized wet foams. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2015 May 20; 47324-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.02.031. | Impact Statement
Zabiegaj D, Buscaglia MT, Giuranno D, Liggieri L, Ravera F. Activated carbon monoliths from particle stabilized foams. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2017 February 1; 23945-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.09.046. | Impact Statement
Zabiegaj D, Caccia M, Cascob ME, Ravera F, Narciso J. Synthesis of carbon monoliths with a tailored hierarchical pore structure for selective CO2 capture. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2018 July 1; 2636-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.04.020. | Impact Statement
Kovalchuk VI, Loglio G, Bykov AG, Ferrari M, Kragel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Milyaeva OY, Noskov BA, Ravera F, Santini E, Schneck E. Effect of temperature on the dynamic properties of mixed surfactant adsorbed layers at the water/hexane interface under low-gravity conditions. Colloids and Interfaces. 2020 September; 4(3): 27. DOI: 10.3390/colloids4030027. | Impact Statement
Bykov AG, Liggieri L, Noskov BA, Pandolfini P, Ravera F, Loglio G. Surface dilational rheological properties in the nonlinear domain. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2015 August; 222110-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.006.PMID: 25107511. | Impact Statement
Llamas S, Santini E, Liggieri L, Salerni F, Orsi D, Cristofolini L, Ravera F. Adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate at water–dodecane interface in relation to the oil in water emulsion properties. Langmuir. 2018 May 29; 34(21): 5978-5989. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00358.PMID: 29718671. | Impact Statement
Noskov BA, Yazhgur PA, Liggieri L, Lin SY, Loglio G, Miller R, Ravera F. Dilational rheology of spread and adsorbed layers of silica nanoparticles at the liquid-gas interface. Colloid Journal. 2014 March 1; 76(2): 127-138. DOI: 10.1134/S1061933X14020057. | Impact Statement
Santini E, Guzman E, Ferrari M, Liggieri L. Emulsions stabilized by the interaction of silica nanoparticles and palmitic acid at the water–hexane interface. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2014 October 20; 460333-341. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.02.054. | Impact Statement
Guzman E, Santini E, Liggieri L, Ravera F, Loglio G, Maestro A, Rubio RG, Kraegel J, Grigoriev D, Miller R. Particle-surfactant interaction at liquid interfaces. Colloid and Interface Chemistry for Nanotechnology. 2013 July 23; 34 pp. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9ZcAAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA271&dq=Capillary+Pressure+Experiments+with+Single+Drops+and+Bubbles&ots=TKMmeum-jE&sig=isIZmaNxYMaoMZ8kTz6tlRNnVV8#v=onepage&q=Capillary%20Pressure%20Experiments%20with%20Single%20Drops%20and%20Bubbles&f=false. | Impact Statement
Dewandre TM, Dubois F, Callens N, Dupont O, Bascou E. Digital Holographic Microscopy fr Emulsions on the Fluid Science Laboratory. International Conference on Space Optics, Toulouse, France. 2004 April 13; 10568105682U. DOI: 10.1117/12.2500119.
Drelich A, Dalmazzone C, Pezron I, Liggieri L, Clausse D. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) used to follow the evolution of W/O emulsions versus time on ground and in space in the ISS. Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology. 2018 7316. DOI: 10.2516/ogst/2018003. | Impact Statement
Born P, Braibanti M, Cristofolini L, Cohen-Addad S, Durian DJ, Egelhaaf SU, Escobedo-Sanchez MA, Hohler R, Karapantsios T, Langevin D, Liggieri L, Pasquet M, Rio E, Salonen A, Schroter M, Sperl M, Sutterlin R, Zuccolotto-Bernez AB. Soft matter dynamics: A versatile microgravity platform to study dynamics in soft matter. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2021 December 1; 92(12): 124503. DOI: 10.1063/5.0062946.PMID: 34972443. | Impact Statement
Functional Effects of Spaceflight on Cardiovascular Stem Cells (Cardiac Stem Cells) investigates how microgravity affects stem cells and the factors that govern stem cell activity, including physical and molecular changes. Spaceflight is known to affect cardiac function and structure, but the biological basis for this is not clearly understood. This investigation helps clarify the role of stem cells in cardiac biology and tissue regeneration. In addition, this research could confirm the hypothesis that microgravity accelerates the aging process.
Publications
Baio J, Martinez AF, Bailey L, Hasaniya N, Pecaut MJ, Kearns-Jonker M. Spaceflight activates protein kinase C alpha signaling and modifies the developmental stage of human neonatal cardiovascular progenitor cell. Stem Cells and Development. 2018 June 15; 27(12): 805-818. DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0263.PMID: 29320953. | Impact Statement
Baio J, Martinez AF, Silva I, Hoehn CV, Countryman S, Bailey L, Hasaniya N, Pecaut MJ, Kearns-Jonker M. Cardiovascular progenitor cells cultured aboard the International Space Station exhibit altered developmental and functional properties. npj Microgravity. 2018 July 26; 4(1): 13 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0048-x.PMID: 30062101. | Impact Statement
Camberos V, Baio J, Bailey L, Hasaniya N, Lopez LV, Kearns-Jonker M. Effects of Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity on YAP1 Expression in Cardiovascular Progenitors: Implications for Cell-Based Repair. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019 June 4; 20(11): 2742. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112742.PMID: 31167392. | Impact Statement
Fuentes TI, Appleby N, Raya M, Bailey L, Hasaniya N, Stodieck LS, Kearns-Jonker M. Simulated microgravity exerts an age-dependent effect on the differentiation of cardiovascular progenitors isolated from the human heart. PLOS ONE. 2015 July 10; 10(7): e0132378. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132378.PMID: 26161778. | Impact Statement
Camberos V, Baio J, Mandujano A, Martinez AF, Bailey L, Hasaniya N, Kearns-Jonker M. The impact of spaceflight and microgravity on the human Islet-1+ cardiovascular progenitor cell transcriptome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 March 30; 22(7): 18pp. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073577.PMID: 33808224. | Impact Statement
The human immune system is altered during spaceflight, which may increase the likelihood of adverse health events in crew members. The Functional Immune Alterations, Latent Herpesvirus Reactivation, Physiological Stress and Clinical Incidence Onboard the International Space Station (Functional Immune) investigation analyzes blood and saliva samples to determine the changes taking place in crew members’ immune systems during flight. The changes in the immune system are also compared with crew members’ self-reported health information. Results are expected to provide new insight into the possible health risks of long-duration space travel, including future missions to Mars, asteroids, or other distant destinations.
Publications
Crucian BE, Makedonas G, Sams CF, Pierson DL, Simpson RJ, Stowe RP, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Krieger SS, Rooney BV, Douglas G, Downs ME, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Williams TJ, Mehta SK. Countermeasures-based improvements in stress, immune system dysregulation and latent herpesvirus reactivation onboard the International Space Station - Relevance for deep space missions and terrestrial medicine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020 August; 11568-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.007.PMID: 32464118. | Impact Statement
Makedonas G, Mehta SK, Scheuring RA, Haddon R, Crucian BE. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic impacts on NASA ground operations to protect ISS astronauts. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2020 September 21; epub20 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.064.PMID: 32971311. | Impact Statement
Martin D, Makedonas G, Crucian BE, Peanlikhit T, Rithidech K. The use of the multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) to analyze plasma proteome of astronauts collected before, during, and after spaceflights. Acta Astronautica. 2022 April 1; 1939-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.12.054. | Impact Statement
Emulsions are very common on Earth, in nature such as milk, and also in man-made products. The Fundamental and Applied Studies of Emulsion Stability (FASES) is investigates the physical principles which determine the stability of different emulsions and which compounds can influence this. This knowledge is very helpful to industry in using/designing the best compounds to stabilise or destabilise different emulsions depending on their use and optimising their utilisation towards greener products.
Publications
Loglio G, Kovalchuk VI, Bykov AG, Ferrari M, Kraegel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Noskov BA, Pandolfini P, Ravera F, Santini E. Dynamic properties of mixed cationic/nonionic adsorbed layers at the n-hexane/water interface: Capillary pressure experiments under low gravity conditions. Colloids and Interfaces. 2018 November 2; 2(4): 53. DOI: 10.3390/colloids2040053. | Impact Statement
Guzman E, Orsi D, Cristofolini L, Liggieri L, Ravera F. Two-dimensional DPPC based emulsion-like structures stabilized by silica nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2014 October 7; 30(39): 11504-11512. DOI: 10.1021/la502183t. | Impact Statement
Javadi A, Kragel J, Karbaschi M, Won J, Dan A, Gochev G, Makievski AV, Loglio G, Liggieri L, Ravera F, Kovalchuk NM, Lotfi M, Ulaganathan V, Kovalchuk VI, Miller R. Capillary pressure experiments with single drops and bubbles. Colloid and Interface Chemistry for Nanotechnology. 2013 July 23; 271-312. Google-Books-ID: 9ZcAAAAAQBAJ. | Impact Statement
Loglio G, Kovalchuk VI, Bykov AG, Ferrari M, Kragel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Noskov BA, Pandolfini P, Ravera F, Santini E. Interfacial Dilational Viscoelasticity of Adsorption Layers at the Hydrocarbon/Water Interface: The Fractional Maxwell Model. Colloids and Interfaces. 2019 December; 3(4): 66. DOI: 10.3390/colloids3040066. | Impact Statement
Pandolfini P, Loglio G, Ravera F, Liggieri L, Kovalchuk VI, Javadi A, Karbaschi M, Kragel J, Miller R, Noskov BA, Bykov AG. Dynamic properties of Span-80 adsorbed layers at paraffin-oil/water interface: Capillary pressure experiments under low gravity conditions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2017 November 5; 532228-243. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.012. | Impact Statement
Kovalchuk VI, Loglio G, Bykov AG, Ferrari M, Kragel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Milyaeva OY, Noskov BA, Ravera F, Santini E, Schneck E. Effect of temperature on the dynamic properties of mixed surfactant adsorbed layers at the water/hexane interface under low-gravity conditions. Colloids and Interfaces. 2020 September; 4(3): 27. DOI: 10.3390/colloids4030027. | Impact Statement
Antoni M, Kraegel J, Liggieri L, Miller R, Sanfeld A, Sylvain JD. Binary emulsion investigation by optical tomographic microscopy for FASES experiments. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2007 309280-285.
Clausse D, Gomez F, Dalmazzone C, Noik C. A method for the characterization of emulsions, thermogranulometry: Application to water-in-crude oil emulsion. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2005 287694-703.
Kovalchuk VI, Kraegel J, Makievski AV, Ravera F, Liggieri L, Loglio G. Rheological surface properties of C12DMPO solution as obtained from amplitude- and phase- frequency characteristics of an oscillating bubble system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2004 280498-506.
Drelich A, Dalmazzone C, Pezron I, Liggieri L, Clausse D. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) used to follow the evolution of W/O emulsions versus time on ground and in space in the ISS. Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology. 2018 7316. DOI: 10.2516/ogst/2018003. | Impact Statement
Fundamental Research on International Standard of Fire Safety in Space – Base for Safety of Future Manned Missions (FLARE), a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) investigation, explores the flammability of materials in microgravity. Various solid fuels are burned under different conditions and observed inside a flow tunnel. Microgravity significantly affects combustion phenomena and results are expected to contribute to the improvement of fire safety in space.
Publications
Takahashi S, Borhan MA, Terashima K, Hosogai A, Kobayashi Y. Flammability limit of thin flame retardant materials in microgravity environments. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2019 37(3): 4257-4265. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.102. | Impact Statement
Takahashi S, Terashima K, Borhan MA, Kobayashi Y. Relationship between blow-off behavior and limiting oxygen concentration in microgravity environments of flame retardant materials. Fire Technology. 2020 January 1; 56(1): 169-183. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-019-00880-2. | Impact Statement
The Fungal Pathogenesis, Tumorigenesis, and Effects of Host Immunity in Space (FIT) experiment primarily studies the effects of spaceflight on the immune system responses of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Since there is evidence that suggests the immune system of organisms are affected by spaceflight, this proposal seeks to assess the extent and the detailed molecular biological changes that are associated with spaceflight. In addition, this work also investigates the progression of cancerous and benign tumors in sensitized mutant lines (cells that turn into tumors) that show an increase in tumor formation, and is coupled with the effect of radiation exposure.
Publications
Marcu O, Lera MP, Sanchez ME, Levic E, Higgins LA, Shmygelska A, Fahlen TF, Nichol H, Bhattacharya S. Innate Immune Responses of Drosophila melanogaster Are Altered by Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2011 6(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015361.
Fahlen TF, Sanchez ME, Lera MP, Blazevic E, Chang J, Bhattacharya S. A Study of the Effects of Space Flight on the Immune Response in Drosophila Melanogaster. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2006 19(2): 133-134. | Impact Statement
Taylor K, Kleinhesselink K, George MD, Morgan R, Smallwood T, Hammonds AS, Fuller PM, Saelao P, Alley J, Gibbs AG, Hoshizaki DK, von Kalm L, Fuller CA, Beckingham KM, Kimbrell DA. Toll mediated infection response is altered by gravity and spaceflight in Drosophila. PLOS ONE. 2014 January 24; 9(1): e86485. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086485. | Impact Statement
The Future Engineers - Two for the Crew challenge allows students in grades K-12 to compete to have crew members 3-dimensionally (3D) print items and use them aboard the International Space Station. Winning designs in the teen division include the Trillium Tool by Ansel Austin, age 15, and the Carabiner Tool Clip by Austin Suder, age 18. The Trillium tool combines the function of 2 types of wrenches, and the Carabiner Tool Clip holds 4 hex sockets and 5 driver-bits to prevent them from floating away in microgravity.
Geckos have specialized hairs on their feet called setae that let them stick to vertical surfaces without falling, and their stickiness doesn’t wear off with repeated use. The Gecko Gripper investigation tests a gecko-adhesive gripping device that can stick on command in the harsh environment of space. The technology promises to enable many new capabilities, including robotic crawlers that could walk along spacecraft exteriors; grippers that use a touch-to-stick method to catch and release objects; and sensor mounts that can work on any surface and reused multiple times.
Publications
Jiang H, Hawkes EW, Fuller C, Estrada MA, Suresh SA, Abcouwer N, Han AK, Wang S, Ploch CJ, Parness AJ, Cutkosky MR. A robotic device using gecko-inspired adhesives can grasp and manipulate large objects in microgravity. Science Robotics. 2017 June 28; 2(7): eaan4545. DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aan4545. | Impact Statement
Parness AJ. Testing gecko-like adhesives aboard the International Space Station. AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition, Orlando FL. 2017 September 12; 7. DOI: 10.2514/6.2017-5181.
Long-term space missions present a number of risks for astronauts. Some effects of the space environment level appear to act at the cellular level and it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of these effects. This project uses a rat macrophage cell line to focus on two aspects of cellular function which may have medical importance: i) The synergy between the effects of the space radiation environment and microgravity on cellular function and, ii) The impairment of immune functions under spaceflight conditions.
Publications
Thiel CS, de Zelicourt D, Tauber S, Adrian A, Franz M, Simmet DM, Schoppmann K, Hauschild S, Krammer S, Christen M, Bradacs G, Paulsen K, Wolf SA, Braun M, Hatton JP, Kurtcuoglu V, Franke S, Tanner S, Cristoforetti S, Sick B, Hock B, Ullrich O. Rapid adaptation to microgravity in mammalian macrophage cells. Scientific Reports. 2017 February 27; 7(1): 13 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00119-6.PMID: 28242876. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Baumstark-Khan C, Horneck G. The SOS-LUX-LAC-FLUORO-Toxicity-test on the International Space Station (ISS). Advances in Space Research. 2003 31(6): 1513-1524. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00086-3.
Long-term space missions present a number of risks for astronauts. Some effects of the space environment level appear to act at the cellular level and it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of these effects. This project uses invertebrate hemocytes to focus on two aspects of cellular function which may have medical importance: (i) The synergy between the effects of the space radiation environment and microgravity on cellular function, and (ii) The impairment of immune functions under spaceflight conditions.
Publications
Hansen P. Applications for the real environment. Bioassays. 2018 403-418. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811861-0.00020-6. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Baumstark-Khan C, Horneck G. The SOS-LUX-LAC-FLUORO-Toxicity-test on the International Space Station (ISS). Advances in Space Research. 2003 31(6): 1513-1524. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00086-3.
Stojicic N, Walrafen D, Rabbow E, Baumstark-Khan C, Rettberg P, Weisshaar M, Horneck G. Genotoxicity testing on the international space station: Preparatory work on the SOS-LUX test as part of the space experiment TRIPLE-LUX. Advances in Space Research. 2005 36(9): 1710-1717. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.052.
Unruh E, Brungs S, Langer S, Bornemann G, Frett T, Hansen P. Comprehensive study of the influence of altered gravity on the oxidative burst of mussel (Mytilus edulis) hemocytes. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2015 June; epubDOI: 10.1007/s12217-015-9438-9.
Generation of Cardiomyocytes From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiac Progenitors Expanded in Microgravity (MVP Cell-03) examines whether microgravity increases the production of heart cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Heart cells or cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from hiPSCs may be used to replenish cells damaged or lost due to cardiac disease. The investigation induces stem cells to generate heart precursor cells and cultures those cells on the space station to analyze and compare with cultures grown on Earth.
Publications
Rampoldi A, Jha R, Fite J, Boland ED, Xu C. Cryopreservation and CO2-independent culture of 3D cardiac progenitors for spaceflight experiments. Biomaterials. 2021 February; 269120673. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120673.PMID: 33493770. | Impact Statement
Spaceflight causes many changes to the human body, including alterations in DNA and a weakened immune system. Understanding whether these two processes are linked is important for safeguarding crew health, but DNA technology that can track these changes is relatively untested in space. The Genes in Space-1 investigation, a winning student-designed experiment, is designed to test whether the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to study DNA alterations aboard the ISS.
Publications
Boguraev A, Christensen HC, Bonneau AR, Pezza JA, Nichols NM, Giraldez AJ, Gray MM, Wagner BM, Aken JT, Foley KD, Copeland DS, Kraves S, Alvarez Saavedra E. Successful amplification of DNA aboard the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2017 November 16; 3(1): 26 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0033-9.PMID: 29167819. CASIS. | Impact Statement
Rubinfien J, Atabay KD, Nichols NM, Tanner NA, Pezza JA, Gray MM, Wagner BM, Poppin JN, Aken JT, Gleason EJ, Foley KD, Copeland DS, Kraves S, Alvarez Saavedra E. Nucleic acid detection aboard the International Space Station by colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). FASEB BioAdvances. 2019 March; 2(3): 160-165. DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00088.PMID: 32161905. | Impact Statement
Spaceflight shortens telomeres, the protective caps on our chromosomes, which is associated with cardiovascular disease and cancers. Current techniques for measuring telomeres are unsuitable for use in space. Genes in Space-2 tests using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and miniPCR system as a way to amplify deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in space and make it possible to measure and monitor telomere changes during spaceflight. The Genes in Space competition selected this experiment on DNA amplification in microgravity from 380 proposals submitted by teachers and students in grades 7- 12 across the United States.
Genes in Space-4 is a high-school science experiment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) that examines gene expression related to special repair proteins known as heat shock proteins. Many organisms manufacture heat shock proteins to protect cells from heat, cold, radiation, or other stresses, but scientists need a better understanding of the genetic switches that activate these proteins. Genes in Space-4 uses the well-studied worm, C. elegans, and an advanced miniaturized DNA identification system to detect genetic expression of heat shock proteins in the high-radiation microgravity environment of space.
Publications
Montague TG, Almansoori A, Gleason EJ, Copeland DS, Foley KD, Kraves S, Alvarez Saavedra E. Gene expression studies using a miniaturized thermal cycler system on board the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2018 October 31; 13(10): e0205852. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205852.PMID: 30379894. | Impact Statement
Genes in Space-5 uses deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification technology to further understand microgravity’s effects on the human body. With two different experiments, the Genes in Space-5 investigation seeks to utilize DNA-based technologies in assays that may ultimately assess the health of astronauts; the first one to interrogate immune system status and the second one as an indicator of increased cancer risk.
Publications
Reizis E, Cai D, Serpas L, Gleason EJ, Martin K, Foley KD, Copeland DS, Kraves S, Alvarez Saavedra E. Toward the analysis of lymphocyte development in space: PCR-based amplification of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) aboard the International Space Station. Gravitational and Space Research. 2021 December 31; 9(1): 159-163. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2021-0012. | Impact Statement
Chen S, Hatch J, Luck A, Nichols NM, Gleason EJ, Martin K, Foley KD, Copeland DS, Kraves S, Alvarez Saavedra E. Detection of DNA microsatellites using multiplex polymerase chain reaction aboard the International Space Station. Gravitational and Space Research. 2021 December 31; 9(1): 164-170. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2021-0013. | Impact Statement
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage caused by increased exposure to radiation can affect the long-term health of astronauts. Genes in Space-6 determines the optimal DNA repair mechanisms that cells use in the spaceflight environment. The investigation evaluates the entire process in space for the first time by inducing DNA damage in cells and assessing mutation and repair at the molecular level using the miniPCR and the Biomolecule Sequencer tools aboard the space station.
Publications
Stahl-Rommel SE, Li D, Sung M, Li R, Vijayakumar A, Atabay KD, Bushkin GG, Castro CL, Foley KD, Copeland DS, Castro-Wallace SL, Alvarez Saavedra E, Gleason EJ, Kraves S. A CRISPR-based assay for the study of eukaryotic DNA repair onboard the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2021 June 30; 16(6): e0253403. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253403.PMID: 34191829. | Impact Statement
Genes in Space-7 establishes a workflow in order to examine changes in gene expression in the nervous system of fruit flies, targeting those related to the circadian system. This system of daily rhythms for bodily processes is regulated by light cues, which are disrupted during space travel. Spaceflight is known to cause cognitive changes, and this study could help establish a way to monitor changes in nervous system gene expression during lengthy space travel.
Some pharmaceuticals used to maintain astronaut health do not work as well in space, which may be linked to changes in levels of the liver enzymes that metabolize most drugs. Genes in Space-8 tests the Genes in Space Fluorescence Viewer, a new technology for monitoring the expression of genes that control these critical enzymes. This test could lead to a better understanding of spaceflight-induced changes in liver gene expression and may support development of new therapies that can account for the body’s adaptations to spaceflight.
Cell-free technology is a platform for protein production that does not include living cells. Genes in Space-9 evaluates two approaches for using this technology in microgravity: cell-free protein production and biosensors that can detect specific target molecules. The technology could provide a portable, low-resource, and low-cost tool with potential applications for medical diagnostics, on-demand production of medicine and vaccines, and environmental monitoring on future space missions.
The Genome and Epigenome Analysis of Circulating Nucleic Acid-based Liquid Biopsy (Cell-Free Epigenome) investigation analyzes cell-free DNA and RNA molecules in blood samples collected from crew members before and during spaceflight. Chemical DNA modifications are organ-specific and indicate the status of internal organs corresponding to origin of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and RNA content indicating gene expression; so this analysis amounts to a non-invasive, “liquid biopsy.” Results help scientists better understand genetic-level changes in the human body that occur during spaceflight.
Since life on Earth emerged about 4 billion years ago, living species have evolutionally adjusted to Earth’s gravity. However, how cells utilize gravity for their gene expression has remained largely unknown. The Genome-wide Survey of Translational Control in Microgravity (Ribosome Profiling) investigation aims to provide insight into how gravity impacts gene expression, with a special focus on translation regulation utilizing a state-of-art technique called “ribosome profiling”.
The Genotypic and Phenotypic Changes in Yeast Related to Selective Growth Pressures Unique to Microgravity (Micro-4) study investigates how yeast cells adapt to the unique aspects of the space environment by using the yeast deletion series; a collection of yeast strains where every gene has been individually knocked out. In this manner, the selective growth of every strain in the yeast deletion series can be analyzed.
Publications
Nislow C, Lee AY, Allen PL, Giaever G, Smith A, Gebbia M, Stodieck LS, Hammond JS, Birdsall HH, Hammond TG. Genes required for survival in microgravity revealed by genome-wide yeast deletion collections cultured during spaceflight. BioMed Research International. 2015 2015(976458): 10 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2015/976458. | Impact Statement
The Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses of Candida albicans to Spaceflight (Micro-6) experiment studies how microgravity affects the health risk posed by the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans.
Publications
Altenburg SD, Nielsen-Preiss S, Hyman LE. Increased Filamentous Growth of Candida albicans in Simulated Microgravity. Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. 2008 January; 6(1): 42-50. DOI: 10.1016/S1672-0229(08)60019-4. | Impact Statement
Searles SC, Woolley CM, Petersen RA, Hyman LE, Nielsen-Preiss S. Modeled Microgravity Increases Filamentation, Biofilm Formation, Phenotypic Switching, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Candida albicans. Astrobiology. 2011 October; 11(8): 825-836. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0664.PMID: 21936634. | Impact Statement
Sheehan KB, McInnerney K, Purevdorj-Gage B, Altenburg SD, Hyman LE. Yeast genomic expression patterns in response to low-shear modeled microgravity. BMC Genomics. 2007 January 3; 83. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-3.PMID: 17201921. | Impact Statement
Purevdorj-Gage B, Sheehan KB, Hyman LE. Effects of low-shear modeled microgravity on cell function, gene expression, and phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2006 July; 76(7): 4569-4575. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03050-05.PMID: 16820445. | Impact Statement
The aim of Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses of Candida albicans to Spaceflight (Micro-8) is to assess gene expression, morphology, and virulence factors responses of Candida albicans (C. albicans) following exposure to spaceflight environment. This work aims to provide a better understanding of yeast adaptation response to extreme environments and the associated crew health risks for long-term exploration.
Georgia Institute of Technology-1 (GT-1) is a 1.14 kg 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat, developed by the Georgia Institute of Technology, with experimental deployable solar panels and a deployable UHF radio antenna. The GT-1 mission demonstrates a rapid “cradle-to-grave” development lifecycle of a university level CubeSat. GT-1 is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-20 (J-SSOD-20) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-24 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
Get Away Special Passive Attitude Control Satellite (GASPACS) demonstrates a CubeSat small satellite deploying an inflatable three-foot boom that helps the satellite stop spinning. The payload photographs the inflated boom and transmits images to Earth. The investigation also measures the CubeSat’s attitude behavior to determine the effectiveness of the boom. Inflatable structures have potential to provide new methods to stabilize satellites and build structures in space.
The Get Fit for Space Challenge with Bob Thirsk (Get Fit for Space) is a Canadian Space Agency (CSA) sponsored activity which invites Canadian citizens to celebrate the historic mission of Canada’s first Expedition along with crewmember Dr. Bob Thirsk, and to promote healthy living amongst Canadian citizens by tracking fitness data using a pedometer; allowing the citizens to interact with Canada’s space program via innovative multimedia.
GITAI S1 Robotic Arm Tech Demo (Nanoracks-GITAI Robotic Arm) demonstrates the versatility and dexterity in microgravity of a robot designed by GITAI Japan Inc. For the demonstration, the robot conducts common crew activities and tasks via supervised autonomy and teleoperations from the ground. Robotic labor could reduce the cost of spacecraft operations and improve safety by taking on tasks that could expose crew members to hazardous risks.
Nearly all commercial ships on the world’s oceans are being tracked and monitored using the Automatic Identification System (AIS), but the curvature of the Earth blocks the signals when ships are far from shore. The Global AIS on Space Station (GLASS) (Maritime Awareness) investigation uses a space-based AIS receiver system on the International Space Station (ISS) to acquire and disseminate ship information. During a 12-month test period, the system’s ability to continuously monitor ships for use in commercial, safety and security, environmental and educational applications is investigated. Should the test period prove successful, the AIS data will be made commercially available.
The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) provides high-quality laser ranging observations of the Earth’s forests and topography required to advance the understanding of important carbon and water cycling processes, biodiversity, and habitat. GEDI is mounted on the Japanese Experiment Module's Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) and provides the first high-resolution observations of forest vertical structure at a global scale. These observations quantify the aboveground carbon stored in vegetation and changes that result from vegetation disturbance and recovery, the potential for forests to sequester carbon in the future, and habitat structure and its influence on habitat quality and biodiversity.
Publications
Stavros EN, Schimel D, Pavlick R, Serbin S, Swann A, Duncansaon L, Fisher JB, Fassnacht F, Ustin S, Dubayah R, Schweiger A, Wennberg P. ISS observations offer insights into plant function. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2017 June 22; 10194. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0194. | Impact Statement
Klein V, Axelrad P. Advanced multipath modeling and validation for GPS onboard the International Space Station. Navigation - Journal of the Institute of Navigation. 2019 August; 66(3): 559-575. DOI: 10.1002/navi.327. | Impact Statement
Sun X, Blair JB, Bufton JL, Faina M, Dahl S, Berard P, Seymour RJ. Advanced silicon avalanche photodiodes on NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission. Proceedings of SPIE 11287, Photonic Instrumentation Engineering VII, San Francisco, California. 2020 March 2; 112871128713. DOI: 10.1117/12.2545203.APD, lidar, space. | Impact Statement
Global Transmission Services 2 (GTS-2) is a technology experiment for the test, validation and demonstration of radio transmission techniques for the synchronization of earth-based clocks and watches from the ISS. In addition the GTS data services, based on a unique coding scheme, could ultimately lead to commercial services, such as blocking of stolen cars or lost credit cards, directly from space.
The mission of the Globalstar Experiment And Risk Reduction Satellite Flight Experiment (GEARRSAT) investigation is to show that the Globalstar satellite network is a feasible option for the command and control of a small satellite system. Existing satellites constellations such as Globalstar provide additional and reliable means to operate microsatellite systems for science and commercial objectives.
The motion of granular matter (sand, rocks, dust, etc.) is a complex many-body problem. In space, states of low density granular gas are encountered, where clouds of particles dissipate energy by inelastic collisions, leading to clustering (planet formation in astrophysics) and damping (useful for vibration damping, hammers without rebound, etc.). In the Granular Damping (ESA-EPO-Granular Damping) investigation, the vibrational damping of containers filled with different amounts of beads is studied.
Publications
Pitikaris S, Bartz P, Yu P, Cristoforetti S, Sperl M. Granular cooling of ellipsoidal particles in microgravity. npj Microgravity. 2022 April 20; 8(1): 11. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00196-6.PMID: 35444243. | Impact Statement
Microbes (bacteria, algae, and fungi) that coexist with plants are a key factor influencing fruit size, shape, color, flavor, and yield of fruit for grapes and a variety of other crops. Grape Juice Fermentation in Microgravity Aboard ISS observes the complete process of fermentation in microgravity and measures physical and genetic differences in the microbes involved. Characterizing the differences seen in microgravity could provide a better understanding of how microbes affect their host crops.
The Gravitational Effects on Biofilm Formation During Space Flight (Micro-2) experiment studies how gravity alters biofilm (aggregation of microorganisms) formation with the goal of developing new strategies to reduce their impact on crew health and to minimize the harmful effects of biofilms on materials in space and on Earth.
Publications
McLean RJ, Cassanto JM, Barnes MB, Koo JH. Bacterial biofilm formation under microgravity conditions. Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) - Microbiology Letters. 2001 195115-119. | Impact Statement
Kim W, Tengra FK, Young Z, Shong J, Marchand N, Chan HK, Pangule RC, Parra MP, Dordick JS, Plawsky JL, Collins CH. Spaceflight Promotes Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLOS ONE. 2013 April 29; 8(4): e62437. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062437. | Impact Statement
Kim W, Tengra FK, Shong J, Marchand N, Chan HK, Young Z, Pangule RC, Parra MP, Dordick JS, Plawsky JL, Collins CH. Effect of spaceflight on Pseudomonas aeruginosa final cell density is modulated by nutrient and oxygen availability. BMC Microbiology. 2013 November 6; 13(1): 241. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-241.PMID: 24192060. | Impact Statement
The purpose of the Gravitational References for Sensimotor Performance: Reaching and Grasping (GRASP) investigation is to better understand how the central nervous system (CNS) integrates information from different sensations (e.g. sight or hearing), encoded in different reference frames, in order to coordinate the hand with the visual environment. More specifically, the science team seeks to better understand if, and how, gravity acts as a reference frame for the control of reach-to-grasp.
Millions of Americans experience bone loss, which results from disease or the reduced effects of gravity that can occur in bed-ridden patients. OsteoOmics tests whether magnetic levitation accurately simulates the free-fall conditions of microgravity by comparing genetic expression osteoblastic cells, a type of bone cell, levitated in a high-field superconducting magnet with cells flown in low-Earth orbit. This information helps scientists determine the molecular and metabolic changes that take place in magnetic levitation and real microgravity.
Publications
Hoehn A, Klaus DM, Stodieck LS. A Modular Suite of Hardware Enabling Space Flight Cell Culture Research. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 11(1): 39-50.
Hammond TG, Lewis FC, Goodwin TJ, Linnehan RM, Wolf DA, Hire KP, Campbell WC, Benes E, O'Reilly KC, Globus RK, Kaysen JH. Gene Expression in Space. Nature Medicine. 1999 April; 5(4): 359. DOI: 10.1038/7331.
Carmeliet G, Nys G, Bouillon R. Microgravity reduces the differentiation of human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1997 12(5): 786-794. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.5.786. | Impact Statement
Hammer BE, Kidder LS, Williams PC, Xu WW. Magnetic levitation of MC3T3 osteoblast cells as a ground-based simulation of microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 21(4): 311. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-008-9092-6.PMID: 20052306. | Impact Statement
On Earth, plants determine the correct way to orient their roots and shoots according to gravity and light, but in space, microgravity is too weak to provide a growth cue. The Gravity Perception Systems (Plant Gravity Perception) investigation germinates normal and mutated forms of thale cress, a model research plant, to study the plants’ gravity and light perception. Results provide new information about plants’ ability to detect gravity and how they adapt to an environment without it, which benefits efforts to grow plants for food on future missions.
Gravity Related Genes in Arabidopsis - A (Genara-A) seeks to provide an understanding of microgravity induced altered molecular activities which will help to find plant systems that compensate the negative impact on plant growth in space.
Publications
Mazars C, Briere C, Grat S, Pichereaux C, Rossignol M, Pereda-Loth V, Eche B, Boucheron-Dubuisson E, Le Disquet I, Medina F, Graziana A, Carnero-Diaz E. Microsome-associated proteome modifications of Arabidopsis seedlings grown on board the International Space Station reveal the possible effect on plants of space stresses other than microgravity. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 2014 September; 9(9): e29637. DOI: 10.4161/psb.29637.PMID: 25029201. | Impact Statement
Carnero-Diaz E, Grat S, Eche B, Boucheron-Dubuisson E, Medina F, Pereda-Loth V, Rossignol M, Pichereaux C, Briere C, Graziana A, Mazars C. Global membrane-proteome changes induced by microgravity: preliminary results from the GENARA-A experiment performed on ISS. Satellite Workshop to the Plant Biology Congress, Freiburg, Germany. 2012 August 1-3;
Herranz R, Medina F. Role of gene and pathways redundancy in plant and animal unique transcriptomic states under altered gravity. 2012 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. 2012 June 18-22;
Mazars C, Briere C, Grat S, Pichereaux C, Rossignol M, Pereda-Loth V, Eche B, Boucheron-Dubuisson E, Le Disquet I, Medina F, Graziana A, Carnero-Diaz E. Microgravity induces changes in microsome-associated proteins of Arabidopsis seedlings grown on board the international space station. PLOS ONE. 2014 March 11; 9(3): e91814. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091814.PMID: 24618597. | Impact Statement
Valbuena MA, Manzano AI, van Loon JJ, Saez-Vasquez J, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Auxin transport and ribosome biogenesis mutant/reporter lines to study plant cell growth and proliferation under altered gravity. The Joint Life Science Symposium, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. 2012 June 18-22; 2 pp. | Impact Statement
Bizet F, Pereda-Loth V, Chauvet H, Gerard J, Eche B, Girousse C, Courtade-Saidi M, Perbal G, Legue V. Both gravistimulation onset and removal trigger an increase of cytoplasmic free calcium in statocytes of roots grown in microgravity - document. Scientific Reports. 2018 July 30; 8(1): 11442. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29788-7.PMID: 30061667. | Impact Statement
Manzano AI, Matia I, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Carnero-Diaz E, van Loon JJ, Dijkstra CE, Larkin O, Anthony P, Davey MR, Marco R, Medina F. Germination of Arabidopsis Seed in Space and in Simulated Microgravity: Alterations in Root Cell Growth and Proliferation. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 21(4): 293-297. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-008-9099-z.
The GRIP experiment studies the long-duration spaceflight effects on the abilities of human subjects to regulate grip force and upper limbs trajectories when manipulating objects during different kind of movements: oscillatory movements, rapid discrete movements and tapping gestures.
Publications
Thonnard JL, Opsomer L, Lefevre P, Pletser V, McIntyre J. GRIP: Dexterous manipulation of objects in weightlessness. Preparation of Space Experiments. 2020 September 2; 20pp. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93462. | Impact Statement
Growth and Survival of Coloured Fungi in Space-A (CFS-A) determines the effect of microgravity and cosmic radiation on the growth and survival of coloured fungi species.
Publications
Gomoiu I, Chatzitheodoridis E, Vadrucci S, Walther I, Cojoc R. Fungal spores viability on the International Space Station. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2016 April 22; epubDOI: 10.1007/s11084-016-9502-5.PMID: 27106019. Also: Paper presented at the conference: Habitability in the Universe: From the Early Earth to Exoplanets. 22–27 March 2015, Porto, Portugal.
Gomoiu I, Chatzitheodoridis E, Vadrucci S, Walther I. The effect of spaceflight on growth of Ulocladium chartarum colonies on the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2013 April 24; 8(4): e62130. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062130.
Growth of Assorted Microgreens in Microgravity studies the structure and function of germination of four different microgreens. These are edible plants harvested as small shoots, which have been found to have higher concentrations of nutrients than the same plants when mature. Investigators measure and record environmental conditions and determine plant viability and effectiveness throughout the experiment, and compare results with plants on the ground.
The materials science investigation Growth of Homogeneous SiGe Crystals in Microgravity by the TLZ Method (Hicari) aims to verify the crystal-growth by Travelling Liquidous Zone method, and to produce high-quality crystals of Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) semiconductor using the Japanese Experiment Module-Gradient Heating Furnace (JEM-GHF). Once this method is established, it is expected to be applied for developing more efficient solar cells and semiconductor-based electronics.
Publications
Kinoshita K, Arai Y, Inatomi Y, Tsukada T, Miyata H, Tanaka R, Yoshikawa J, Kihara T, Tomioka H, Shibayama H, Kubota Y, Warashina Y, Ishizuka Y, Harada Y, Wada S, Ito T, Nagai N, Abe K, Sumioka S, Takayanagi M, Yoda S. Compositional uniformity of a Si0.5Ge0.5 crystal grown on board the International Space Station. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2015 June; 41947-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.02.086.
Kinoshita K, Arai Y, Tsukada T, Inatomi Y, Miyata H, Tanaka R. SiGe crystal growth aboard the international space station. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2014 October; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2014.09.048.
Kinoshita K, Arai Y, Inatomi Y, Tsukada T, Adachi S, Miyata H, Tanaka R, Yoshikawa J, Kihara T, Tomioka H, Shibayama H, Kubota Y, Warashina Y, Sasaki Y, Ishizuka Y, Harada Y, Wada S, Harada C, Ito T, Takayanagi M, Yoda S. Growth of a Si0.50Ge0.50 crystal by the traveling liquidus-zone (TLZ) method in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2014 February; 38812-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.11.020.
Kinoshita K, Arai Y, Miyata H, Tanaka R, Sone T, Yoshikawa J, Kihara T, Shibayama H, Inatomi Y, Takayanagi M, Yoda S. Growth of SiGe crystals by the Traveling Liquidus Zone (TLZ) method - Preliminary experiments on the ground. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2011 28(2): s5-s8. Also presented at the 8th Japan-China-Korea Workshop on Microgravity Sciences for Asian Microgravity Pre-Symposium.
Kinoshita K, Arai Y, Inatomi Y, Miyata H, Tanaka R, Sone T, Yoshikawa J, Kihara T, Shibayama H, Kubota Y, Shimaoka T, Warashina Y, Sakata K, Takayanagi M, Yoda S. Homogeneous SiGe crystal growth in microgravity by the travelling liquidus-zone method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327012017. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012017.
Kinoshita K, Arai Y, Inatomi Y, Tsukada T, Miyata H, Tanaka R. Effects of temperature gradient in the growth of Si0.5Ge0.5 crystals by the traveling liquidus-zone method on board the International Space Station. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2016 December 1; 45549-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.09.024.
Arai Y, Kinoshita K, Tsukada T, Kubo M, Abe K, Sumioka S, Baba S, Inatomi Y. Study of SiGe crystal growth interface processed in microgravity. Crystal Growth and Design. 2018 May 15; 18(6): 3697-3703. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.8b00544. | Impact Statement
Baba S, Nakamura Y, Mikami M, Shoji E, Kubo M, Tsukada T, Kinoshita K, Arai Y, Inatomi Y. Numerical investigation of growth interface shape and compositional distributions in SiGe crystals grown by the TLZ method in the International Space Station. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2021 April 22; epub126157. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2021.126157. | Impact Statement
Growth of Large, Perfect Protein Crystals for Neutron Crystallography (Perfect Crystals) crystallizes human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD or SOD2) in order to analyze its shape. This sheds light on how the antioxidant protein helps protect the human body from oxidizing radiation and oxides created as a byproduct of metabolism. For best results, the analysis technique requires large crystals with minimal imperfections, which are more easily produced in the microgravity environment of the space station.
Publications
Azadmanesh J, Lutz WE, Coates L, Weiss KL, Borgstahl GE. Cryotrapping peroxide in the active site of human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase crystals for neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology Communications. 2022 January 1; 78(1): DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X21012413. | Impact Statement
Growth of Ternary Compound Semiconductors (MSL SCA-GTCS) grows semiconductor crystals based on zinc selenide (ZnSe) compounds in microgravity. ZnSe-based crystals have been potential applications for high-power lasers operating in infrared wavelengths. The investigation compares structural quality of crystals grown on Earth and in microgravity to establish how gravity-driven fluid flows contribute to formation of various types of crystalline defects.
Scientists use X-ray crystallography to view molecules that are too small to be seen under a microscope; but this requires crystallizing them, which is difficult to do on Earth. Observing crystallized proteins allows scientists to determine how they are built, which can explain how they work or how other molecules, such as drugs, might interact with them. Growth Rate Dispersion as a Predictive Indicator for Biological Crystal Samples Where Quality Can Be Improved with Microgravity Growth (LMM Biophysics 6) studies ground-based predictions of which crystals benefit from crystallization in microgravity, where Earth's gravity does not interfere with their formation. In this experiment, 2 proteins of interest in cancer treatment and radiation protection are to be studied.
Scientists use X-ray crystallography to view molecules that are too small to be seen under a microscope; but this requires crystallizing them, which is difficult to do on Earth. Observing crystallized proteins allows scientists to determine how they are built, which can explain how they work or how other molecules, such as drugs, might interact with them. Growth Rate Dispersion as a Predictive Indicator for Biological Crystal Samples Where Quality Can be Improved with Microgravity Growth (LMM-Biophysics-3) studies ground-based predictions of which crystals benefit from crystallization in microgravity, where Earth's gravity does not interfere with their formation.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-13 (J-SSOD-13) is a CubeSat deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). J-SSOD-13 deploys Japan's CubeSat G-SATELLITE. This CubeSat launches to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-20 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
For crew members on long-duration space missions, a spacecraft is their only home and work space, so cabin designs must balance comfort and efficiency. The Habitability Assessment of International Space Station (Habitability) investigation, for which data collection is now complete, collects observations about the relationship between crew members and their environment on the International Space Station. Observations during missions lasting at least 6 months, can help spacecraft designers understand general habitability requirements (e.g., volume, layout, stowage), and whether a mission’s duration impacts these requirements.
KITSUNE is an 8 kg Wide-6 Unit (W6U) CubeSat, developed by the HAK Consortium, with experimental deployable radio antennas and camera. The KITSUNE mission is an Earth observation, 2U size bus system and LORA demonstration. KITSUNE is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-21 (J-SSOD-21) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the NG-17 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
One-third of the matter from early astronomical observations cannot be found. This missing matter may be in very hot halos of gas surrounding galaxies. HaloSat – A CubeSat to Study the Hot Galactic Halo (HaloSat) examines X-rays from oxygen atoms surrounding the Milky Way to determine how much matter is in the halo of our galaxy.
More than 1000 German school children, aged nine and older, painted their own class selfies as part of the Hand in Hand Around the World (Children’s Chain) activity: a hands-on campaign for primary schools. Combined and printed on a textile strip, these class selfies form a string of human illustrations 10 meters long. When the strip returns from space, the classes will receive their section, which can then be displayed at their school to encourage and inspire.
Hand Posture Analyzer (HPA) examines the way hand and arm muscles are used differently during grasping and reaching tasks in weightlessness. Measurements are compared to those taken before and after flight to improve understanding of the effects of long-duration space flight on muscle fatigue.
Publications
Pacelli F, Paoli A, Zolesi V, Norfini A, Donati A, Reggiani C. Implementation and ground validation of a facility for functional and structural analysis of proximal upper limb muscles in microgravity. Basic and Applied Myology. 2009 19(2&3): 77-86.
Zolesi V, Norfini A, Neri G. Hand Posture Analyzer: a facility for the study of the human upper limb on the ISS. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 September 29 to October 3; IAC-03-G.P.153 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-03-G.P.15.
Zolesi V, Serafini L, Baldacci S, Neri G, Liuni L, Flore F, Posteraro F, Pastacaldi P, Dario P, Zago M, Lacquaniti F. New protocols for the analysis of the performance of the human upper limb on the International Space Station. AIAA Space 2003 Conference and Exposition, Long Beach, CA. 2003 Sep 23-25; AIAA-2003-6334DOI: 10.2514/6.2003-6334.
Neri G, Zolesi V. Biomedical research on the International Space Station postural and manipulation problems of the human upper limb in weightlessness. AIP Conference Proceedings: Space Technology and Applications International Forum, Albuquerque, NM. 2000 30 Jan - 3 Feb 2000; 504(1): 166-171. DOI: 10.1063/1.1302475.
Pastacaldi P, Orsini P, Bracciaferri F, Neri G, Porciani M, Liuni L, Zolesi V. Short term microgravity effect on isometric hand grip and precision pinch force with visual and proprioceptive feedback. Advances in Space Research. 2004 January; 33(8): 1368-1374. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.040.Also: Pastacaldi, P., P. Orsini, F. Bracciaferri, G. Neri, M. Porciani, L. Liuni, and others, ‘Short Term Microgravity Effect on Isometric Hand Grip and Precision Pinch Force with Visual and Proprioceptive Feedback’, COSPAR, F1.1-0013-02 (2002), 7pp.. | Impact Statement
Haptics-2 is a technology demonstration experiment aimed at validating control interactions to take place between space and ground. In particular, this experiment allows for an astronaut crew in space to control, in real-time, robotic assets on Earth, using force feedback. The operational experience gained from Haptics-2 could be vital for future exploration missions beyond Earth orbit, where astronauts would be able to control robotic assets to maximize scientific operations on Mars, asteroids, and other exploration targets.
Publications
Schiele A, Krueger T, Nolan J, Pasay K, Wellings P, Bonde P, Willman B, Oakley B, Hambuchen K, Sinitsyn S, Silienko A, Stelzer M, Grunwald G, Steinmetz M, Brammer U, Kozlowski R, Mueller T, Hausler M. Haptics-2 - preparing ISS for advanced real-time teleoperation experiments between space and ground. NASA ISS Research & Development Conference, Boston, MA. 2015 12pp. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11340.67202. | Impact Statement
Weber B, Schatzle S, Stelzer M. Aiming performance during spaceflight: Individual adaptation to microgravity and the benefits of haptic support. Applied Ergonomics. 2022 September; 103103791. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103791.PMID: 35588558. | Impact Statement
In chemistry, wetting refers to spreading of a liquid over a solid material’s surface, and is a key aspect of the material’s ability to dissolve. The Hard to Wet Surfaces (Eli Lilly-Hard to Wet Surfaces) investigation studies how certain materials used in the pharmaceutical industry dissolve in water while in microgravity. Results from this investigation could help improve the design of tablets that dissolve in the body to deliver drugs, thereby improving drug design for medicines used in space and on Earth.
Hardened Extremely Long-life Information in Optical Storage (HELIOS) tests whether a data storage medium is resistant to space radiation. On Earth, the atmosphere protects humans and electronics from radiation that, in space, can damage electronics, including memory devices such as hard drives and memory disks. This technology, similar to that used in early photography, could replace conventional solid state memory for recording critical data on spacecraft.
HemoCue WBC DIFF White Blood Cell Count and Differentiator Technology Demonstration (HemoCue) tests the ability of a commercially available device to provide quick and accurate total and differentiated white blood cell (WBC) counts in microgravity using control solutions. The total number of WBCs and counts of the five different types of WBCs (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) are commonly used by doctors to aid in the diagnosis of sick patients and to monitor a variety of health conditions on Earth. Verification of an autonomous medical capability for blood analysis in microgravity on the International Space Station is an important step in meeting the health care needs of crew members on long duration missions.
Publications
Crucian BE, Valentine R, Calaway KM, Miller R, Rubins K, Hopkins M, Salas Z, Krieger SS, Makedonas G, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, McMonigal KA, Perusek GP, Lehnhardt KR, Easter BD. Spaceflight validation of technology for point-of-care monitoring of peripheral blood WBC and differential in astronauts during space missions. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2021 November; 3129-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.07.003.PMID: 34689947. | Impact Statement
HepaWell-1 investigates how microgravity and space radiation affect the growth, viability, and structure of a line of human liver cells known as HepaRG. In microgravity, 3D tissue cultures grow larger, more complex, and better vascularized than they do on Earth, but scientists lack detailed understanding of how human liver cells respond to microgravity. In addition, research has yet to analyze how space radiation affects the genetics and viability of these cells. Three-dimensional spheroids created with human liver cells could serve as models for drug testing, reducing the need for testing on animals.
Hermes Cassette-1, the first set of experiments in the Hermes Facility, explores the dynamics and properties of material on the surface of small asteroids, including regolith. Regolith creates a loosely aggregated surface on airless bodies and researchers expect it is dominated by interactions between individual grains of the material. Results improve understanding of asteroid and small body dynamics and validate and improve small body models, essential for future crewed and robotic missions to these small bodies.
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet, and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year, while his twin remains on Earth. HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium Project: Cognition on Monozygotic Twin on Earth (Twins Study – Basner) studies how one astronaut’s cognitive performance changes in response to exposure to microgravity and the stressful environment of space, how those changes differ from those of his brother on the ground, and how they relate to the various changes noted by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year while his twin remains on Earth. HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Longitudinal Integrated Multi-omics Analysis of the Biomolecular Effects of Space Travel (Twins Study – Snyder) analyzes all biomedical and molecular data collected by the other nine Twins Study researchers to produce the single most comprehensive view of how the human body responds to the rigors of spaceflight.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year while his twin remains on Earth. HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC): Immunome Changes in Space (Twins Study - Mignot) characterizes the personalized changes in the immune system of an astronaut, as well as that system’s response to a seasonal flu vaccination, before, during, and after return to Earth; the study compares the results to those of his twin brother who remained on Earth, and looks at how they relate to the various changes noted by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Smartphone-MM takes advantage of smartphone technology and the SPHERES autonomous navigation satellites’ capabilities to demonstrate remote operations of robots flying 230 miles above the Earth. The experiment evaluates the capability of consumer electronics to perform vision-based navigation and reduces risk in technology development for a robotic free-flyer.
The HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HREP-HICO) uses a special camera that separates light into hundreds of wavelength channels, which reveals information about the composition of water and land along the coasts. Each scene covers an area of about 30 miles by 125 miles, which captures features like river outflow plumes or algae blooms, and lets scientists do environmental characterization of coastal regions.
Publications
Gao BG, Li R. Removal of Thin Cirrus Scattering Effects for Remote Sensing of Ocean Color From Space. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2012 9(5): 972-976. DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2012.2187876.
Amin R, Gould, Jr. RW, Hou W, Lee Z, Arnone RB. Automated detection and removal of cloud shadows on HICO images. Proceedings of SPIE 8030, Ocean Sensing and Monitoring III. 2011 05/13/2011; 8030803004-803004-10. DOI: 10.1117/12.887761.
Gitelson AA, Gao BG, Li R, Berdnikov S, Saprygin V. Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in productive turbid waters using a Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean—the Azov Sea case study. Environmental Research Letters. 2011 Jun 30; 66 pp. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/024023. | Impact Statement
Lucke RL, Corson MR, McGlothlin NR, Butcher SD, Wood DL. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): fast build for the ISS. Remote Sensing System Engineering III, San Diego, California. 2010 781378130D. DOI: 10.1117/12.871889. | Impact Statement
Davis CO. Hyperspectral imaging of river systems. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 2010 ADA54073510 pp.
Gao BG, Li R, Lucke RL, Davis CO, Bevilacqua RM, Korwan DR, Montes MJ, Bowles JH, Corson MR. Vicarious calibrations of HICO data acquired from the International Space Station. Applied Optics. 2012 May 10; 51(14): 2559-2567. DOI: 10.1364/AO.51.002559.PMID: 22614474.
Lewis MD, Gould, Jr. RW, Ladner S, Gallegos S, Joliff J, Bennert E, Li R. Spectral and Spatial Analysis of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Using Satellite and In Situ Data. 2010 Ocean Optics, Anchorage, AL. 2010 Sep 27 - Oct 10;
Davis CO, Arnone RB, Gould, Jr. RW, Corson MR, Montes MJ. Data Processing and First Products from the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) on the International Space Station. Oceans from Space Symposium, Venice, Italy. 2010 Apr 26 - 30; EUR24324 EN-201073-74.
Korwan DR, Lucke RL, Corson MR, Bowles JH, Gao BG, Li R, Montes MJ, Snyder WA, McGlothlin NR, Butcher SD, Wood DL, Davis CO, Miller WD. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) - design and early results. 2nd Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (Reykjavik, Iceland). 2010 Jun 14 - 16; 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/WHISPERS.2010.5594935. | Impact Statement
Corson MR, Lucke RL, Davis CO, Bowles JH, Chen DT, Gao BG, Korwan DR, Miller WD, Snyder WA. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO™) environmental littoral imaging from the International Space Station. 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI. 2010 Jul 25 - 30; 3752 - 3755. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5651830. | Impact Statement
Lucke RL, Corson MR, McGlothlin NR, Butcher SD, Wood DL, Korwan DR, Li R, Snyder WA, Davis CO, Chen DT. Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean: instrument description and first images. Applied Optics. 2011 50(11): 1501-1516. DOI: 10.1364/AO.50.001501.
Szekielda KH. Hyperspectral observations of internal waves. International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences. 2012 January-April; 2(1): 79-82. | Impact Statement
Xing Q, Lou M, Yu D, Meng R, Shi P, Braga F, Zaggia L, Tosi L. Features of turbid waters from Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Preliminary results at the Yellow River Delta and the Bohai Sea. 2012 4th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing (WHISPERS), Shanghai, China. 2012 June 4-7; 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/WHISPERS.2012.6874332. | Impact Statement
Wright R, Deloatch J, Osgood S, Yuan J. The spectral reflectance of ship wakes between 400 and 900 nanometers. 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Munich, Germany. 2012 July 22-27; 4186-4189. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351746. | Impact Statement
Li R, Lucke RL, Korwan DR, Gao BG. A technique for removing second-order light effects from hyperspectral imaging data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2012 March; 50(3): 824-830. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2163161.
Tufillaro NB, Davis CO, Jones KB. Indicators of plume constituents from HICO. 2010 Ocean Optics, Anchorage, AL. 2010 8 pp. | Impact Statement
Keith DJ, Schaeffer BA, Lunetta RS, Gould, Jr. RW, Rocha K, Cobb DJ. Remote sensing of selected water-quality indicators with the hyperspectral imager for the coastal ocean (HICO) sensor. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2014 May 3; 35(9): 2927-2962. DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2014.894663.
Braga F, Giardino C, Bassani C, Matta E, Candiani G, Strombeck N, Adamo M, Bresciani M. Assessing water quality in the northern Adriatic Sea from HICO™ data. Remote Sensing Letters. 2013 October; 4(10): 1028-1037. DOI: 10.1080/2150704X.2013.830203.
Gao BG, Li R. Spectral calibrations of HICO data using atmospheric bands and radiance adjustment based on HICO and MODIS data comparisons. 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI. 2010 4260-4263. | Impact Statement
Li R, Lucke RL, Corson MR, Korwan DR, Gao BG. Correction of second order light for the HICOTM sensor onboard the International Space Station. 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI. 2010 2303-2306. | Impact Statement
Corson MR, Davis CO. A new view of coastal oceans from the space station. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 2011 May 10; 92(19): 161-162. DOI: 10.1029/2011EO190001. | Impact Statement
Davis CO, Arnone RB, Gould, Jr. RW, Corson MR, Montes MJ. Coastal Features and River Plumes as Seen with the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO). Imaging and Applied Optics Congress, Tucson, Arizona. 2010 June 7-8; OMB1. DOI: 10.1364/ORSE.2010.OMB1. | Impact Statement
Ryan JP, Tufillaro NB, Davis CO. HICO observations of biological and sediment-transport processes in Monterey Bay, California. Imaging and Applied Optics Technical Papers, Monterey, CA. 2012 June 24-28; RM2E.4. DOI: 10.1364/ORSE.2012.RM2E.4. | Impact Statement
Tufillaro NB, Davis CO. Derivative spectroscopy with HICOTM. Imaging and Applied Optics Technical Papers, Monterey, CA. 2012 June 24-28; RTu2E.5. DOI: 10.1364/ORSE.2012.RTu2E.5. | Impact Statement
Patterson KW, Lamela G. Influence of aerosol estimation on coastal water products retrieved from HICO images. Proceedings of SPIE 8030, Ocean Sensing and Monitoring III. 2011 May 13; 8030803005-803005-9. DOI: 10.1117/12.883263. | Impact Statement
Davis CO, Tufillaro NB. Hyperspectral imaging of rivers and estuaries. Proceedings of SPIE 8870, Imaging Spectrometry XVIII, San Diego, CA. 2013 September 23; 887088700K. DOI: 10.1117/12.2023401.
Gao BG, Chen W. Multispectral decomposition for the removal of out-of-band effects of visible/infrared imaging radiometer suite visible and near-infrared bands. Applied Optics. 2012 June 20; 51(18): 4078. DOI: 10.1364/AO.51.004078.
Hu C, Feng L, Lee Z, Davis CO, Mannino A, McClain CR, Franz BA. Dynamic range and sensitivity requirements of satellite ocean color sensors: learning from the past. Applied Optics. 2012 September 1; 51(25): 6045. DOI: 10.1364/AO.51.006045.
Davis CO, Tufillaro NB, Corson MR, Gao BG, Bowles JH, Lucke RL. HICO On-Orbit Performance and Future Directions. Imaging and Applied Optics Technical Papers, Monterey, CA. 2012 June 24-28; RM3E.2. DOI: 10.1364/ORSE.2012.RM3E.2.
Gillis DB, Bowles JH, Moses WJ. Improving the retrieval of water inherent optical properties in noisy hyperspectral data through statistical modeling. Optics Express. 2013 September 9; 21(18): 21306. DOI: 10.1364/OE.21.021306.
Chen W, Lucke RL. Out-of-Band Correction for Multispectral Remote Sensing. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2013 April; 51(4): 2476-2483. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2208975.
Garcia RA, Fearns PR, McKinna LI. Detecting trend and seasonal changes in bathymetry derived from HICO imagery: A case study of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2014 May; 147186-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.010.
Cho HJ, Ogashawara I, Mishra DR, White J, Kamerosky A, Morris L, Clarke C, Simpson A, Banisakher D. Evaluating Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) data for seagrass mapping in Indian River Lagoon, FL. GIScience and Remote Sensing. 2014 April 3; 51(2): 120-138. DOI: 10.1080/15481603.2014.895577.
Mishra DR, Schaeffer BA, Keith DJ. Performance evaluation of normalized difference chlorophyll index in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries using the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean. GIScience and Remote Sensing. 2014 April 3; 51(2): 175-198. DOI: 10.1080/15481603.2014.895581.
Amin R, Lewis D, Gould, Jr. RW, Hou W, Lawson A, Ondrusek M, Arnone RB. Assessing the Application of Cloud-Shadow Atmospheric Correction Algorithm on HICO. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2014 May; 52(2): 2646-2653. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2264166.
Ryan JP, Davis CO, Tufillaro NB, Kudela RM, Gao BG. Application of the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean to Phytoplankton Ecology Studies in Monterey Bay, CA, USA. Remote Sensing. 2014 January 27; 6(2): 1007-1025. DOI: 10.3390/rs6021007.
Amin R, Gould, Jr. RW, Hou W, Arnone RB, Lee Z. Optical algorithm for cloud shadow detection over water. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2013 February; 51(2): 732-741. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2204267.
Chen W, Mied R, Gao BG, Wagner EJ. Surface velocities from multiple-tracer image sequences. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2012 July; 9(4): 769-773. DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2011.2181328.
Szekielda KH, Moses WJ, Bowles JH, Corson MR, Wagner EJ, Li R. Spatial distribution patterns of chlorophyll-a and suspended matter in the Yangtze Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay as observed with the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO). International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences. 2013 May-August; 3(2): 141-152.
Moses WJ, Gitelson AA, Berdnikov S, Bowles JH, Povazhnyi V, Saprygin V, Wagner EJ, Patterson KW. HICO-based NIR-Red models for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in productive coastal waters. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 2014 June; 11(6): 1111-1115. DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2287458.
Tufillaro NB, Davis CO, Valle T, Good W, Stephens M, Spuhler P. Behavioral model and simulator for the Multi-slit Optimized Spectrometer (MOS). Proceedings of SPIE 8870, Imaging Spectrometry XVIII, San Diego, CA. 2013 September 23; SPIE 88706 pp. DOI: 10.1117/12.2023526.
Corson MR, Bowles JH, Chen W, Davis CO, Gallelli KH, Korwan DR, Lucey PG, Mosher TJ, Holasek R. The HICO program - hyperspectral imaging of the coastal ocean from the International Space Station. 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK. 2004 September 20-24; 64184-4186. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2004.1370057.
Corson MR, Korwan DR, Lucke RL, Snyder WA, Davis CO. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) on the International Space Station. 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA. 2008 July 7-11; 4IV-101 - IV-104. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779666.
Korwan DR, Lucke RL, McGlothlin NR, Butcher SD, Wood DL, Bowles JH, Corson MR, Snyder WA, Davis CO, Chen DT. Laboratory characterization of the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO). 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town. 2009 July 12-17; 2II-69 - II-72. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5418003.
Lewis MD, Gould, Jr. RW, Arnone RB, Lyon PE, Martinolich PM, Vaughan R, Lawson A, Scardino T, Hou W, Snyder WA, Lucke RL, Corson MR, Montes MJ, Davis CO. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Sensor and data processing overview. OCEANS 2009, MTS/IEEE Biloxi - Marine Technology for Our Future: Global and Local Challenges, Biloxi, MS. 2009 October 26-29; 1-9. DOI: 10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422336.
Corson MR, Lucke RL, Davis CO, Snyder WA, Korwan DR, McGlothlin NR, Butcher SD, Wood DL. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) on the International Space Station. Oceans from Space Symposium, Venice, Italy. 2010 April 26-30; 69-70. DOI: 10.2788/8394.
Mosher TJ, Mitchell ML, Lucey PG, Davis CO. Hyperspectral imager for the coastal ocean (HICO). 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, Big Sky, MT. 2004 March 6-13; 122-28. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2004.1367586.
Ballard PG. Accessing space: ISS integration for a US payload on the JEM-EF. 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2011 March 5-12; 6 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2011.5747236.
Davis CO. Hyperspectral Imaging of the Coastal Ocean. OREGON STATE UNIV CORVALLIS COLL OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES. 2008 ADA51743810 pp.
Mosher TJ, Mitchell ML, Lucey PG, Hochberg E. Hyperspectral imaging of coastal regions from the ISS. Proceedings of SPIE 5656 Active and Passive Remote Sensing of the Oceans, Honolulu, HI. 2005 January 28; 5656128-138. DOI: 10.1117/12.579767.
Mendoza Watson P. Remote sensing from manned low Earth orbit spacecraft: implications for the International Space Station. Proceedings of SPIE 7673 Advanced Environmental, Chemical, and Biological Sensing Technologies VII, Orlando, FL. 2010 April 5; 767376730F-13. DOI: 10.1117/12.849725.
Corson MR, Lucke RL, Davis CO. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) and environmental characterization of the coastal zone from the International Space Station. Imaging and Applied Optics Congress, Tucson, Arizona. 2010 June 7-8; OMA43 pp. DOI: 10.1364/ORSE.2010.OMA4.
Dierssen H, McManus GB, Chlus A, Qiu D, Gao BG, Lin S. Space station image captures a red tide ciliate bloom at high spectral and spatial resolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2015 December 1; 112(48): 14783-14787. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512538112.PMID: 26627232. | Impact Statement
Stefanov WL, Evans CA. Data Collection for Disaster Response from the International Space Station. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2015 April 29; XL-7/W3851-855. DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-851-2015.Also presented at the 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 11–15 May 2015, Berlin, Germany. | Impact Statement
Kappus ME, Ackleson SG, Bowles JH, Corson MR, Davis CO, Gao BG, Gould, Jr. RW, Korwan DR, Lewis MD, Lucke RL, Montes MJ, Moses WJ, Nahorniak JS, Patterson KW, Wagner EJ. Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean on the International Space Station. Optical Payloads for Space Missions. 2015 27-51. DOI: 10.1002/9781118945179.ch2.
Huemmrich KF, Campbell PK, Gao BG, Flanagan LB, Goulden M. ISS as a Platform for Optical Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes: A Case Study Using HICO. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2017 October 5; 10(10): 4360-4375. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2017.272582. | Impact Statement
Amin R, Gould, Jr. RW, Hou W, Arnone RB, Lee Z. Automated system and method for optical cloud shadow detection over water. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 August 13; US8509476B217.
Ibrahim A, Franz BA, Ahmad Z, Healy R, Knobelspiesse K, Gao BG, Proctor C, Zhai P. Atmospheric correction for hyperspectral ocean color retrieval with application to the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO). Remote Sensing of Environment. 2018 January 1; 20460-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.041. | Impact Statement
The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System studies the highest layers of Earth’s atmosphere. This region includes the ionosphere and the thermosphere. The ionosphere gets its name from interactions with solar rays, and it influences the way radio waves move around the Earth. The thermosphere, a region just below the edge of the atmosphere and the beginning of space, is home to the International Space Station. The density of the thermosphere affects the space station’s orbit. RAIDS contains eight instruments that can study the atmosphere’s structure, density and temperature in great detail.
Publications
Budzien SA, Bishop RL, Stephan AW, Straus PR, Christensen AB, Hecht JH. The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System experiment on the ISS: Mission Overview. Proceedings of SPIE 7438, Solar Physics and Space Instrumentation III, San Diego, CA. 2009 74380X1-0X12. DOI: 10.1117/12.826513.
Christensen AB, Yee J, Bishop RL, Budzien SA, Hecht JH, Sivjee G, Stephan AW. Observations of molecular oxygen Atmospheric band emission in the thermosphere using the near infrared spectrometer on the ISS/RAIDS experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2012 Apr 24; 117A04315. DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016838.
Douglas ES, Smith SM, Stephan AW, Cashman L, Bishop RL, Budzien SA, Christensen AB, Hecht JH, Chakrabarti S. Evaluation of ionospheric densities using coincident OII 83.4 nm airglow and the Millstone Hill Radar. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2012 May 31; 117A05331. DOI: 10.1029/2012JA017574.
Stephan AW, Picone M, Budzien SA, Bishop RL, Christensen AB, Hecht JH. Measurement and application of the O II 61.7 nm dayglow. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2012 Jan 25; 117A01316. DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016897.
Budzien SA, Bishop RL, Stephan AW, Christensen AB, McMullin DR. Atmospheric Remote Sensing on the International Space Station. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 2010 October 19; 91(42): 381-382. DOI: 10.1029/2010EO420002. | Impact Statement
Stephan AW, Christensen AB, Minschwaner K, Budzien SA, Bishop RL, Hecht JH. Characterization of sensitivity degradation seen from the UV to NIR by RAIDS on the International Space Station. Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation IV. 2011 8148814804. DOI: 10.1117/12.894093.
Ballard PG. Accessing space: ISS integration for a US payload on the JEM-EF. 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2011 March 5-12; 6 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2011.5747236.
Mendoza Watson P. Remote sensing from manned low Earth orbit spacecraft: implications for the International Space Station. Proceedings of SPIE 7673 Advanced Environmental, Chemical, and Biological Sensing Technologies VII, Orlando, FL. 2010 April 5; 767376730F-13. DOI: 10.1117/12.849725.
Stephan AW, Budzien SA, Bishop RL, Straus PR, Christensen AB, Hecht JH, Van Epps Z. The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System on the ISS: sensor performance and space weather applications from the extreme to the near ultraviolet. Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation III, San Diego, California. 2009 August 2; 743874380Y-74380Y-10. DOI: 10.1117/12.825167.
Bishop RL, Budzien SA, Hecht JH, Stephan AW, Christensen AB, Straus PR, Van Epps Z. The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System on the ISS: sensor performance and space weather applications from the visible to the near infrared. Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation III, San Diego, California. 2009 August 2; 743874380Z-74380Z-12. DOI: 10.1117/12.826472.
The High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) experiment places four commercially available HD cameras on the exterior of the space station and uses them to stream live video of Earth for viewing online. The cameras are enclosed in a temperature specific housing and are exposed to the harsh radiation of space. Analysis of the effect of space on the video quality, over the time HDEV is operational, may help engineers decide which cameras are the best types to use on future missions. High school students helped design some of the cameras' components, through the High Schools United with NASA to Create Hardware (HUNCH) program, and student teams operate the experiment.
Publications
Rienow A, Graw V, Heinemann S, Schultz J, Selg F, Menz G. Earth observation from the ISS Columbus Laboratory – an open education approach to foster geographical competences of pupils in secondary schools. Living Planet Symposium 2016, Prague, Czech Republic. 2016 May 9-16; ESA SP-7407 pp. | Impact Statement
Schultz J, Ortwein A, Rienow A. Technical note: using ISS videos in Earth observation – implementations for science and education. European Journal of Remote Sensing. 2017 November 24; 51(1): 28-32. DOI: 10.1080/22797254.2017.1396880. | Impact Statement
High Definition Television Camera-Exposed Facility 2 (HDTV-EF2) is a high-definition television camera system that is used for Earth observation from the International Space Station (ISS). HDTV-EF2 is exposed to the space environment on the Japanese Experiment Module -Exposed Facility (JEM-EF).
Spaceborne Computer intends to run a year-long experiment of high performance commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) computer system on the International Space Station (ISS). During high radiation events, verify if the systems can still operate correctly by lowering their power, and therefore, speed. This research helps scientists identify ways of using software to protect ISS computers without expensive, time-consuming or bulky protective shielding.
High Performance Radiation Hardened GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors for Space Applications (Radiation Hardened GaN) investigates how radiation affects a type of transistor used in the semiconductor industry. Researchers measure the performance of the devices before, during, and after flight to determine whether performance degrades. This could help determine how well the transistors can tolerate radiation in space.
High school students United with NASA to Create Hardware (HUNCH) Tape Dispenser (HUNCH Tape Dispenser) tests a tape dispenser crew members can operate with one hand. Crew members reqularly use tape for mundane and critical tasks, but the tapes currently used often must be cut with scissors, requiring two hands. A tape dispenser is expected to improve efficiency of operations and scientific research on the space station.
Space Tissue Loss is a DoD Space Test Program payload flying both DoD and NASA science that uses cell and tissue cultures in microgravity to study the effects of tissue regeneration and wound healing in space.
Publications
Chakraborty NM, Gautam A, Muhie S, Miller S, Jett M, Hammamieh R. An integrated omics analysis: impact of microgravity on host response to lipopolysaccharide in vitro. BMC Genomics. 2014 15(1): 659. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-659.PMID: 25102863.
The High-Accuracy Spatial Orientation of Scientific Devices Taking in Account the ISS Hull Deformation (Privyazka) investigation assesses hull deformation and determines the error values of the reference coordinate system, to provide quality results for ISS investigations. For experiments to observe celestial objects, the Earth's surface, to study the atmosphere, and some others, it is important to have information on the accurate spatial orientation of the sensing axes of research devices.
The High-Precision Thermophysical Property Data of Liquid Metallic Alloys for Modelling of Industrial Solidification Processes (EML Batch 3 - THERMOPROP) focuses on thermophysical property (specific heat, density, surface tension and viscosity, electrical conductivity) measurements of industrial alloys, including specific and generic compositions in the liquid phase as a function of temperature. The property values obtained can be used to increase the accuracy of the numerical modelling of casting and solidification processes, and to provide a better understanding of liquid metal processing. Microstructure analysis and further mechanical testing are performed on the alloys solidified under microgravity conditions.
Radiation can introduce computer errors by interfering with the operation of electronic computer components. This is a problem for computers operating in the high-radiation environment of space. The Honeywell-Morehead-DM-7 investigation validates Dependable Multiprocessing (DM), a new type of computer software system that uses several commercially available processors working together to increase computing speed and reduce computing errors in a space environment. The investigation demonstrates that the DM technology can work in the radiation environment of space, enabling its use on future space missions.
The Hourglass investigation examines the relationship between gravity and the behavior of granular materials such as regolith that covers the surface of planets and planetary-like bodies. Researchers observe various granular materials inside an hourglass and a measuring cylinder under different gravity conditions. Better understanding of the behavior of these materials supports the design of spacecraft for future missions landing on the surfaces of planets and other celestial bodies.
HSKSAT is a 3.9 kg, 3-Unit (3U) CubeSat developed by the Harada Seiki Company. HSKSAT's mission is to demonstrate attitude-controlled Earth observation, and provide high-speed imagery downlink utilizing S-band radio communications. HSKSAT is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-24 (J-SSOD-24) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-26 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
HSU-SAT1, a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat that provides a demonstration that modulated infrared light emitted from a ground station, can be used as a command transmission link. HSU-SAT1 also evaluates new technologies for electrical power supply, on board computing, and other satellite bus components. HSU-SAT1 is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-22 (J-SSOD-22) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-25 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
The HTV Small Re-entry Capsule Demonstration (HSRC Demo) evaluates re-entry and retrieval techniques to return experimental samples from research carried out aboard the International Space Station (ISS) back to Earth. HSRC has navigation, guidance, and control systems - including a Reaction Control System (RCS) - and can conduct a controlled re-entry to a target point on Earth, while keeping an environment of less than 4G for return. This expands the types of samples that can be transported back to Earth.
As the body’s most important organ, the brain needs a strong and reliable blood supply, so the brain is capable of self-regulating blood flow even when the heart and blood vessels cannot maintain an ideal blood pressure. The Human Cerebral Autoregulation during Long-duration Spaceflight (Cerebral Autoregulation) investigation tests whether this self-regulation improves in the microgravity environment of space. Non-invasive tests measure blood flow in the brain before, during, and after a long-duration spaceflight, and provide new insights into how the brain safeguards its blood supply in a challenging environment.
Many crew members experience altered vision and increased pressure inside their heads during spaceflight, suggesting that the brain’s structure and function change in response to microgravity. However, there is almost no data describing what happens to the brain as a result of long-term exposure to microgravity. The Human Cerebral Vascular Autoregulation and Venous Outflow In Response to Microgravity-Induced Cephalad Fluid Redistribution (Cephalad Fluid Redistribution) investigation uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the redistribution of fluid toward the head (cephalad) as well as within the head (intracranial) and changes in brain structure and blood flow to the brain that result from long-duration stays on the International Space Station.
Publications
Roberts DR, Albrecht MH, Collins HR, Asemani D, Chatterjee AR, Spampinato MV, Zhu X, Chimowitz MI, Antonucci MU. Effects of spaceflight on astronaut brain structure as indicated on MRI. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017 November 2; 377(18): 1746-1753. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705129.PMID: 29091569. | Impact Statement
Roberts DR, Brown TR, Nietert PJ, Eckert MA, Inglesby DC, Bloomberg JJ, George MS, Asemani D. Prolonged microgravity affects human brain structure and function. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2019 October 17; epub8 pp. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A6249.PMID: 31624117. | Impact Statement
Inglesby DC, Antonucci MU, Spampinato MV, Collins HR, Meyer TA, Schlosser RJ, Shimada, Roberts DR. Spaceflight-associated changes in the opacification of the paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells in astronauts. JAMA Otolaryngology. 2020 March 26; epub11 pp. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0228.PMID: 32215610. | Impact Statement
Roberts DR, Inglesby DC, Brown TR, Collins HR, Eckert MA, Asemani D. Longitudinal change in ventricular volume is accelerated in astronauts undergoing long-duration spaceflight. Aging Brain. 2021 January 1; 1100017. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100017. | Impact Statement
Rosenberg MJ, Coker MA, Taylor JA, Yazdani M, Matheus MG, Blouin CK, Al Kasab S, Collins HR, Roberts DR. Comparison of dural venous sinus volumes before and after flight in astronauts with and without spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. JAMA Network Open. 2021 October 1; 4(10): e2131465. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31465.PMID: 34705011. | Impact Statement
The Human Dexterity and Cognition in a Spaceflight Environment investigation aboard the International Space Station (ISS) evaluates the dexterity and cognition of the crew during spaceflight. In addition to leading to the development of valuable hand-eye coordination training for future crew members, results from this investigation may demonstrate the differences in dexterity and cognition in different, sometimes harsh, environments.
Identical twins are genetically almost the same, so studying them provides scientists a unique opportunity to examine how environment, diet and other outside factors affect human health and performance. Human Exploration Research Opportunities - Differential Effects on Homozygous Twin Astronauts Associated with Differences in Exposure to Spaceflight Factors (Twins Study) is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that take advantage of a unique opportunity: Studying the effects of space travel on identical twins. One astronaut remains in space for a year while his twin stays on Earth, and researchers study changes in measures related to the fields of genetics, psychology, physiology, microbiology and immunology.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Iosim S, MacKay M, Westover C, Mason CE. Translating current biomedical therapies for long duration, deep space missions. Precision Clinical Medicine. 2019 December; 2(4): 259-269. DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz022.PMID: 31886035. | Impact Statement
Schmidt MA, Meydan C, Schmidt CM, Afshinnekoo E, Mason CE. The NASA Twins Study: The effect of one year in space on long-chain fatty acid desaturases and elongases. Lifestyle Genomics. 2020 May 6; epub1-15. DOI: 10.1159/000506769.PMID: 32375154. | Impact Statement
Welsh J, Bevelacqua JJ, Keshavarz M, Mortazavi SA, Mortazavi SM. Is telomere length a biomarker of adaptive response in space? Curious findings from NASA and residents of high background radiation areas. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering. 2019 June; 9(3): 381-388. DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v9i3Jun.1151.PMID: 31341884. | Impact Statement
Law J, Gilmore S, Kelly S. Postflight rash and skin sensitivity following a year-long spaceflight mission. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2020 July 1; 91(7): 604-607. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5580.2020.PMID: 32591038. | Impact Statement
Gertz ML, Chin CR, Tomoiaga D, MacKay M, Chang C, Butler DJ, Afshinnekoo E, Bezdan D, Schmidt MA, Mozsary C, Melnick A, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Crucian BE, Lee SM, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Meydan C, Mason CE. Multi-omic, single-cell, and biochemical profiles of astronauts guide pharmacological strategies for returning to gravity. Cell Reports. 2020 November 25; epub108429. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108429.PMID: 33242408. | Impact Statement
da Silveira WA, Fazelinia H, Rosenthal SB, Laiakis EC, Kim MS, Meydan C, Kidane Y, Rathi K, Smith SM, Stear B, Ying Y, Zhang Y, Foox J, Zanello SB, Crucian BE, Wang D, Nugent A, Costa HA, Zwart SR, Schrepfer S, Elworth L, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, MacKay M, Gokhale NS, Horner SM, Singh LN, Wallace DC, Willey JS, Schisler JC, Meller R, McDonald JT, Fisch KM, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Mason CE, Costes SV, Beheshti A. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis reveals mitochondrial stress as a central biological hub for spaceflight impact. Cell. 2020 November 25; 183(5): 1185-1201.e20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.002.PMID: 33242417. | Impact Statement
Luxton JJ, McKenna MJ, Taylor LE, George KA, Zwart SR, Crucian BE, Drel VR, Garrett-Bakelman FE, MacKay M, Butler DJ, Foox J, Grigorev K, Bezdan D, Meydan C, Smith SM, Sharma K, Mason CE, Bailey SM. Temporal telomere and DNA damage responses in the space radiation environment. Cell Reports. 2020 November 20; eoub108435. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108435.PMID: 33242411. | Impact Statement
Luxton JJ, McKenna MJ, Lewis A, Taylor LE, George KA, Dixit SM, Moniz M, Benegas W, MacKay M, Mozsary C, Butler DJ, Bezdan D, Meydan C, Crucian BE, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Mason CE, Bailey SM. Telomere length dynamics and DNA damage responses associated with long-duration spaceflight. Cell Reports. 2020 November 20; epub108457. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108457.PMID: 33242406. | Impact Statement
Bezdan D, Grigorev K, Meydan C, Pelissier Vatter FA, Cioffi M, Rao V, MacKay M, Nakahira K, Burnham P, Afshinnekoo E, Westover C, Butler DJ, Mozsary C, Donahoe T, Foox J, Mishra T, Lucotti S, Rana BK, Melnick A, Zhang H, Matei I, Kelsen D, Yu K, Lyden DC, Taylor LE, Bailey SM, Snyder M, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Ossowski S, De Vlaminck I, Mason CE. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and exosome profiling from a year-long human spaceflight reveals circulating biomarkers. iScience. 2020 November 25; epub26 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101844. | Impact Statement
Malkani S, Chin CR, Cekanaviciute E, Mortreux M, Okinula H, Tarbier M, Schreurs A, Shirazi-Fard Y, Tahimic CG, Rodriguez DN, Sexton BS, Butler DJ, Verma A, Bezdan D, Durmaz C, MacKay M, Melnick A, Meydan C, Li S, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Fromm B, Afshinnekoo E, Langhorst BW, Dimalanta ET, Cheng-Campbell M, Blaber EA, Schisler JC, Vanderburg C, Friedlander MR, McDonald JT, Costes SV, Rutkove SB, Grabham P, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Circulating miRNA spaceflight signature reveals targets for countermeasure development. Cell Reports. 2020 November 25; epub108448. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108448. | Impact Statement
Trinchant NM, MacKay M, Chin CR, Afshinnekoo E, Foox J, Meydan C, Butler DJ, Mozsary C, Vernice NA, Darby C, Schatz MC, Bailey SM, Melnick A, Guzman M, Bolton K, Braunstein LZ, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Levine RL, Hassane D, Mason CE. Clonal hematopoiesis before, during, and after human spaceflight. Cell Reports. 2020 November 25; epub108458. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108458. | Impact Statement
Afshinnekoo E, Scott RT, MacKay M, Pariset E, Cekanaviciute E, Barker RJ, Gilroy S, Hassane D, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Crucian BE, Ponomarev SA, Orlov OI, Shiba D, Muratani M, Yamamoto M, Richards SE, Vaishampayan PA, Meydan C, Foox J, Myrrhe J, Istasse E, Singh NK, Venkateswaran KJ, Keune JA, Ray HE, Basner M, Miller J, Vitaterna MH, Taylor D, Wallace DC, Rubins K, Bailey SM, Grabham P, Costes SV, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Fundamental biological features of spaceflight: Advancing the field to enable deep-space exploration. Cell. 2020 November 25; 183(5): 1162-1184. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.050.PMID: 33242416. | Impact Statement
Luxton JJ, Bailey SM. Twins, telomeres, and aging-in space!. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2021 January 1; 147(1S-2): 7S-14S. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007616.PMID: 33347069. | Impact Statement
Macias BR, Ferguson CR, Patel NB, Gibson CR, Samuels BC, Laurie SS, Lee SM, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Kramer LA, Mader TH, Brunstetter TJ, Alferova IV, Hargens AR, Ebert DJ, Dulchavsky SA, Stenger MB. Changes in the optic nerve head and choroid over 1 year of spaceflight. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2021 April 29; epub8pp. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0931.PMID: 33914020. This paper was presented at the 2019 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’Workshop; January 22, 2019; Galveston, Texas; at the 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’Workshop; January 27, 2020; Galveston, Texas; at the 2017 Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology; May 7, 2017; Baltimore, Maryland; and at the 2018 Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology; April 29, 2018; Honolulu, Hawaii.. | Impact Statement
Human Exploration Telerobotics-Smartphone (HET-Smartphone) demonstrates and assesses intravehicular activity (IVA) free-flyer telerobotic operations using SPHERES and remote operation of SPHERES by ground control and crew. HET-Smartphone assesses telerobotic operations in order to increase crew efficiency and productivity for future human exploration missions.
The Human Factors Assessment of Vibration Effects on Visual Performance During Launch (Visual Performance) investigation will determine visual performance limits during operational vibration and g-loads on the Space Shuttle, specifically through the determination of minimum readable font size during ascent using planned Orion display formats.
A Human iPSC-based 3D Microphysiological System for Modeling Cardiac Dysfunction in Microgravity (Engineered Heart Tissues) assesses human cardiac function in microgravity. It uses 3D cultured cardiac muscle tissue that mimics the architecture and function of adult human cardiac muscle. A magnet-based sensor placed underneath the tissue culture chamber allows real-time, non-destructive analysis of the functional performance and maturation of the tissues in space, which is compared with those cultured on Earth.
Human Muscle Contraction Response in Microgravity (Human Muscle-on-Chip) tests the feasibility of using accelerated muscle weakness in space to study age-related muscle decline on Earth, a condition called sarcopenia. The investigation uses tissues-on-a-chip or three-dimensional models of muscle fibers created from cells of young and older adults. Electrodes on the chips generate tissue contractions that researchers can record to help them understand how muscle function changes in microgravity.
The HuskySat-1 mission demonstrates two systems built by students at the University of Washington: an experimental K-band communication downlink and a pulsed plasma propulsion system. The K-band downlink enables high-speed data transmission from a CubeSat platform at a lower cost. The pulsed plasma thruster provides a simple, inert method of CubeSat propulsion.
Hydrotropism and Auxin-Inducible Gene expression in Roots Grown Under Microgravity Conditions (HydroTropi) determines whether hydrotropic response can be used for the control of cucumber, Cucumis sativus, root growth orientation in microgravity.
Publications
Moriwaki T, Miyazawa Y, Fujii N, Takahashi H. Light and abscisic acid signalling are integrated by MIZ1 gene expression and regulate hydrotropic response in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant, Cell and Environment. 2012 August; 35(8): 1359-1368. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02493.x. | Impact Statement
Yamazaki T, Miyazawa Y, Kobayashi A, Moriwaki T, Fujii N, Takahashi H. MIZ1, an essential protein for root hydrotropism, is associated with the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in Arabidopsis root cells. FEBS Letters. 2012 February; 586(4): 398-402. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.008. | Impact Statement
Watanabe C, Fujii N, Yanai K, Hotta T, Kim D, Kamada M, Sasagawa-Saito Y, Nishimura T, Koshiba T, Miyazawa Y, Kim K, Takahashi H. Gravistimulation Changes the Accumulation Pattern of the CsPIN1 Auxin Efflux Facilitator in the Endodermis of the Transition Zone in Cucumber Seedlings. Plant Physiology. 2012 January; 158(1): 239-251. DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.188615. | Impact Statement
Moriwaki T, Miyazawa Y, Kobayashi A, Takahashi H. Molecular mechanisms of hydrotropism in seedling roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2013 100(1): 25-34. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200419.PMID: 23263156. | Impact Statement
Miyazawa Y, Moriwaki T, Uchida M, Kobayashi A, Fujii N, Takahashi H. Overexpression of MIZU-KUSSEI1 enhances the root hydrotropic response by retaining cell viability under hydrostimulated conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and Cell Physiology. 2012 September 25; 53(11): 1926-1933. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs129.PMID: 23012350. | Impact Statement
Nakayama M, Kaneko Y, Miyazawa Y, Fujii N, Higashitani N, Wada S, Ishida H, Yoshimoto K, Shirasu K, Yamada K, Nishimura M, Takahashi H. A possible involvement of autophagy in amyloplast degradation in columella cells during hydrotropic response of Arabidopsis roots. Planta. 2012 April 25; 236(4): 999-1012. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1655-5.PMID: 22532286. | Impact Statement
The HyperAngular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP) CubeSat demonstrates a technology for measuring the properties and size of aerosols, cloud droplets, and cloud ice particles and their interactions. Human-made or natural solid and liquid particles suspended in Earth’s atmosphere, aerosols serve as seeds for forming cloud droplets. Human-caused changes to the atmospheric concentration and composition of aerosols directly affect clouds, precipitation, and the energy balance of the planet.
The Hyperspectral Imager Suite (HISUI) is a next-generation spaceborne hyperspectral Earth imaging system. The objective of HISUI onboard the International Space Station (ISS) is to obtain the data necessary to begin a full-scale practical application development for hyperspectral remote sensing through manufacturing, and the inflight performance verification of a hyperspectral imager onboard ISS.
Publications
Stavros EN, Schimel D, Pavlick R, Serbin S, Swann A, Duncansaon L, Fisher JB, Fassnacht F, Ustin S, Dubayah R, Schweiger A, Wennberg P. ISS observations offer insights into plant function. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2017 June 22; 10194. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0194. | Impact Statement
Ice Cubes #11 flies the winning submission of the Code4Space competition from a team of sixth graders from Switzerland, to the International Space Station (ISS). The Team designed and programmed a Space-Bounce-Ball, that consists of a microcontroller embedded in a foam ball, for an astronaut to throw at a target while on the ISS. Measurements from the microcontroller such as acceleration, time, and number of bounces are transmitted to a laptop computer on Earth and compared with the results from a duplicate experiment conducted on the ground.
In the Ice Cubes Experiment Cube #6 – Kirara mission, a 1-Unit (1U)-sized incubator, equipped with a temperature controller, is used to allow protein crystallization to happen in microgravity under a well-maintained temperature inside the cube. This first mission is aimed as an in-orbit validation test for a protein crystallization service as part of future commercial space activities. This first demonstration mission includes proteins for seven different companies and research institutes.
Publications
Yamaguchi S, Sunagawa N, Matsuyama K, Tachioka M, Hirota E, Takahashi S, Igarashi K. Preparation of large-volume crystal of cellulase under microgravity to investigate the mechanism of thermal stabilization. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2021 38(1): 380103. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.38.1.380103. | Impact Statement
Kuga T, Sunagawa N, Igarashi K. Enzymatic synthesis of cellulose in space: gravity is a crucial factor for building cellulose II gel structure. Cellulose. 2022 January 29; epub1-17. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04399-0.PMID: 35125685. | Impact Statement
ICE Cubes Hydra-2: Bacteria Biomining Reactor - Study of the Gravity’s Effect on Bacteria (ICE Cubes Hydra-2 Bacteria Biomining) studies the effects of microgravity on several ancient bacteria strains that can produce methane in the absence of oxygen. The Experiment Cube measures the size of the bacterial colonies in the growth chamber before and after flight, to determine their growth rate. This investigation contributes to the evaluation of these bacteria for methane production on asteroids for use as a propellant or fuel.
ICE Cubes Hydra-3 Pulse: Inspire People via Direct Connection to ISS (Ice Cubes Hydra-3 Pulse) is an artistic experiment to inspire people on the ground. During scheduled events at museum and galleries, participants use a specially designed terminal fitted with a pulse oximeter to measure their pulse rate and oxygenation level. These measurements transmit in real-time to a microgravity kaleidoscope and camera on the space station, which creates images from the data and streams them live back to the ground, where they are projected onto large screens.
Identification of gravity-transducers in skeletal muscle cells: Physiological relevance of tension fluctuations in plasma membrane (Cell Mechanosensing) is an investigation that identifies gravity sensors in skeletal muscle cells in order to develop countermeasures to muscle atrophy, a key space health issue. Scientists believe that the lack of mechanical stress from gravity causes tension fluctuations in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells, which changes the expression of key proteins and genes, and allows muscles to atrophy. Muscle cells from rats, and kidney cells from African clawed frogs are tagged with fluorescent gene markers, and attached to an extracellular matrix to study their performance under different tensions, simulating use on earth.
Identification of Sources of Disturbances During Disruption of Microgravity on the International Space Station (Identifikatsiya) measures accelerations and microaccelerations performed during dynamic operations: docking, undocking, orbital reboost, and other operations during which the International Space Station (ISS) structures are exposed to force loads. Telemetry analysis is used to determine dynamic characteristics and update the mathematical model of the ISS, taking into account changes to its configuration.
Publications
Anisimov AV, Likhoded AI. Computational reconstruction of actual docking force loads on the structure of the International Space Station based on processing readings from onboard accelerometers. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2007 49(4): 115-119.
The main question to be answered in the Identification of Space Environment-sensitive Gene and Investigation of the Sensing Mechanism Using Zebrafish (Zebrafish Muscle 2) experiment is whether atrophy of muscles in space also occurs in fish, and if so, why. Interesting gene expression changes were found in the results of the previous experiment: Zebrafish Muscle. Zebrafish Muscle 2 examines whether these gene expression changes are the response to microgravity or other factors, such as space radiation, using artificial 1G conditions on the International Space Station (ISS).
The dentifying the Genetic Features Determining Individual differences in the Resilience of Biological Objects to Long-term Spaceflight Factors Studies with the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster (Poligen) experiment studies the links between parameters of the capability of D. melanogaster populations to adapt to spaceflight and their genetic structure. At the present time, the causes of the individual sensitivity to genetic mutations and inducing factors during spaceflight have not been fully studied. The ability of an organism to withstand mutagenic factors depends on the features of its genotype, in particular the systems of genes controlling processes of DNA repair.
Publications
Ogneva IV, Belyakin SN, Sarantseva SV. The development of Drosophila melanogaster under different duration space flight and subsequent adaptation to Earth gravity. PLOS ONE. 2016 November 18; 11(11): e0166885. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166885.PMID: 27861601. | Impact Statement
Ogneva IV, Zhdankina YS, Kotov OV. Sperm of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster under space flight. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022 July 6; 23(14): 7498. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147498.PMID: 35886847. | Impact Statement
IHI-SAT is the 3U CubeSat designed, developed and launched by IHI Corporation with support of Tohoku University. IHI-SAT demonstrates advanced AIS (automatic identification system) receiving system. This new system improves a ship’s detection rate in a sea area where many other ships are under way. The satellite is launched to the International Space Station aboard the NG-17 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle, and deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-21 (J-SSOD-21) satellite deployment mission.
The Illusion activity aims to perform close-up magic tricks (illusions) specific for the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The mechanism of the illusion is explained on video, and used to introduce the solids mechanics and central nervous system (CNS) challenges in microgravity, as well as for a neuroscience research program conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) of France.
Image Reversal in Space (Iris) experiment is an educational experiment developed by students at the International Space University. This experiment will study the effects of microgravity on the way people perceive two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects. The experiment and its software was designed by a multidisciplinary group of students, giving them valuable experience as they prepare to launch their own careers in space.
Publications
Clement GR, Ngo-Anh JT. Space Physiology II: Adaptation of the Central Nervous System to Space Flight - Past, Current and Future Studies. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 Jul; 113(7): 1655-1672. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2509-3.
Clement GR, Demel M. Perceptual reversal of bi-stable figures in microgravity and hypergravity during parabolic flight. Neuroscience Letters. 2012 507(2): 143-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.006.
Clement GR, Skinner A, Richard G, Lathan CE. Geometric illusions in astronauts during long-duration spaceflight. NeuroReport. 2012 23(15): 894-899. DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283594705.PMID: 22955144. | Impact Statement
Merali T, Demel M, Thirsk RB, Clement GR. Image Reversal in Space. Student International Space Station Experiment. 60th International Astronautical Congress, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 2009 October 14; Per CSA.
Urbina D, Demel M, Kohl S, Merali T, Steinberg M, Thirsk RB, Clement GR. IRIS Experiment. Columbia Geomatics Week, Bogota, Columbia. 2009 October 29; Per CSA.
Merali T, Demel M, Steinberg M, Thirsk RB, Clement GR. Image Reversal in Space. Student International Space Station Education. Canadian Space Summit, Kingston, Canada. 2009 November 22; Per CSA.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-6 (J-SSOD-6) mission deploys the Imagine The Future-2 (ITF-2) CubeSat. ITF-2 is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-6.
Imaging of Lighting and Nighttime Electrical Phenomena from Space (ILAN-ES) [ILAN-ES (Ax-1)] seeks to collect images from space of lightning and Transient Luminous Events (TLE) during the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). These electrical phenomena above thunderstorms on Earth include blue jets, gigantic jets, elves, and red sprites. Combining observations from the International Space Station with a global network of ground-based cameras, researchers plan to calculate the energy of observed TLE, reconstruct their 3D structures, identify parent-lightning and electrical parameters, and track lightning activity and cloud illumination patterns from different ranges and angles. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
The International Space Station (ISS) provides an unparalleled perspective of how both natural and human forces shape planet Earth. IMAX Documentary Film (IMAX) aims to produce a three dimensional movie called A Beautiful Planet, which uses ISS-based video and images to illustrate these impacts for audiences of all ages. IMAX also showcases NASA’s exploration efforts, and highlights the ISS as a platform for scientific research and a stepping stone to deep space exploration.
The Immersive Exercise project focuses on the development of a virtual reality (VR) environment for biking sessions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The VR equipment is interfaced with the current bicycle exerciser aboard the ISS, Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation and Stabilization (CEVIS), located in the United States “Destiny” Laboratory Module.
The goal of the Immune Cell Activation investigation is to understand whether the microgravity environment has an effect on the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles in immune and melanoma cells. If the hypothesis that space conditions are ideal for the up-load of nanoparticles by T-cells is true, then from a cellular point of view a modification of gene expression, or a differential protein activity, must be present.
The Immuno-2 investigation provides a holistic approach to increase the knowledge of the complex physiological adaptation of humans during long-term space missions. Increasing the knowledge of immune response adaptation in space helps in the development of pharmacological tools to counter any unwanted immunological side effects during long-duration missions. This could also provide an insight into disease processes of humans on Earth with medical conditions involving comprised immune systems, in turn helping in the development of pharmacological tools to help in the recovery from such conditions.
Publications
Benjamin CL, Stowe RP, St. John L, Sams CF, Mehta SK, Crucian BE, Pierson DL, Komanduri KV. Decreases in thymopoiesis of astronauts returning from space flight. JCI Insight. 2016 August 4; 1(12): 8 pp. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88787.
Improving the Quality of Taspase1 Crystals by Microgravity (CASIS PCG 18) grows crystals of Taspase1 and Taspase 1 with complexes in microgravity. This enzyme may help in the development of a potent anticancer drug target, and growing crystals in space may provide the high-resolution structures of Taspase1. Understanding how this enzyme behaves in microgravity may be crucial to efforts to develop inhibitors that ultimately can be used to treat leukemia, HER2 positive drug resistant breast cancer, glioblastoma or other cancers.
Publications
Drago VN, Devos JM, Blakeley MP, Forsyth VT, Kovalevsky AY, Schall CA, Mueser TC. Microgravity crystallization of perdeuterated tryptophan synthase for neutron diffraction. npj Microgravity. 2022 May 4; 8(1): 13. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00199-3.PMID: 35508463. | Impact Statement
The In Situ Space Protein Crystal Growth (CASIS PCG 13) investigation seeks to enhance the way crystals are grown in a microgravity environment by allowing crew members to observe imperfections within a crystal and make real-time adjustments to follow-up experiments, rather than returning a sample to Earth and relaunching to try again. This dramatically reduces the time it takes to conduct an experiment aboard the space station and creates a timely, realistic and more cost-effective solution for prospective researchers.
Without gravity, gas bubbles form pores in a soldering joint can reduce its strength. In this experiment, astronauts solder different sets of materials (small wires wrapped with solder in different configurations) while taking video images. By looking at the soldering process and microscopically examining the different samples, it will be possible to determine better methods for soldering in space.
Publications
Pettegrew RD, Struk PM, Watson JK, Haylett DR. Experimental Methods in Reduced-Gravity Soldering Research. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2002 2002-211993 | Impact Statement
Limmaneevichitr C, Kou S. Experiments to Observe Marangoni Convection in Simulated Weld Pools and Its Effect on the Weld Pool Shape. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2001 2001-0057275
Megaridis CM, McNallan M, Wallace DB. Microgravity Investigation of Dynamic Oxygen Adsorption in Molten Solder Jetting Technology. NASA Technical Memorandum. 1999 1999-0040322
Grugel RN, Cotton LJ, Segre PN, Ogle JA, Funkhouser G, Parris F, Murphy L, Gillies D, Hua F, Anilkumar AV. The In-Space Soldering Investigation (ISSI): Melting and Solidification Experiments Aboard the International Space Station. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV. 2006 AIAA 2006-521 | Impact Statement
The Incidence of Latent Virus Shielding During Spaceflight (Latent Virus) study will support and expand information on latent viruses - or those inactive in the human system - that can reactivate in space flight, such as a cold sore. Latent virus reactivation may be an important threat to crew health during extended space missions, as crewmembers live and work in a closed environment. Potential applications of this research include the development of a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method for identifying crewmembers at increased risk of illness due to viral infections. New technology from this investigation benefits both NASA and commercial applications.
Publications
Pierson DL, Stowe RP, Phillips TM, Lugg DJ, Mehta SK. Epstein-Barr Virus Shedding by Astronauts During Space Flight. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2005 19(3): 235-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.08.001.PMID: 15797312. | Impact Statement
Mehta SK, Cohrs RJ, Forghani B, Zerbe G, Gilden DH. Stress-induced Subclinical Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus in Astronauts. Journal of Medical Virology. 2004 72174-179. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10555.
Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Mehta SK, Yetman DL, Leal MJ, Quiriarte HD, Pierson DL, Sams CF. Immune Status, Latent Viral Reactivation, and Stress During Long-Duration Head-Down Bed Rest. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2009 80(5): 37-44. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.BR05.2009.
Mehta SK, Stowe RP, Feiveson AH, Tyring SK, Pierson DL. Reactivation and shedding of cytomegalovirus in astronauts during space flight. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 182(6): 1761-1764. DOI: 10.1086/317624.
Stowe RP, Sams CF, Pierson DL. Effects of Mission Duration on Neuroimmune Responses in Astronauts. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2003 December; 74(12): 1281-1284.
Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Cooley H, Dubow R, Lugg DJ. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation associated with diminished cell-mediated immunity in antarctic expeditioners. Journal of Medical Virology. 2000 June; 61(2): 235-240. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(200006)61:2<235::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-4.
Payne DA, Mehta SK, Tyring SK, Stowe RP, Pierson DL. Incidence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Astronaut Saliva During Space Flight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1999 December; 70(12): 1211-1213. PMID: 10596777.
Mehta SK, Laudenslager ML, Stowe RP, Crucian BE, Sams CF, Pierson DL. Multiple latent viruses reactivate in astronauts during Space Shuttle missions. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2014 June 1; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.014.PMID: 24886968.
Harding RE, Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Pierson DL, Mehta SK. Methods for the Diagnosis of Varicella Zoster Virus Infection. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 October 27; 20110262895
Mehta SK, Laudenslager ML, Stowe RP, Crucian BE, Feiveson AH, Sams CF, Pierson DL. Latent virus reactivation in astronauts on the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2017 April 12; 3(1): 11. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0015-y.PMID: 28649633. | Impact Statement
Birlea M, Cohrs RJ, Bos N, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Gilden DH. Search for varicella zoster virus DNA in saliva of healthy individuals aged 20-59 years. Journal of Medical Virology. 2014 February; 86(2): 360-362. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23834.
Mehta SK, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Tyring SK, Tong Y, Beitman A, Crucian BE, Renner AN, Pierson DL. Localization of VZV in saliva of zoster patients. Journal of Medical Virology. 2017 April; epubDOI: 10.1002/jmv.24807.
Pierson DL, Mehta SK, Gilden DH, Cohrs RJ, Nagel MA, Schmid DS, Tyring SK. Varicella zoster virus DNA at inoculation sites and in saliva after Zostavax immunization. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011 June 1; 203(11): 1542-1545. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir139.
Rooney BV, Crucian BE, Pierson DL, Laudenslager ML, Mehta SK. Herpes virus reactivation in astronauts during spaceflight and its application on Earth. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019 February 7; 1016. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00016.PMID: 30792698. | Impact Statement
Mehta SK, Szpara ML, Rooney BV, Diak DM, Shipley MM, Renner DW, Krieger SS, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Crucian BE. Dermatitis during spaceflight associated with HSV-1 reactivation. Viruses. 2022 April 11; 14(4): 789. DOI: 10.3390/v14040789.PMID: 35458519. | Impact Statement
Individualized Real-Time Neurocognitive Assessment Toolkit for Space Flight Fatigue (Cognition) is a battery of tests that measure how spaceflight-related physical changes, such as microgravity and lack of sleep, can affect cognitive performance. Cognition includes ten brief computerized tests that cover a wide range of cognitive functions, and provides immediate feedback on current and past test results. The software allows for real-time measurement of cognitive performance while in space.
Publications
Casario K, Howard K, Cordoza M, Hermosillo E, Ibrahim L, Larson O, Nasrini J, Basner M. Acceptability of the Cognition Test Battery in astronaut and astronaut-surrogate populations. Acta Astronautica. 2022 January 1; 19014-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.09.035.PMID: 34803193. | Impact Statement
Basner M, Hermosillo E, Nasrini J, Saxena S, Dinges DF, Moore TM, Gur RC. Cognition test battery: Adjusting for practice and stimulus set effects for varying administration intervals in high performing individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2020 May 27; 42(5): 516-529. DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1773765.PMID: 32539487. | Impact Statement
Basner M, Moore TM, Nasrini J, Gur RC, Dinges DF. Response speed measurements on the psychomotor vigilance test: how precise is precise enough?. Sleep. 2021 January 1; 44(1): zsaa121. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa121.
Basner M, Moore TM, Hermosillo E, Nasrini J, Dinges DF, Gur RC, Johannes B. Cognition test battery performance is associated with simulated 6df spacecraft docking performance. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2020 November 1; 91(11): 861-867. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5602.2020. | Impact Statement
Basner M, Stahn AC, Nasrini J, Dinges DF, Moore TM, Gur RC, Muhl C, Macias BR, Laurie SS. Effects of head-down tilt bed rest plus elevated CO2 on cognitive performance. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2021 April 1; 130(4): 1235-1246. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00865.2020. | Impact Statement
Lee G, Moore TM, Basner M, Nasrini J, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Port AM, Dinges DF, Gur RC. Age, sex, and repeated measures effects on NASA’s “Cognition” test battery in STEM educated adults. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2020 January 1; 91(1): 18-25. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5485.2020. | Impact Statement
Moore TM, Basner M, Nasrini J, Hermosillo E, Kabadi S, Roalf DR, McGuire S, Ecker AJ, Ruparel K, Port AM, Jackson CT, Dinges DF, Gur RC. Validation of the Cognition test battery for spaceflight in a sample of highly educated adults. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2017 October 1; 88(10): 937-946. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4801.2017. | Impact Statement
Nasrini J, Hermosillo E, Dinges DF, Moore TM, Gur RC, Basner M. Cognitive performance during confinement and sleep restriction in NASA’s Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA). Frontiers in Physiology. 2020 April 28; 11(394): 13pp. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00394. | Impact Statement
Basner M, Nasrini J, Hermosillo E, McGuire S, Dinges DF, Moore TM, Gur RC, Rittweger J, Mulder E, Wittkowski M, Donoviel DB, Stevens B, Bershad E. Effects of −12° head-down tilt with and without elevated levels of CO2 on cognitive performance: the SPACECOT study. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 March 1; 124(3): 750-760. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2017. | Impact Statement
Basner M, Savitt A, Moore TM, Port AM, McGuire S, Ecker AJ, Nasrini J, Mollicone D, Mott CM, McCann T, Dinges DF, Gur RC. Development and validation of the Cognition test battery for spaceflight. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 November 1; 86(11): 942-952. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4343.2015. | Impact Statement
Scully RR, Basner M, Nasrini J, Lam C, Hermosillo E, Gur RC, Moore TM, Alexander DJ, Satish U, Ryder VE. Effects of acute exposures to carbon dioxide on decision making and cognition in astronaut-like subjects. npj Microgravity. 2019 December; 5(1): 17. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0071-6. | Impact Statement
Basner M, Hermosillo E, Nasrini J, McGuire S, Saxena S, Moore TM, Gur RC, Dinges DF. Repeated administration effects on Psychomotor Vigilance Test performance. Sleep. 2018 January; 41(1): zsx187. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx187.
The Industrial Crystallization Facility (ICF) demonstrates a unique method to grow crystals in space that is not possible on Earth. The technology uses a small module filled with liquid solution to grow crystals large enough for commercial use on Earth, including in scientific research and development of new materials.
Inertial Spreading and Imbibition of a Liquid Drop through a Porous Surface (Inertial Spreading) observes a drop of water spreading over and through a sponge-like metal object. When water touches a sponge-like material such as dry soil, it penetrates microscopic holes too small to see; widening these holes makes the water disappear too quickly. Microgravity slows down this process, allowing use of larger holes for more detailed observations to create a benchmark for computer simulations.
Inertial Spreading with Vibration and Water Coalescence (Drop Vibration) examines the behavior of big liquid drops whose perimeter of contact, called the contact line, moves rapidly as the drops change shape either forced by vibration or freely by merger. These motions, fast and small on Earth, become slower and larger in microgravity and so can be more closely observed. Such observations improve the currently limited understanding of contact lines, important in applications such as self-cleaning surfaces, water harvesting devices, anti-frost coatings and the fabrication of semiconductors.
Publications
Xia JY, Steen PH. Dissipation of oscillatory contact lines using resonant mode scanning. npj Microgravity. 2020 January 21; 6(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0093-0.PMID: 31993504. | Impact Statement
Crew members on the International Space Station need to exercise regularly to maintain their health. Because it provides resistance (weight) training, the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) is a critical component of the crew's exercise program, but it lacks reliable instrumentation for measuring exercise loads. Force Shoes (now complete) evaluates a new shoe system (no longer on-orbit) that can measure exercise loads on the ARED, providing important data for current and future human research experiments in space.
Content Pending
The Influence of Factors of the Space Environment on the Condition of the System of Microorganisms-Hosts Relating to the Problem of Environmental Safety of Flight Techniques and Planetary Quarantine (Biorisk) investigation aims to obtain new data on physical and genetic changes in bacteria and fungi typically found on spacecraft equipment, and also in various biological test objects (higher plant seeds, dormant forms of lower crustaceans) under exposure in the interior ISS compartments and on the exterior ISS surfaces.
Publications
Sobisch L, Rogowski KM, Fuchs J, Schmieder W, Vaishampayan A, Oles P, Novikova ND, Grohmann E. Biofilm Forming Antibiotic Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens Isolated From Surfaces on the International Space Station. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019 19 March; 10(543): 1-16. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00543. | Impact Statement
Baranov VM, Novikova ND, Polikarpov NA, Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Alekseev VR, Okuda T, Sugimoto T, Gusev OA, Grigoriev AI. The Biorisk Experiment: 13-month Exposure of Resting Forms of Organism on the Outer Side of the Russian Segment of the International Space Station: Preliminary Results. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2009 Jun; 426(1): 267-270. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496609030223.PMID: 19650335. | Impact Statement
Novikova ND, Gusev OA, Polikarpov NA, Deshevaya EA, Levinskikh MA, Alekseev VR, Okuda T, Sugimoto M, Sychev VN, Grigoriev AI. Survival of Dormant Organisms After Long-term Exposure to the Space Environment. Acta Astronautica. 2011 68(9-10): 1574–1580. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.019. | Impact Statement
Sugimoto M, Ishii M, Mori IC, Shagimardanova EI, Gusev OA, Kihara M, Hoki T, Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Novikova ND, Grigoriev AI. Viability of Barley Seeds After Long-term Exposure to Outer Side of International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2011 481155-1160. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.05.017. | Impact Statement
Baranov VM, Polikarpov NA, Novikova ND, Deshevaya EA, Poddubko SV, Svistunova IV, Tsetlin VV. Main results of the Biorisk experiment on the International Space Station. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2006 May-Jun; 40(3): 3-9. PMID: 17193961. Russian. | Impact Statement
Bartlett JD, Scicchitano DA, Robison SH. Two expressed human genes sustain slightly more DNA damage after alkylating agent treatment than an inactive gene. Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research. 1991 Nov; 255(3): 247-256. PMID: 1719396.
Reidt U, Helwig A, Plobner L, Lugmayr V, Treutlein U, Kharin S, Smirnov Y, Novikova ND, Lenic J, Fetter V, Hummel T. Study of initial colonization by environmental microorganisms in the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS). Gravitational and Space Research. 2014 2(2): 46-57. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2014-0012. | Impact Statement
The Influence of Factors of the Space Environment on the Condition of the System of Microorganisms-Hosts Relating to the Problem of Environmental Safety of Flight Techniques and Planetary Quarantine (Biorisk) investigation aims to obtain new data on physical and genetic changes in bacteria and fungi typically found on spacecraft equipment, and also in various biological test objects (higher plant seeds, dormant forms of lower crustaceans) under exposure in the interior ISS compartments and on the exterior ISS surfaces.
Publications
Sugimoto M, Oono Y, Kawahara Y, Gusev OA, Maekawa M, Matsumoto T, Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Novikova ND, Grigoriev AI. Gene expression of rice seeds surviving 13- and 20-month exposure to space environment. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2016 November; 1110-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.10.001.PMID: 27993188. | Impact Statement
Sychev VN, Novikova ND, Poddubko SV, Deshevaya EA, Orlov OI. The biological threat: The threat of planetary quarantine failure as a result of outer space exploration by humans. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2020 January; 490(1): 28-30. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496620010093.PMID: 32342323. Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Nauki o Zhizni, 2020, Vol. 490, pp. 105–108.. | Impact Statement
Alekseev VR, Levinskikh MA, Novikova ND, Sychev VN. Studying Dormancy in Space Conditions. Dormancy in Aquatic Organisms. Theory, Human Use and Modeling. 2019 97-119. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21213-1_6. | Impact Statement
Alekseev VR. Study of the biological dormancy of aquatic organisms in open space and space flight conditions. Biology Bulletin. 2021 November 1; 48(6): 641-661. DOI: 10.1134/S1062359021060030.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 2021, No. 6, pp. 565–587. | Impact Statement
The Influence of Factors of the Space Environment on the Condition of the System of Microorganisms-Hosts Relating to the Problem of Environmental Safety of Flight Techniques and Planetary Quarantine (Biorisk) investigation aims to obtain new data on physical and genetic changes in bacteria and fungi typically found on spacecraft equipment, and also in various biological test objects (higher plant seeds, dormant forms of lower crustaceans) under exposure in the interior ISS compartments and on the exterior ISS surfaces.
Publications
Sychev VN, Novikova ND, Poddubko SV, Deshevaya EA, Orlov OI. The biological threat: The threat of planetary quarantine failure as a result of outer space exploration by humans. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2020 January; 490(1): 28-30. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496620010093.PMID: 32342323. Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Nauki o Zhizni, 2020, Vol. 490, pp. 105–108.. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
The stressful environment of space causes changes to all forms of life, from bacteria and fungi, to animals and people. The Influence of microgravity on the production of Aspergillus secondary metabolites (IMPAS) – a novel drug discovery approach with potential benefits to astronauts’ health (Micro-10) investigation studies how the stress of microgravity triggers changes in growth, gene expression, physical responses, and metabolism of a fungus called Aspergillus nidulans (A. nidulans), an important biomedical research species. Results provide new data on how spaceflight affects fungi, including whether the fungi can be induced to make new molecular compounds that could be used for development of new drugs.
Inhibition Efficiency of Lactobacillus Bacteria on Candida albicans Growth (Candida albicans Growth Inhibition) analyzes the effectiveness of controlling yeast growth in the space environment with Lactobacillus probiotics. The Candida albicans yeast is known to be responsible for a variety of systemic and superficial infections in those with weakened immune systems, a problem associated with spaceflight. Lactobacillus bacteria are currently the most effective means of controlling Candida growth.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
Various microorganisms – bacteria and microscopic fungi – unavoidably colonize all places created by humans; spacecraft and orbiting stations are no exception. Many of these microorganisms are capable of causing biological damage to different structural materials. Because of this, the goal of the experiment is to monitor the composition of microscopic fungi and bacteria within the ISS Russian Segment. Experiment tasks include studying the initial stages of the colonization of surfaces, isolating and determining the composition of microorganisms, identifying destroyer microorganisms, and developing effective ways to suppress their activity. The experiment is planned for the entire period of operation of the ISS at a sample collection frequency of twice per year.
In-Orbit Demonstration-1 Global Environmental Monitoring Satellite (IOD-1 GEMS) demonstrates a commercial microwave weather observation satellite service developed by Orbital Micro Systems. This technology could provide more accurate and timely weather data and help reduce the cost of weather observation infrastructure. The investigation is part of Satellite Applications Catapult’s In-Orbit Demonstration Programme, funded by InnovateUK, a national agency funding science and research in the United Kingdom.
The In-situ Observation of Growth Mechanisms of Protein Crystals and their Perfection under Microgravity (NanoStep) investigation aims to clarify the relationship between crystal growth mechanism, surface morphology, and the perfection of crystals. Crystallization of proteins in microgravity yields crystals with better perfection than crystallization on Earth. The reason for this phenomenon has not been explained from a viewpoint of crystal growth mechanism.
Publications
Yoshizaki I, Tsukamoto K, Yamazaki T, Murayama K, Oshi K, Fukuyama S, Shimaoka T, Suzuki Y, Tachibana M. Growth rate measurements of lysozyme crystals under microgravity conditions by laser interferometry. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2013 84(10): 103707. DOI: 10.1063/1.4826090.PMID: 24182119. | Impact Statement
Yamazaki T, Tsukamoto K, Yoshizaki I, Fukuyama S, Miura H, Shimaoka T, Maki T, Oshi K, Kimura Y. Development of compartment for studies on the growth of protein crystals in space. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2016 March 1; 87(3): 033107. DOI: 10.1063/1.4942961. | Impact Statement
Fujiwara T, Suzuki Y, Yoshizaki I, Tsukamoto K, Murayama K, Fukuyama S, Hosokawa K, Oshi K, Ito D, Yamazaki T, Tachibana M, Miura H. Correction of the equilibrium temperature caused by slight evaporation of water in protein crystal growth cells during long-term space experiments at International Space Station. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2015 August; 86(8): 083704. DOI: 10.1063/1.4928491. | Impact Statement
Suzuki Y, Tsukamoto K, Yoshizaki I, Miura H, Fujiwara T. First direct observation of impurity effects on the growth rate of tetragonal lysozyme crystals under microgravity as measured by interferometry. Crystal Growth and Design. 2015 August 31; 15(10): 4787-4794. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b00456. | Impact Statement
Integrated Assessment of Long-term Cosmic Radiation Through Biological Responses of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori, in Space (RadSilk) examines the effects of radiation exposure in microgravity on silkworms.
Publications
Yang Y, Tang L, Tong L, Liu H. Silkworms culture as a source of protein for humans in space. Advances in Space Research. 2009 Apr; 43(8): 1236-1242. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2008.12.009.
Furusawa T, Nojima K, Ichida M, Nagaoka S, Sugimura Y, Suzuki E, Sumida M, Suzuki HH, Simazu T, Omori K, Ishioka N, Fujii H, Nagaoka S. Introduction to the proposed space experiments aboard the ISS using the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(2): 61-69. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.61.
Furusawa T, Fukamoto K, Sakashita T, Suzuki E, Kakizaki T, Hamada N, Funayama T, Suzuki HH, Ishioka N, Wada S, Kobayashi Y, Nagaoka S. Targeted heavy-ion microbeam irradiation of the embryo but not yolk in the diapause-terminated egg of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, induces the somatic mutation. Journal of Radiation Research. 2009 50(4): 371-375. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09021.
The Integrated Research on Low-Frequency Acoustic and Electromagnetic Fields in the ISS Habitation Compartments (Infrazvuk-M) investigation develops and tests the tools and methods of creating a real-time system for monitoring the spatial-temporal structure and energy spectral parameters of low-frequency physical background fields in the International Space Station (ISS) Service Module (SM) habitation compartments.
The Integrated Resistance and Aerobic Training Study (Sprint) evaluates the use of high intensity, low volume exercise training to minimize loss of muscle, bone, and cardiovascular function in International Space Station (ISS) crew members during long-duration missions. Data collection for this investigation is now complete.
Publications
Scott JP, Weber T, Green DA. Introduction to the Frontiers Research Topic: Optimisation of Exercise Countermeasures for Human Space Flight – Lessons from Terrestrial Physiology and Operational Considerations. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019 10173. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00173.PMID: 30899226. | Impact Statement
Ploutz-Snyder LL, Downs ME, Goetchius EL, Crowell B, English KL, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Ryder JW, Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Scott JM. Exercise training mitigates multisystem deconditioning during bed rest. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2018 September; 50(9): 1920-1928. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001618.PMID: 29924746. | Impact Statement
English KL, Downs ME, Goetchius EL, Buxton RE, Ryder JW, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Guilliams ME, Scott JM, Ploutz-Snyder LL. High intensity training during spaceflight: results from the NASA Sprint Study. npj Microgravity. 2020 August 18; 6(1): 21. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00111-x.PMID: 32864428. | Impact Statement
Scott JM, Downs ME, Martin DS, Hougland EA, Sarmiento L, Arzeno NM, Pettit DR, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Cunningham D, Jones LW, Do R, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Teleguided self-ultrasound scanning for longitudinal monitoring of muscle mass during spaceflight. iScience. 2021 April 23; 24(4): 102344. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102344. | Impact Statement
Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna (ISARA) prepares a new hybrid antenna and power system for space applications by demonstrating its use in CubeSat-based environmental monitoring. Advances in material science and electrical engineering have made possible a flexible solar panel that can send and receive messages. ISARA tests the performance of these new solar antennas in collecting instrumental data aboard a CubeSat deployed from the International Space Station and monitored by ground-based engineering crews.
The Integrated System for Autonomous and Adaptive Caretaking (ISAAC) project demonstrates using autonomous robots in human exploration vehicles to track vehicle health, transfer and unpack cargo, and respond to critical faults such as leaks and fires. ISAAC uses the space station’s Astrobee and Robonaut robots for the demonstration. This technology could be used on vehicles and habitats on future exploration missions to the Moon and Mars to maintain vehicles while astronauts are away for extended periods.
The Intelligent Space System Interface Flight Qualification Experiment (iSSIFQE) demonstrates the ability of a standardized robotic connector, the iSSI, to transfer significant amounts of power, data, and thermal energy in space over an extended period of time. The iSSI units serve as a connector between two entities, both fixed-to-mobile and mobile-to-mobile, including robotic arms, satellites, and assets on the surface of the Moon. Standardization lowers the cost and increases the reusability and lifetime of space systems.
Nip (Interacting Protein Clusters) will acquire images of the bioluminescent interaction of atomized clouds of two proteins, luciferin and luciferase plus ATP.
Content Pending
Publications
Rykova MP, Gertsik YG, Antropova EN, Buravkova LB. Serum levels of immunoglobulins, allergen-specific IgE antibodies, and interleukin-4 in cosmonauts before and after short flights on the International Space Station. Human Physiology. 2006 32(4): 457-460. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119706040128.
Buravkova LB, Grigorieva OV, Rykova MP. The effect of microgravity on the in vitro NK cell function during six International Space Station Missions. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 145-147. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919470.
The JAXA Interfacial behaviors and Heat transfer characteristics in Boiling Two-Phase Flow (Two-Phase Flow) experiment investigates the heat transfer characteristics of flow boiling in the microgravity environment. This experiment provides a fundamental understanding of the behaviors of bubble formation, liquid-vapor flow in a tube, and how heat transfers in cooling systems. Two-phase flow employs a sample cooling loop using perfluorohexane, often used in coolant for electronics, to establish flow rate, heating power, and other effects on different conditions.
Publications
Huang S, Kawanami O, Kawakami K, Honda I, Kawashima Y, Ohta H. Boiling Heat Transfer Experiments by using Transparent Heated Microtube. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Space Technology Japan. 2009 7(ists6): Ph_55-Ph_60. DOI: 10.2322/tstj.7.Ph_55.
Baba S, Sakai T, Sawada K, Kubota C, Wada Y, Shinmoto Y, Ohta H, Asano H, Kawanami O, Suzuki K, Imai R, Kawasaki H, Fujii K, Takayanagi M, Yoda S. Proposal of experimental setup on boiling two-phase flow on-orbit experiments onboard Japanese experiment module 'KIBO'. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327012055. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012055. | Impact Statement
Fujii K, Komasaki M, Kurimoto T, Kawasaki H, Sawada K, Suzuki K, Asano H, Kawanami O, Imai R, Shinmoto Y, Ohta H. Recent Progress in JAXA Project of Boiling Two-Phase Flow Experiment onboard ISS. Journal of Physical Science and Application. 2012 2(4): 71-79.
Di Marco P, Kim J, Ohta H. Boiling Heat Transfer in Reduced Gravity Environments. Advances in Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer. 2009 153-92. DOI: 10.2174/978160805080210901010053.
Inoue K, Ohta H, Toyoshima Y, Asano H, Kawanami O, Imai R, Suzuki K, Shinmoto Y, Matsumoto S. Heat loss analysis of flow boiling experiments onboard International Space Station with unclear thermal environmental conditions (1st Report: Subcooled liquid flow conditions at test section inlet). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2021 March 27; 33(2): 28. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-021-09869-5. | Impact Statement
Gomyo T, Asano H, Ohta H, Shinmoto Y, Kawanami O, Suzuki K, Imai R, Oka T, Tomobe T, Ususku K, Shimada M, Takayanagi M, Matsumoto S, Kurimoto T, Takaoka H, Sakamoto M, Okamoto A, Sawada K, Kawasaki H, Fujii K, Kogure K. Development of Boiling and Two-Phase Flow Experiments on Board ISS (Void Fraction Characteristics in the Observation Section just at the Downstream of the Heating Section). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 33(1): 330104. DOI: 10.15011/ijmsa.33.330104.
Hirokawa T, Yamamoto D, Yamamoto D, Shinmoto Y, Ohta H, Asano H, Kawanami O, Suzuki K, Imai R, Takayanagi M, Matsumoto S, Kurimoto T, Takaoka H, Sakamoto M, Sawada K, Kawasaki H, Fujii K, Okamoto A, Kogure K, Oka T, Tomobe T, Ususku K. Development of Boiling and Two-Phase Flow Experiments on board ISS (Investigation on Performance of Ground Model). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 33(1): 330105. DOI: 10.15011/ijmsa.33.330105.
Imai R, Suzuki K, Kawasaki H, Ohta H, Shinmoto Y, Asano H, Kawanami O, Fujii K, Matsumoto S, Kurimoto T, Takaoka H, Sakamoto M, Ususku K, Sawada K. Development of Boiling and Two-Phase Flow Experiments on Board ISS (Condensation Section). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 33(1): 330103. DOI: 10.15011/ijmsa.33.330103.
Ohta H, Asano H, Kawanami O, Suzuki K, Imai R, Shinmoto Y, Matsumoto S, Kurimoto T, Takaoka H, Fujii K, Sakamoto M, Sawada K, Kawasaki H, Okamoto A, Kogure K, Oka T, Ususku K, Tomobe T, Takayanagi M. Development of Boiling and Two-phase Flow Experiments on Board ISS (Research Objectives and Concept of Experimental Setup). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 33(1): 330102. DOI: 10.15011/ijmsa.33.330102.
Okubo M, Kawanami O, Nakamoto K, Asano H, Ohta H, Shinmoto Y, Suzuki K, Imai R, Matsumoto S, Kurimoto T, Sakamoto M, Takaoka H, Sawada K, Okamoto A, Kawasaki H, Takayanagi M, Fujii K. Development of Boiling and Two-phase Flow Experiments on Board ISS ( Temperature Data Derivation and Image Analysis of a Transparent Heated Short Tube in the Glass Heated Section ). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 33(1): 330107. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.33.330107.
Sawada K, Kurimoto T, Okamoto A, Matsumoto S, Takaoka H, Kawasaki H, Takayanagi M, Shinmoto Y, Asano H, Kawanami O, Suzuki K, Imai R, Ohta H. Development of Boiling and Two-phase Flow Experiments on Board ISS (Dissolved Air Effects on Subcooled Flow Boiling Characteristics). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 33(1): 330106. DOI: 10.15011/ijmsa.33.330106.
The International Space Station’s Ring Sheared Drop module is a containerless liquid system that makes it possible to study protein solutions without the effects of interactions with solid walls. Interfacial Bioprocessing of Pharmaceuticals via the Ring Sheared Drop Module Aboard the ISS (Ring Sheared Drop-IBP) studies the behavior of high-concentration protein fluids and tests computer models for predicting that behavior. More accurate models could enable production of next-generation medicines for treating cancers and other diseases.
Reducing inclusion caused by entrapment of slag, yields an improvement of the steel-making and welding processes, but this requires clarification of the interfacial phenomena between molten steel and the oxide melts. It is also important to obtain accurate thermophysical properties, and the calculation methods of interfacial tension for improving the reliability of computer models that simulate liquid mixing. The Interfacial phenomena and thermophysical properties of high-temperature liquids-Fundamental research of steel processing using electrostatic levitation (Interfacial Energy) investigation uses the microgravity environment, and containerless processing technology on board the International Space Station (ISS), to study the interface between molten iron and slag, contributes to materials science and industrial applications of the control process for liquid mixing.
Publications
Shoji E, Takahashi R, Ito N, Kubo M, Watanabe M. Numerical evaluation for measurement conditions of interfacial tension between molten slag and molten iron by oscillating drop technique in ISS. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 36(2): 360207. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.36.2.360207.Japanese.
International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment - First - Aging (ICE-First-Aging) performs an analysis of the aging related protein aggregation and the effects of aging in muscle cells. C. elegans (nematode worms) are relatively simple organisms that are used as a model for a wide variety of biological processes. The ICE-First investigation is a collaborative effort conducted by scientists from several countries which have the opportunity to work as a team to design related experiments that would produce valuable results for scientists across multiple disciplines.
Publications
Honda Y, Honda S, Narici M, Szewczyk NJ. Spaceflight and Ageing: Reflecting on Caenorhabditis elegans in Space. Gerontology. 2014 60(2): 138-142. DOI: 10.1159/000354772.PMID: 24217152.
Honda Y, Higashibata A, Matsunaga Y, Yonezawa Y, Kawano T, Higashitani A, Kuriyama K, Shimazu T, Tanaka M, Szewczyk NJ, Ishioka N, Honda S. Genes down-regulated in spaceflight are involved in the control of longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Scientific Reports. 2012 July 5; 1(487): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1038/srep00487.PMID: 22768380.
Higashibata A, Higashitani A, Adachi R, Kagawa H, Honda S, Honda Y, Higashitani N, Sasagawa-Saito Y, Miyazawa Y, Szewczyk NJ, Conley CA, Fujimoto N, Fukui K, Shimazu T, Kuriyama K, Ishioka N. Biochemical and Molecular Biological Analyses of space-flown nematodes in Japan, the First International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment (ICE-First). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 159-163. PMID: 19513185.
Zhao Y, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Rose A. Worms in Space? A Model Biological Dosimeter. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 11-16. | Impact Statement
Szewczyk NJ, Tillman J, Conley CA, Granger L, Segalat L, Higashibata A, Honda S, Honda Y, Kagawa H, Adachi R, Higashitani A, Fujimoto N, Kuriyama K, Ishioka N, Fukui K, Baillie D, Rose A, Gasset G, Eche B, Chaput D, Viso M. Description of International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment first flight (ICE-First). Advances in Space Research. 2008 42(6): 1072 -1079. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2008.03.017. | Impact Statement
Willis CR, Szewczyk NJ, Costes SV, Udranszky IA, Reinsch SS, Etheridge T, Conley CA. Comparative transcriptomics identifies neuronal and metabolic adaptations to hypergravity and microgravity in Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience. 2020 November 25; epub101734. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101734. | Impact Statement
International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Apoptosis (ICE-First-Apoptosis) studies the germ line development including meiotic (process of cell division that produces reproductive cells) chromosomal dynamics and germ cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) under microgravity conditions. The ICE-First investigation is a collaborative effort conducted by scientists from several countries which have the opportunity to work as a team to design related experiments that would produce valuable results for scientists across multiple disciplines.
Publications
Adenle AA, Johnsen RC, Szewczyk NJ. Review of the Results from the International C. Elegans First Experiment (ICE-FIRST). Advances in Space Research. 2009 44(2): 210-216. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.04.008.PMID: PMC2719817. | Impact Statement
Higashibata A, Higashitani A, Adachi R, Kagawa H, Honda S, Honda Y, Higashitani N, Sasagawa-Saito Y, Miyazawa Y, Szewczyk NJ, Conley CA, Fujimoto N, Fukui K, Shimazu T, Kuriyama K, Ishioka N. Biochemical and Molecular Biological Analyses of space-flown nematodes in Japan, the First International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment (ICE-First). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 159-163. PMID: 19513185.
Zhao Y, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Rose A. Worms in Space? A Model Biological Dosimeter. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 11-16. | Impact Statement
Szewczyk NJ, Tillman J, Conley CA, Granger L, Segalat L, Higashibata A, Honda S, Honda Y, Kagawa H, Adachi R, Higashitani A, Fujimoto N, Kuriyama K, Ishioka N, Fukui K, Baillie D, Rose A, Gasset G, Eche B, Chaput D, Viso M. Description of International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment first flight (ICE-First). Advances in Space Research. 2008 42(6): 1072 -1079. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2008.03.017. | Impact Statement
Higashitani A, Higashibata A, Sasagawa-Saito Y, Sugimoto T, Miyazawa Y, Szewczyk NJ, Viso M, Gasset G, Eche B, Fukui K, Shimazu T, Fujimoto N, Kuriyama K, Ishioka N. Checkpoint and physiological apoptosis in germ cells proceeds normally in spaceflown Caenorhabditis elegans. Apoptosis. 2005 10(5): 949-954. DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-1323-3.
Willis CR, Szewczyk NJ, Costes SV, Udranszky IA, Reinsch SS, Etheridge T, Conley CA. Comparative transcriptomics identifies neuronal and metabolic adaptations to hypergravity and microgravity in Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience. 2020 November 25; epub101734. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101734. | Impact Statement
International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Cells (ICE-First-Cells) studies the effect of space flight on cell migration and muscle cells in C. elegans development. C. elegans (nematode worms) are relatively simple organisms that are used as a model for a wide variety of biological processes. The ICE-First investigation is a collaborative effort conducted by scientists from several countries which have the opportunity to work as a team to design related experiments that would produce valuable results for scientists across multiple disciplines.
Publications
Higashibata A, Szewczyk NJ, Conley CA, Imamizo-Sato M, Higashitani A, Ishioka N. Decreased expression of myogenic transcription factors and myosin heavy chains in Caenorhabditis elegans muscles developed during spaceflight. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2006 209(16): 3209-3218. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02365.PMID: 16888068.
Higashibata A, Higashitani A, Adachi R, Kagawa H, Honda S, Honda Y, Higashitani N, Sasagawa-Saito Y, Miyazawa Y, Szewczyk NJ, Conley CA, Fujimoto N, Fukui K, Shimazu T, Kuriyama K, Ishioka N. Biochemical and Molecular Biological Analyses of space-flown nematodes in Japan, the First International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment (ICE-First). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 159-163. PMID: 19513185.
Adachi R, Takaya T, Kuriyama K, Higashibata A, Ishioka N, Kagawa H. Spaceflight Results in Increase of Thick Filament but Not Thin Filament Proteins in the Paramyosin Mutant of Caenorhabditis Elegans. Advances in Space Research. 2008 41(5): 816-823. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.10.016.
Zhao Y, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Rose A. Worms in Space? A Model Biological Dosimeter. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 11-16. | Impact Statement
Szewczyk NJ, Tillman J, Conley CA, Granger L, Segalat L, Higashibata A, Honda S, Honda Y, Kagawa H, Adachi R, Higashitani A, Fujimoto N, Kuriyama K, Ishioka N, Fukui K, Baillie D, Rose A, Gasset G, Eche B, Chaput D, Viso M. Description of International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment first flight (ICE-First). Advances in Space Research. 2008 42(6): 1072 -1079. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2008.03.017. | Impact Statement
Willis CR, Szewczyk NJ, Costes SV, Udranszky IA, Reinsch SS, Etheridge T, Conley CA. Comparative transcriptomics identifies neuronal and metabolic adaptations to hypergravity and microgravity in Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience. 2020 November 25; epub101734. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101734. | Impact Statement
International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Development (ICE-First-Development) studies the morphometry (measurements) of larval (immature) C. elegans development during space flight. C. elegans (nematode worms) are relatively simple organisms that are used as a model for a wide variety of biological processes. The ICE-First investigation is a collaborative effort conducted by scientists from several countries which have the opportunity to work as a team to design related experiments that would produce valuable results for scientists across multiple disciplines.
Publications
Zhao Y, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Rose A. Worms in Space? A Model Biological Dosimeter. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 11-16. | Impact Statement
International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Genomics (ICE-First-Genomics) investigates the whole-genome microarray analysis of responses to spaceflight in C. elegans. C. elegans (nematode worms) are relatively simple organisms that are used as a model for a wide variety of biological processes. The ICE-First investigation is a collaborative effort conducted by scientists from several countries which have the opportunity to work as a team to design related experiments that would produce valuable results for scientists across multiple disciplines.
Publications
Zhao Y, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Rose A. Worms in Space? A Model Biological Dosimeter. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 11-16. | Impact Statement
Leandro LJ, Szewczyk NJ, Benguria A, Herranz R, Lavan DA, Medina F, Gasset G, van Loon JJ, Conley CA, Marco R. Comparative analysis of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans gene expression experiments in the European Soyuz flights to the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2007 40506-512. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.070. | Impact Statement
Selch F, Higashibata A, Imamizo-Sato M, Higashitani A, Ishioka N, Szewczyk NJ, Conley CA. Genomic response of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to spaceflight. Advances in Space Research. 2008 January; 41(5): 807-815. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.11.015.PMID: 18392117. | Impact Statement
Willis CR, Szewczyk NJ, Costes SV, Udranszky IA, Reinsch SS, Etheridge T, Conley CA. Comparative transcriptomics identifies neuronal and metabolic adaptations to hypergravity and microgravity in Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience. 2020 November 25; epub101734. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101734. | Impact Statement
International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Muscle Proteins (ICE-First-Muscle Proteins) studies the correlation between proteins, muscle growth and endurance in relation to a microgravity environment. C. elegans (nematode worms) are relatively simple organisms that are used as a model for a wide variety of biological processes. The ICE-First investigation is a collaborative effort conducted by scientists from several countries which have the opportunity to work as a team to design related experiments that would produce valuable results for scientists across multiple disciplines.
Publications
Zhao Y, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Rose A. Worms in Space? A Model Biological Dosimeter. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 11-16. | Impact Statement
International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Radiobiology (ICE-First-Radiobiology) studies the effects of radiation on living organisms by comparing space-flown normal and genetically modified strains of worms with comparable worms grown on Earth for differences in the presence and expression of glutamine rich proteins. C. elegans (nematode worms) are relatively simple organisms that are used as a model for a wide variety of biological processes. The ICE-First investigation is a collaborative effort conducted by scientists from several countries which have the opportunity to work as a team to design related experiments that would produce valuable results for scientists across multiple disciplines.
Publications
Zhao Y, Johnsen RC, Baillie D, Rose A. Worms in Space? A Model Biological Dosimeter. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 11-16. | Impact Statement
Zhao Y, Lai K, Cheung I, Youds J, Tarailo M, Tarailo S, Rose A. A mutational analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans in space. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2006 October; 601(1-2): 19-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.05.001.PMID: 16765996. | Impact Statement
Zhao Y, Jones M, Baillie D, Rose A. Developing an integrating biological dosimeter for spaceflight. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 19(5-6): 201-204. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919482. | Impact Statement
The International Space School Educational Trust (ISSET) has teamed up with the King’s College London to perform three educational projects as part of ISSET-1 (Studies ISSET-1). Microbial Fuel Cell shows the usefulness of using microbes feeding on waste matter in a sealed environment to provide a power source to supplement the main fuel sources on the spacecraft. Cactus-Mediated Carbon Dioxide Removal in Microgravity measures the oxygen output and the carbon dioxide intake of a selected form of cactus. Activity of Mutated Drosophila in Microgravity aims to identify if there are any positive differences in movement by placing normal Drosophila flies and mutant Drosophila in a microgravity environment.
The International Space School Educational Trust-3 (ISSET-3) is a set of educational experiments performed and evaluated in a microgravity environment. Students investigate the effects of the space environment on both life science and physical science experiments.
The International Space Station Acoustic Measurement Program (ISS Acoustics) is responsible for ensuring a safe, healthy and habitable acoustic environments on the ISS, in which crews can live, communicate, and work. This means ensuring that space vehicle environments are not too noisy, do not have irritating audible sounds and do not have startling bursts of acoustic energy.
Publications
Goodman JR. International Space Station Acoustics. Noise Conference, Cleveland, OH. 2003 | Impact Statement
Pilkinton GD. ISS Acoustics Mission Support. Noise Conference, Cleveland, OH. 2003 | Impact Statement
Grosveld FW, Goodman JR. Design of an Acoustic Muffler Prototype for an Air Filtration System Inlet on International Space Station. Noise Conference, Cleveland, OH. 2003 | Impact Statement
Phillips EN, Tang P. ISS Human Research Facility (HRF) acoustics. Noise Conference, Cleveland, OH. 2003 | Impact Statement
Allen CS, Goodman JR. Preparing for Flight - The Process of Assessing the ISS Acoustic Environment. Noise Conference, Cleveland, OH. 2003 Jun 23-25; | Impact Statement
Tang P, Goodman JR. Testing, Evaluation, and Design Support of the Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer (MELFI) Payload Rack. Noise Conference, Cleveland, OH. 2003 | Impact Statement
Allen CS, Denham SA. International Space Station acoustics - a status report. 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems, Portland, Oregon. 2011 July 17-21; AIAA 2011-512821 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2011-5128. | Impact Statement
Limardo JG, Allen CS. Analysis of noise exposure measurements acquired onboard the International Space Station. 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems, Portland, Oregon. 2011 July 17-21; AIAA 2011-513716 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2011-5137. | Impact Statement
Nakashima A, Limardo JG, Boone A, Danielson RW. Influence of impulse noise on noise dosimetry measurements on the International Space Station. International Journal of Audiology. 2020 January 31; 59(sup1): 540-547. DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2019.1698067.PMID: 31846378. This article was based on a presentation at the 2019Annual Conference of the National HearingConservation Association, and is part of the 10thdedicated supplement to hearing loss prevention.. | Impact Statement
The International Space Station Agricultural Camera (ISSAC) takes frequent infrared and visible-light images of the North American Great Plains, with an emphasis on forests, grasslands and agricultural fields. Farmers and ranchers are able to use the images within one or two days of their collection in space, helping them make changes to agricultural management decisions, such as drainage and irrigation planning, fertilizer and pesticide application, or livestock forage/grazing plans. Along with capturing images of a significant crop production region of the nation, ISSAC also collects imagery of changing environmental processes around the planet, from melting glaciers to deforestation, and helps monitor natural disasters around the globe.
Publications
Olsen DR, Kim HJ, Ranganathan J, Laguette S. Development of a low-cost student-built multi-spectral sensor for the International Space Station. Proceedings of SPIE Optics and Photonics 2011, San Diego, CA. 2011
Kim HJ, Olsen DR, Laguette S. International Space Station Agricultural Camera (ISSAC) Sensor Onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and Its Potential Use on the Earth Observation. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Sacramento, CA. 2012 Mar 19-23;
Stefanov WL, Evans CA. Data Collection for Disaster Response from the International Space Station. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2015 April 29; XL-7/W3851-855. DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-851-2015.Also presented at the 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 11–15 May 2015, Berlin, Germany. | Impact Statement
Olsen DR, Dou C, Zhang X, Hu L. Radiometric Calibration for AgCam. Remote Sensing. 2010 2464-477. DOI: 10.3390/rs2020464.
The International Space Station High Efficiency Particle Filter Analysis (ISS High Efficiency Particle Filter Analysis) studies microbes that naturally exist in our environment on Earth and that are carried in the space station’s atmosphere, and thus, may affect crew health. High-efficiency particulate air, or HEPA filters, aboard space station will be returned to Earth so microbes and particles can be extracted and studied, including DNA sequencing of microbes.
International Space Station Hybrid Electronic Radiation Assessor (ISS HERA) refines data analysis and operational products that support future exploration missions. It uses an existing on-orbit radiation detection system developed for Orion and Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1), modified to operate on the space station. The investigation also serves an an opportunity to evaluate this hardware in the space radiation environment prior to the EM-1 flight.
Publications
Kroupa M, Bahadori A, Campbell-Ricketts T, George SP, Stoffle NN, Zeitlin C. Light ion isotope identification in space using a pixel detector based single layer telescope. Applied Physics Letters. 2018 October 22; 113(17): 174101. DOI: 10.1063/1.5052907. | Impact Statement
International Space Station In-flight Education Downlinks (In-flight Education Downlinks) support NASA's efforts to encourage K-12 students to study and pursue careers in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Downlinks are facilitated by the Johnson Space Center Office of Education as part of STEM on Station, and use the unique experience of human spaceflight to promote and enhance STEM education.
Publications
Ivey TA, Colston NM, Thomas JA. Bringing space science down to earth for preservice elementary teachers. Electronic Journal of Science Education. 2015 19(2): 19 pp.
Milord LE, Kamas B. SPOCS: A nationwide opportunity to engage United States universities, K-12 students, and the general public in Space Station research. ASCEND 2020, Virtual Event. 2020 November 16-18; 6 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2020-4156. | Impact Statement
Milord LE, Al Shehhi HF. Tests in orbit: A nationwide challenge in the UAE to engage university students, and a region, in space station microgravity research. ASCEND 2020, Virtual Event. 2020 November 16-18; AIAA 2020-41375 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2020-4137. | Impact Statement
Allaire FS, Kamas B. Connecting pre-service teachers to astronauts and the International Space Station through an educational downlink: An out-of-this-world experience. Enhancing Learning Opportunities Through Student, Scientist, and Teacher Partnerships. 2021 158-177. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4966-7.ch009. | Impact Statement
Evaluation of the International Space Station Internal Environment (ISS Internal Environment) from air, water and surface samples of International Space Station (ISS) provided a baseline of the contaminant characterization onboard the ISS. All of the partner agencies recognize the importance of crew health to mission success and are dedicated to maintaining the health of all crewmembers throughout all phases of ISS missions. The data obtained from Environmental Monitoring provides insight into the environmental contamination during the stages of construction and habitation of ISS.
Publications
La Duc MT, Summer R, Pierson DL, Venkat P, Venkateswaran KJ. Evidence of pathogenic microbes in the International Space Station drinking water: reason for concern?. Habitation. 2004 January 1; 10(1): 39-48. DOI: 10.3727/154296604774808883.PMID: 15880908.
Monsieurs P, Mijnendonckx, Provoost A, Venkateswaran KJ, Ott CM, Leys N, Van Houdt R. Draft genome sequences of Ralstonia pickettii strains SSH4 and CW2, isolated from space equipment. Genome Announcements. 2014 September 4; 2(5): e00887-14. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00887-14.PMID: 25189592.
Zanardini L, Steffen S. Columbus cabin heat exchanger dry out during ISS high beta angle phase. SpaceOps 2014, Pasadena, CA. 2014 May 5-9; AIAA 2014-166712 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-1667.
Castro VA, Thrasher AN, Healy M, Ott CM, Pierson DL. Microbial Characterization during the Early Habitation of the International Space Station. Microbial Ecology. 2004 February; 47119-126. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-1030-y.
Bruce RJ, Ott CM, Skuratov, Pierson DL. Microbial Surveillance of Potable Water Sources of the International Space Station. Environmental Systems and European Symposium, Rome Italy. 2005 2005-01-2886DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2886.
James JT, Zalesak. Prediction of Crew Health Effects from Air Samples Taken Aboard the International Space Station. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 83(8): 795-799. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3337.2012.
Peterson BV, Hummerick ME, Roberts MS, Krumins, Kish, Garland JL, Maxwell, Mills. Characterization of microbial and chemical composition of shuttle wet waste with permanent gas and volatile organic compound analyses. Advances in Space Research. 2004 341470-1476. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.11.005.
Strayer, Hummerick ME, Richards JT, McCoy C, Roberts MS, Wheeler RM. Microbial Characterization of Space Solid Wastes Treated with a Heat Melt Compactor. 42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA. 2012 AIAA 2012-3546
Strayer, Hummerick ME, Richards JT, McCoy C, Roberts MS, Wheeler RM. Characterization of Volume F Trash from the Three FY11 STS Missions: Trash Weights and Categorization and Microbial Characterization. 42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA. 2012 AIAA 2012-3565DOI: 10.2514/6.2012-3565.
Castro VA, Thrasher AN, Healy M, Ott CM, Pierson DL. Microbial Characterization during the Early Habitation of the International Space Station. Microbial Ecology. 2004 47119-126. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-1030-y.
La Duc MT, Venkateswaran KJ. Microbial Monitoring of Spacecraft and Associated Environments. Microbial Ecology. 2004 02/01/2004; 47(2): 150-158. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-1012-0.PMID: 14749906.
Mijnendonckx, Provoost A, Ott CM, Venkateswaran KJ, Mahillon J, Leys N, Van Houdt R. Characterization of the Survival Ability of Cupriavidus metallidurans and Ralstonia pickettii from Space-Related Environments. Microbial Ecology. 2012 12/05/2012; epubDOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0139-2.PMID: 23212653.
Schiwon K, Arends K, Rogowski KM, Fürch S, Prescha K, Sakine T, Van Houdt R, Werner G, Grohmann E. Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Formation and Conjugative Transfer of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus Isolates from International Space Station and Antarctic Research Station Concordia. Microbial Ecology. 2013 April; 65(3): 638-651. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0193-4.PMID: 23411852.
Hill, Lipert, Porter MD. Determination of colloidal and dissolved silver in water samples using colorimetric solid-phase extraction. Talanta. 2010 80(5): 1606-1610. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.09.056.
Swanson GT, Cassell AM. Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Impact Damage Recording System. 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2011 Mar 5-12; 1531DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2011.5747237.
Wheeler RM. Plants for Human Life Support in Space: From Myers to Mars. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2010 23(2): 25-36.
Rehnberg L, Russomano T, Falcao FP, Campos F, Evetts SN. Evaluation of a Novel Basic Life Support Method in Simulated Microgravity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2011 Feb; 82(8): 104-110. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2856.2011.
Reddy SY, Frank JD, Iatauro MJ, Boyce ME, Kurklu E, Al-Chang M, Jonsson AK. Planning Solar Array Operations on the International Space Station. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology. 2011 Jul; 2(4): 41:1-41:24. DOI: 10.1145/1989734.1989745.
Ichijo T, Hieda H, Ishihara R, Yamaguchi N, Nasu M. Bacterial monitoring with adhesive sheet in the International Space Station-'Kibo', the Japanese experiment module. Microbes and Environments. 2013 April 20; 28(2): 264-268. DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.ME12184.PMID: 23603802. | Impact Statement
Van Houdt R, Mijnendonckx, Leys N. Microbial Contamination Monitoring and Control During Human Space Missions. Planetary and Space Science. 2012 Jan; 60(1): 115-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2011.09.001.
Aguilera T, Perry JL. Root Cause Assessment of Pressure Drop Rise of a Packed Bed of Lithium Hydroxide in the International Space Station Trace Contaminant Control System. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2011 4(1): 291-298. DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2433.
Macatangay AV, Perry JL, Belcher PL, Johnson SA. Status of the International Space Station (ISS) Trace Contaminant Control System. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2011 4(1): 48-54. DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2353.
Venkateswaran KJ, Vaishampayan PA, Cisneros J, Pierson DL, Rogers SO, Perry JL. International Space Station environmental microbiome - microbial inventories of ISS filter debris. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2014 April 4; epubDOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5650-6.
Garcia HD, Tsuji JS, James JT. Establishment of exposure guidelines for lead in spacecraft drinking water. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2014 July; 85(7): 715-720. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3853.2014.
Wallace W, Gazda DB, Limero TF, Minton JM, Macatangay AV, Dwivedi P, Fernandez FM. Electrothermal vaporization sample introduction for spaceflight water quality monitoring via gas chromatography-differential mobility spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 2015 epubDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00055.PMID: 25971650.
Willsey GG, Wargo MJ. Extracellular lipase and protease production from a model drinking water bacterial community is functionally robust to absence of individual members. PLOS ONE. 2015 November 23; 10(11): e0143617. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143617.PMID: 26599415.
Checinska Sielaff A, Probst AJ, Vaishampayan PA, White JR, Kumar D, Stepanov VG, Fox GE, Nilsson HR, Pierson DL, Perry JL, Venkateswaran KJ. Microbiomes of the dust particles collected from the International Space Station and Spacecraft Assembly Facilities. Microbiome. 2015 3(1): 50. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0116-3.PMID: 26502721.
Devarayan K, Sathishkumar Y, Lee YS, Kim B. Effect of microgravity on fungistatic activity of an α-aminophosphonate chitosan derivative against Aspergillus niger. PLOS ONE. 2015 October 15; 10(10): e0139303. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139303.PMID: 26468641. supported by National Research Foundation of Korea..
Alekhova TA, Zakharchuk LM, Tatarinova NY, Kadnikov VV, Mardanov AV, Ravin NV, Skryabin KG. Diversity of bacteria of the genus Bacillus on board of International Space Station. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2015 November; 465(1): 347-350. DOI: 10.1134/S1607672915060010.PMID: 26728721. Original Russian Text © T.A. Alekhova, L.M. Zakharchuk, N.Yu. Tatarinova, V.V. Kadnikov, A.V. Mardanov, N.V. Ravin, K.G. Skryabin, 2015, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2015, Vol. 465, No. 1, pp. 104–107..
Mora M, Mahnert A, Koskinen K, Pausan MR, Oberauner-Wappis L, Krause R, Perras AK, Gorkiewicz G, Berg G, Moissl-Eichinger C. Microorganisms in confined habitats: Microbial monitoring and control of intensive care units, operating rooms, cleanrooms and the International Space Station. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016 October 13; 71573. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01573.PMID: 27790191.
Checinska Sielaff A, Kumar RM, Pal D, Mayilraj S, Venkateswaran KJ. Solibacillus kalamii sp. nov., isolated from a high-efficiency particulate arrestance filter system used in the International Space Station. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2017 April; 67(4): 896-901. DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001706.PMID: 28475026. | Impact Statement
Romoser AA, Scully RR, Limero TF, De Vera V, Cheng PF, Hand JJ, James JT, Ryder VE. Predicting air quality at first ingress into vehicles visiting the International Space Station. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2017 February 1; 88(2): 104-113. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4702.2017.
Green RD, Agui J, Berger GM, Vijayakumar R, Perry JL. Filter efficiency and pressure testing of returned ISS bacterial filter elements (BFEs). 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, South Carolina. 2017 July 16-20; ICES - 2017 - 2117 pp. | Impact Statement
Venkateswaran KJ, Checinska Sielaff A, Ratnayake S, Pope RK, Blank TE, Stepanov VG, Fox GE, Van Tongeren SP, Torres C, Allen JE, Jaing C, Pierson DL, Perry JL, Koren S, Phillippy A, Klubnik J, Treangen TJ, Rosovitz MJ, Bergman NH. Draft genome sequences from a novel clade of Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains, isolated from the International Space Station. Genome Announcements. 2017 August 10; 5(32): 3. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00680-17.PMID: 28798168. | Impact Statement
Wong W, Oubre CM, Mehta SK, Ott CM, Pierson DL. Preventing infectious diseases in spacecraft and space habitats. Modeling the Transmission and Prevention of Infectious Disease. 2017 3-17. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60616-3_1. | Impact Statement
Salmela A, Kokkonen E, Kulmala I, Veijalainen A, Van Houdt R, Leys N, Berthier A, Viacheslav I, Kharin S, Morozova J, Tikhomirov A, Pasanen P. Production and characterization of bioaerosols for model validation in spacecraft environment. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China). 2018 July; 69227-238. DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.10.016. | Impact Statement
Li W, Hummerick ME, Khodadad CL, Buhrow J, Spencer LE, Coutts J, Roberson L, Tuteja A, Mehta G, Boban M, Barden M. Biofilm resistant coatings for space applications. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES - 2018 - 8315 pp. | Impact Statement
Singh NK, Bezdan D, Checinska Sielaff A, Wheeler K, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains. BMC Microbiology. 2018 November 23; 18(1): 175. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2.PMID: 30466389. | Impact Statement
Boyajian B, Meyer ME. Characterization and analysis of aerosol particle retention and re-aerosolization from hook-and-loop sasteners on the International Space Station. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2018 October 1; NASA/TM-2018-21992528 pp. | Impact Statement
Blaustein RA, McFarland AG, Maamar SB, Lopez A, Castro-Wallace SL, Hartmann EM. Pangenomic approach to understanding microbial adaptations within a model built environment, the International Space Station, relative to human hosts and soil. mSystems. 2019 February 26; 4(1): e00281-18. DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00281-18.PMID: 30637341. | Impact Statement
Berville C, Georgescu M, Nastase I. Numerical study of the air distribution in the Crew Quarters on board of the International Space Station. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019 8502015. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20198502015. | Impact Statement
Ichijo T, Shimazu T, Nasu M. Microbial Monitoring in the International Space Station and Its Application on Earth. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2020 43(2): 254-257. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00912.PMID: 32009114. | Impact Statement
O'Rourke A, Lee MD, Nierman WC, Everroad RC, Dupont CL. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Burkholderia isolates from the potable water system of the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2020 February 19; 15(2): e0227152. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227152.PMID: 32074104. | Impact Statement
Karpov DS, Domashin AI, Kotlov MI, Osipova PG, Kiseleva SV, Seregina TA, Goncharenko AV, Mironov AS, Karpov VL, Poddubko SV. Biotechnological potential of the Bacillus subtilis 20 strain. Molecular Biology. 2020 January 1; 54(1): 119-127. DOI: 10.1134/S0026893320010082.Also Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2020, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 137–145.. | Impact Statement
McGhee JJ, Rawson N, Bailey BA, Fernandez-Guerra A, Sisk-Hackworth L, Kelley ST. Meta-SourceTracker: application of Bayesian source tracking to shotgun metagenomics. PeerJ. 2020 March 24; 8e8783. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8783.PMID: 32231882. | Impact Statement
Thompson AF, English EL, Nock AM, Willsey GG, Eckstrom K, Cairns B, Bavelock M, Tighe SW, Foote A, Shulman H, Pericleous A, Gupta S, Kadouri DE, Wargo MJ. Characterizing species interactions that contribute to biofilm formation in a multispecies model of a potable water bacterial community. Microbiology-SGM. 2019 October 4; 166(1): 34–43. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000849.PMID: 31585061. | Impact Statement
Kamyshev NG, Besedina NG, Bragina JV, Danilenkova LV, Fedotov SA, Goncharova AA, Kamysheva EA, Burlakova AA, Larina ON. Behavioral changes in Drosophila males after travel to international space station. Acta Astronautica. 2020 June 30; 176567-575. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.048. | Impact Statement
Novikova ND, De Boever, Poddubko SV, Deshevaya EA, Polikarpov NA, Rakova, Coninx, Mergeay M. Survey of environmental biocontamination on board the International Space Station. Research in Microbiology. 2006 1575-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.07.010.
Bryan NC, Lebreton F, Gilmore M, Ruvkun G, Zuber MT, Carr C. Genomic and functional characterization of Enterococcus faecalis isolates recovered from the International Space Station and their potential for pathogenicity. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 January 11; 11515319. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.515319.PMID: 33505359. | Impact Statement
Blachowicz A, Venkateswaran KJ, Wang CC. Chapter 3 - Persistence of fungi in atypical, closed environments: Cultivation to omics. Methods in Microbiology. 2018 January 1; 4567-86. DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2018.07.006. | Impact Statement
Yang J, Thornhill S, Barrila J, Nickerson CA, Ott CM, McLean RJ. Chapter 1 - Microbiology of the built environment in spacecraft used for human flight. Methods in Microbiology. 2018 January 1; 453-26. DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2018.07.002. | Impact Statement
Van Houdt R, Provoost A, Van Assche A, Leys N, Lievens B, Mijnendonckx, Monsieurs P. Cupriavidus metallidurans strains with different mobilomes and from distinct environments have comparable phenomes. Genes. 2018 October 18; 9(10): 507. DOI: 10.3390/genes9100507.PMID: 30340417. | Impact Statement
Bobe L, Samsonov N, Gavrilov L, Novikov V, Tomashpolskiy M, Andreychuk P, Protasov N, Synjak Y, Skuratov. Regenerative water supply for an interplanetary space station: The experience gained on the space stations 'Salut', 'Mir', ISS and development prospects. Acta Astronautica. 2007 618-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.01.003.
Rybalchenko OV, Orlova OG, Vishnevskaya ON, Kapustina VV, Potokin IL, Lavrikova VV. [Features of formation of bacterial biofilms in conditions of spaceflight]. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii I Immunobiologii. 2016 November; (6): 3-10. PMID: 30695383. Russian.
Khodadad CL, Oubre CM, Castro VA, Flint SM, Roman MC, Ott CM, Spern CJ, Hummerick ME, Maldonado Vazquez GJ, Birmele MN, Whitlock Q, Scullion M, Flowers C, Wheeler RM, Melendez O. A microbial monitoring system demonstrated on the International Space Station provides a successful platform for detection of targeted microorganisms. Life. 2021 June; 11(6): 492. DOI: 10.3390/life11060492.PMID: 34072140. | Impact Statement
Yang J, Barrila J, Ott CM, King O, Bruce RJ, McLean RJ, Nickerson CA. Longitudinal characterization of multispecies microbial populations recovered from spaceflight potable water. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes. 2021 September 6; 7(1): 70. DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00240-5.PMID: 34489467. | Impact Statement
Pourbavarsad MS, Jalalieh BJ, Harkins C, Sevanthi R, Jackson WA. Nitrogen oxidation and carbon removal from high strength nitrogen habitation wastewater with nitrification in membrane aerated biological reactors. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021 October 1; 9(5): 106271. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106271. | Impact Statement
Bechy-Loizeau A, Flandrois J, Abaibou H. Assessment of polycarbonate filter in a molecular analytical system for the microbiological quality monitoring of recycled waters onboard ISS. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2015 July; 629-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.06.002.
Internal Radiation Monitoring On Board the International Space Station (ISS) is responsible for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting the internal environment radiation data for the ISS in order to help ensure crew health protection. Crew health before, during and following space flight is essential to overall ISS mission success. All of the partner agencies recognize the importance of crew health to mission success and are dedicated to maintaining the health of all crewmembers throughout all phases of ISS missions.
Publications
Kodaira S, Kawashima H, Kitamura H, Kurano M, Uchihori Y, Yasuda N, Ogura K, Kobayashi I, Suzuki A, Koguchi Y, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Tolochek RV, Krasheninnikova TK, Ukraintsev AD, Gureeva EA, Kuznetsov VN, Benton ER. Analysis of radiation dose variations measured by passive dosimeters onboard the International Space Station during the solar quiet period (2007–2008). Radiation Measurements. 2013 February; 4995-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.11.020. | Impact Statement
Cucinotta FA, Kim MY, Willingham V, George KA. Physical and Biological Organ Dosimetry Analysis for International Space Station Astronauts. Radiation Research. 2008 July; 170(1): 127-138. DOI: 10.1667/RR1330.1.PMID: 18582161. | Impact Statement
Chylack Jr LT, Feiveson AH, Peterson LE, Tung WH, Wear, Marak LJ, Hardy DS, Chappell LJ, Cucinotta FA. NASCA Report 2: Longitudinal Study of Relationship of Exposure to Space Radiation and Risk of Lens Opacity. Radiation Research. 2012 July; 178(1): 25-32. DOI: 10.1667/RR2876.1. | Impact Statement
Koontz S, Valentine M, Keeping, Edeen M, Spetch, Dalton P. Assessment and control of spacecraft charging risks on the International Space Station. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA. 2003 SH42A-0500 | Impact Statement
Koontz S, Pedley, Mikatarian RR, Golden JL, Boeder, Kern J, Barsamian H, Minow J, Altstatt RL, Lorenz MJ, Mayeaux, Alred J, Soares, Christiansen EL, Schneider, Edwards. Materials Interactions with Space Environment: International Space Station - May 2000 to May 2002. Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment. 2004 5(5): 31-72. DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-2595-5_3. | Impact Statement
Koontz S, Boeder, Pankop, Reddell B. The Ionizing Radiation Environment on the International Space Station: Performance vs. Expectations for Avionics and Materials. 2005 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop. 2005 Jul 11-15; 110-116. DOI: 10.1109/REDW.2005.1532675. | Impact Statement
Dachev TP, Atwell W, Semones E, Tomov BT, Reddell B. Observations of the SAA Radiation Distribution by Liulin-E094 Instrument on ISS. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1672-1677. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.01.001. | Impact Statement
Zhou D, Semones E, Gaza R, Johnson, Zapp EN, Weyland. Radiation measured for ISS-Expedition 12 with different dosimeters. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2007 580(3): 1283-1289. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2007.06.091. | Impact Statement
Zhou D, Semones E, Weyland, Johnson. Radiation measured with TEPC and CR-39 PNTDs in low earth orbit. Advances in Space Research. 2007 40(11): 1571-1574. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.006. | Impact Statement
O'Sullivan D, Zhou D, Semones E, Heinrich W. Dose equivalent, absorbed dose and charge spectrum investigation in low Earth orbit. Advances in Space Research. 2004 341420-1423. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.05.048. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Nealy JE, Dachev TP, Tomov BT, Cucinotta FA, Badavi FF, De Angelis G, Atwell W, Luetke N. Time serial analysis of the induced LEO environment within the ISS 6A. Advances in Space Research. 2007 40(11): 1562-1570. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.030. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Cucinotta FA, Golightly MJ, Nealy JE, Qualls GD, Badavi FF, De Angelis G, Anderson BM, Clowdsley MS, Luetke N, Zapp EN, Shavers MR, Semones E, Hunter A. International space station: A testbed for experimental and computational dosimetry. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1656-1663. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.038. | Impact Statement
Miller J, Zeitlin C, Cucinotta FA, Heilbronn L, Stephens D, Wilson JW. Benchmark Studies of the Effectiveness of Structural and Internal Materials as Radiation Shielding for the International Space Station. Radiation Research. 2003 159(3): 381-390. PMID: 12600241. | Impact Statement
Spurny F, Jadrnickova I. Some recent measurements onboard spacecraft with passive detector. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2005 116(1-4): 228-231. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci059. | Impact Statement
Berger T. Radiation dosimetry onboard the International Space Station. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik. 2008 18265-275. PMID: 19205296. | Impact Statement
Badhwar GD. Radiation Measurements on the International Space Station. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17(Suppl 1): 287-291. PMID: 11780621. | Impact Statement
Akopova AB, Manaseryan MM, Melkonyan AA, Tatikyan SS, Potapov Y. Radiation measurement on the International Space Station. Radiation Measurements. 2005 39225-228. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2004.06.013. | Impact Statement
Peterson LE, Cucinotta FA. Monte Carlo mixture model of lifetime cancer incidence risk from radiation exposure on shuttle and international space station. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 1999 430327-335. | Impact Statement
Cucinotta FA. Space radiation risks for astronauts on multiple international space station missions. PLOS ONE. 2014 9(4): e96099. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096099.PMID: 24759903. | Impact Statement
Norbury JW, Slaba TC. Space radiation accelerator experiments – The role of neutrons and light ions. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2014 October; 390-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2014.09.006.
Narici L, Berger T, Matthia D, Reitz G. Radiation measurements performed with active detectors relevant for human space exploration. Frontiers in Oncology. 2015 December 8; 5(273): 10 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00273.PMID: 26697408. | Impact Statement
Drobyshev SG, Benghin VV. [Analysis of the importance of cosmonaut's location and orientation onboard the International space station to levels of visceral irradiation during traverse of the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2015 49(1): 57-63. PMID: 25958468. Russian. | Impact Statement
Lishnevskii AE, Panasyuk MI, Nechaev OY, Benghin VV, Petrov VM, Volkov AN, Lyagushin VI, Nikolaev IV. Results of monitoring variations of absorbed dose rate onboard the International Space Station during the period 2005–2011. Cosmic Research. 2012 September 28; 50(5): 391-396. DOI: 10.1134/S0010952512050036.Original Russian Text © A.E. Lishnevskii, M.I. Panasyuk, O.Yu. Nechaev, V.V. Benghin, V.M. Petrov, A.N. Volkov, V.I. Lyagushin, I.V. Nikolaev, 2012, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2012, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 419–424.. | Impact Statement
Lishnevskii AE, Panasyuk MI, Benghin VV, Petrov VM, Volkov AN, Nechaev OY. Variations of radiation environment on the International Space Station in 2005–2009. Cosmic Research. 2012 August 4; 50(4): 319-323. DOI: 10.1134/S0010952512040028.Original Russian Text © A.E. Lishnevskii, M.I. Panasyuk, V.V. Benghin, V.M. Petrov, A.N. Volkov, O.Yu. Nechaev, 2012, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2012, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 341–345.. | Impact Statement
Mora M, Perras AK, Alekhova TA, Wink L, Krause R, Aleksandrova A, Novozhilova T, Moissl-Eichinger C. Resilient microorganisms in dust samples of the International Space Station-survival of the adaptation specialists. Microbiome. 2016 December 20; 4(1): 65. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0217-7.PMID: 27998314.
George KA, Rhone J, Beitman A, Cucinotta FA. Cytogenetic damage in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts: Effects of repeat long-duration space missions. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2013 August 30; 756(1-2): 165-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.007.PMID: 23639573. | Impact Statement
George KA, Rhone J, Chappell LJ, Cucinotta FA. Cytogenetic biodosimetry using the blood lymphocytes of astronauts. Acta Astronautica. 2013 November; 92(1): 97-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.05.001. | Impact Statement
George KA, Chappell LJ, Cucinotta FA. Persistence of space radiation induced cytogenetic damage in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2010 August; 701(1): 75-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.02.007.PMID: 20176126. | Impact Statement
Ambrozova I, Davidkova M, Brabcova KP, Tolochek RV, Shurshakov VA. Contribution of different particles measured with track etched detectors on board ISS . Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2018 August 1; 180(1-4): 138-141. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx189.PMID: 29036726. | Impact Statement
Ambrozova I, Brabcova KP, Shurshakov VA, Tolochek RV, Kodaira S. ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF TRACK-ETCH DETECTOR HARZLAS TD-1. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2019 November 7; ncz206DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz206.PMID: 31702766. | Impact Statement
Pugliese M, Bengin V, Casolino M, Roca V, Zanini A, Durante M. Tests of shielding effectiveness of Kevlar and Nextel onboard the International Space Station and the Foton-M3 capsule. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2010 April 3; 49(3): 359-363. DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0283-3.PMID: 20364264. | Impact Statement
Deme S, Apathy I, Pazmandi T, Benton ER, Reitz G, Akatov YA. On-Board TLD Measurements on MIR and ISS. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2006 120(1-4): 438-441. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci511. | Impact Statement
Straube U, Berger T, Reitz G, Facius R, Fuglesang C, Reiter T, Damann, Tognini M. Operational radiation protection for astronauts and cosmonauts and correlated activities of ESA Medical Operations. Acta Astronautica. 2010 April; 66(7-8): 963-973. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.10.004. | Impact Statement
Reitz G, Berger T, Bilski P, Facius R, Hajek M, Petrov VP, Puchalska M, Zhou D, Bossler J, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Olko P, Ptaszliewicz M, Bergmann R, Fugger M, Vana N, Beaujean R, Burmeister S, Bartlett D, Hager L, Palfalvi JK, Szabó J, O'Sullivan D, Kitamura H, Uchihori Y, Yasuda N, Nagamatsu A, Tawara H, Benton ER, Gaza R, McKeever SW, Sawakuchi G, Yukihara EG, Cucinotta FA, Semones E, Zapp EN, Miller J, Dettmann J. Astronaut's Organ Doses Inferred from Measurements in a Human Phantom Outside the International Space Station. Radiation Research. 2009 February; 171(2): 225-235. DOI: 10.1667/RR1559.1. | Impact Statement
Hajek M, Berger T, Fugger M, Furstner M, Vana N, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Arkhangelsky VV. Dose Distribution in the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2006 120(1-4): 446-449. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci566. | Impact Statement
Getselev I, Rumin S, Sobolevsky N, Ufimtsev M, Podzolko M. Absorbed dose of secondary neutrons from galactic cosmic rays inside the international space station. Advances in Space Research. 2004 341429-1432. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.04.002. | Impact Statement
Palfalvi JK, Akatov YA, Szabó J, Sajo-Bohus L, Eordogh I. Evaluation of solid state nuclear track detector stacks exposed on the International Space Station. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2004 110(1-4): 393-397. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch140. | Impact Statement
Walker SA, Townsend LW, Norbury JW. Heavy ion contributions to organ dose equivalent for the 1977 galactic cosmic ray spectrum. Advances in Space Research. 2013 May 1; 51(9): 1792-1799. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.12.011. | Impact Statement
Medical Monitoring On Board the International Space Station (ISS) (Medical Monitoring) involves the collection of health data at regular intervals from long-duration International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers. Crew health before, during and following space flight is essential to overall ISS mission success. All of the partner agencies recognize the importance of crew health to mission success and are dedicated to maintaining the health of all crewmembers throughout all phases of ISS missions.
Publications
Hamilton DR, Murray JD, Kapoor D, Kirkpatrick AW. Cardiac health for astronauts: current selection standards and their limitations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2005 Jul; 76(7): 615-626. PMID: 16018343.
D'Aunno DS, Dougherty AH, DeBlock HF, Meck JV. Effect of Short- and Long-Duration Spaceflight on QTc Intervals in Healthy Astronauts. American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 February 15; 91(4): 494-497. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03259-9. | Impact Statement
Bertucci A, Durante M, Gialanella G, Grossi G, Manti L, Pugliese M, Scampoli P. Biological dosimetry in the ENEIDE mission on the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 206-209. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919483.Biodosimetry results..
Mulavara AP, Ruttley TM, Cohen HS, Peters BT, Miller CA, Brady RR, Merkle LA, Bloomberg JJ. Vestibular-somatosensory convergence in head movement control during locomotion after long-duration space flight. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2012 22(2-3): 153-166. DOI: 10.3233/VES-2011-0435.PMID: 23000615.
Bogomolov VV, Castrucci F, Comtois, Damann, Davis JR, Duncan JM, Johnston SL, Gray GW, Grigoriev AI, Koike, Kuklinski, Matveyev, Morgun VV, Pochuev, Sargsyan AE, Shimada, Straube U, Tachibana S, Voronkov YI, Williams RS. International Space Station Medical Standards and Certification for Space Flight Participants. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2007 December 1; 78(12): 1162-1169. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2175.2007.
Gibson CR, Mader TH, Schallhorn, Pesudovs K, Lipsky W, Raid, Jennings R, Fogarty J, Garriott, Garriott, Johnston SL. Visual Stability of laser Vision Correction in an Astronaut on a Soyuz Mission to the International Space Station. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2012 38(3): 1486-1491. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.06.012.
Karlsson LL, Montmerle, Rohdin, Linnarsson D. Central command and metaboreflex cardiovascular responses to sustained handgrip during microgravity. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 October; 169S46-S49. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.011.
Hamilton DR, Smart, Melton SL, Polk JD, Johnson-Throop. Autonomous Medical Care for Exploration Class Space Missions. Journal of Trauma: Injury Infection and Critical Care. 2008 Apr; 64(4): S354-S363. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31816c005d.
Hamilton DR, Murray JD, Ball. Cardiac Health for Astronauts: Coronary Calcification Scores and CRP as Criteria for Selection and Retention. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2006 77(4): 377-387. PMID: 16676648.
Jay, Lee PH, Goldsmith, Battat, Maurer, Suner. CPR Effectiveness in Microgravity: Comparison of Three Positions and a Mechanical Device. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2003 74(11): 1183 -1189. PMID: 14620476.
Hurst, IV VW, Whittam, Austin, Branson, Beck. Cardiopulmonary Resusicitation During Spaceflight: Examining the Role of Timing Devices. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2011 August; 82(8): 810-813. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2284.2011.PMID: 21853860.
Harm DL, Jennings R, Meck JV, Powell MR, Putcha L, Sams CF, Schneider SM, Shackelford LC, Smith SM, Whitson PA. Invited Review: Gender issues related to spaceflight: a NASA perspective. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 November; 91(5): 2374-2383. PMID: 11641383.
Cohen LY, Vernon, Bergeron. New molecular technologies against infectious diseases during space flight. Acta Astronautica. 2008 63769-775. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.12.024. | Impact Statement
Beven, Holland, Sipes. Psychological Support for U.S. Astronauts on the International Space Station. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2008 79(12): 1124. PMID: 19070310.
Scheuring RA, Mathers, Jones JA, Wear. Musculoskeletal Injuries and Minor Trauma in Space: Incidence and Injury Mechanisms in U.S. Astronauts. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2009 February 1; 80(2): 117-124. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2270.2009.
Kerstman, Scheuring RA, Barnes, DeKorse, Saile. Space Adaptation back pain: A Retrospective Study. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 January; 83(1): 2-7. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2876.2012.PMID: 22272509.
Small, Oman CM, Jones. Space Shuttle Flight Crew Spatial Orientation Survey Results. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 April 1; 83(4): 383-387. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3180.2012.
Matsumoto, Storch, Stolfi, Mohler, Frey, Stein TP. Weight Loss in Humans in Space. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2011 Jun; 82(6): 615-621. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2792.2011.
Smith SM, Zwart SR, McMonigal KA, Huntoon. Thyroid Status of Space Shuttle Crewmembers: Effects of Iodine Removal. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2011 January 1; 82(1): 49-51. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2926.2011.PMID: 21235106.
Jennings R, Murphy, Ware, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Moon, Bogomolov VV, Morgun VV, Voronkov YI, Fife CE, Boyars, Ernst. Medical Qualification of a Commercial Spaceflight Participant: Not Your Average Astronaut. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2006 77(5): 475-484. PMID: 16708526.
Jennings R, Garriott, Bogomolov VV, Pochuev, Morgun VV, Garriott. Giant Hepatic Hemangioma and Cross-Fused Ectopic Kidney in a Spaceflight Participant. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2010 February 1; 81(2): 136-140. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2706.2010.
Wilke D, Padeken D, Weber T, Gerzer R. Telemedicine for the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 1999 44(7-12): 579-581. DOI: 10.1016/S0094-5765%2899%2900065-X.
Bacal K, Frey BM. Selection of Medications for the International Space Station: The Space Medicine Patient Condition Database. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2003 Apr; 16(2): 91-95. DOI: 10.1177/0897190003016002003.
Nagaraja MP, Risin D. The current state of bone loss research: data from spaceflight and microgravity simulators. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2013 May; 114(5): 1001-1008. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24454.
Sutherland GR, Lama S, Gan LS, Wolfsberger S, Zareinia K. Merging machines with microsurgery: Clinical experience with neuroArm. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2013 March; 118(3): 521-529. DOI: 10.3171/2012.11.JNS12877.
Motkoski JW, Yang FW, Lwu SH, Sutherland GR. Toward robot-assisted neurosurgical lasers. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2013 April; 60(4): 892-898. DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2012.2218655.
Afonin BV. Analysis of possible causes of activation of gastric and the pancreatic excretory and incretory function after completion of space flight at the international space station. Human Physiology. 2013 October 11; 39(5): 504-510. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713050022.
Orwoll ES, Adler RA, Amin S, Binkley N, Lewiecki EM, Petak SM, Shapses SA, Sinaki M, Watts NB, Sibonga JD. Skeletal Health in Long-Duration Astronauts: Nature, Assessment, and Management Recommendations from the NASA Bone Summit. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2013 Jun; 28(6): 1243-1255. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1948.
Becker JL, Souza GR. Using space-based investigations to inform cancer research on Earth. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2013 May; 13315-327. DOI: 10.1038/nrc3507.PMID: 23584334.
Law J, Van Baalen M, Foy M, Mason SS, Mendez C, Wear, Meyers VE, Alexander DJ. Relationship between carbon dioxide levels and reported headaches on the international space station. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2014 May; 56(5): 477-483. DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000158.PMID: 24806559.
English KL, Lee SM, Loehr JA, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Isokinetic strength changes following long-duration spaceflight on the ISS. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 December 1; 86(12): 68-77. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.EC09.2015.
Wood SJ, Paloski WH, Clark JB. Assessing sensorimotor function following ISS with computerized dynamic posturography. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 December 1; 86(12): 45-53. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.EC07.2015.PMID: 26630195.
Putro WS, Lestari RE. The scoring quality of astronauts' sleeps using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) during microgravity effect in the International Space Station (ISS). Scientific Journal of PPI - UKM. 2015 2(1): 3 pp.
Hayes J. The first decade of ISS exercise: Lessons learned on expeditions 1–25. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 December 1; 86(12): 1-6. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.EC01.2015.PMID: 26630187.
Oganov VS, Baranov VS, Kabitskaya OE, Novikov V, Bakulin AV, Moskalenko MV, Aseev MV, Voitulevich LV. Analysis of polymorphism of bone metabolism genes and evaluation of the risk of osteopenia in cosmonauts. Human Physiology. 2012 December 15; 38(7): 732-737. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119712070183.Original Russian Text © V.S. Oganov, V.S. Baranov, O.E. Kabitskaya, V.E. Novikov, A.V. Bakulin, M.V. Moskalenko, M.V. Aseev, L.V. Voitulevich, 2010, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 18–23..
Prostyakov IV, Morukov BV, Morukov IB. Changes in bone mineral density and microarchitecture in cosmonauts after a six-month space flight. Human Physiology. 2012 December 15; 38(7): 727-731. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119712070201.Original Russian Text © I.V. Prostyakov, B.V. Morukov, I.B. Morukov, 2010, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 24–28..
Pastushkova LK, Valeeva OA, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM, Dobrokhotov IV, Popov IA, Pochuev, Kireev KS, Grigoriev AI. Changes in urine protein composition in human organism during long term space flights. Acta Astronautica. 2012 December; 81(2): 430-434. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.08.029.
Lambrecht G, Petersen N, Weerts G, Pruett CJ, Evetts SN, Stokes M, Hides JA. The role of physiotherapy in the European Space Agency strategy for preparation and reconditioning of astronauts before and after long duration space flight. Musculoskeletal Science & Practice. 2017 January; 27 Suppl 1S15-S22. DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2016.10.009.PMID: 28173928. | Impact Statement
Rizzardi L, Kunz HE, Rubins K, Chouker A, Quiriarte HD, Sams CF, Crucian BE, Feinberg AP. Evaluation of techniques for performing cellular isolation and preservation during microgravity conditions. npj Microgravity. 2016 July 14; 216025. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.25. | Impact Statement
Koppelmans V, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Seidler RD. Brain structural plasticity with spaceflight. npj Microgravity. 2016 December 19; 2(1): 2. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-016-0001-9.PMID: 28649622.
Barrila J, Ott CM, LeBlanc CL, Mehta SK, Crabbe A, Stafford P, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Spaceflight modulates gene expression in the whole blood of astronauts. npj Microgravity. 2016 December 8; 216039. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.39. | Impact Statement
Larina IM, Percy AJ, Yang J, Borchers CH, Nosovsky AM, Grigoriev AI, Nikolaev EN. Protein expression changes caused by spaceflight as measured for 18 Russian cosmonauts. Scientific Reports. 2017 August 15; 7(1): 8142. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08432-w.PMID: 28811532. | Impact Statement
Brzhozovskiy AG, Kononikhin AS, Indeykina MI, Pastushkova LK, Popov IA, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. Label-free study of cosmonaut's urinary proteome changes after long-duration spaceflights. European Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2017 August; 23(4): 225-229. DOI: 10.1177/1469066717717610.PMID: 29028400. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Kashirina DN, Kononikhin AS, Brzhozovskiy AG, Ivanisenko VA, Tiys ES, Novosyolova AM, Custaud M, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. The effect of long-term space flights on human urine proteins functionally related to endothelium. Human Physiology. 2018 January 1; 44(1): 60-67. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119718010139.Original Russian Text © L.Kh. Pastushkova, D.N. Kashirina, A.S. Kononikhin, A.G. Brzhozovsky, V.A. Ivanisenko, E.S. Tiys, A.M. Novosyolova, M.-A. Custaud, E.N. Nikolaev, I.M. Larina, 2018, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2018, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 72–81.. | Impact Statement
Clement GR, Ngo-Anh JT. Space Physiology II: Adaptation of the Central Nervous System to Space Flight - Past, Current and Future Studies. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 Jul; 113(7): 1655-1672. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2509-3.
Wessel III JH, Schaefer CM, Thompson MS, Norcross JR, Bekdash OS. Retrospective evaluation of clinical symptoms due to mild hypobaric hypoxia exposure in microgravity. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2018 September 1; 89(9): 792-797. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4913.2018.PMID: 30126511. | Impact Statement
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Schmid JF, Lipsky W, Sargsyan AE, Garcia KM, Williams JN. Intraocular lens use in an astronaut during long duration spaceflight. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2018 January 1; 89(1): 63-65. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4986.2018.PMID: 29233246. | Impact Statement
Suedfeld P, Johnson PJ, Gushin VI, Brcic J. Motivational profiles of retired cosmonauts. Acta Astronautica. 2018 March 2; 146202-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.02.038. | Impact Statement
Johnson PJ, Suedfeld P, Gushin VI. Being a father during the space career: retired cosmonauts' involvement. Acta Astronautica. 2018 May 15; 149106-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.05.028. | Impact Statement
Burkhart K, Allaire B, Bouxsein ML. Negative effects of long-duration spaceflight on paraspinal muscle morphology. Spine. 2018 December 8; epubDOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002959.PMID: 30624302. | Impact Statement
Koryak YA. Architectural and functional specifics of the human triceps surae muscle in vivo and its adaptation to microgravity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 December 20; epubDOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00634.2018.PMID: 30571290. | Impact Statement
Lee JK, Koppelmans V, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Hasan KM, Pasternak O, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ, Seidler RD. Spaceflight-associated brain white matter microstructural changes and intracranial fluid redistribution. JAMA Neurology. 2019 January 23; 76(4): 412-419. DOI: 10.1007/s10765-014-1662-9.PMID: 30673793. | Impact Statement
Kashirina DN, Percy AJ, Pastushkova LK, Borchers CH, Kireev KS, Ivanisenko VA, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. The molecular mechanisms driving physiological changes after long duration space flights revealed by quantitative analysis of human blood proteins. BMC Medical Genomics. 2019 March 13; 1245. DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0490-y.PMID: 30871558. Also: From 11th International Multiconference "Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure\Systems Biology" - BGRS\SB- 2018 Novosibirsk, Russia. 20-25 August 2018. | Impact Statement
Makowski MS, Norcross JR, Alexander DJ, Sanders RW, Conkin J, Young MH. Carbon monoxide levels in the extravehicular mobility unit by modeling and operational testing. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2019 February 1; 90(2): 84-91. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5220.2019.PMID: 30670117. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Kashirina DN, Brzhozovskiy AG, Kononikhin AS, Tiys ES, Ivanisenko VA, Koloteva MI, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. Evaluation of cardiovascular system state by urine proteome after manned space flight. Acta Astronautica. 2019 February 16; epub7 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.02.015. | Impact Statement
Brzhozovskiy AG, Kononikhin AS, Pastushkova LK, Kashirina DN, Indeykina MI, Popov IA, Custaud M, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. The Effects of Spaceflight Factors on the Human Plasma Proteome, Including Both Real Space Missions and Ground-Based Experiments. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019 Jun 29; 20(13): E3194. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133194.PMID: 31261866. | Impact Statement
Ramachandran V, Dalal S, Scheuring RA, Jones JA. Musculoskeletal Injuries in Astronauts: Review of Pre-flight, In-flight, Post-flight, and Extravehicular Activity Injuries. Current Pathobiology Reports. 2018 September; 6(3): 149-158. DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0172-z. | Impact Statement
Aubert AE, Beckers F, Verheyden B. Cardiovascular function and basics of physiology in microgravity. Acta Cardiologica. 2005 April 1; 60(2): 129-151. DOI: 10.2143/AC.60.2.2005024. | Impact Statement
Fedorchenko KY, Ryabokon AM, Kononikhin AS, Mitrofanov SI, Mikhant´eva EA, Spasskii AI, Sukhodolov IR, Popov IA, Polyakov AV, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN, Varfolomeev SD. The effect of space flight on the protein composition of the exhaled breath condensate of cosmonauts. Russian Chemical Bulletin. 2016 November 1; 65(11): 2745-2750. DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1645-z.Also: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2745—2750, November, 2016.. | Impact Statement
Kononikhin AS, Starodubtseva NL, Pastushkova LK, Kashirina DN, Fedorchenko KY, Brhozovsky AG, Popov IA, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. Spaceflight induced changes in the human proteome. Expert Review of Proteomics. 2017 January 2; 14(1): 15-29. DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1258307. | Impact Statement
Lloro V, Giovannoni LM, Lozano-de Luaces V, Lloro I, Manzanares MC. Is oral health affected in long period space missions only by microgravity? A systematic review. Acta Astronautica. 2019 November 9; epub27 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.11.015. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Goncharova AG, Vasilyeva GY, Tagirova SK, Kashirina DN, Sayk OV, Rittweger J, Larina IM. Search for Blood Proteome Proteins Involved in the Regulation of Bone Remodeling in Astronauts. Human Physiology. 2019 September 1; 45(5): 536-542. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719050128.Also: Originally published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2019;45(5):91-8.. | Impact Statement
Kotovskaya AR, Koloteva MI, Glebova TM. Tolerance of G-Loads by a Russian Cosmonaut and a NASA Astronaut during the Soyuz Space Vehicle De-Orbit after a 340-Day Mission to the International Space Station. Human Physiology. 2019 December 1; 45(7): 754-758. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719070090.Russian Text published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2018, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 13–17.. | Impact Statement
Shimada. Human adaptation to microgravity and partial gravity. Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical, Electrical and Medical Intelligent System 2019 (ICMEMIS2019), Kiryu City, Japan. 2019 December 4-6; 5 pp. | Impact Statement
Kukoba TB, Novikov VE, Babich DR, Lysova NY, Gordienko KV, Fomina EV. Preventive efficiency of resistive exercises for the bone system of cosmonauts in repeated long-duration space missions. Human Physiology. 2019 December 1; 45(7): 759-763. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719070107.Also Russian Text © The Author(s), 2018, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2018, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 28–32.. | Impact Statement
Koryak YA. Isokinetic force and work capacity after long-duration space station Mir and short-term International Space Station missions. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2020 May 1; 91(5): 422-431. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5348.2020.PMID: 32327016. | Impact Statement
Stepanova SI, Koroleva MV, Nesterov VF, Galichiy VA, Karpova OI. In-flight monitoring of cosmonauts’ work and rest cycle: Retrospective data analysis and information sources. Human Physiology. 2019 December 1; 45(7): 768-772. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719070168.Also Russian Text © The Author(s), 2018, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2018, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 48–52.. | Impact Statement
Orlov OI, Chernogorov RV, Perevedentsev OV, Polyakov AV. Application of computer-assisted technologies to optimization of medical care measures in piloted space exploration missions. Human Physiology. 2019 December 1; 45(7): 705-709. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719070120.Also Russian Text published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2018, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 10–15.. | Impact Statement
Ilyin VC, Shumilina GA, Solovieva ZO, Nosovsky AM, Kaminskaya EV. Some characteristics of the oral cavity and teeth of cosmonauts on missions to the International Space Station. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2016 50(6): 25-30. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528x-2016-50-6-25-30.PMID: 29553602. Russian.
Chu W, Glad W, Wever R. Embracing change while retaining the existing: Sustainable behaviour design insights from astronaut food consumption transitions. International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference IASDR 2019, Manchester, United Kingdom. 2019 September 2-5; 15 pp. | Impact Statement
Jain V, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Young MH, Charvat JM, Wotring VE. Potential venous thromboembolism risk in female astronauts. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2020 May 1; 91(5): 432-439. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5458.2020.PMID: 32327017. | Impact Statement
Burkhart K, Allaire B, Anderson D, Lee D, Keaveny TM, Bouxsein ML. Effects of long-duration spaceflight on vertebral strength and risk of spine fracture. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2020 February; 35(2): 269-276. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3881.PMID: 31670861. | Impact Statement
Koryak YA. Changes in human skeletal muscle architecture and function induced by extended spaceflight. Journal of Biomechanics. 2019 December 3; 97109408. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109408.PMID: 31662199. | Impact Statement
Trudel G, Shafer J, Laneuville O, Ramsay T. Characterizing the effect of exposure to microgravity on anemia: more space is worse. American Journal of Hematology. 2019 December 2; 95(3): 267-273. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25699.PMID: 31816115. | Impact Statement
Stavnichuk M, Mikolajewicz N, Corlett T, Morris M, Komarova SV. A systematic review and meta-analysis of bone loss in space travelers. npj Microgravity. 2020 May 5; 6(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0103-2. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Rusanov VB, Orlov OI, Goncharova AG, Chernikova AG, Kashirina DN, Kussmaul AR, Brzhozovskiy AG, Kononikhin AS, Kireev KS, Nosovsky AM, Larina IM. The variability of urine proteome and coupled biochemical blood indicators in cosmonauts with different preflight autonomic status. Acta Astronautica. 2020 March 1; 168204-210. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.12.015. | Impact Statement
Larina IM, Pastushkova LK, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Orlov OI. Piloted space flight and post-genomic technologies. REACH. 2020 July 11; 16100034. DOI: 10.1016/j.reach.2020.100034. | Impact Statement
Limper U, Tank J, Ahnert T, Maegele M, Grottke O, Hein M, Jordan J. The thrombotic risk of spaceflight: has a serious problem been overlooked for more than half of a century?. European Heart Journal. 2021 January 1; 42(1): 97-100. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa359.PMID: 32428936. | Impact Statement
Kononikhin AS, Brzhozovskiy AG, Ryabokon AM, Fedorchenko KY, Zhakharova NV, Spasskii AI, Popov IA, Ilyin VC, Solovyova ZO, Pastushkova LK, Polyakov AV, Varfolomeev SD, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. Proteome profiling of the exhaled breath condensate after long-term spaceflights. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019 September 12; 20(18): 4518. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184518. | Impact Statement
Hides JA, Lambrecht G, Sexton CT, Pruett CJ, Petersen N, Jaekel P, Rosenberger A, Weerts G. The effects of exposure to microgravity and reconditioning of the lumbar multifidus and anterolateral abdominal muscles; Implications for people with LBP. Spine Journal. 2021 March 1; 21(3): 477-491. DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.09.006. | Impact Statement
Komiyama T. Practicalities of dose management for Japanese astronauts staying at the International Space Station. Annals of the ICRP. 2020 September 24; epub146645320944278. DOI: 10.1177/0146645320944278.PMID: 32969256. | Impact Statement
Kuzichkin DS, Markin AA, Juravlyova OA, Krivitsyna ZA, Vostrikova LV, Zabolotskaya IV, Loginov VI. Effect of total duration and amount of performed space flights on the human plasma hemostasis system. Human Physiology. 2019 November 1; 45(6): 701-704. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719050074.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2019, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 133–136.. | Impact Statement
Bogomolov VV, Grigoriev AI, Kozlovskaya IB. The Russian experience in medical care and health maintenance of the International Space Station crews. Acta Astronautica. 2007 February; 60(4-7): 237-246. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.08.014.
Koryak YA. Influence of long-duration space flight on human skeletal muscle architecture and function - a pilot study. American Scientific Journal. 2016 (6): 7-13. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Rusanov VB, Goncharova AG, Brzhozovskiy AG, Kononikhin AS, Chernikova AG, Kashirina DN, Nosovsky AM, Baevsky RM, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. Urine proteome changes associated with autonomic regulation of heart rate in cosmonauts. BMC Systems Biology. 2019 March 5; 13(1): 17. DOI: 10.1186/s12918-019-0688-9.PMID: 30836973. | Impact Statement
Fomina EV, Kukoba TB. [Characteristics of post-flight muscle strength and velocity dynamics in cosmonauts as a function of weight loading during long-term space missions]. Aviacosmic and Ecological Medicine. 2020 54(5): 23-28. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-23-28.Russian.
Kashirina DN, Pastushkova LK, Percy AJ, Borchers CH, Brzhozovskiy AG, Larina IM. Changes in the plasma protein composition in cosmonauts after space flight and its significance for endothelial functions. Human Physiology. 2019 January 1; 45(1): 75-82. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119719010092.Also: Russian Text © D.N. Kashirina, L.Kh. Pastushkova, A.J. Percy, Ch.H. Borchers, A.G. Brzhozovsky, I.M. Larina, 2019, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2019, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 88–96.. | Impact Statement
Larina IM, Kashirina DN, Kireev KS, Grigoriev AI. [Repeated long mannered flights: Proteomic studies of cosmonaut blood]. Aviacosmic and Ecological Medicine. 2020 54(5): 15-22. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-15-22.
Pastushkova LK, Koloteva MI, Goncharova AG, Glebova TM, Goncharov IB, Kashirina DN, Brzezhovsky AG, Kireev KS, Larina IM. [Changes in the blood proteome of spacecraft with micro- and macro-vascular injuries during overloading at the final stage of long-term space flights]. Aviacosmic and Ecological Medicine. 2020 54(5): 5-14. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-5-5-14.
Nozawa Y, Wagatsuma Y. Protein intake and physical performance following long-term stay on the International Space Station. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2021 March 1; 92(3): 153-159. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5640.2021.PMID: 33754972. | Impact Statement
Feiveson AH, George KA, Shavers MR, Moreno-Villanueva M, Zhang Y, Babiak-Vazquez A, Crucian BE, Semones E, Wu H. Predicting chromosome damage in astronauts participating in international space station missions. Scientific Reports. 2021 March 3; 11(1): 5293. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84242-5.PMID: 33674665. | Impact Statement
Stepanova SI, Koroleva MV, Nesterov VF, Supolkina NS, Galichiy VA, Karpova OI. Assessment of the work–rest schedule of the Russian members of the International Space Station crews 40/41–53/54 using the flight monitoring data. Human Physiology. 2020 December 1; 46(7): 760-765. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119720070154.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2019, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 29–35.. | Impact Statement
Snigiryova GP, Novitskaya NN, Fedorenko BS. Cytogenetic examination of cosmonauts for space radiation exposure estimation. Advances in Space Research. 2012 Aug 15; 50(4): 502-507. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.05.010.
Hamilton DR. Electrical shock hazard severity estimation during extravehicular activity for the International Space Station. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2021 April 1; 92(4): 231-239. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5702.2021.PMID: 33752786. | Impact Statement
Koschate J, Hoffmann U, Lysova NY, Thieschäfer L, Drescher U, Fomina EV. Acquisition of cardiovascular kinetics via treadmill exercise – A tool to monitor physical fitness during space missions. Acta Astronautica. 2021 May 25; epub52pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.05.030. | Impact Statement
Stepanova SI, Karpova OI, Galichiy VA, Nesterov VF, Saraev IF. Work-rest cycle of cosmonauts in missions 22/23-39/40 of the International Space Station. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2016 50(1): 7-12. PMID: 27344851. [Russian].
Zhuravleva OA, Markin AA, Koloteva MI, Loginov VI. Metabolic features of cosmonauts after ballistic descent from the Earth orbit. Human Physiology. 2017 September 1; 43(5): 569-577. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119717050176.[Original Russian Text © O.A. Zhuravleva, A.A. Markin, M.I. Koloteva, V.I. Loginov, 2017, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2017, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 94–103.]. | Impact Statement
Jiang A, Foing B, Schlacht IL, Yao X, Cheung V, Rhodes PA. Colour schemes to reduce stress response in the hygiene area of a space station: A Delphi study. Applied Ergonomics. 2022 January 1; 98103573. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103573.PMID: 34481296. | Impact Statement
Larina IM, Brzhozovskiy AG, Nosovsky AM, Indeykina MI, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Orlov OI. Oxidative posttranslational modifications of blood plasma proteins of cosmonauts after a long-term flight: Part II. Human Physiology. 2021 July 1; 47(4): 438-447. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119721040095. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Kononikhin AS, Tijs ES, Obraztsova OA, Dobrokhotov IV, Ivanisenko VA, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. [Identification of biological processes on the composition of the urine proteome cosmonauts on the first day after long space flights]. Russian Journal of Physiology (Rossiĭskii Fiziologicheskiĭ Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova / Rossiĭskaia Akademiia Nauk). 2015 February; 101(2): 222-237. PMID: 26012114. In Russian.
Lysova NY, Fomina EV, Kireev KS, Grishin AP. [Effect of long-term space missions on the biomechanical characteristics of locomotion with an additional motor task]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2021 55(4): 45-50. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-4-45-50.
Pastushkova LK, Kononikhin AS, Tiys ES, Popov IA, Dobrokhotov IV, Ivanisenko VA, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. [Urine proteome study for the evaluation of cardiovascular system state after spaceflight in human]. Russian Journal of Physiology (Rossiĭskii Fiziologicheskiĭ Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova / Rossiĭskaia Akademiia Nauk). 2013 August; 99(8): 945-959. PMID: 25470945. Russian.
Bisserier M, Shanmughapriya S, Rai AK, Gonzalez C, Brojakowska A, Garikipati VN, Madesh M, Mills PJ, Walsh K, Arakelyan A, Kishore R, Hadri L, Goukassian DA. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a potential biomarker for astronauts' health. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2021 October 20; e022055. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022055.PMID: 34666498. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Rusanov VB, Goncharova AG, Nosovsky AM, Luchitskaya ES, Kashirina DN, Kononikhin AS, Kussmaul AR, Yakhya YD, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. Blood plasma proteins associated with heart rate variability in cosmonauts who have completed long-duration space missions. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021 122011. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.760875. | Impact Statement
zu Eulenburg P, Buchheim J, Ashton NJ, Vassilieva G, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Chouker A. Changes in blood biomarkers of brain injury and degeneration following long-duration spaceflight. JAMA Neurology. 2021 October 11; 78(12): 1525-1527. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3589.PMID: 34633430. | Impact Statement
Oganov VS, Grigoriev AI. Mechanisms of human osteopenia and some peculiarities of bone metabolism in weightlessness conditions. Russian Journal of Physiology (Rossiĭskii Fiziologicheskiĭ Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova / Rossiĭskaia Akademiia Nauk). 2012 March; 98(3): 395-409. PMID: 22645949. Russian.
Pastushkova LK, Goncharov IN, Koloteva MI, Goncharova AG, Kashirina DN, Nosovsky AM, Glebova TM, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM. Characteristics of blood plasma proteome changes associated with the hemorrhagic purpura of cosmonauts on the first day after long-term space missions. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2022 January 14; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.01.001. | Impact Statement
Goodenow-Messman DA, Gokoglu SA, Kassemi M, Myers JG. Numerical characterization of astronaut CaOx renal stone incidence rates to quantify in-flight and post-flight relative risk. npj Microgravity. 2022 January 28; 8(1): 1-17. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00187-z.PMID: 35091560. | Impact Statement
Makarov IA, Voronkov YI, Bogomolov VV, Alferova IV. Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome: Clinical features and classification. Human Physiology. 2021 November 1; 47(6): 612-618. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119721040101. | Impact Statement
Rusanov VB, Pastushkova LK, Luchitskaya ES, Goncharova AG, Nosovsky AM, Kussmaul AR, Kashirina DN, Nikolaev EN, Orlov OI, Larina IM. Potential protein markers associated with the functional state of vessels prior to long-term space missions and on the first post-landing day. Acta Astronautica. 2022 March 3; epub18 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.02.020. | Impact Statement
Bogomolov VV, Polyakov AV, Matsnev EI, Popova II, Kovachevich IV, Alferova IV, Repenkova LG, Sigaleva EE. Diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases in Russian cosmonauts during missions to the orbital station MIR and ISS. Human Physiology. 2021 December 1; 47(7): 810-814. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119721070021.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2020, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 22–27.. | Impact Statement
Shpakov AV, Voronov AV, Fomina EV, Lysova NY, Chernova MV, Kozlovskaya IB. Comparative efficiency of different regimens of locomotor training in prolonged space flights as estimated from the data on biomechanical and electromyographic parameters of walking. Human Physiology. 2013 April 16; 39(2): 162-170. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713020151.Also: Original Russian Text © A.V. Shpakov, A.V. Voronov, E.V. Fomina, N.Yu. Lysova, M.V. Chernova, I.B. Kozlovskaya, 2013, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2013, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 60–69.. | Impact Statement
Pavela JH, Sargsyan AE, Bedi DG, Everson A, Charvat JM, Mason SS, Johansen B, Marshall-Goebel K, Mercaldo S, Shah R, Moll S. Surveillance for jugular venous thrombosis in astronauts. Vascular Medicine. 2022 May 3; epub1358863X221086619. DOI: 10.1177/1358863X221086619.PMID: 35502899. | Impact Statement
Koppelmans V, Mulavara AP, Seidler RD, De Dios YE, Bloomberg JJ, Wood SJ. Cortical thickness of primary motor and vestibular brain regions predicts recovery from fall and balance directly after spaceflight. Brain Structure and Function. 2022 April 25; epub14pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02492-z.PMID: 35469104. | Impact Statement
David J, Scheuring RA, Morgan A, Olsen C, Sargsyan AE, Grishin AP. Comparison of internal jugular vein cross-section area during a Russian tilt-table protocol and microgravity. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2021 March 1; 92(3): 207-211. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5600.2021.PMID: 33754979.
Belavy DL, Armbrecht G, Albracht K, Brisby H, Falla D, Scheuring RA, Sovelius R, Wilke H, Rennerfelt K, Martinez-Valdes E, Arvanitidis M, Goell F, Braunstein B, Kaczorowski S, Karner V, Arora NK. Cervical spine and muscle adaptation after spaceflight and relationship to herniation risk: protocol from 'Cervical in Space' trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2022 August 13; 23(1): 772. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05684-0.PMID: 35964076.
Brojakowska A, Kour A, Thel MC, Park E, Bisserier M, Garikipati VN, Hadri L, Mills PJ, Walsh K, Goukassian DA. Retrospective analysis of somatic mutations and clonal hematopoiesis in astronauts. Communications Biology. 2022 Autust 17; 5(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03777-z.
Beaton-Green L, Lachapelle S, Straube U, Wilkins RC. Evolution of the Health Canada astronaut biodosimetry program with a view towards international harmonization. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2015 November; 793101-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.013.
Rykova MP. Immune system of Russian cosmonauts after orbital space flights. Human Physiology. 2013 October 11; 39(5): 557-566. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713050137.
Kotovskaya AR, Fomina GA. Prediction of human orthostatic tolerance by changes in arterial and venous hemodynamics in the microgravity environment. Human Physiology. 2013 October 11; 39(5): 472-479. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713050083.
Sibonga JD, Spector ER, Johnston SL, Tarver WJ. Evaluating bone loss in ISS astronauts. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 December 1; 86(12): 38-44. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.EC06.2015.PMID: 26630194.
Pastushkova LK, Kireev KS, Kononikhin AS, Tiys ES, Popov IA, Starodubtseva NL, Dobrokhotov IV, Ivanisenko VA, Larina IM, Kolchanov NA, Nikolaev EN. Detection of renal tissue and urinary tract proteins in the human urine after space flight. PLOS ONE. 2013 August 13; 8(8): e71652. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071652.PMID: 23967230. | Impact Statement
Pastushkova LK, Kireev KS, Kononikhin AS, Ivanisenko VA, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. Detection of renal and urinary tract proteins before and after spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2013 August 1; 84(8): 859-863. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3510.2013.PMID: 23926664.
Pastushkova LK, Kireev KS, Kononikhin AS, Tiys ES, Popov IA, Dobrokhotov IV, Ivanisenko VA, Noskov VB, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. Detection of renal and urinary tract proteins in urine before and after space flight. Human Physiology. 2013 October 11; 39(5): 535-539. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713050125.
Pastushkova LK, Valeeva OA, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Larina IM, Dobrokhotov IV, Popov IA, Pochuev, Kireev KS. Changes of protein profile of human urine after long-term orbital flights. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2013 November; 156(2): 201-204. PMID: 24319748.
Pakharukova NA, Pastushkova LK, Samarin GI, Pochuev, Morukov BV, Larina IM. Direct proteome profiling of the blood serum in cosmonauts after long-term space missions. Human Physiology. 2014 December; 40(7): 713-717. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119714070196.
Oganov VS, Skripnikova IA, Novikov V, Bakulin AV, Kabitskaya OE, Murashko LM. Characteristics of local human skeleton responses to microgravity and drug treatment for osteoporosis in clinic. Human Physiology. 2014 December; 40(7): 762-766. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119714070184.Also: Original Russian Text © V.S. Oganov, I.A. Skripnikova, V.E. Novikov, A.V. Bakulin, O.E. Kabitskaya, L.M. Murashko, 2011, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2011, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 16–21..
International Space Station Zero-Propellant Maneuver (ZPM) Demonstration shows for the first time new technology which rotates the Station by not expending on-orbit propellant.
Publications
Ross IM, Fahroo F. User's Manual for DIDO 2002: A MATLAB Application Package for Dynamic Optimization. Naval Postgraduate School Technical Report. 2002 June
Bedrossian N, Bhatt SA, Lammers M, Nguyen L, Zhang Y. First Ever Flight Demonstration of Zero Propellant Maneuver Attitude Control Concept. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Hilton Head, SC. 2007 AIAA 2007-6734 | Impact Statement
Bedrossian N, Bhatt SA, Lammers M, Nguyen L. Zero Propellant Maneuver Flight Results for 180deg ISS Rotation. 20th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics, Annapolis, MD. 2007 NASA/CP-2007-214158 | Impact Statement
Kang W, Bedrossian N. Pseudospectral Optimal Control Theory Makes Debut Flight, Saves NASA 1M dollars in Under Three Hours. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics News. 2007 40(7): | Impact Statement
McCants E. Optimal Open-Loop Control Moment Gyroscope Maneuvers. Master's Thesis, Rice University, Houston, TX. 2001 | Impact Statement
Bedrossian N, Pietz J. Momentum Dumping Using Only CMGs. AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Austin, TX. 2003
Ross IM, Fahroo F. Legendre Pseudospectral Approximation of Optimal Control Problems. New Trends in Nonlinear Dynamics and Control and their Applications. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Science. 2003 295327-342. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45056-6_21.
Chamitoff GE, Dershowitz AL, Bryson AL. Command Level Maneuver Optimization for the International Space Station. 23rd Annual AAS Guidance and Control Conference, Breckenridge, CO. 2000 ;AAS Paper 00-02
Bedrossian N. Space Station Momentum Optimal CMG Maneuver Logic During Payload Operations. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Denver, CO. 2000 2000-4452
Ross IM, Fahroo F. Pseudospectral Knotting Methods for Solving Optimal Control Problems. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics. 2004 27(3): 397-405.
Pietz J. Pseudospectral Collocation Methods for the Direct Transcription of Optimal Control Problems. Master's Thesis, Rice University, Houston, TX. 2003 | Impact Statement
The ISS Microbial Tracking series-2 continues the monitoring of the types of microbes that are present on the International Space Station (ISS). Microbial Tracking-2 (MT-2) seeks to catalog and characterize potential disease-causing microorganisms aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Crew samples from pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight times in addition to environmental samples from ISS surface and air locations will be collected to analyze any associations between the microbial content of the samples, as well as potential health effects.
Publications
Avila-Herrera A, Thissen J, Urbaniak C, Be NA, Smith DJ, Karouia F, Mehta SK, Venkateswaran KJ, Jaing C. Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces. PLOS ONE. 2020 April 29; 15(4): e0231838. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231838.PMID: 32348348. | Impact Statement
Simpson AC, Urbaniak C, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of various bacterial phyla isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2021 April 29; 10(17): e00214-21. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00214-21.PMID: 33927037. | Impact Statement
Morrison MD, Thissen J, Karouia F, Mehta SK, Urbaniak C, Venkateswaran KJ, Smith DJ, Jaing C. Investigation of spaceflight induced changes to astronaut microbiomes. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 12659179. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659179.PMID: 34149649. | Impact Statement
Simpson AC, Urbaniak C, Bateh JR, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Houbraken J, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of fungi isolated from the International Space Station during the Microbial Tracking-2 experiment. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2021 September 16; 10(37): e00751-21. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00751-21.PMID: 34528817. | Impact Statement
Urbaniak C, Morrison MD, Thissen J, Karouia F, Smith DJ, Mehta SK, Jaing C, Venkateswaran KJ. Microbial Tracking-2, a metagenomics analysis of bacteria and fungi onboard the International Space Station. Microbiome. 2022 June 29; 10(1): 100. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01293-0.PMID: 35765106. | Impact Statement
Intraterrestrial Fungus (STaARS-iFUNGUS) cultures a rare type of fungus in the microgravity environment of space in order to search for new antibiotics. The fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum, differs from other fungi because it comes from deep in the Earth’s subsurface and shows potential as a source for new antibacterial compounds. The STaARS-iFUNGUS experiment transports frozen samples of fungal spores to the International Space Station (ISS), grows the fungus in different nutrient mixtures over different intervals, refreezes the samples and then returns them to Earth, where scientists examine how they grew and what chemicals they produced.
The Intravehicular Activity Clothing Study (IVA Clothing Study) dresses crewmembers in commercially available lightweight clothes that have been designed to resist odors. The IVA Clothing Study was developed under the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Program Logistics Reduction and Repurposing Project. There is no laundry in space, so dirty garments are discarded via the ISS cargo resupply spacecraft. Sufficient cotton clothes for a crew of six add more than 900 pounds of freight to the International Space Station. Replacing crew clothes with non-cotton apparel, such as polyester, wool, and modacrylic, reduces weight for cargo launches and trash removal, while providing crewmembers with comfortable, longer-lasting clothes.
IntraVenous Fluid GENeration for Exploration Missions (IVGEN) demonstrates the capability to purify water to the standards required for intravenous administration, then mix the water with salt crystals to produce normal saline. This hardware is a prototype that will allow flight surgeons more options to treat ill or injured crewmembers during future long-duration exploration missions.
Publications
McQuillen JB, McKay TL, Griffin DW, Brown DF, Zoldak JT. Final Report for Intravenous Fluid Generation (IVGEN) Spaceflight Experiment. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2011 2011-217033
The purpose of Invasive and Noninvasive ICP Monitoring and VIIP Biomarker Identification (Direct ICP) is to determine whether changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) are associated with development of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS), an eye condition that can affect crew members during or after long-duration spaceflight. This investigation directly measures ICP and collects cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples via a spinal tap before and after spaceflight. Additionally, indirect (non-invasive) ICP measurements, as well as blood and urine samples, are collected before, during and after flight; results are expected to help improve estimation of ICP using non-invasive methods and predict which crew members may develop SANS.
Publications
Wahlin A, Holmlund P, Fellows AM, Malm J, Buckey, Jr. JC, Eklund A. Optic nerve length before and after spaceflight. Ophthalmology. 2020 July 10; epub30 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.07.007.PMID: 32659310. | Impact Statement
The Investigating and Developmental Testing a Standalone Closed Reactor for Producing Biomass of Bacteria and Biologically Active Substances without Introducing Additional Ingredients or Removing Metabolic Products. Developing High-output Pharmaceuticals Production Processes of Few Steps Using this Reactor Type (Bioemulsiya) investigation creates a standalone closed bioreactor to be used as a backbone for developing a few-stage process for emulsion-based culturing of bacteria. The bioreactor is designed for carrying out the culturing process under severe conditions; no air supply for aerating the culture medium or venting of metabolic gases and no metabolic products removal.
The Investigating Atmospheric Burst of Gamma-Ray and Optical Emissions During Thunderstorm Activity (Molniya-Gamma) investigation examines high-altitude lightning discharges, specifically the gamma-ray bursts and optical emissions in the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere related to storm activity.
Publications
Solov'ev AV, Markov AV, Sorokin IV, Lyubinskii VE. Applied Scientific Research on the International Space Station and New Flight-Control Technologies. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2017 87(3): 229-236. DOI: 10.1134/S1019331617030091.
Andreevsky SE, Kuznetsov VD, Sinelnikov VM. Registration of the Atmospheric Gamma Radiation on Board the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2017 March; 174(3): 1091-1099. DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1436-3.
The Investigating Plasma Wave Processes of Very Large Spacecraft Interaction with the Ionosphere in the Near-surface Region of the ISS (Obstanovka) investigation is aimed at measuring the electrical potential of the ISS RS relative to the surrounding plasma and at assessing the possible negative impact of changes in the potential on the ISS operation and components. This goal can be achieved by running combined wave diagnostics to support a wide frequency-range study of the electrical, electrostatic, and magnetic field strength (including permanent fields) and plasma particle fluctuation spectrum
Investigating the Physiology and Fitness of an Exoelectrogenic Organism Under Microgravity Conditions (Micro-12) examines the effects of spaceflight on the physiology of an exoelectrogenic microorganism, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Exoelectrogenic microbes can pass electrons through their cell membranes, and so can be used in microbial fuel cells to make electricity from waste organic material. This investigation improves understanding of how microgravity may affect biological electron transport systems, and microbial fuel cell use in future space missions
Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Ellipsoids (InSPACE-4) studies the assembly of tiny structures from colloids using magnetic fields. These structures change the properties of the assembled material, such as its mechanical response to or interaction with light and heat. Microgravity allows observation of these assembly processes free of confining sample walls and sedimentation and during timescales not possible using simulated microgravity. Results could provide insight into how to harness nanoparticles to fabricate and manufacture new materials.
Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE) will study the particle dynamics of magnetorheological fluids (fluids that change properties in response to magnetic fields) to help understand adaptable new fluids for use in such applications as brake systems and robotics.
Publications
Vasquez PA, Furst EM, Agui J, Williams JN, Pettit DR, Lu ET. Structural Transitions of Magnetoghreological Fluids in Microgravity. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 Jan 7-10; AIAA 2008-815
Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions - 2 (InSPACE-2) will obtain data on magnetorheological fluids (fluids that change properties in response to magnetic fields) that can be used to improve or develop new brake systems and robotics.
Publications
Vasquez PA, Whitson PA, Bennung E, Boyle M, Ogale M, Agui J, Bohman D, Bunnell CT, Furst EM. Field-responsive Colloidal Suspension in Microgravity. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 AIAA-2009-0955
Swan JW, Vasquez PA, Whitson PA, Fincke EM, Wakata K, Magnus SH, De Winne F, Barratt MR, Agui J, Green RD, Hall NR, Bohman D, Bunnell CT, Gast AP, Furst EM. Multi-scale kinetics of a field-directed colloidal phase transition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012 Oct; 109(40): 16023-16028. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206915109.
Swan JW, Vasquez PA, Furst EM. Buckling instability of self-assembled colloidal columns. Physical Review Letters. 2014 September 23; 113(13): 138301. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.138301.
Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions-3 (InSPACE-3) studies magnetic colloidal mixtures under the influence of various magnetic fields. A magnetic colloidal fluid, a type of smart fluid, contains materials which solidify within the liquid when a magnetic field is applied to it, thus changing the physical properties of the liquid as a whole. Conducting these experiments on board the International Space Station (ISS) allows scientists to examine in detail the network and arrangement of the 'frozen' solid structures unaffected by the force of gravity which can deform them on Earth.
Investigation of Deep Audio Analytics on the International Space Station (SoundSee Mission) tests monitoring of the acoustic environment using an audio sensor on Astrobee, a mobile robotic platform aboard the space station. Microphones collect acoustic information, and the Astrobee determines the sensor’s position. The system can detect anomalies in the sound of components inside a machine, providing autonomous monitoring of the health of infrastructure such as life support and exercise equipment.
Publications
Bondi L, Chuang G, Ick C, Dave A, Shelton C, Coltin B, Smith T, Das S. Acoustic imaging aboard the International Space Station (ISS): Challenges and preliminary results. ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Singapore, Singapore. 2022 May; 5108-5112. DOI: 10.1109/ICASSP43922.2022.9746256. | Impact Statement
Investigation of Early Symptoms of Microdestruction of Structures and Instrument Modules in the Russian Segment of ISS (Expert) investigates the early symptoms of the surface microdestruction of the pressurized body and structures in the International Space Station (ISS) modules while monitoring temperature-humidity parameters, acoustic fields of ultrasound band and other spaceflight factors, which can affect the microdestruction processes. Secondly, Expert will lead the development of an onboard system to reveal early symptoms of microdestruction and update methods to prevent microdestruction of the pressurized body and structures in the ISS.
Publications
Deshevaya EA, Shubralova EV, Novikova ND, Borisov VV, Kononenko OD, Polikarpov NA. Testing and evaluation of a method for locating potentially hazardous sites of eventual microdestruction and detecting marks of ISS RS hull leakage. Acta Astronautica. 2011 May-Jun; 68(9-10): 1555-1559. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.10.006. | Impact Statement
Deshevaya EA, Novikova ND, Polikarpov NA, Borisov VV, Shubralova EV, Burlakova AA, Kononenko OD, Neznamova LO. Results analysis of space experiments 'Bar' and 'Expert' conducted on-board ISS Russian segment: Perspectives of 'Bar' equipment kit application for detection of potentially dangerous areas for ISS pressure body microdistruction processes extention. 6th International Aerospace Congress, Moscow, Russia. 2010
Deshevaya EA, Shubralova EV, Novikova ND, Polikarpov NA. Results of intravehicular environment influence on pressure body state studies conducted in space experiments 'Bar' and 'Expert' on-board ISS in 2008-2011. Space Forum 2011 Dedicated on 50th Anniversary for Yu. A. Gagarin Flight, Moscow, Russia. 2011 October 18-21;
Zyablov VA, Deshevaya EA, Novikova ND, Shubralova EV, Scherbakov EV. The method of destruction of bio-destructor microorganisms on surfaces of the ISS habitable modules. Federal Service for Intellectual Property. 2009 November 20; 2372942
The Investigation of host-pathogen interactions, conserved cellular responses, and countermeasure efficacy during spaceflight using the human surrogate model Caenorhabditis elegans (Micro-5) aims to better understand the risks of in-flight infections in space explorers during long-term space flight, using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm) with the microbe Salmonella typhimurium (that causes food poisoning in humans).
Investigation of Key Signaling Cascades Involved in Tumorigenesis and Their Responsiveness to a New Therapeutic Using a 3D In Vitro Tumor Model (MicroQuin 3D Tumor) examines the effects of a drug on breast and prostate cancer cells. In microgravity, the cells can grow in a three-dimensional model, which makes it easier to characterize their structure, gene expression, and cell signaling and response to the drug. Results could provide new insight into the role of a protein in the cells that is targeted by the drug.
Investigation of Mechanism of Faceted Cellular Array Growth (Facet) will investigate the phenomena at the solid-liquid interface for crystallization, especially for facet-like crystallization, which are considered to be strongly influenced by the temperature and concentration distributions in the liquid phase.
Publications
Inatomi Y, Ashida M, Sakata K, Okutani T. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and concentration during faceted cellular array growth under microgravity. World Journal of Engineering. 2014 March 1; 11(1): 41-48. DOI: 10.1260/1708-5284.11.1.41.
Inatomi Y, Yoshizaki I, Sakata K, Shimaoka T, Sone T, Tomobe T, Adachi S, Yoda S, Yoshimura Y. Investigation on mechanism of faceted cellular array growth in International Space Station. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 2012 April; 323-325533-537. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.323-325.533.
Wang J, Inatomi Y. Three-dimensional phase field modeling of the faceted cellular growth. ISIJ International. 2010 50(12): 1901-1907. DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.50.1901.
Investigation of the Features of the Structural/Functional State of Various Sections of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract to Identify the Specific Changes in the Digestive System Occurring in Spaceflight (Splankh) obtains data in spaceflight on the structural/functional state of different sections of the gastrointestinal tract, organs and vessels of the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal space, and their underlying mechanisms that determine the features of changes in the digestive system in weightlessness. Stage 1 involves performance of an initial series of studies to identify the specific features of electrical activity of various sections of the gastro-intestinal tract in weightlessness and determine blood biochemical indicators. Stage 2 involves the electro-gastro-enterography and biochemical studies to broaden to include ultrasounds of organs and vessels of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space. Stage 3 involves doppler studies of vessels in the retroperitoneal space and of regional blood flow in this area are added, which will enable the features of changes in the condition of the digestive system in weightlessness and their underlying mechanisms to be identified.
Investigation of the Osteoclastic and Osteoblastic Responses to Microgravity Using Goldfish Scales (Fish Scales) will examine regenerating scales collected from anesthetized goldfish in microgravity using the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF); the results will be compared with ground controls.
Publications
Yano S, Masuda D, Kasahara H, Omori K, Higashibata A, Asashima M, Ohnishi T, Yatagai F, Kamisaka S, Furusawa T, Higashitani A, Majima HJ, Nikawa T, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Suzuki HH, Shimazu T, Fukui K, Hattori A, Tanigaki F, Shirakawa M, Nakamura T, Yoshimura Y, Suzuki N, Ishioka N. Excellent Thermal Control Ability of Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) for Ground-Based Experiments and Experiments Onboard the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module of International Space Station. Biological Sciences in Space. 2012 2612-20. DOI: 10.2187/bss.26.12. | Impact Statement
Kakikawa M, Yamamoto T, Chowdhury VS, Satoh Y, Kitamura K, Sekiguchi T, Funahashi H, Omori K, Endo M, Yano S, Yamada S, Hayakawa K, Chiba A, Srivastav AK, Ijiri K, Seki A, Hattori A, Suzuki N. Determination of Calcium Sensing Receptor in the Scales of Goldfish and Induction of Its mRNA Expression by Acceleration Loading. Biological Sciences in Space. 2012 2626-31. DOI: 10.2187/bss.26.26. | Impact Statement
Thamamongood TA, Furuya R, Fukuba S, Nakamura M, Suzuki N, Hattori A. Expression of osteoblastic and osteoclastic genes during spontaneous regeneration and autotransplantation of goldfish scale: A new tool to study intramembranous bone regeneration. Bone. 2012 June; 50(6): 1240-1249. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.03.021.
Suzuki N, Danks JA, Maruyama Y, Ikegame M, Sasayama Y, Hattori A, Nakamura M, Tabata MJ, Yamamoto T, Furuya R, Saijoh K, Mishima H, Srivastav AK, Furusawa Y, Kondo T, Tabuchi Y, Takasaki I, Chowdhury VS, Hayakawa K, Martin TJ. Parathyroid hormone 1 (1–34) acts on the scales and involves calcium metabolism in goldfish. Bone. 2011 May; 48(5): 1186-1193. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.02.004. | Impact Statement
Kitamura K, Suzuki N, Satoh Y, Nemoto T, Ikegame M, Shimizu N, Kondo T, Furusawa Y, Wada S, Hattori A. Osteoblast activity in the goldfish scale responds sensitively to mechanical stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 2010 July; 156(3): 357-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.03.002.PMID: 20223292. | Impact Statement
Kitamura K, Chen W, Zhu X, Suzuki N, Yano S, Nemoto T. Acceleration-based study of optimum exercise for human weight-bearing bones enhancement. Biological Sciences in Space. 2010 24(2): 83-90. DOI: 10.2187/bss.24.83. | Impact Statement
Suzuki N, Kitamura K, Omori K, Nemoto T, Satoh Y, Tabata MJ, Ikegame M, Yamamoto T, Ijiri K, Furusawa Y, Kondo T, Takasaki I, Tabuchi Y, Wada S, Shimizu N, Sasayama Y, Endo M, Takeuchi T, Nara M, Somei M, Maruyama Y, Hayakawa K, Shimazu T, Shigeto Y, Yano S, Hattori A. Response of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in regenerating scales to gravity loading. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(4): 211-217. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.211. | Impact Statement
Suzuki N, Somei M, Kitamura K, Reiter RJ, Hattori A. Novel bromomelatonin derivatives suppress osteoclastic activity and increase osteoblastic activity: implications for the treatment of bone diseases. Journal of Pineal Research. 2008 April; 44(3): 326-334. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00533.x. | Impact Statement
Suzuki N, Somei M, Seki A, Reiter RJ, Hattori A. Novel bromomelatonin derivatives as potentially effective drugs to treat bone diseases. Journal of Pineal Research. 2008 October; 45(3): 229-234. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00623.x. | Impact Statement
Suzuki N, Omori K, Nakamura M, Tabata MJ, Ikegame M, Ijiri K, Kitamura K, Nemoto T, Shimizu N, Kondo T, Matsuda K, Ando H, Kasahara H, Nagase M, Nara M, Hattori A. Scale osteoblasts and osteoclasts sensitively respond to low-gravity loading by centrifuge. Biological Sciences in Space. 2008 22(1): 3-7. DOI: 10.2187/bss.22.3. | Impact Statement
Suzuki N, Kitamura K, Nemoto T, Shimizu N, Wada S, Kondo T, Tabata MJ, Sodeyama F, Ijiri K, Hattori A. Effect of vibration on osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities: Analysis of bone metabolism using goldfish scale as a model for bone. Advances in Space Research. 2007 January; 40(11): 1711-1721. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.104. | Impact Statement
Omori K, Wada S, Maruyama Y, Hattori A, Kitamura K, Satoh Y, Nara M, Funahashi H, Yachiguchi K, Hayakawa K, Endo M, Kusakari R, Yano S, Srivastav AK, Kusui T, Ejiri S, Chen W, Tabuchi Y, Furusawa Y, Kondo T, Sasayama Y, Nishiuchi T, Nakano M, Sakamoto T, Suzuki N. Prostaglandin E2 increases both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity in the scales and participates in calcium metabolism in goldfish. Zoological Science. 2012 August; 29(8): 499-504. DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.499.PMID: 22873807. | Impact Statement
Ikegame M, Hattori A, Tabata MJ, Kitamura K, Tabuchi Y, Furusawa Y, Maruyama Y, Yamamoto T, Sekiguchi T, Matsuoka R, Hanmoto T, Ikari T, Endo M, Omori K, Nakano M, Yashima S, Ejiri S, Taya T, Nakashima H, Shimizu N, Nakamura M, Kondo T, Hayakawa K, Takasaki I, Kaminishi A, Akatsuka R, Sasayama Y, Nishiuchi T, Nara M, Iseki H, Chowdhury VS, Wada S, Ijiri K, Takeuchi T, Suzuki T, Ando H, Matsuda K, Somei M, Mishima H, Mikuni‐Takagaki Y, Funahashi H, Takahashi A, Watanabe Y, Maeda M, Uchida H, Hayashi A, Kambegawa A, Seki A, Yano S, Shimazu T, Suzuki HH, Hirayama J, Suzuki N. Melatonin is a potential drug for the prevention of bone loss during space flight. Journal of Pineal Research. 2019 July 9; epube12594. DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12594. | Impact Statement
Furusawa Y, Yamamoto T, Hattori A, Suzuki N, Hirayama J, Sekiguchi T, Tabuchi Y. De novo transcriptome analysis and gene expression profiling of fish scales isolated from Carassius auratus during space flight: Impact of melatonin on gene expression in response to space radiation. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2020 July 28; 2627-2636. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11363. | Impact Statement
Yamamoto T, Ikegame M, Hirayama J, Kitamura K, Tabuchi Y, Furusawa Y, Sekiguchi T, Endo M, Mishima H, Seki A, Yano S, Matsubara H, Hattori A, Suzuki N. Expression of sclerostin in the regenerating scales of goldfish and its increase under microgravity during space flight. Biomedical Research - Tokyo. 2020 41(6): 279-288. DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.279.PMID: 33268672. | Impact Statement
Yamamoto T, Ikegame M, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Hatano K, Watanabe K, Kawago U, Hirayama J, Yano S, Kitamura K, Endo M, Nagami A, Matsubara H, Maruyama Y, Hattori A, Suzuki N. Osteoclastic and osteoblastic responses to hypergravity and microgravity: Analysis using goldfish scales as a bone model. Zoological Science. 2022 April; 39(4): 9pp. DOI: 10.2108/zs210107. | Impact Statement
Yano S. Preparation and overview of Fish Scales experiment. Space Utilization Research. 2011 March; 27213-216.
Yamamoto T, Ikegame M, Kuroda K, Kobayashi-Sun J, Hirayama J, Kobayashi I, Kawamura R, Endo M, Tabuchi Y, Furusawa Y, Yachiguchi K, Sekiguchi T, Matsubara H, Yano S, Hattori A, Suzuki N. Activation of RANKL-producing cells under simulated microgravity with a three-dimensional clinostat in regenerating goldfish scales. Biological Sciences in Space. 2022 36(0): 9-14. DOI: 10.2187/bss.36.9.
Space is such a harsh place for humans and machines that future exploration of the Solar System may most likely involve sending robotic explorers to “test the waters” on uncharted planets before sending humans. The “METERON – ANALOG-1” (METERON - Multi-Purpose End To End Robotics Operations Network – ANALOG-1) Investigation of the Use of an Advanced Human-Robotic Interface in Enhancing the Performance of Teleoperated Robotic Field Geology (ANALOG-1) technology project investigates how an astronaut on the International Space Station can operate an exploration rover on a Moon-like terrain on Earth, collect rock/soil samples, and remotely investigate them – an analogue scenario for future Lunar or Martian exploration (operating from an orbit around the respective body).
Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Semiconductors in the Melt and in the Undercooled State under Microgravity Conditions (EML Batch 3 - SEMITHERM) focuses on the measurement of thermophysical properties and the electrical conductivity of liquid Si-Ge semiconductor alloys as a function of temperature.
Irazú is a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-8 (J-SSOD-8) micro-satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). Irazú demonstrates communication satellite technology for collecting observation data on Costa Rica's tropical forests, and data on the country’s climate, soils, and tree growth. Irazú is Costa Rica’s first satellite and was built by the Costa Rica Institute of Technology, and is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-14 Dragon cargo vehicle.
During the ISS “Kibo” Utilization Symposium 2021 Special Dialog (Kibo Utilization Sympo 2021), the JAXA-NASA Joint workshop on space station utilization under the Japan-US Open Platform Partnership Program (JP-US OP3) is held on Feb.19, 2021. It included a session with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi, JAXA vice president and director general for Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate Hiroshi Sasaki, and NASA associate administrator of Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) Mission Directorate Kathy Lueders on the future vision of International Space Station utilization and exploration and the importance of JAXA-NASA cooperation. Real-time participation from an on-orbit astronaut enhances the message of this important dialogue.
Bacteria and fungi live on and around humans, and before explorers search for life elsewhere, investigators need to identify the microorganisms that may be transported with crew members. ISS External Microorganisms collects samples from outside the International Space Station. Samples are collected near life support system vents to examine whether a spacecraft releases microorganisms and, if so, how many and how far they may travel. Results could inform preparations for future human exploration missions to the Moon and Mars.
ISS Ham Radio (Ax-1) is part of Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) communication events between students and crew members aboard the space station. This Ham Radio event is conducted by participants in the Ax-1 Private Astronaut Mission (PAM). Prior to the event, participating students research and learn about space, technology, Earth observation, space station orbits, and radio science. This research and the communication with the crew give students first-hand exposure to what it is like to live and work in space and inspire them to pursue study and careers in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Crew members on the International Space Station (ISS) are continually monitored for health changes, and as part of these measurements, they have to take saliva samples that are stored and returned to Earth later. The ISS Non-invasive Sample Investigation and results Transmission to ground with the Utmost easiness (IN SITU) bioanalysis is a portable device that can check crew members’ saliva on board, enabling direct real-time analysis. The device’s first uses are to monitor stress levels and appetites among crew members.
Publications
Roda A, Mirasoli M, Guardigli M, Zangheri M, Caliceti C, Calabria D, Simoni P. Advanced biosensors for monitoring astronauts' health during long-duration space missions. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2018 March 31; 11118-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.062.PMID: 29631159. | Impact Statement
Zangheri M, Mirasoli M, Guardigli M, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Simoni P, Benassai M, Roda A. Chemiluminescence-based biosensor for monitoring astronauts’ health status during space missions: results from the International Space Station. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2019 March 15; 129260-268. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.059.PMID: 30292340. | Impact Statement
Roda A, Zangheri M, Guardigli M, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Benassai M, Carrubba E, Neri G, Zolesi V, Simoni P, Mirasoli M. Chemiluminescence biosensor for non-invasive crew health monitoring at the International Space Station. Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio. 2020 May 30; 99103-109. DOI: 10.1007/s42496-020-00052-4. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
The ISS SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System (ISERV) automatically takes images of Earth through a small telescope with an off-the-shelf digital camera mounted in the International Space Station’s Destiny module. When ISERV is running, it captures 3 images per second that cover approximately a 19 km x 11 km area each. The goal is to improve automatic image capturing and data transfer, but the images taken in the experiment could also help environmental scientists, disaster responders and other Earth-based users.
Publications
Stefanov WL, Evans CA. Data Collection for Disaster Response from the International Space Station. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2015 April 29; XL-7/W3851-855. DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-851-2015.Also presented at the 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 11–15 May 2015, Berlin, Germany. | Impact Statement
Kansakar P, Hossain F. A review of applications of satellite earth observation data for global societal benefit and stewardship of planet earth. Space Policy. 2016 May; 3646-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2016.05.005.
Murthy MS, Gurung DR, Qamer FR, Bajracharya S, Gilani H, Uddin K, Matin M, Bajracharya B, Anderson ER, Limaye A. Reform Earth Observation Science and Applications to Transform Hindu Kush Himalayan Livelihoods—Services-Based Vision 2030. In: Hossain F. (eds). Earth Science Satellite Applications: Current and Future Prospects. 2016 May 22; 27-62. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33438-7_2.
Future missions into deep space, including to asteroids and Mars, will experience communications delays because radio signals can only move as fast as the speed of light. The ISS Testbed for Analog Research Communication Delay Preparation (ISTAR Comm Delay Preparation) investigation studies different aspects of ground team and astronaut communication as well as techniques for increasing crew autonomy in working through their daily mission plans. Specifically, this investigation studies use of instant messaging (e.g. text messaging) protocols as a means of communication to supplement voice communications, investigates crew onboard adaptation when subjected to voice communications delays while performing specific tasks, and develops techniques for enhancing crew autonomy in working through procedures.
Publications
Beisert SC, Rodriggs MA, Moreno F, Korth D, Gibson S, Lee YH, Eagles DE. Development and execution of autonomous procedures onboard the International Space Station to support the next phase of human space exploration. AIAA Space 2013 Conference & Exposition, San Diego, CA. 2013 September 10-12; AIAA 2013-547316 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-5473. | Impact Statement
The ISS Testbed for Analog Research Crew Autonomous Procedures (ISTAR Crew Autonomous Procedures) investigation, an Exploration Detailed Test Objective (xDTO), examines how mission operations can be optimized in the presence of speed-of-light communication delays of up to tens of minutes. Present human space missions rely upon fast and almost continuous voice, data, command, and telemetry transmissions between crew and ground, a model that cannot succeed for exploration missions to Mars, near-Earth asteroids, or other targets in deep space. This investigation explores two ways to lessen the impact of delayed communication: first, providing the crew with revised written work instructions ("procedures") that give them extra information they need to complete a job and solve any problems that may arise while they do it, without having to call Mission Control as they do today; and second, supplementing voice calls between the crew and Mission Control with text messaging, a popular and intuitive method of communicating with variable delay which has proved its value in ground-based exploration mission simulations employing delayed communication and which is ready to be tested in space.
Spherical Cool Diffusion Flames Burning Gaseous Fuels (Cool Flames Investigation with Gases) observes the chemical reactions of cool diffusion flames. Diffusion flames are created by supplying fuel to a burner and mixing in ambient air for combustion. Cool flames, which burn at extremely low temperatures, are nearly impossible to create in Earth’s gravity, but are easily created in microgravity; studying them may improve the understanding of combustion and fires on Earth.
Culturing human cardiomyocytes or heart cells holds potential for disease modelling and drug discovery. In microgravity, cardiac cells can grow into 3D cultures that have better structural maturation compared with 2D cultures grown on Earth. ISS: Engineering Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Microtissues with Metabolic Regulators in Space to Promote Cardiomyocyte Maturation (Project EAGLE) grows 3D cultures of cardiomyocytes that could provide a better model of heart disease and improve assessment of therapeutic measures.
The International Space School Educational Trust’s Mission Discovery program partners the next generation of aerospace researchers with astronauts, NASA leaders and scientists to design experiments for the space station. ISSET-Nanoracks-Mission Discovery 4 includes microgravity experiments on degradation of plastic by wax worms, antibacterial properties of fly larvae extract and bee venom, amylase digestion of food, flatworm regeneration, degradation of vitamin C and reproduction of yeast. These experiments help address issues important for future space exploration.
Crew members on long-duration space missions frequently miss the comforts of home, from favorite meals to a fresh cup of coffee. ISSpresso is an espresso maker for the International Space Station (ISS) that crew members use to make tea, coffee, broth, or other hot beverages they might enjoy.
ISS-RapidScat is a space-based scatterometer that replaces the inoperable SeaWinds payload aboard the QuickSCAT satellite. Scatterometers are radar instruments that measure wind speed and direction over the ocean, and are useful for weather forecasting, hurricane monitoring, and observations of large-scale climate phenomena such as El Niño. The ISS-RapidScat instrument enhances measurements from other international scatterometers by cross-checking their data, and demonstrates a unique way to replace an instrument aboard an aging satellite.
Publications
Ebuchi N. Evaluation of marine vector winds observed by rapidscat on the international space station using statistical distribution. 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy. 2015 July 26-31; 4901-4904. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326930.
Alsabah R, Al-Sabbagh A, Zec J. Calibration of RapidScat scatterometer. Microwaves, Radar and Remote Sensing Symposium, Kiev, Ukraine. 2017 August 29-31; 249-252. DOI: 10.1109/MRRS.2017.8075074. | Impact Statement
Durden SL, Perkovic-Martin D. The RapidScat Ocean Winds Scatterometer: A radar system engineering perspective. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine. 2017 September 14; 36-43. DOI: 10.1109/MGRS.2017.2678999.
Lin W, Portabella M, Stoffelen A, Verhoef A. Toward an Improved Wind Inversion Algorithm for RapidScat. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine. 2017 May; 10(5): 2156-2164. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2616889.
Madsen NM, Long DG. Calibration and Validation of the RapidScat Scatterometer Using Tropical Rainforests. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2016 May; 54(5): 2846-2854. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2015.2506463. | Impact Statement
Paget AC, Long DG, Madsen NM. RapidScat Diurnal Cycles Over Land. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2016 June; 54(6): 3336-3344. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2016.251502.
Alsabah R, Al-Sabbagh A, Zec J. RapidScat backscatter measurement validation. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 2018 September 4; 12(03): 034005. DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.12.034005. | Impact Statement
Researchers on Earth are studying several types of renewable fuels, but no single fuel type has emerged as the fuel of the future. The Italian Combustion Experiment for Green Air (ICE-GA) studies single droplets of various biofuel mixtures to determine how efficiently they burn. By studying fuel burning in space, researchers can study evaporation and combustion without the influence of gravity.
Publications
Rauch B, Calabria R, Chiariello F, Le Clercq P, Massoli P, Rachner M. Accurate Analysis of Multicomponent-Fuel Spray Evaporation in Turbulent Flow. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2012 52935-948. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-011-1169-0.
Iannone RQ, Morlacchi R, Calabria R, Massoli P. Investigation of unburned carbon particles in fly ash by means of laser light scattering. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2011 102357-365.
Hickman JM, Dietrich DL, Hicks MC, Nayagam V, Stocker DP. FLEX: A decisive step forward in NASA's combustion research program. 1st Annual International Space Station Research and Development, Denver, CO. 2012 June 26; 44pp.
Italian-Astronaut Personal Eye (I-APE) is a demonstration test created for the development of an autonomous micro-vehicle which will be used to support ISS crew IVA (Intra-Vehicular Activity) and EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) operations. The micro-vehicle can be powered by lithium ion batteries and controlled by a microprocessor receiving inputs from IMUs (Inertial Measuring Units), based upon measurements obtained from gyroscopes (devices used for measuring or maintaining orientation).
Electronic NOse for Space exploration (ENOS) is a study involving air quality monitoring and the search for possible anomalies in the internal on-orbit atmosphere utilizing a network of three sensorial I-ENOS units.
Publications
Martinelli E, Pennazza G, Sintonico M, Starmans D, Paolesse R, D'Amico A, Di Natale C. Chemical drift counteraction based on pulsed measurements strategy. 12th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, Columbus, OH. 2008 July 13-16, 2008;
Martinelli E, Pennazza G, Di Natale C, D'Amico A. Chemical sensors clustering with the dynamic moments approach. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2004 101(3): 346-352. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2004.04.010. | Impact Statement
Martinelli E, Zampetti E, Pantalei S, Lo Castro F, Santonico M, Pennazza G, Paolesse R, Di Natale C, D'Amico A, Giannini F, Mascetti G, Cotronei V. Design and test of an electronic nose for monitoring the air quality in the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2008 1960-64.
Martinelli E, Pennazza G, Paolesse R, Milian E, Albiol J, Godia F, Van Ras N, van der Waarde J, Demey D, Di Natale C, D'Amico A. Monitoring of biofiltration efficiency of bioreactor exhaust air by an electronic nose. 2004 IEEE Sensors Conference, Vienna, Austria. 2004 368-371. DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2004.1426179.
D'Amico A, Di Natale C, Martinelli E, Sandro L, Baccarani G. Sensors small and numerous: always a winning strategy?. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2005 Apr 29; 106(1): 144-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2004.05.046.
Fortezza R, Pontetti G, Martinelli E, Lo Castro F, Di Natale C, D'Amico A. Soyuz missions and taxi flights: New opportunities for technology development. An example: The ENEIDE mission. Acta Astronautica. 2006 59(1-5): 351-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.02.025. | Impact Statement
Di Natale C, Paolesse R, D'Arcangelo G, Comandini P, Pennazza G, Martinelli E, Rullo S, Roscioni M, Roscioni C, Finazzi-Agro A, D'Amico A. Identification of schizophrenic patients by examination of body odor using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a cross-selective gas sensor array. Medical Science Monitor. 2005 11(8): 366-375. PMID: 16049378. | Impact Statement
Willers H, de Gijsel P, Ogink N, D'Amico A, Martinelli E, Di Natale C, Van Ras N, van der Waarde J. Monitoring of biological odour filtration in closed environments with olfactometry and an electronic nose. Water Science and technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2004 50(4): 93-100. PMID: 15484747. | Impact Statement
Di Natale C, Paolesse R, Macagnano A, Nardis S, Martinelli E, Dalcanale E, Costa M, D'Amico A. Sensitivity-selectivity balance in mass sensors: the case of metalloporphyrins. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2004 141281-1287. DOI: 10.1039/B313250A.
The Italian-Foam experiment will evaluate the recovery of shape memory epoxy foam in microgravity obtained by solid-state foaming on ground consisting of various geometric complexities shaped on ground. This investigation is expected to study the shape memory properties required to manufacture a new concept actuator (a device that transforms energy to other forms of energy).
Publications
Loredana S, Fabrizio Q, Anna SE, Dolce F, Mascetti G, Bertolotto D, Villadei W, Ganga PL, Zolesi V. Behavior of Shape Memory Epoxy Foams in Microgravity: Experimental Results of STS-134 Mission. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 September; 24(4): 287-296. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9313-x.
Loredana S, Fabrizio Q, Mascetti G, Dolce F, Zolesi V. Mission STS-134: Results of shape memory foam experiment. Acta Astronautica. 2013 October; 91333-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.06.017.
Loredana S. Recent developments in the field of shape memory epoxy foams. Materials Science Forum. 2014 May; 783-7862523-2530. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.2523.
Loredana S. Shape memory polymer foams. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 2016 epubDOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.12.003.
Fabrizio Q, Loredana S, Anna SE. Shape memory epoxy foams for space applications. Materials Letters. 2012 February; 6920-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.11.050.
JAMSS Photocatalyst (Ax-1) during the private astronaut mission (PAM) Axiom-1 (Ax-1) demonstrates using a photocatalyst device to clean the cabin air and remove odor caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The device converts VOCs into carbon dioxide and water. The device and a non-photocatalyst control device operate for at least four weeks and then return to Earth for analysis of the photocatalyst device’s effectiveness. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
The Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency - Astronaut Report (JAXA-AstroReport) investigation allows astronauts to document, in a journal, their life living and working on board the ISS.
In microgravity, the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency - Granada Crystallization Facility High Quality Protein Crystallization Project (JAXA-GCF) grows high-quality crystals that are used in ground-based research to understand the structure of proteins within the human body.
Publications
Tanaka H, Inaka K, Sugiyama S, Takahashi S, Sano S, Sato M, Yoshitomi S. Numerical Analysis of the Depletion Zone Formation Around a Growing Protein Crystal. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004 102710-19. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1324.002.
Kitatani T, Nakamura Y, Wada K, Kinoshita T, Tamoi M, Shigeoka S, Tada T. Structure of apo-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Synechococcus PCC7942. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2006 62727-730. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309106027916.
Tanaka H, Yoshizaki I, Takahashi S, Yamanaka M, Fukuyama S, Sato M, Sano S, Motohara M, Kobayashi T, Yoshitomi S, Tanaka T. Diffusion Coefficient of the Protein in Various Crystallization Solutions: The Key to Growing High-quality Crystals in Space. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 18(3/4): 91-94. DOI: 10.1007/BF02870387.
Higashiura A, Kurakane T, Matsuda M, Suzuki M, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Tanaka H, Fujiwara T, Nakagawa A. High-resolution X-ray crystal structure of bovine H-protein at 0.88 Å resolution. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2010 66698-708. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444910010668.
Yamanaka M, Inaka K, Furubayashi N, Matsushima M, Takahashi S, Tanaka H, Sano S, Sato M, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T. Optimization of salt concentration in PEG-based crystallization solutions. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2011 1884-87. DOI: 10.1107/S0909049510035995.
Malecki PH, Rypniewski W, Szymański M, Barciszewski J, Meyer A. Binding of the plant hormone kinetin in th active site of Mistletoe Lectin I from Viscum album. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2012 1824334-338. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.10.013.
Sato M, Tanaka H, Inaka K, Shinozaki S, Yamanaka A, Takahashi S, Yamanaka M, Hirota E, Sugiyama S, Kato M, Saito C, Sano S, Motohara M, Nakamura T, Kobayashi T, Yoshitomi S, Tanaka T. JAXA-GCF project - high-quality protein crystals grown under microgravity environment for better understanding of protein structure. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 September; 18(3/4): 184-189. DOI: 10.1007/BF02870406.
Inaka K, Takahashi S, Aritake K, Tsurumura T, Furubayashi N, Yan B, Hirota E, Sano S, Sato M, Kobayashi T, Yoshimura Y, Tanaka H, Urade Y. High-Quality Protein Crystal Growth of Mouse Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D Synthase in Microgravity. Crystal Growth and Design. 2011 June; 11(6): 2107-2111. DOI: 10.1021/cg101370v.
Tanaka H, Umehara T, Inaka K, Takahashi S, Shibata R, Bessho Y, Sato M, Sugiyama S, Fusatomi E, Terada T, Shirouzu M, Sano S, Motohara M, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Tanaka A, Yokoyama S. Crystallization of the archaeal transcription termination factor NusA: a significant decrease in twinning under microgravity conditions. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2007 01/17/2007; 63(2): 69-73. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309106054625.
Meyer A, Rypniewski W, Szymański M, Voelter W, Barciszewski J, Betzel C. Structure of mistletoe lectin I from Viscum album in complex with the phytohormone zeatin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2008 November; 1784(11): 1590-1595. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.07.010.
Oda K, Matoba Y, Noda M, Kumagai T, Sugiyama M. Catalytic Mechanism of Bleomycin N-Acetyltransferase Proposed on the Basis of Its Crystal Structure. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2010 January 8; 285(2): 1446-1456. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M109.022277.PMID: 19889644.
Timofeev VI, Smirnova EA, Chupova LA, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. X-ray study of the conformational changes in the molecule of phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the catalyzed reaction. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2012 11/09/2012; 68(12): 1660-1670. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444912040206.
Tanaka H, Tsurumura T, Aritake K, Furubayashi N, Takahashi S, Yamanaka M, Hirota E, Sano S, Sato M, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Inaka K, Urade Y. Improvement in the quality of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase crystals in a microgravity environment. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2011 January 1; 18(1): 88-91. DOI: 10.1107/S0909049510037076.
Takahashi S, Tsurumura T, Aritake K, Furubayashi N, Sato M, Yamanaka M, Hirota E, Sano S, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Urade Y. High-quality crystals of human haematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase with novel inhibitors. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2010 66(Pt. 7): 846-850. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309110020828.
Kamauchi S, Urade Y. Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase inhibitors for the treatment of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Brain and Nerve. 2011 63(11): 1261-1269. PMID: 22068479. Japanese.
Kanaoka Y, Ago H, Inagaki E, Nanayama T, Miyano M, Kikuno R, Fujii Y, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Cloning and Crystal Structure of Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase. Cell. 1997 September; 90(6): 1085-1095. DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80374-8.
Okinaga T, Mohri I, Fujimura H, Imai K, Ono J, Urade Y, Taniike M. Induction of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase in hyalinated necrotic muscle fibers: its implication in grouped necrosis. Acta Neuropathologica. 2002 104377-384.
Inoue T, Irikura D, Okazaki N, Kinugasa S, Matsumura H, Uodome N, Yamamoto M, Kumasaka T, Miyano M, Kai Y, Urade Y. Mechanism of metal activation of human hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 2003 10291-296. DOI: 10.1038/nsb907.
Mohri I, Aritake K, Taniguchi H, Sato Y, Kamauchi S, Nagata N, Maruyama T, Taniike M, Urade Y. Inhibition of Prostaglandin D Synthase Suppresses Muscular Necrosis. American Journal of Pathology. 2009 174(5): 1735-1744. DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080709.
Kinoshita T, Maruki R, Warizaya M, Nakajima H, Nishimura S. Structure of a high-resolution crystal form of human trisephosphate isomerase: improvement of crystals using the gel tube method. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2005 61346-349. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309105008341.
Mohri I, Taniike M, Taniguchi H, Kanekiyo T, Aritake K, Inui T, Fukumoto N, Eguchi N, Kushi A, Sasai H, Kanaoka Y, Ozono K, Narumiya S, Suzuki K, Urade Y. Prostaglandin D2-Mediated Microglia/Astrocyte Interaction Enhances Astrogliosis and Demyelination in twitcher. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006 April 19; 26(16): 4383-4393. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4531-05.2006.
Aritake K, Kado Y, Inoue T, Miyano M, Urade Y. Structural and Functional Characterization of HQL-79, an Orally Selective Inhibitor of Human Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2006 281(22): 15277-15286. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M506431200.
Rahman RN, Shariff FM, Basri M, Salleh AB. 3D Structure Elucidation of Thermostable L2 Lipase from Thermophilic Bacillus sp. L2. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012 July 23; 13(7): 9207-9217. DOI: 10.3390/ijms13079207. | Impact Statement
Tanaka H, Inaka K, Sugiyama S, Takahashi S, Sano S, Sato M, Yoshitomi S. A simplified counter diffusion method combined with a 1D simulation program for optimizing crystallization conditions. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2004 1145-48.
Obita T, Inaka K, Kohda D, Maita N. Crystal structure of the PX domain of Vps17p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology Communications. 2022 May 1; 78(5): 210-216. DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X22004472.PMID: 35506766. | Impact Statement
Timofeev VI, Abramchik YA, Zhukhlistova NE, Muravieva TI, Fateev I, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. 3′-Azidothymidine in the active site of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase: the peculiarity of the binding on the basis of X-ray study. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2014 April 1; 70(4): 11 pp. DOI: 10.1107/S1399004714001904.
Timofeev VI, Abramchik YA, Zhukhlistova NE, Kuranova IP. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase from E. Coli. Crystallography Reports. 2015 September; 60(5): 685-688. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774515050181.
Nakamura A, Ishida T, Kusaka K, Yamada T, Fushinobu S, Tanaka I, Kaneko S, Ohta K, Tanaka H, Inaka K, Higuchi Y, Niimura N, Samejima M, Igarashi K. "Newton's cradle" proton relay with amide-imidic acid tautomerization in inverting cellulase visualized by neutron crystallography. Science Advances. 2015 August 21; 1(7): e1500263-e1500263. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500263.
Akparov VK, Timofeev VI, Kuranova IP. Three-dimensional structure of recombinant carboxypeptidase T from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris without calcium ions. Crystallography Reports. 2011 July; 56(4): 596-602. DOI: 10.1134/S106377451104002X.Also: Original Russian Text © V.Kh. Akparov, V.I. Timofeev, I.P. Kuranova, 2011, published in Kristallografiya, 2011, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 641–647..
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 1 (JAXA EPO 1) activities demonstrate artistic activities on board the ISS/JEM to enlighten the general public about microgravity research and human space flight.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 2 (JAXA EPO 2) activities demonstrate artistic activities on board the ISS/JEM to enlighten the general public about microgravity research and human space flight.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 3 (JAXA EPO3) activities demonstrate artistic activities on board the ISS/JEM to enlighten the general public about microgravity research and human space flight.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 4 (JAXA EPO 4) activities demonstrate artistic activities on board the ISS/JEM to enlighten the general public about microgravity research and human space flight.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 5 (JAXA EPO5) activities demonstrate artistic activities on board the ISS/JEM to enlighten the general public about microgravity research and human space flight.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 6 (JAXA EPO 6) activities demonstrate educational events and artistic activities on board the ISS to enlighten the general public about microgravity research and human space flight.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 7 (JAXA EPO 7) activities demonstrate educational events and artistic activities on board the ISS/JEM to enlighten the general public about microgravity research and human space flight.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 8 (JAXA EPO 8) demonstrates educational events and artistic performances on board the Kibo module. These activities are expected to enlighten the general public about the wonders of microgravity phenomena and human space flight.
JAXA demonstrates educational events and artistic performances on board the Kibo module through the Education Payload Observation 9 activities. These activities are expected to enlighten the general public about the wonders of microgravity phenomena and human space flight.
The objective of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Low Temperature Protein Crystallization Growth (JAXA Low Temp PCG) investigation is to grow high quality protein crystals in microgravity. The crystals are returned to Earth to determine protein structures in detail; the structures are used to develop pharmaceutical drugs, and to explore the mystery of our lives. The protein samples are launched to the International Space Station (ISS) by a SpaceX Dragon Cargo Vehicle, and crystallized at 4℃ using the counter-diffusion method.
The objective of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Moderate Temperature Protein Crystallization Growth (JAXA Moderate Temp PCG) investigation is to grow high quality protein crystals in microgravity. The crystals are returned to Earth to determine protein structures in detail; the structures are used to develop pharmaceutical drugs, and to explore the mystery of our lives. The protein samples are launched to the International Space Station by a cargo resupply vehicle and crystallized at 20°C using the counter-diffusion method.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Multicomponent Colloidal Clusters Experiments (JAXA Colloidal Clusters) investigates the mechanism for formation of tetrahedral clusters of negatively and positively charged particles suspended in liquid. These clusters are examined and characterized after return to Earth. The clusters may be useful as building blocks of future photonic, or light-manipulating, materials.
The objective of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Protein Crystallization Growth (JAXA PCG) investigation is to grow high quality protein crystals in microgravity. The crystals are returned to Earth to determine protein structures in detail; the structures are used to develop pharmaceutical drugs, and to explore the mystery of our lives. The protein samples are launched to the International Space Station (ISS) by a Soyuz or Progress Vehicle, and crystallized at 20℃ using the counter-diffusion method.
Publications
Aris SN, Chor AL, Ali MS, Basri M, Salleh AB, Rahman RN. Crystallographic analysis of ground and space thermostable T1 lipase crystal obtained via counter diffusion method approach. BioMed Research International. 2014 2014(904381): 8 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2014/904381.
Tanaka H, Sasaki S, Takahashi S, Inaka K, Wada Y, Yamada M, Ohta K, Miyoshi H, Kobayashi T, Kamigaichi S. Numerical model of protein crystal growth in a diffusive field such as the microgravity environment. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2013 October 1; 20(6): DOI: 10.1107/S0909049513022784.
Takahashi S, Ohta K, Furubayashi N, Yan B, Koga M, Wada Y, Yamada M, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Miyoshi H, Kobayashi T, Kamigaichi S. JAXA protein crystallization in space: ongoing improvements for growing high-quality crystals. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2013 November; 20(6): 968-973. DOI: 10.1107/S0909049513021596.
Kuranova IP, Smirnova EA, Abramchik YA, Chupova LA, Esipov RS, Akparov VK, Timofeev VI, Kovalchuk VI. Crystal Growth of Phosphopantetheine Adenylyltransferase, Carboxypeptidase T, and Thymidine Phosphorylase on the International Space Station by the Capillary Counter-diffusion Method. Crystallography Reports. 2011 Sep; 56(5): 884-891. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774511050154.
Yamanaka M, Inaka K, Furubayashi N, Matsushima M, Takahashi S, Tanaka H, Sano S, Sato M, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T. Optimization of salt concentration in PEG-based crystallization solutions. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2011 1884-87. DOI: 10.1107/S0909049510035995.
Nakano H, Hosokawa A, Tagawa R, Inaka K, Ohta K, Nakatsu T, Kato H, Watanabe K. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of Pz peptidase B from Geobacillus collagenovorans MO-1. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2012 68757-759. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309112018969.
Inaka K, Tanaka H, Takahashi S, Sano S, Sato M, Shirakawa M, Yoshimura Y. Numerical analysis of the diffusive field around a growing protein crystal in microgravity. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 2012 April; 323-325565-569. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.323-325.565.
Tanaka H, Inaka K, Furubayashi N, Yamanaka M, Takahashi S, Sano S, Sato M, Shirakawa M, Yoshimura Y. Controlling the diffusive field to grow a higher quality protein crystal in microgravity. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 2012 April; 323-325549-554. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.323-325.549.
Rahman RN, Ali MS, Leow AT, Salleh AB, Basri M, Matsumura H. The Effects of Microgravity on Thermostable T1 Lipase Protein Crystal. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2010 23(2): 89-90.
Inaka K, Takahashi S, Aritake K, Tsurumura T, Furubayashi N, Yan B, Hirota E, Sano S, Sato M, Kobayashi T, Yoshimura Y, Tanaka H, Urade Y. High-Quality Protein Crystal Growth of Mouse Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D Synthase in Microgravity. Crystal Growth and Design. 2011 June; 11(6): 2107-2111. DOI: 10.1021/cg101370v.
Oda K, Matoba Y, Noda M, Kumagai T, Sugiyama M. Catalytic Mechanism of Bleomycin N-Acetyltransferase Proposed on the Basis of Its Crystal Structure. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2010 January 8; 285(2): 1446-1456. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M109.022277.PMID: 19889644.
Safonova TN, Mordkovich NN, Polyakov KM, Manuvera VA, Veiko VP, Popov VO. Crystallization of uridine phosphorylase from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the laboratory and under microgravity and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2012 10/30/2012; 68(11): 1387-1389. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309112041784.PMID: 23143255.
Timofeev VI, Smirnova EA, Chupova LA, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. X-ray study of the conformational changes in the molecule of phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the catalyzed reaction. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2012 11/09/2012; 68(12): 1660-1670. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444912040206.
Tanaka H, Tsurumura T, Aritake K, Furubayashi N, Takahashi S, Yamanaka M, Hirota E, Sano S, Sato M, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Inaka K, Urade Y. Improvement in the quality of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase crystals in a microgravity environment. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2011 January 1; 18(1): 88-91. DOI: 10.1107/S0909049510037076.
Takahashi S, Tsurumura T, Aritake K, Furubayashi N, Sato M, Yamanaka M, Hirota E, Sano S, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Urade Y. High-quality crystals of human haematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase with novel inhibitors. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2010 66(Pt. 7): 846-850. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309110020828.
Yoshida H, Yoshihara A, Ishii T, Izumori K, Kamitori S. X-ray structures of the Pseudomonas cichorii D-tagatose 3-epimerase mutant form C66S recognizing deoxy sugars as substrates. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2016 July; epub13 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7673-7.PMID: 27368739.
Boyko KM, Timofeev VI, Samygina VR, Kuranova IP, Popov VO, Koval'chuk MV. Protein crystallization under microgravity conditions. Analysis of the results of Russian experiments performed on the International Space Station in 2005−2015. Crystallography Reports. 2016 September; 61(5): 718-729. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774516050059.
Itoh T, Hibi T, Suzuki F, Sugimoto I, Fujiwara A, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Ohta K, Fujii Y, Taketo A, Kimoto H. Crystal structure of chitinase ChiW from Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7 reveals a novel type of bacterial cell-surface-expressed multi-modular enzyme machinery. PLOS ONE. 2016 December 1; 11(12): e0167310. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167310.
Sakamoto Y, Suzuki Y, Iizuka I, Tateoka C, Roppongi S, Fujimoto M, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Masaki M, Ohta K, Okada H, Nonaka T, Morikawa Y, Nakamura KT, Ogasawara W, Tanaka N. S46 peptidases are the first exopeptidases to be members of clan PA. Scientific Reports. 2014 May 15; 44977. DOI: 10.1038/srep04977.PMID: 24827749. | Impact Statement
Kinoshita T, Hashimoto T, Sogabe Y, Fukada H, Matsumoto T, Sawa M. High-resolution structure discloses the potential for allosteric regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2017 November 4; 493(1): 313-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.025. | Impact Statement
Yokomaku K, Akiyama M, Morita Y, Kihira K, Komatsu T. Core–shell protein cluster comprising haemoglobin and recombinant feline serum albumin as an artificial O2 carrier for cats. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2018 March 20; 62417-2425. DOI: 10.1039/C8TB00211H. | Impact Statement
Hatae H, Inaka K, Okamura R, Furubayashi N, Kamo M, Kobayashi T, Abe Y, Iwata S, Hamasaki N. Crystallization of human erythrocyte Band 3, the anion exchanger, at the International Space Station 'KIBO″. Analytical Biochemistry. 2018 October 15; 55991-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.009.PMID: 30118660. | Impact Statement
Dubova KM, Sokolov AV, Gorbunov NP, Samygina VR. Preliminary X-ray diffraction study of macrophage migration inhibitory factor at near-atomic resolution. Crystallography Reports. 2018 November 1; 63(6): 951-954. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774518060111.Original Russian Text © K.M. Dubova, A.V. Sokolov, N.P. Gorbunov, V.R. Samygina, 2018, published in Kristallografiya, 2018, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 906–909.. | Impact Statement
Nakae S, Shionyu M, Ogawa T, Shirai T. Structures of jacalin-related lectin PPL3 regulating pearl shell biomineralization. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics. 2018 March 5; 86(6): 644-653. DOI: 10.1002/prot.25491. | Impact Statement
Sakamoto Y, Suzuki Y, Nakamura A, Watanabe Y, Sekiya M, Roppongi S, Kushibiki C, Iizuka I, Tani O, Sakashita H, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Yamada M, Ohta K, Honma N, Shida Y, Ogasawara W, Nakanishi-Matsui M, Nonaka T, Gouda H, Tanaka N. Fragment-based discovery of the first nonpeptidyl inhibitor of an S46 family peptidase. Scientific Reports. 2019 September 19; 9(1): 1-15. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49984-3. | Impact Statement
Negoro S, Shibata N, Lee Y, Takehara I, Kinugasa R, Nagai K, Tanaka Y, Kato D, Takeo M, Goto Y, Higuchi Y. Structural basis of the correct subunit assembly, aggregation, and intracellular degradation of nylon hydrolase. Scientific Reports. 2018 June 27; 8(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27860-w. | Impact Statement
Morita Y, Yamada T, Kureishi M, Kihira K, Komatsu T. Quaternary Structure Analysis of a Hemoglobin Core in Hemoglobin−Albumin Cluster. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2018 December 20; 122(50): 12031-12039. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10077.PMID: 30444368. | Impact Statement
Sakamoto Y, Suzuki Y, Iizuka I, Tateoka C, Roppongi S, Fujimoto M, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Yamada M, Ohta K, Gouda H, Nonaka T, Ogasawara W, Tanaka N. Structural and mutational analyses of dipeptidyl peptidase 11 from Porphyromonas gingivalis reveal the molecular basis for strict substrate specificity. Scientific Reports. 2015 June 9; 5(1): 11151. DOI: 10.1038/srep11151. | Impact Statement
Rahman RN, Shariff FM, Basri M, Salleh AB. 3D Structure Elucidation of Thermostable L2 Lipase from Thermophilic Bacillus sp. L2. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012 July 23; 13(7): 9207-9217. DOI: 10.3390/ijms13079207. | Impact Statement
Funaki R, Okamoto W, Endo C, Morita Y, Kihira K, Komatsu T. Genetically engineered haemoglobin wrapped covalently with human serum albumins as an artificial O <sub>2</sub> carrier. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2020 8(6): 1139-1145. DOI: 10.1039/C9TB02184A. | Impact Statement
Yoshizaki I, Yamada M, Iwata M, Kato M, Kihira K, Ishida T, Wada Y, Nagao S. Recent advance in High Quality Protein Crystal Growth experiment on the International Space Station by JAXA. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 January 31; 36(1): 360101. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360101. | Impact Statement
Kinoshita T, Hashimoto T, Murakawa Y, Sogabe Y, Matsumoto T, Sawa M. A microgravity environment improves structural resolution and endows cues for specific inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 36(1): 360102. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360102. | Impact Statement
Morimoto Y, Kamo M, Furubayashi N, Higashino Y, Inaka K. Crystal structure analysis of the 20S proteasome grown in space: Comparison between space and ground crystals. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2020 37(4): 370404. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.37.4.370404. | Impact Statement
Nakamura T, Hirata K, Fujimiya K, Chirifu M, Arimori T, Tamada T, Ikemizu S, Yamagata Y. X-ray structure analysis of human oxidized nucleotide hydrolase MTH1 using crystals obtained under microgravity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 36(1): 360103. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360103. | Impact Statement
Hashizume Y, Inaka K, Furubayashi N, Kamo M, Takahashi S, Tanaka H. Methods for obtaining better diffractive protein crystals: From sample evaluation to space crystallization. Crystals. 2020 February; 10(2): 78. DOI: 10.3390/cryst10020078. | Impact Statement
Komatsu T, Kihira K, Yamada K, Yokomaku K, Akiyama M, Morita Y. Physicochemical properties and crystal structures of recombinant canine and feline serum albumins. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 36(1): 360104. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360104. | Impact Statement
Nakae S, Shionyu M, Ogawa T, Shirai T. Crystallization of pearl biomineralization protein in microgravity environments. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 January 31; 36(1): 360105. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360105. | Impact Statement
Takahashi S, Koga M, Yan B, Furubayashi N, Kamo M, Inaka K, Tanaka H. JCB-SGT crystallization devices applicable to PCG experiments and their crystallization conditions. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 January 31; 36(1): 360107. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360107. | Impact Statement
Yamada M, Kihira K, Iwata M, Takahashi S, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Yoshizaki I. Protein crystallization in space and its contribution to drug development. Handbook of Space Pharmaceuticals. 2021 1-26. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50909-9_40-1. | Impact Statement
Boyko KM, Gorbacheva MA, Rakitina TV, Korzhenevskiy DA, Dorovatovsky PV, Lipkin AV, Popov VO. Identification of the ligand in the structure of the protein with unknown function STM4435 from Salmonella typhimurium. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2014 July; 457(1): 121-124. DOI: 10.1134/S1607672914040012.Original Russian Text © K.M. Boyko, M.A. Gorbacheva, T.V. Rakitina, D.A. Korzhenevsky, P.V. Dorovatovsky, A.V. Lipkin, V.O. Popov, 2014, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2014, Vol. 457, No. 1, pp. 107–110.. | Impact Statement
Rahman RN, Ali MS, Sugiyama S, Leow AT, Inoue T, Basri M, Salleh AB, Matsumura H. A comparative analysis of microgravity and earth grown thermostable T1 lipase crystals using HDPCG apparatus. Protein and Peptide Letters. 2015 February; 22(2): 173-179. DOI: 10.2174/0929866521666141019193604.PMID: 25329331. | Impact Statement
Obita T, Inaka K, Kohda D, Maita N. Crystal structure of the PX domain of Vps17p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology Communications. 2022 May 1; 78(5): 210-216. DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X22004472.PMID: 35506766. | Impact Statement
Abramchik YA, Timofeev VI, Zhukhlistova NE, Muravieva TI, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. Purification, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from E. coli. Crystallography Reports. 2015 July; 60(4): 521-524. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774515040021.
The Education Payloads Operation for the education consists of various activities which attract attention concerning Japanese manned space flight activities, and to gain support from the Japanese community regarding future manned space exploration. (JAXA EPO10/BLUE EARTH GAZING) BLUE EARTH GAZING was inspired by OTSUKIMI which is a Japanese traditional custom to see the moon. Japanese people enjoy the moon vewing in their own way; for example, the way to see the reflected images of the moon on the surface of a river. BLUE EARTH GAZING will see the earth through its reflected images on the surface of the water, and will suggest the new way to enjoy the earth vewing. (JAXA EPO10/Report) JAXA REPORT is an activity where the crew writes a report in Japanese concerning ISS ordinary life to attract attention for manned space activity to gain support for future manned space exploration from Japanese public.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 12 (JAXA EPO 12) demonstrates educational events and artistic performances on board the Kibo module. These activities are expected to enlighten the general public about the wonders of microgravity phenomena and human space flight.
The objective of JAXA High Quality Protein Crystal Growth Demonstration Experiment (JAXA PCG-Demo) is to grow high quality protein crystals in microgravity. The crystals are returned to Earth to determine protein structures in detail; the structures are used to develop pharmaceutical drugs, and to explore the mystery of our lives. The protein samples are launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on a Space-X Dragon Cargo Vehicle, and crystallized at 4℃ using the counter-diffusion method and permeation method.
Publications
Hatae H, Inaka K, Okamura R, Furubayashi N, Kamo M, Kobayashi T, Abe Y, Iwata S, Hamasaki N. Crystallization of human erythrocyte Band 3, the anion exchanger, at the International Space Station 'KIBO″. Analytical Biochemistry. 2018 October 15; 55991-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.009.PMID: 30118660. | Impact Statement
Negoro S, Shibata N, Lee Y, Takehara I, Kinugasa R, Nagai K, Tanaka Y, Kato D, Takeo M, Goto Y, Higuchi Y. Structural basis of the correct subunit assembly, aggregation, and intracellular degradation of nylon hydrolase. Scientific Reports. 2018 June 27; 8(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27860-w. | Impact Statement
The purpose of this JAXA Mouse Habitat Verification (MHU-4) is to analyze any alterations of the gene expression patterns in several organs, and as well as the effects on the germ-cell development, of in mice exposed to a long-term to the space environment. This investigation also serves as a verification of JAXA’s Mouse Habitat Unit, designed to house mice for missions to, and from, the International Space Station (ISS).
JAXA Mouse Habitat Unit-5 (MHU-5) examines the effects of partial G on mice using the JAXA-developed mouse habitat cage units (HCU) that can be installed in the newly developed Centrifuge-equipped Biological Experiment Facility-L (CBEF-L) on the International Space Station (ISS). Stress caused by partial G may alter gene expression in cells of the body. The investigation analyzes any such alterations and their possible effects on development of germ cells, which carry genetic information and expression to subsequent generations.
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Public Relations Activity (JAXA EPO 13) includes conducting cultural activities such as writing reports about and filming video of activities aboard the International Space Station (ISS). These tools can help inform the public about the importance of the ISS, JAXA’s Kibo module, and human spaceflight.
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) collaborates with the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for an Educational Payload Operation (EPO) that aims to promote the study of space robotics technology in the International Space Station (ISS) Kibo module for students all over the world, and especially in the UAE. The JAXA-UAE Camera Robot Education Project is conducted in a collaboration between JAXA and the UAE Space Agency (UAESA). During a mission to the ISS, an astronaut representing the UAE, demonstrates how to control JAXA’s free-flying JEM Internal Ball Camera robot (Int-Ball) in the microgravity environment with the support of a US astronaut.
The JEM Internal Ball Camera is a free floating, remote-control panoramic camera that helps crews monitor operations aboard the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station. Similar to current consumer-grade ball cameras, the JEM Internal Ball Camera is charged with a standard USB cable and provides real-time video and image downloads to remote operators. Because the camera operates untethered to power supplies or other devices, it provides a view of the JEM outside the visual field of the other cameras currently installed on the JEM and frees astronauts to use their hands for other tasks.
JEM Internal Ball Camera 2 demonstrates technology for automating video and photos of research activities. Crew time is one of the most valuable resources on the International Space Station, and many simple, repetitive tasks could be automated. This frees up crew time for more important activities.
Publications
Kato H, Hirano D, Mitani S, Saito T, Kawaguchi S. ROS and cFS System (RACS): Easing Space Robotic Development. 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2021 March 6-13; 1-8. DOI: 10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438288. | Impact Statement
The Joint Global Multi Nation Birds or BIRDS-4 Project is a constellation of three 1U CubeSats developed by Japan, Philippines and Paraguay, with Paraguay launching their first satellite. The mission of the BIRDS-4 satellites is to test commercial off-the-shelf components, as well as new technologies such as Perovskite solar cell and antenna using the satellite structure to prove their worthiness in space. BIRDS-4 deploys during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-16 (J-SSOD-16) micro-satellite deployment mission, is handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS), and launches to the International Space Station aboard the NG-15 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
Joint Global Multi-Nation Birds Project-5 (BIRDS-5 Project) is a constellation of two 1U CubeSats and one 2U CubeSat developed by Uganda, Zimbabwe and Japan, with Uganda and Zimbabwe launching their first satellite. The mission of BIRDS-5 is to perform multispectral observations of the Earth with a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) camera equipped with a filter, and to demonstrate in-orbit of a high-energy electronic measuring instrument (PINO) that can be mounted in CubeSat size. Moreover, BIRDS-5 helps address the space needs for the participating nations by acquiring statistical data that can be used to improve the livelihood of the citizens of Uganda and Zimbabwe.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-7 (J-SSOD-7) mission deploys five satellites from the Joint Global Multi Nation Birds, known as the BIRDS project, which is a constellation of five 1-Unit (1U) CubeSats developed by Japan, Ghana, Mongolia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh. The CubeSats are delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-6 Dragon cargo vehicle.
The JPL Electronic Nose (ENose) is a full-time, continuously operating event monitor designed to detect air contamination from spills and leaks in the crew habitat in the International Space Station. It fills the long-standing gap between onboard alarms and complex analytical instruments. ENose provides rapid, early identification and quantification of atmospheric changes caused by chemical species to which it has been trained. ENose can also be used to monitor cleanup processes after a leak or a spill.
Publications
Kateb B, Ryan MA, Homer ML, Lara LM, Yin Y, Higa K, Chen MY. Sniffing out cancer using the JPL electronic nose: A pilot study of a novel approach to detection and differentiation of brain cancer. NeuroImage. 2009 47(Supp 2): T5-T9. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.015.
Ryan MA, Manatt KS, Gluck SE, Shevade AV, Kisor AK, Zhou H, Lara LM, Homer ML. The JPL Electronic Nose: Monitoring Air in the U.S. Lab on the International Space Station. 2010 IEEE Sensors, Kona, HI. 2010 Nov 1-4; 1242-1247. DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2010.5690607. | Impact Statement
Shevade AV, Ryan MA, Homer ML, Kisor AK, Lara LM, Zhou H, Manatt KS, Gluck SE, Goddard, III WA, Blanco M. Characterization of Unknown Events Observed by the Third Generation JPL Electronic Nose Using Sensor Response Models. 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Barcelona, Spain. 2010 Jul 11-15; AIAA 2010-6122DOI: 10.2514/6.2010-6122. | Impact Statement
Shevade AV, Ryan MA, Homer ML, Kisor AK, Manatt KS, Lara LM. Monitoring Pre-Combustion Event Markers by Heating Electrical Wires. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2009 2009-01-2543DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2543. | Impact Statement
Ryan MA, Manatt KS, Gluck SE, Shevade AV, Kisor AK, Zhou H, Lara LM, Homer ML. Operation of Third Generation JPL Electronic Nose on the International Space Station. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2009 2009-01-2522DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2522. | Impact Statement
Homer ML, Jan DL, Jewell AD, Kisor AK, Manatt KS, Manfreda AM, Ryan MA, Shevade AV, Taylor CJ, Tran TA, Yen SS, Zhou H. System for detecting and estimating concentrations of gas or liquid analytes. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 Sep 20; 8,024,133
Shevade AV, Homer ML, Zhou H, Jewell AD, Kisor AK, Manatt KS, Torres J, Soler J, Yen SS, Ryan MA, Blanco M, Goddard, III WA. Development of the third generation JPL Electronic Nose for International Space Station technology demonstration. SAE Technical Paper. 2007 July 9; 2007-01-31498 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2007-01-3149. | Impact Statement
Ryan MA, Shevade AV, Kisor AK, Manatt KS, Homer ML, Lara LM, Zhou H. Ground validation of the third generation JPL Electronic Nose. SAE Technical Paper. 2008 June 29; 2008-01-2044193-200. DOI: 10.4271/2008-01-2044. | Impact Statement
Shevade AV, Ryan MA, Kisor AK, Manatt KS, Homer ML, Lara LM. Off-Gassing and particle release by heated polymeric materials. SAE Technical Paper. 2008 June 29; 2008-01-2090325-330. DOI: 10.4271/2008-01-2090. | Impact Statement
Ryan MA, Shevade AV, Taylor CJ, Homer ML, Jewell AD, Kisor AK, Manatt KS, Yen SS, Blanco M, Goddard, III WA. Expanding the capabilities of the JPL electronic nose for an International Space Station technology demonstration. SAE Technical Paper. 2006 July 17; 2006-01-21794 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2006-01-2179.
Jan DL. Environmental monitoring instruments: Using ISS as a testbed for exploration. 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2007 March 3-10; 7 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2007.352722. | Impact Statement
Reidt U, Helwig A, Muller G, Plobner L, Lugmayr V, Kharin S, Smirnov Y, Novikova ND, Lenic J, Fetter V, Hummel T. Detection of microorganisms onboard the International Space Station using an electronic nose. Gravitational and Space Research. 2017 December 31; 5(2): 89-111. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2017-0013. | Impact Statement
Ka-Band Software Defined Radio (SharkSat) incorporates four key emerging technologies in the space environment: Silicon Germanium (SiGe) RF Integrated Circuits, Digital Receiver/Exciter System-on-a-Chip ASIC, and Xilinx Zu19 Multiprocessor Systems-on-a-Chip (MPSoC) to create a Ka-Band Software Defined Radio (SDR). These technologies have uses in fields such as 5G telecommunications, satellite communications, radar and autonomous and cognitive systems. They also offer a path for development of next generation space electronics systems.
Kakuda Space Rice is a JAXA commercial mission designed to attract public attention for local commercial activities to promote the brand equity of the City of Kakuda, located in the Miyagi prefecture. A local farmer grows rice seeds which are, in turn, flown to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard a cargo vehicle. The rice seeds are stored internally in the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on the ISS, and later returned to Earth.
The Kentucky Re-Entry Probe Experiment (KREPE) demonstrates an affordable technology for re-entry experiments and provides flight data on Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) to help validate computational models. Design of an efficient TPS remains one of the most challenging aspects of space exploration. Three capsules placed in a Cygnus resupply vehicle deploy on its atmospheric reentry to collect and transmit thermal data from sensors at a variety of depths in their heat shields.
Khalifa University Students Satellite-2 (MYSat-2) is the second nanosatellite mission by Khalifa University (KU). It uses a 2U size CubeSat developed by students from the university’s Yahsat Space Lab. It is funded by Yahsat in partnership with Northrop Grumman. MYSat-2 demonstrates technology for different attitude determination and control system (ADCS) algorithms, capturing photos in the pointing direction using a digital camera.
Kibo Kids Tour introduces on-orbit Japanese utilization activities in the Kibo module of the International Space Station to the children of Japan.
Kibo Robot Programming Challenge (Robo-Pro Challenge), also known as Kibo-RPC, allows students to create programs to control Astrobee, a free-flying robot aboard the International Space Station (ISS). This opportunity provides hands-on experience with science, technology, engineering and mathematics in space and inspires the next generation of explorers. This activity is based on Japan-U.S. cooperation through the Japan-US Open platform Partnership Program (JP-US OP3).
The Kibo-Robot Programming Challenge 3 (Robo-Pro Challenge 3) is an educational program in which students solve various given problems by using free-flying robots (NASA’s Astrobee and JAXA’s Internal Ball Camera) aboard the International Space Station (ISS). JAXA hosts this program in cooperation with NASA under the framework of the Japan-United States Open Platform Partnership Program (JP-US OP3). Robo-Pro Challenge 3 aims to inspire the next generation of scientists, engineers, and world leaders by providing opportunities to learn cutting-edge methodologies in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) subjects.
Small satellites launched from space are used for a wide variety of tasks. But truly tiny satellites called ChipSats, which integrate power, computing, sensing and communication equipment onto a 3.5-centimeter-square circuit board, open up new possibilities for exploration around Earth, asteroids and other planets. The KickSat-2 mission tests 100 Sprite ChipSats demonstrating that tiny, massively distributed satellites using commercial off-the-shelf technology can work in space.
Kids In Micro-gravity (Kids in Micro-g) provides students in grades 5 - 8 a hands-on opportunity to design an experiment or simple demonstration that could be performed both in the classroom and aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Kids In Micro-gravity - 2 (Kids in Micro-g-2) provides students in grades 5 - 8 a hands-on opportunity to design an experiment or simple demonstration that could be performed both in the classroom and aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
KRAKsat tests the concept of using a ferrofluid reaction wheel device to stabilize a nanosatellite. This student-designed device uses electromagnets to generate a rotating magnetic field and accelerate a ferrofluid, creating torque that rotates the satellite. The investigation collects data from several satellite maneuvers for analysis on the ground.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions (Kristallizator) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Flatworms regenerate their own cells, replacing them as they age or are damaged. KS5: Role of Gravity and Geomagnetic Field in Flatworm Regeneration (Flatworm Regeneration) studies the cell signaling mechanisms these organisms use while regenerating their tissue in microgravity. Results provide insight into how gravity affects tissue regeneration and the rebuilding of damaged organs and nerves, which is important for understanding how wounds heal in space.
Publications
Morokuma J, Durant FR, Williams KB, Finkelstein JM, Blackiston DJ, Clements TS, Reed DW, Roberts MS, Jain M, Kimel K, Trauger SA, Wolfe BE, Levin M. Planarian regeneration in space: persistent anatomical, behavioral, and bacteriological changes induced by space travel. Regeneration. 2017 June 13; 4(2): 85-102. DOI: 10.1002/reg2.79.PMID: 28616247. | Impact Statement
Kuwait’s Experiment, Combating Climate Change Through Carbon Dioxide Consuming Escherichia coli (Kuwait’s Experiment: E. coli C5), investigates the effect of microgravity on E. coli bacteria that have been genetically modified to consume carbon dioxide as a food source. This ability may help mitigate the effects of global warming by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The bacteria also have potential to produce organic carbon for food and biofuel.
The Kyushu Institute of Technology Satellite Development Project developed the 1U CubeSat "FUTABA". This project is led by undergraduate students, with the primary goal of developing and operating a satellite. FUTABA is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-22 (J-SSOD-22) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-25 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System (LOCAD-PTS) is a handheld device for rapid detection of biological and chemical substances on surfaces aboard the space station. Astronauts will swab surfaces within the cabin, mix swabbed material in liquid form to the LOCAD-PTS, and obtain results within 15 minutes on a display screen. The study's purpose is to effectively provide a rapid indication of biological cleanliness to help crew monitor microorganisms in the ISS cabin environment.
Publications
Maule JG, Wainwright NR, Steele A, Gunter DL, Flores GN, Effinger MR, Damon M, Wells M, Williams SL, Morris HC, Monaco LA. Rapid Monitoring of Bacteria and Fungi Aboard the International Space Station. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 AIAA-2009-0959 | Impact Statement
Maule JG, Wainwright NR, Steele A, Monaco LA, Morris HC, Gunter DL, Damon M, Wells M. Rapid Culture-Independent Microbial Analysis aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Astrobiology. 2009 October; 9(8): 759-775. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2008.0319.PMID: 19845447. | Impact Statement
Maule JG, Wainwright NR, Steele A, Gunter DL, Flores GN, Effinger MR, Damon M, Wells M, Williams S, Morris HC, Monaco LA. LOCAD-PTS: Operation of a new system for microbial monitoring aboard the International Space Station. AIAA Space 2008 Conference and Exposition, San Diego, CA. 2008 September; AIAA-2008-7900 | Impact Statement
Maule JG, Fogel M, Steele A, Wainwright NR, Pierson DL, McKay DS. Antigen-Antibody Interactions in Altered Gravity: Implications for Immunosorbent Assay during Space Flight. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 10(2):
Morris HC, Damon M, Maule JG, Monaco LA, Wainwright NR. Rapid Culture-Independent Microbial Analysis Aboard the International Space Station (ISS) Stage Two: Quantifying Three Microbial Biomarkers. Astrobiology. 2012 September; 12(9): 830-840. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0863.PMID: 22984871. | Impact Statement
Jan DL. Environmental monitoring instruments: Using ISS as a testbed for exploration. 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2007 March 3-10; 7 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2007.352722. | Impact Statement
Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System - Exploration (LOCAD-PTS-Exploration) is a handheld device for rapid detection and quantification of biological substances onboard the International Space Station (ISS). LOCAD-PTS-Exploration shall test procedures onboard the ISS that will ultimately support scientific activities during the human exploration of the moon and Mars. It will mark the first time that external surfaces of a spacecraft have been sampled for biological material during extra-vehicular activity (EVA), followed by analysis within the cabin environment. This type of procedure shall be required during future exploration missions to monitor and restrict the transfer of biological material from Earth to other planets.
Publications
Maule JG, Wainwright NR, Steele A, Gunter DL, Flores GN, Effinger MR, Damon M, Wells M, Williams S, Morris HC, Monaco LA. LOCAD-PTS: Operation of a new system for microbial monitoring aboard the International Space Station. AIAA Space 2008 Conference and Exposition, San Diego, CA. 2008 September; AIAA-2008-7900 | Impact Statement
Eigenbrode J, Benning LG, Maule JG, Wainwright NR, Steele A, Amundsen HE. A field-based cleaning protocol for sampling devices used in life-detection studies. Astrobiology. 2009 June; 9(5): 455-465. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2008.0275. | Impact Statement
Morris HC, Monaco LA, Steele A, Wainwright NR. Setting a standard: the limulus amebocyte lysate assay and the assessment of microbial contamination on spacecraft surfaces. Astrobiology. 2010 Oct; 10(8): 845-852. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0446. | Impact Statement
Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Protein-Based Artificial Retinas in Microgravity evaluates a manufacturing system using thin films that improves upon the current technology used to produce protein-based artificial retinas. This process creates artificial retinal implants using adhesion of molecules to a surface to create a thin film one layer at a time, and it may work better in microgravity. The investigation examines the role of gravity on protein distribution, uniformity, stability, and performance of the thin films.
LED rectifying antenna demonstration (LEctenna) demonstrates wireless power transmission via microwave signals using a rectifying antenna, which converts electromagnetic waves into direct electric current. For the investigation, a LEctenna device converts microwaves into electricity and powers an LED bulb. Similar technology could be used to transmit energy from a space-based solar panel array in the form of microwaves harvested on the ground by a rectifying antenna.
The LEGO® Bricks payload is a series of toy LEGO kits that are assembled on orbit and used to demonstrate scientific concepts. Some of these models include satellites, a space shuttle orbiter, and a scale model of the International Space Station (ISS).
LEO-TM N-REP ISS Demonstration Advanced Sensor (Nanoracks-LEONIDAS) explores design of low-Earth orbit satellites to perform portions of the Department of Energy mission. The investigation collects data on various backgrounds (local time of day, glint, clouds, etc.) to support development of a machine learning algorithm. NanoRacks NREP offers a more reliable, higher fidelity, and less expensive testing and development platform than attempting to model the sensor using software.
Leveraging Microgravity to Screen Onco-selective Messenger RNAs for Cancer Immunotherapy (Onco-Selectors) tests a biologic drug based on messenger RNA (mRNA) for treatment of leukemia. This mRNA-based drug is capable of differentiating cancer cells from healthy ones (onco-selective) and is designed to kill cancer cells (oncolytic). Recent studies show that microgravity alters cells by modifying the expression of certain proteins involved in mRNA translation, making it a unique platform for testing mRNAs to identify those that are onco-selective for clinical development.
The Life Cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana in Microgravity (Arabidopsis thaliana) project studies the morphology and physiology of a common plant species using specialized modular growth chambers aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The plant under investigation grows from germinated seeds under automated light, temperature and nutrient conditions. Automated cameras image growth at every stage to determine both plant viability and the effectiveness of cultivation modules, which return to Earth for further post-mission analysis.
Life Cycles of Higher Plants Under Microgravity Conditions (SpaceSeed) cultivates Arabidopsis thaliana (a small flowering plant) in microgravity to improve the productivity of crops in space as well as for understanding the role of gravity in regulating the life cycle of higher plants.
Publications
Yano S, Kasahara H, Masuda D, Tanigaki F, Shimazu T, Suzuki HH, Karahara I, Soga K, Hoson T, Tayama I, Tsuchiya Y, Kamisaka S. Improvements in and actual performance of the Plant Experiment Unit onboard Kibo, the Japanese Experiment Module on the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2012 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.10.002.
Karahara I, Suto T, Yamaguchi T, Yashiro U, Tamaoki D, Okamoto E, Yano S, Tanigaki F, Shimazu T, Kasahara H, Kasahara H, Yamada M, Hoson T, Soga K, Kamisaka S. Vegetative and reproductive growth of Arabidopsis under microgravity conditions in space. Journal of Plant Research. 2020 July 1; 133(4): 571-585. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01200-4.PMID: 32424466. | Impact Statement
Kurogane T, Tamaoki D, Yano S, Tanigaki F, Shimazu T, Kasahara H, Yamauchi D, Uesugi K, Hoshino M, Kamisaka S, Mineyuki Y, Karahara I. Visualization of Arabidopsis root system architecture in 3D by refraction-contrast X-Ray micro-computed tomography. Microscopy. 2021 July 15; epubdfab027. DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab027.PMID: 34264299. | Impact Statement
Hoson T, Wakabayashi K. Role of the plant cell wall in gravity resistance. Phytochemistry. 2015 April; 11284-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.022.
Exposure to radiation from the sun and cosmic sources is one of the biggest concerns for astronauts on prolonged space missions, and the Lifetime Heritable Effect of Space Radiation on Mouse embryos Preserved for a long-term in ISS (Embryo Rad) will study mice to examine the possible effects of space radiation on the entire body. Frozen mouse embryos will be exposed to the radiation environment of the International Space Station, and then the embryos will return to Earth to be implanted into surrogate mothers and to live out their lives. Scientists will be able to study any possible changes in the animals’ lifespan, cancer development, and gene mutations that may result from exposure to radiation.
Publications
Ohnishi T. Life science experiments performed in space in the ISS/Kibo facility and future research plans. Journal of Radiation Research. 2016 April 29; epubDOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw020.PMID: 27130692. | Impact Statement
The capability of Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts (ALTEA) to measure the linear energy transfer (LET) of protons and helium and the kinetic energy of protons and heavy ions is to be upgraded by the addition of a new time of flight (TOF) system detector called the Light Ions Detector for ALTEA (LIDAL). LIDAL upgrades the ability of ALTEA to make measurements that can be converted, by dedicated software in real-time, into radiation risk coefficients - effectively enabling ALTEA to become the first ever dosimetric “risk meter” aboard the International Space Station.
Publications
Rizzo A, Narici L, Messi R, Cipollone P, De Donato C, Di Fino L, Iannilli M, La Tessa C, Manea C, Masciantonio G, Morone MC, Nobili G, Pecchi D, Picozza P, Reali E, Rovituso M, Tommasino F, Vitali G. A compact Time-Of-Flight detector for space applications: The LIDAL system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2018 August 1; 89898-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2018.05.009. | Impact Statement
Linking Biofilm Thickness and Viability to an Elevated Microbial Corrosion Risk (NALCO Champion Studies on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion) examines biofilms on Earth and in space and monitors the rate of corrosion caused by microorganisms, referred to as Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). MIC is responsible for 20 to 50% of all corrosion damage, at an annual cost of $485 billion to $1.5 trillion globally. To help determine when a biofilm is likely to cause MIC, the investigation evaluates the role of specific microbes as well as number of viable cells, total mass (biomass), or thickness of the biofilm.
The Liquid Phase Separation in Metallic Alloys (EML Batch 3 - LIPHASE) investigation focuses on solidification, thermophysical properties and electrical conductivity in liquid of the eutectic system formed by the phases CoSi and CoSi2. The influence of convection on the mode of solidification is studied by the use of high-speed camera and pyrometry. The solidified sample is evaluated after return of the sample from the International Space Station (ISS).
The objective of the LIRIS Demonstrator- short for Laser InfraRed Imaging Sensors, is to demonstrate the feasibility of two different rendezvous sensor technologies. The demonstration is performed during the free flight of ESA’s Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)-5, Georges Lemaître. After the docking the objective is to retrieve the data and to make it available to Investigators.
The Light Microscopy Module Biophysics-2 (LMMBIO-2) investigation characterizes the behavior of dense liquid clusters at different rates of convection, utilizing differential dynamic microscopy. In microgravity, near-zero flow states can be maintained for long time periods, providing a baseline against which to compare sheared fluids. LMMBIO-2 also tests whether, at moderate to high concentrations, a fraction of a protein exists in a dense liquid phase, and whether crystal nucleation occurs when a small, ordered domain forms within the concentrated liquid-state environment of one of these particles.
Publications
Safari MS, Poling-Skutvik R, Vekilov P, Conrad JC. Differential dynamic microscopy of bidisperse colloidal suspensions. npj Microgravity. 2017 August 30; 3(21): DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0027-7. | Impact Statement
Warzecha M, Verma L, Johnston BF, Palmer JC, Florence AJ, Vekilov P. Olanzapine crystal symmetry originates in preformed centrosymmetric solute dimers. Nature Chemistry. 2020 September 23; 12914–920. DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0542-0.PMID: 32968232. | Impact Statement
Lonestar Celestium ISS Edge Computing Demonstration (ISS Edge Computing on ManD) demonstrates creation of original space-based artwork using artificial intelligence and a science, technology, engineering, arts, and math (STEAM) education program. The artwork is generated by a computer configured with the station’s Additive Manufacturing Facility 3D printer based on a characteristic of the space station and is delivered as a non-monetary non-fungible token (NFT). This project could help promote public engagement with space exploration, the International Space Station, and artificial intelligence-produced space-based art.
Exposure to space cabin environments can change the way materials behave, which can affect the performance of products designed to filter and clean air and water. Previous observation has shown desiccants, which collect humidity from the air to keep materials dry, can be up to 75 percent less effective after functioning one year in a space habitat. The Long Duration Sorbent Testbed (LDST) investigation studies substances that collect other molecules, determining which types would be most effective on long-term missions to Mars or other destinations.
The Long Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease with New Portable Equipment (Card) experiment studies blood pressure decreases in the human body exposed to microgravity on board the ISS.
Publications
Norsk P, Asmar A, Damgaard M, Christensen NJ. Fluid shifts, vasodilatation and ambulatory blood pressure reduction during long duration spaceflight: Vasodilatation and ambulatory blood pressure during spaceflight. Journal of Physiology. 2015 February 1; 593(3): 573-584. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284869. | Impact Statement
Gabrielsen A, Norsk P. Effect of Spaceflight on the subcutaneous venoarteriolar reflex in the human lower leg. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 103(3): 959-962. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00899.2006. | Impact Statement
Norsk P, Christensen NJ. The paradox of systemic vasodilatation and sympathetic nervous stimulation in space. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 October; 169 Suppl 1s26-s29. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.07.020.PMID: 19651245. | Impact Statement
Zhang L. Vascular adaptation to microgravity: what have we learned?. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 December; 91(6): 2415-2430. PMID: 11717201. | Impact Statement
Christensen NJ, Heer MA, Ivanova K, Norsk P. Sympathetic nervous activity decreases during head down bed rest but not during microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 95-97. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919460. | Impact Statement
Norsk P. Counteracting Hypertension with weightlessness?. Scientific American. 2008 16-23. | Impact Statement
Christensen NJ, Heer MA, Ivanova K, Norsk P. Sympathetic nervous activity decreases during head-down bed rest but not during microgravity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005 June 16; 99(4): 1552-1557. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00017.2005.
Longwave Infrared Sensing demonstratoR (Nanoracks-LisR) takes precise measurements of Earth's surface temperature as a way to monitor water resources. Availability of water is a critical element in growing plants to provide food for people on Earth. Insights from the data, including on evapotranspiration, or the loss of water from plants and soil to the atmosphere, could support more efficient agricultural water use. The technology includes cameras built into small satellites that can fly in swarms and cover the entire planet every day.
Low Earth Orbiting Navigation Experiment for Spacecraft Testing Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking (LONESTAR) consists of two satellites, AggieSat4 built by Texas A&M University students, and BEVO-2 built by University of Texas students. LONESTAR is launched from the Japanese Experiment Module-External Facility (JEM-EF) robotic arm using the Space Station Integrated Kinetic Launcher for Orbital Payload Systems (SSIKLOPS). After free-flying safely away from the International Space Station, AggieSat4 ejects the BEVO-2 satellite. Both satellites then perform cross-linking communications, exchange data, link to GPS, and transmit to ground radio stations.
Lung Host Defense in Microgravity explores why the space environment makes astronauts more prone to sickness than people on Earth. It uses organ-on-a-chip technology to create three-dimensional models of the lung and bone marrow from living human cells. Researchers infect the artificial organs and compare how lung cells respond and how white blood cells mobilize from the bone marrow into the blood stream in microgravity versus on Earth. The investigation expands understanding of the biological basis of immune system suppression in space and provides insight into ways to counter it.
Lyophilization in Microgravity (Eli Lilly-Lyophilization) examines freeze-drying processes in the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Freeze-drying is used to preserve food and medication but may create layering or other textures in the presences of gravity. Eli Lilly-Lyophilization freeze-dries a range of samples under microgravity conditions aboard the ISS and then returns the samples to Earth for comparison with control samples.
Lyophilization-2 in Microgravity (Lyophilization-2) examines gravity’s effects on freeze-dried materials. Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, is a common method for formulating pharmaceuticals with improved chemical and physical stability. On Earth, the process leads to formation of layers with structural differences, but if such stratification is due to gravity, it may not occur in microgravity. This investigation, which follows up on previous work, could result in improved freeze-drying processes for the pharmaceutical and other industries.
The Made in Space - Recycler recycles polymer materials into filament that can be used as feedstock for the Made in Space 3D printer on the space station. Crews can use materials and parts that have reached the end of their useful life to create new items using 3D printing. This reduces the weight and mass of supplies that must be brought into space from Earth, an important capability for deep space missions.
Cell cultures in space spontaneously grow in three dimensions (3D), which results in characteristics more representative of how cells grow and function in living organisms. But in microgravity, routine manipulation of cell cultures is challenging. Magnetic 3D Cell Culture for Biological Research in Microgravity (Magnetic 3D Cell Culturing) uses magnetized cells and tools to make it easier to handle cells and cultures, and to improve the reproducibility of experiments. This approach also makes it possible to generate two-dimensional (2D) cultures as controls, and to determine whether biological events in these monolayer cultures result from gravity or substrate attachment.
MAGVECTOR investigates how Earth’s magnetic field interacts with an electrical conductor. Using extremely sensitive magnetic sensors placed around and above a conductor, researchers can gain insight into ways that the magnetic field influences how conductors work. This research not only helps improve future International Space Station experiments and electrical experiments, but it could offer insights into how magnetic fields influence electrical conductors in general – the backbone of our technology.
Malting ABI Voyager Barley Seeds in Microgravity tests a microscale, automated malting procedure in microgravity. Malting converts raw grain into malt by modifying the grain's starches into various sugars, which may then be used in brewing, distilling, and food production. This investigation compares malt produced in space to controls produced on the ground to identify morphological and genetic alterations caused by microgravity.
Mammalian Early Embryogenesis Under Microgravity State in Space (Space Embryo) studies the developmental potential of mammalian embryos in microgravity. Microgravity may affect preimplantation embryo development in mammalian species, but until now most studies of reproduction in space were limited to fish or amphibian species. Researchers plan to culture mouse embryos for four days to observe whether they achieve normal development.
Manufacturing Fiber Optic Cable in Microgravity (Space Fibers) evaluates a method for producing fiber optic cable from a blend of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, sodium and aluminum, called ZBLAN, in space. ZBLAN produces glass one hundred times more transparent than silica-based glass, exceptional for fiber optics. Microgravity suppresses mechanisms that commonly degrade fiber, and previous studies showed improved properties in fiber drawn in microgravity compared to that fabricated on the ground.
Publications
Starodubov D, McCormick K, Dellosa M, Erdelyi E, Volfson L. Facility for orbital material processing. Sensors and Systems for Space Applications XI, Orlando, Florida. 2018 May 2; 10641106410T. DOI: 10.1117/12.2305830. | Impact Statement
MarconISSta is a radio spectrum analyzer payload launched to the International Space Station. MarconISSta monitors parts of the radio frequency spectrum in VHF, UHF, L, and S band in order to analyze current use and availability of bands for satellite communication. The project is conducted by a team of researchers and students from Technische Universität Berlin with support of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the European Space Agency (ESA), Amateur Radio on International Space Station (ARISS), and other partners.
Radiation, extreme temperatures and energetic particles all make space a dangerous place, but they can cause greater or lesser damage, depending on a spacecraft’s orbital location. The Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism-Material Degradation Monitor (ExHAM-MDM2) investigation studies materials that may be used in low-earth orbiting satellites, which would be exposed to harmful atomic oxygen in the uppermost layers of Earth’s atmosphere. Spacecraft materials are exposed to space, retrieved on the ground, and analyzed to measure how well they perform in the harsh environment of low-Earth orbit.
The Batch-2b of the Materials Science Laboratory Sample Cartridge Assemblies (MSL SCA-Batch 2b-ESA) serves two projects investigating how different phases organize in a structure when metallic alloys are solidified. The project Metastable Solidification of Composites (METCOMP) studies the phase formed by the reaction of the remaining liquid phase with an already formed solid, to form a second solid phase on cooling. For this purpose, Bronze (Copper-Tin Alloys) of different compositions will be processed. The other project, Solidification along a Eutectic path in Ternary Alloys (SETA), looks at how two phases that form together organize into lamellar, or fibre, structures when cooling Aluminium (Copper-Silver Alloys). Both projects will provide benchmark samples that will enable to test numerical models that aim to predict these structures.
Material Science on the Solidification of Concrete (Concrete Hardening) investigates how lack of gravity affects the hardening process and resulting properties of concrete. Different mixtures of cement, water, sand, simulated lunar regolith, and other additives are mixed and left to harden in microgravity. Analysis of material strength, bubble and pore distribution, as well as crystal structures in comparison with ground samples, will help in the development of materials for construction of habitats in lunar or planetary exploration.
MISSE-1 and 2 are a test bed for materials and coatings attached to the outside of the ISS is being evaluated for the effects of atomic oxygen, direct sunlight, and extremes of heat and cold. This experiment allows the development and testing of new materials to better withstand the rigors of space environments. Results will provide a better understanding of the durability of various materials when they are exposed to the space environment. Many of the materials may have applications in the design of future spacecraft.
Publications
de Groh KK, Banks BA, Dever JA, Jaworske DA, Miller SK, Sechkar EA, Panko SR. NASA Glenn Research Center's Materials International Space Station Experiments (MISSE 1-7). NASA Technical Memorandum. 2008 Dec; 2008-215482 | Impact Statement
Harvey GA, Kinard WH. MISSE 1 and 2 Tray Temperature measurements. Proceedings of MISSE Post Retrieval Conference and the 2006 National Space and Missile Materials Symposium, Orlando, FL. 2006 June; | Impact Statement
de Groh KK, Banks BA, McCarthy CE, Rucker RN, Roberts LM, Berger LA. MISSE PEACE Polymers Atomic Oxygen Erosion Results. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2006 2006-214482 | Impact Statement
Finckenor MM. The Materials on International Space Station Experiment (MISSE): First Results from MSFC Investigations. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV. 2006 AIAA 2006-472 | Impact Statement
Snyder A, Banks BA, Waters DL. Undercutting Studies of Protected Kapton® H Exposed to In-Space and Ground-Based Atomic Oxygen. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2006 August; 2006-214387 | Impact Statement
Banks BA, Backus JA, Manno MV, Waters DL, Cameron KC, de Groh KK. Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Prediction for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2009 2009-215812 | Impact Statement
de Groh KK, Banks BA, McCarthy CE, Rucker RN, Roberts LM, Berger LA. MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers Atomic Oxygen Erosion Experiment on the International Space Station. Sage. 2008 20388. DOI: 10.1177/0954008308089705.
Juhl SB, Akinlemibola B, Kasten L, Vaia R. Durability of Poly(Caprolactam) (Nylon 6) and Poly(Caprolactam) Nanocomposites in Low Earth Orbit. National Space and Missile Materials Symposium, Keystone, CO. 2007 ITAR Restricted.
Rice N, Shepp A, Haghighat R, Connell JW. Durable TOR Polymers on MISSE. National Space and Missile Materials Symposium, Keystone, CO. 2007 ITAR Restricted.
Watson KA, Ghose S, Lillehei PT, Smith Jr. JG, Connell JW. Effect of LEO Exposure on Aromatic Polymers Containing Phenylphosphine Oxide Groups. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference: Protection of Materials and Structures From Space Environment, Toronto, Canada. 2008 291-299. DOI: 10.1063/1.3076842.ITAR Restricted. | Impact Statement
Dever JA, Miller SK, Sechkar EA, Wittberg TN. Space Environment Exposure of Polymer Films on the Materials International Space Station Experiment: Results from MISSE 1 and MISSE 2. High Performance Polymers. 2008 August 1; 20(4-5): 371-387. DOI: 10.1177/0954008308089704. | Impact Statement
Tomczak SJ, Vij V, Minton TK, Brunsvold AL, Marchant D, Wright ME, Petteys BJ, Guenthner AJ, Yandek GR, Mabry JM. Studies of POSS-Polyimides Flown on MISSE-1. National Space and Missile Materials Symposium, Keystone, CO. 2007 ITAR Restricted.
Stambler AH, Inoshita KE, Roberts LM, Barbagallo CE, de Groh KK, Banks BA. Ground-Laboratory to In-Space Atomic Oxygen Correlation for the PEACE Polymers. 9th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment, Toronto, Canada. 2008 DOI: 10.1063/1.3076865.also in NASA TP. January 2011, NASA/TM--2011-216904.. | Impact Statement
Hunt PK. Return From Space: The PEACE Team Eight Years In. Hathaway Brown Alumnae Magazine. 2006 234-35. | Impact Statement
Tollis G, Dever JA, Miller SK, Messer R, Sechkar EA. Exposure of Polymer Film Thermal Control Materials on the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE). NASA Technical Memorandum. 2002 211363 | Impact Statement
de Groh KK, Banks BA, Hammerstrom AM, Youngstrom EE, Kaminski C, Marx LM, Fine ES, Gummow JD, Wright D. MISSE PEACE Polymers: An International Space Station Environmental Exposure Experiment. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2001 2001-211311 | Impact Statement
Waters DL, de Groh KK, Banks BA, Cameron KC. Changes in Optical and Thermal Properties of the MISSE 2 Peace Polymers and Spacecraft Silicones. 11th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment. Provence, France. 2009 Sep 15-18; | Impact Statement
de Groh KK, Banks BA, Hunt PK. NASA Glenn Research Center and Hathaway Brown School (HB) Collaborative MISSE Experiments. National Space and Missile Materials Symposium, Keystone, CO. 2006 Jun 26-30;
Banks BA, Simmons JC, de Groh KK, Miller SK. The Effect of Ash and Inorganic Pigment Fill on the Atomic Oxygen Erosion of Polymers and Paints. 12th International Symposium on Materials in the Space Environment, Noordwijk, Netherlands. 2013 Feb; ESA SP-705 | Impact Statement
Daniels CC, Wasowski JL, Panickar MB, Smith IM. Leak Rate Performance of Three Silicone Elastomer Compounds after Ground-Simulated and On-Orbit Environment Exposures. 3rd AIAA Atmospheric Space Environments Conference. Honolulu, HI. 2011 Jun 27-30; AIAA 2011-3823 | Impact Statement
de Groh KK, Banks BA. MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers Erosion Morphology Studies. International Symposium on Materials in the Space Environment, Provence, France. 2009 Sep 15-18; | Impact Statement
Banks BA, de Groh KK, Miller SK, Waters DL. Lessons Learned From Atomic Oxygen Interaction With Spacecraft Materials in Low Earth Orbit. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2008 Jul; 2008-215264 | Impact Statement
Banks BA, Backus JA, Manno MV, Waters DL, Cameron KC, de Groh KK. Prediction of Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield for Spacecraft Polymers. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2011 Jan-Feb; 48(1): 14-22. DOI: 10.2514/1.48849. | Impact Statement
Banks BA, de Groh KK, Miller SK, Waters DL. MISSE Scattered Atomic Oxygen Characterization Experiment. NASA Technical Publication. 2006 2006-214355 | Impact Statement
Materials on the International Space Station Experiment 3 and 4 (MISSE - 3 and 4) are the third and fourth in a series of five suitcase-sized test beds attached to the outside of the space station. The beds were deployed during a spacewalk by the station crew in August 2006. They are exposing hundreds of potential space construction materials and different types of solar cells to the harsh environment of space. Mounted to the space station for about a year, the equipment then will be returned to Earth for study. Investigators will use the resulting data to design stronger, more durable spacecraft.
The Materials on the International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) is a suitcase-sized experiment attached to the outside of the International Space Station (ISS). It exposes hundreds of potential space construction materials to the environment. The samples will return to Earth for study during a later expedition. Investigators will use the resulting data to design stronger, more durable spacecraft.
Publications
Walters RJ, Garner JC, Lam SN, Vasquez JA, Braun WR, Ruth RE, Warner JH, Lorentzen JR, Messenger SR, Bruninga RE, Jenkins PP, Flatico JM, Wilt DM, Piszczor MF, Greer LC, Krasowski MJ. Forward Technology Solar Cell Experiment First On-Orbit Data. 19th Space Photovoltaic Reserach and Technology Conference, Brook Park, OH. 2007 NASA/CP--2007-21449479-94. | Impact Statement
Walters RJ, Garner JC, Lam SN, Vasquez JA, Braun WR, Ruth RE, Warner JH, Lorentzen JR, Messenger SR, Bruninga RE, Jenkins PP, Flatico JM, Wilt DM, Piszczor MF, Greer LC, Krasowski MJ. Materials on the International Space Station Experiment-5, Forward Technology Solar Cell Experiment: First On-Orbit Data. IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, HI. 2006 21951-1954. DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279880. | Impact Statement
Simburger E, Matsumoto JH, Giants TW, Garcia III A, Liu S, Rawal SP, Perry AR, Marshall CH, Lin JK, Scarborough SE, Curtis HB, Kerslake TW, Peterson TT. Development of a thin film solar cell interconnect for the PowerSphere concept. Materials Science and Engineering B: Advanced Functional Solid-State Materials. 2005 116(3): 321-325. DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2004.06.024. | Impact Statement
Kinard WH. Materials Experiment Flown on MISSE 5. National Space and Missile Materials Symposium, Keystone, CO. 2007 ITAR Restricted.
Krasowski MJ, Greer LC, Flatico JM, Jenkins PP, Spina DC. Big Science, Small-budget Space Experiment Package aka MISSE-5: A Hardware and Software perspecive. 19th Space Photovoltaic Reserach and Technology Conference, Brook Park, OH. 2007 NASA/CP--2007(214494): 95-117. | Impact Statement
Tollis G, Dever JA, Miller SK, Messer R, Sechkar EA. Exposure of Polymer Film Thermal Control Materials on the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE). NASA Technical Memorandum. 2002 211363 | Impact Statement
Miller SK, Dever JA. Materials International Space Station Experiment 5 Polymer Film Thermal Control Experiment. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2011 March; 48(2): 240-245. DOI: 10.2514/1.49482. | Impact Statement
Miller SK, Dever JA. Space Environment Exposure Results from the MISSE 5 Polymer Film Thermal Control Experiment on the International Space Station. 11th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment. Provence, France. 2009 Sep 15-18; | Impact Statement
Guo A, Yi GT, Ashmead CC, Mitchell GG, de Groh KK, Banks BA. Embrittlement of MISSE 5 Polymers After 13 Months of Space Exposure. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2012 Sep; 2012-217645Also presented at the 10th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from the Space Environment (ICPMSE-10J) June 12-17, 2011, Okinawa, Japan.. | Impact Statement
Materials International Space Station Experiment - 6A and 6B (MISSE-6A and 6B) is a sample box attached to the outside of the International Space Station; it is used for testing the effects of exposure to the space environment on small samples of new materials. These samples will be evaluated for their reaction to atomic oxygen erosion, direct sunlight, radiation, and extremes of heat and cold. Results will provide a better understanding of the durability of various materials, with important applications in the design of future spacecraft.
Publications
Hu X, Raja WK, An B, Tokareva O, Cebe P, Kaplan DL. Stability of silk and collagen protein materials in space. Scientific Reports. 2013 December 5; 33428. DOI: 10.1038/srep03428. | Impact Statement
de Groh KK, Banks BA, Mitchell GG, Yi GT, Guo A, Ashmead CC, Roberts LM, McCarthy CE, Sechkar EA. MISSE 6 stressed polymers experiment atomic oxygen erosion data. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2013 March; 217847Prepared for: 12th International Symposium on Materials in the Space Environment (ISMSE-12); Noordwijk; 24-28 Sep. 2012; Netherlands. | Impact Statement
Jaworske DA. Space durable solar selective coating cermet. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 2011 25(3): 462-463. DOI: 10.2514/1.T3663. | Impact Statement
Banks BA, Miller SK, Waters DL. Materials International Space Station Experiment-6 (MISSE-6) Atomic Oxygen Fluence Monitor Experiment. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2010 May; 2010-216755 | Impact Statement
Miller SK, Dever JA, Banks BA, Waters DL, Sechkar EA, Kline S. MISSE 6 Polymer Film Tensile Experiment. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2012 Aug; 2012-217688 | Impact Statement
Miller SK, Banks BA, Sechkar EA. An Investigation of Stress Dependent Atomic Oxygen Erosion of Black Kapton Observed on MISSE 6. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2012 Dec; 2012-217686 | Impact Statement
The Materials International Space Station Experiment-7 (MISSE-7) is a test bed for materials and coatings attached to the outside of the International Space Station being evaluated for the effects of atomic oxygen, ultraviolet, direct sunlight, radiation and extremes of heat and cold. This experiment allows the development and testing of new materials to better withstand the rigors of space environment. Results will provide a better understanding of the durability of various materials when they are exposed to the space environment with applications in the design of future spacecraft.
Publications
Gaier JR, McCue TR, Clark GW, Rogers KJ, Mengesu T. Pre-Flight Characterization of Samples for the MISSE-7 Spacesuit Fabric Exposure Experiment. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2009 October; 2009-215810 | Impact Statement
Tollis G, Dever JA, Miller SK, Messer R, Sechkar EA. Exposure of Polymer Film Thermal Control Materials on the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE). NASA Technical Memorandum. 2002 211363 | Impact Statement
Krasowski MJ, Prokop NF, Flatico JM, Greer LC, Jenkins PP, Neudeck PG, Chen L, Spina DC. CIB: An improved communication architecture for real-time monitoring of aerospace materials, instruments, and sensors on the ISS. The Scientific World Journal. 2013 2013(185769): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2013/185769. | Impact Statement
Yi GT, de Groh KK, Banks BA, Haloua A, Imka EC, Mitchell GG. Overview of the MISSE 7 polymers and zenith polymers experiments after 1.5 years of space exposure. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2013 March; 21784826. Prepared for: 12th International Symposium on Materials in the Space Environment (ISMSE-12); Noordwijk; 24-28 Sep. 2012; Netherlands.. | Impact Statement
Pellicori SF, Martinex CL, Hausgen P, Wilt D. Development and testing of coatings for orbital space radiation environments. Applied Optics. 2014 February 1; 53(4): A339-350. DOI: 10.1364/AO.53.00A339.PMID: 24514237. | Impact Statement
Gaier JR, Waters DL, Jaworske DA, McCue TR, Folz A, Baldwin S, Clark GW, Batman B, Bruce J. Post-Flight Characterization of Samples for the MISSE-7 Spacesuit Fabric Exposure Experiment. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2012 Aug; 2012-21765170. | Impact Statement
Gaier JR, Baldwin S, Folz A, Waters DL, McCue TR, Jaworske DA, Clark GW, Rogers KJ, Batman B, Bruce J, Mengesu T. Degradation of Spacesuit Fabrics on Low Earth Orbit. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2012 Aug; 2012-3573 | Impact Statement
Prokop NF, Greer LC, Krasowski MJ, Flatico JM, Spina DC. A miniature microcontroller curve tracing circuit for space flight testing transistors. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2015 February; 86(2): 024707. DOI: 10.1063/1.4908163.PMID: 25725870. | Impact Statement
The Materials on International Space Station Experiment - 8 (MISSE-8) tests various materials and computing elements on the exterior of the space station. The payload container is mounted so one side faces the Earth and the other faces space. The harsh environment of low-Earth orbit exposes the materials to a vacuum, atomic oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, direct sunlight and extreme heat and cold. The experiments provide a better understanding of material durability, from coatings to electronic sensors, which could be applied to future spacecraft designs.
Publications
Krasowski MJ, Prokop NF, Flatico JM, Greer LC, Jenkins PP, Neudeck PG, Chen L, Spina DC. CIB: An improved communication architecture for real-time monitoring of aerospace materials, instruments, and sensors on the ISS. The Scientific World Journal. 2013 2013(185769): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2013/185769. | Impact Statement
The Materials International Space Station Experiment - 9 - NASA (MISSE-9-NASA) hosts a suite of 6 investigations aboard the Materials International Space Station Flight Facility (MISSE-FF). MISSE-FF is a permanent platform designed to be affixed to the exterior of the International Space Station to offer private researchers and scientists the ability to test materials, conduct technology demonstrations, and test things like circuitry, cameras and computer boards, all against one of the harshest of environments – space. Samples from MISSE-9-NASA include 3 dimensional printed materials, sensors, sensor components, textiles, carbon fiber laminates, paints, coatings, polymers, and composites.
Publications
Katzarova M, Wagner N, Dombrowski RD, Finckenor MM, Gray PA. Shear thickening fluid treated space suit layups: Terrestrial and MISSE-9 low-Earth orbit studies. 50th International Conference on Environmental Systems - ICES 2020, Lisbon, Portugal. 2021 May 27; ICES-2021-27812pp. | Impact Statement
Loredana S. Space sustainability, advanced materials and micro/nanotechnologies for future life in outer space. Emergent Materials. 2022 March 4; epub4 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s42247-022-00373-z.
The Materials International Space Station Experiment-10-NASA (MISSE-10-NASA) hosts a suite of eight NASA investigations aboard the Materials International Space Station Flight Facility (MISSE-FF). MISSE-FF is a permanent platform designed to be affixed to the exterior of the International Space Station to offer private researchers and scientists the ability to test materials, conduct technology demonstrations, and test things like circuitry, cameras and computer boards, all against one of the harshest of environments – space. The MISSE-10 mission exposes 188 samples consisting of radiation protection, radiation detection, laminates, coatings, polymetric, high-efficiency low-mass solar cell systems, composites and additively-manufactured materials to the space environment.
Publications
Loredana S. Space sustainability, advanced materials and micro/nanotechnologies for future life in outer space. Emergent Materials. 2022 March 4; epub4 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s42247-022-00373-z.
The Materials International Space Station Experiment-11-Commercial (MISSE-11-Commercial) hosts 13 commercial investigations/test samples from four customers consisting of radiation protection, radiation detection, laminates, coatings, polymetric, high-efficiency low-mass solar cell systems, a new solar cell test bed, composites and additively-manufactured materials, all exposed to the low-Earth orbit space environment. The Materials International Space Station Flight Facility (MISSE-FF) is a permanently-installed test platform affixed to the exterior of the International Space Station. Its owner, Alpha Space Test & Research Alliance, LLC, has agreements in place with NASA and the ISS National Lab that enable it to provide NASA and private researchers and scientists the ability to test materials, electronics, and other components, and conduct TRL-raising technology demonstrations, for extended periods in low-Earth orbit.
The Materials International Space Station Experiment-11-NASA (MISSE-11-NASA) hosts a suite of 349 investigations/test samples consisting of radiation protection, radiation detection, laminates, coatings, polymetric, high-efficiency low-mass solar cell systems, composites, and additively-manufactured materials, all exposed to the low-Earth orbit space environment. The Materials International Space Station Flight Facility (MISSE-FF) is a permanently installed test platform affixed to the exterior of the International Space Station. Its owner, Alpha Space Test & Research Alliance, LLC, has agreements in place with NASA and the ISS National Lab which allow it to provide NASA and private researchers and scientists the ability to test materials, electronics, and other components, and conduct TRL-raising technology demonstrations, for extended periods in low-Earth orbit.
The Materials International Space Station Experiment-12-Commerical (MISSE-12-Commercial) tests new solar cell technologies and assesses their performance in space. Investigation samples are installed in the MISSE-Flight Facility, which provides a platform for multiple experiments that expose materials to temperature extremes, radiation and other space conditions. This investigation focuses on the durability and degradation of materials and components.
The Materials International Space Station Experiment-12-NASA (MISSE-12-NASA) is a continuation of a series of investigations by NASA Glenn Research Center into the performance and durability of polymers, composites and other space component materials exposed to the harsh environment of space. Each mission tests durability of new materials and material configurations needed for specific space missions. In addition, similar materials are flown on multiple MISSE missions to determine erosion or degradation trends to help forecast mission durability.
Publications
Iguchi D, Ohashi S, Abarro GJ, Yin X, Winroth S, Scott C, Gleydura M, Jin L, Kanagasegar N, Lo C, Arza CR, Froimowicz P, Ishida H. Development of hydrogen-rich benzoxazine resins with low polymerization temperature for space radiation shielding. ACS Omega. 2018 September 30; 3(9): 11569-11581. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01297. | Impact Statement
The Materials International Space Station Experiment-13-NASA (MISSE-13-NASA) continues a series of investigations examining how the harsh environment of space affects new materials and material configurations needed for specific space missions. It includes investigations into the performance and durability in space of polymers, composites, thermal protection systems, photovoltaic technologies and radiation shielding materials. MISSE experiments incorporate lessons learned from previous missions and fly similar materials on multiple missions to determine erosion and degradation trends and help forecast durability.
Materials International Space Station Experiment-14-NASA (MISSE-14-NASA) continues a series of tests by NASA Glenn Research Center on how the harsh environment of space affects the performance and durability of various materials. Each mission tests new materials and material configurations, and similar materials fly on multiple MISSE missions. MISSE-14-NASA exposes de-orbit, phase change and radiation shielding materials as well as 11 types of crop seeds to the space environment.
Materials International Space Station Experiment-15-Commercial (MISSE-15-Commercial) is a suite of investigations testing how the harsh space environment outside of the space staton affects a variety of materials and components. This mission includes a micro-optical chip, coatings, 3D printed polymers, and nanometals and nanoceramics. These materials could be employed to improve equipment for future space exploration.
Materials International Space Station Experiment-15-NASA (MISSE-15-NASA) tests and analyzes the effect of the low-Earth orbit environment on the performance and durability of specific materials and components. MISSE is a series of tests by NASA research centers, with each mission testing new materials and material configurations. MISSE-15-NASA includes tests of concrete, spacecraft materials, fiberglass composites, thin-film solar cells, radiation protection materials, and more.
Materials International Space Station Experiment-16-Commercial (MISSE-16-Commercial) is part of a suite of experiments that test how space affects a variety of materials and components. This mission tests a fabric with imbedded sensors, 3D printed polymers, spacecraft materials, radiation protection biomaterials, BioPellets made from dried microbes, paraffin wax thermal protection, and thin solar cells. If able to stand up to the harsh environment outside the International Space Station, these materials could help improve equipment for future space exploration.
Materials International Space Station Experiment-16-NASA (MISSE-16-NASA) tests and analyzes how exposure to space affects the performance and durability of specific materials and components. A series of tests by NASA research centers, each MISSE mission tests new materials and material configurations. MISSE-16-NASA includes a new class of polymers, lenses that concentrate sunlight, ultra thin solar cells, regolith or lunar dust, and other materials.
The Materials Science Laboratory - Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing and Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions (MSL-CETSOL and MICAST) are two investigations that support research into metallurgical solidification, semiconductor crystal growth (Bridgman and zone melting), and measurement of thermo-physical properties of materials. This is a cooperative investigation with the European Space Agency and NASA for accommodation and operation aboard the International Space Station.
Publications
Ratke L, Steinbach S, Muller G, Hainke M, Roosz A, Fautrelle Y, Dupouy MD, Zimmermann G, Weiss A. MICAST-Microstructure Formation in Casting of technical alloys under diffusive and magnetically controoled covection conditions. Materials Science Forum. 2006 March; 508131-144. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.508.131.
Sylla L, Duffar T. Numerical simulation of temperature and pressure fields in CdTe growth experiment in the Material Science Laboratory (MSL) onboard the International Space Station in relation to dewetting. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2007 303187-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.11.318.
Zaidat K, Mangelinck-Noel N, Moreau R. Control of melt convection by a traveling magnetic field during the directional solidification of Al-Ni alloys. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics. 2007 335330-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.crme.2007.05.010.
Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Billia B, Mangelinck-Noel N, Nguyen-Thi H, Gandin C, Browne DJ, Mirihanage WU. Investigation of columnar-to-equiaxed transition in solidification processing of AlSi alloys in microgravity – The CETSOL project. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327(1): 012003-12014. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012003.
Mirihanage WU, Browne DJ, Sturz L, Zimmermann G. Numerical Modelling of the Material Science Lab - Low Gradient Furnace (MSL-LGF) Microgravity Directional Solidification Experiments on the Columnar to Equiaxed Transition. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2012 January 12; 27(1): 012010. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/27/1/012010.
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Publications
Puchalska M, Bilski P, Berger T, Hajek M, Horwacik T, Körner C, Olko P, Shurshakov VA, Reitz G. NUNDO: a numerical model of a human torso phantom and its application to effective dose equivalent calculations for astronauts at the ISS. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2014 November; 53(4): 719-727. DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0560-7.PMID: 25119442.
Powell J. Phantom heads and Matroshka. Spaceflight. 2011 53(12): 464-467.
Berger T, Bilski P, Hajek M, Puchalska M, Reitz G. The MATROSHKA experiment: Results and comparison from extravehicular activity (MTR-1) and intravehicular activity (MTR-2A/2B) exposure. Radiation Research. 2013 November 19; 180(6): 622-637. DOI: 10.1667/RR13148.1.PMID: 24252101.
Gustafsson K, Sihver L, Mancusi D, Saito T, Reitz G, Berger T. PHITS simulations of the Matroshka experiment. Advances in Space Research. 2010 November; 46(10): 1266-1272. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.05.028.
Sihver L, Saito T, Puchalska M, Reitz G. Simulations of the MATROSHKA experiment at the international space station using PHITS. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2010 May 25; 49(3): 351-357. DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0288-y.
Sihver L, Saito T, Gustafsson K, Shurshakov VA, Reitz G. Simulations of the MTR-R and MTR experiments at ISS, and shielding properties using PHITS. 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2009 March 7-14; 8 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2009.4839360.
Bilski P, Hajek M, Berger T, Reitz G. Comparison of the response of various TLDs to cosmic radiation and ion beams: Current results of the HAMLET project. Radiation Measurements. 2011 April; 46(12): 1680-1685. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.03.023.
Szabó J, Palfalvi JK. Calibration of solid state nuclear track detectors at high energy ion beams for cosmic radiation measurements: HAMLET results. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2012 December; 694193-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2012.08.010.
Durante M, Reitz G, Angerer O. Space radiation research in Europe: flight experiments and ground-based studies. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2010 August; 49(3): 295-302. DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0300-6.PMID: 20532544.
Zhou D, O'Sullivan D, Semones E, Zapp EN, Benton ER. Research on sensitivity fading of CR-39 detectors during long time exposure. Radiation Measurements. 2009 October; 44(9-10): 909-912. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.09.004.
Zhou D, Semones E, O'Sullivan D, Zapp EN, Weyland MD, Reitz G, Berger T, Benton ER. Radiation measured for MATROSHKA-1 experiment with passive dosimeters. Acta Astronautica. 2010 January; 66(1-2): 301-308. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.06.014.
Beck P, Zechner A, Rollet S, Berger T, Bergmann R, Hajek M, Hranitzky C, Latocha M, Reitz G, Stadtmann H, Vana N, Wind M. MATSIM: Development of a Voxel Model of the MATROSHKA Astronaut Dosimetric Phantom. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2011 August; 58(4): 1921-1926. DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2011.2157704.
Sihver L, Puchalska M, Saito T, Berger T, Reitz G. Monte Carlo Simulations of MATROSHKA Experiment Outside ISS. 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2011 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2011.5747252.
Petrov VP, Kartashov DA, Akatov YA, Kolomensky AV, Shurshakov VA. Comparison of Space Radiation Doses Inside the Matroshka-torso Phantom Installed Outside the ISS with the Doses in a Cosmonaut Body in Orlan-M Spacesuit During EVA. Acta Astronautica. 2011 68(9-10): 1448-1453. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.06.002.
Reitz G, Berger T. The MATROSHKA Facility--dose Determination During an EVA. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2006 April 27; 120(1-4): 442-445. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci558.PMID: 16644992.
Dettmann J, Reitz G, Gianfiglio G. MATROSHKA—The First ESA External Payload on the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2007 January; 60(1): 17-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.04.018.
Reitz G, Berger T, Bilski P, Facius R, Hajek M, Petrov VP, Puchalska M, Zhou D, Bossler J, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Olko P, Ptaszliewicz M, Bergmann R, Fugger M, Vana N, Beaujean R, Burmeister S, Bartlett D, Hager L, Palfalvi JK, Szabó J, O'Sullivan D, Kitamura H, Uchihori Y, Yasuda N, Nagamatsu A, Tawara H, Benton ER, Gaza R, McKeever SW, Sawakuchi G, Yukihara EG, Cucinotta FA, Semones E, Zapp EN, Miller J, Dettmann J. Astronaut's Organ Doses Inferred from Measurements in a Human Phantom Outside the International Space Station. Radiation Research. 2009 February; 171(2): 225-235. DOI: 10.1667/RR1559.1. | Impact Statement
Maturation Study of Biofabricated Myocyte Construct investigates growth and development of 3D bioprinted cardiac and vascular cells in microgravity. Researchers hypothesize that microgravity closely approximates the environment experienced early in cell development, as tissues first form, providing answers to fundamental questions about materials, biology, and vascularization in 3D bioprinting. If bioprinted cells grow and organize more efficiently in space compared to the ground, more types of cells and materials may be used to build biological structures and tissues. These advances enable the creation of more physiologically accurate tissues and, in the future, organ-like structures that are similar to those found in the body.
Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections (MAUI) observes the Space Shuttle engine exhaust plumes from the Maui Space Surveillance Site in Hawaii. The observations occur when the Space Shuttle fires its engines at night or twilight. A telescope and all-sky imagers take images and data while the Space Shuttle flies over the Maui site. The images are analyzed to better understand the interaction between the spacecraft plume and the upper atmosphere of Earth.
Publications
Bernstein LS, Chiu Y, Gardner JA, Broadfoot AL, Lester MI, Tsiouris M, Dressler RA, Murad E. Molecular Beams in Space: Sources of OH (A yields X) emission in the Space Shuttle environment. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2003 107(49): 10695-10705. DOI: 10.1021/jp035143x. | Impact Statement
The Mauritius Imagery and Radiocommunication Satellite 1 (MIR-SAT1) is a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat that deploys during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-17 (J-SSOD-17) micro-satellite deployment mission and is handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). MIR-SAT1 is the first satellite developed by the country of Mauritius. The MIR-SAT1 CubeSat launches to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-22 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
Measurement of Actuation Response In Orbit (MARIO) demonstrates using laser light to control mechanical vibrations during robotic assembly of large telescopes. Piezoelectric materials develop an electric charge in response to mechanical stress and change shape in response to an applied electric charge, and have potential use as actuators to move and control structures in which they are embedded. MARIO examines the performance of macrofiber composites used as piezoelectric actuators in the harsh environment of space.
The purpose of the Measurement of Temperature Dependence of Viscosity and Density of Depolymerized Silicate Melts (ELF-Silicate Melt) investigation utilizes the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) aboard the International Space Station to study the temperature dependence of viscosity and density of depolymerized silicate melts with different SiO2 content and Mg/Fe ratio from high temperatures to the supercooled temperature range. Results from ELF-Silicate Melt can help provide researchers with important information about the nature and dynamics of silicate magmas in the Earth and other planets.
Under microgravity conditions, aging-like symptoms such as bone loss and muscle atrophy appear rapidly in both mice and astronauts, but the molecular mechanism behind the ‘accelerated aging’ in space remains elusive. Based on the analysis using a mouse model of human premature-aging syndromes, colloidal nanoparticles composed of calcium-phosphate precipitates named calciprotein particles (CPPs) have been identified as a pro-aging factor in mammals. The Mechanism of Accelerated Aging Under Microgravity (Mouse Habitat Unit-6 or MHU-6) investigation focuses on the molecular mechanism behind the ‘accelerated aging’ in space.
Publications
Matsumura T, Noda T, Muratani M, Okada R, Yamane M, Isotani A, Kudo T, Takahashi S, Ikawa M. Male mice, caged in the International Space Station for 35 days, sire healthy offspring. Scientific Reports. 2019 September 24; 9(1): 13733. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50128-w. | Impact Statement
The Mechanism of Activity and Effectiveness of Various Countermeasures Intended to Prevent Disruptions to the Motor Apparatus in Microgravity (Profilaktika-1 (Prophylaxis-1)) investigation is designed to assess the effectiveness of various physical exercise regimens in maintaining the body's adaptive capabilities in microgravity through the use of tests based on the use of modern measurement technologies. Each session of the experiment consists of several tests: locomotion (on the treadmill), cycle ergometer (on the cycle ergometer), and strength (using the force loader). During each test, gas analysis and blood analysis are performed, and an EKG was recorded.
Publications
Kozlovskaya IB, Yarmanova EN, Fomina EV. The Russian system of preventive countermeasures: Its present and future. Human Physiology. 2015 December 22; 41(7): 704-711. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119715070075.Original Russian Text © I.B. Kozlovskaya, E.N. Yarmanova, E.V. Fomina, 2013, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 13–20.. | Impact Statement
Fomina EV, Lysova NY, Savinkina AO. Axial load during the performance of locomotor training in microgravity as a factor of hypogravity countermeasure efficiency. Human Physiology. 2018 January 1; 44(1): 47-53. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119718010061.Original Russian Text © E.V. Fomina, N.Y. Lysova, A.O. Savinkina, 2018, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2018, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 56–63.. | Impact Statement
Fomina EV, Savinkina AO, Chumachenko VV. Locomotion strategies and intensity of support reactions as an approach to individualization of countermeasures against the negative effects of microgravity. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2016 50(6): 31-36. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528x-2016-50-6-31-36.PMID: 29553603. Russian.
Aleksander M, Danil I, Natalia S, Uliana M, Elena F. Passive-mode treadmill test effectively reveals neuromuscular modification of a lower limb muscle: sEMG-based study from experiments on ISS. Acta Astronautica. 2022 August 3; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.07.045.PMID: 35927552.
Popov DV, Khusnutdinova DR, Shenkman BS, Vinogradova OL, Kozlovskaya IB. Dynamics of Physical Performance During Long-Duration SPace Flight (First Results of 'Countermeasure' Experiment). Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 Jul; 11(2): 231-232. PMID: 16240524.
The Mechanisms and Functional Consequences of Protein Kinase C Isoform Translocation in Monocytes Exposed to Microgravity (PKinase) experiment investigates the effects of microgravity on the maturation process of monocytes (infection fighting white blood cells) into macrophages. Macrophages (mature white blood cells) are key to fighting off infection during space exploration.
Publications
Hatton JP, Gaubert F, Cazenave J, Schmitt D. Microgravity modifies protein kinase C isoform translocation in the human monocytic cell line U937 and human peripheral blood T-cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2002 87(1): 39-50.
Hughes-Fulford M, Chang TT, Li C. Effect of gravity on monocyte differentiation. 2008 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Angers, France. 2008 22-27. | Impact Statement
Hughes-Fulford M, Rodenacker K, Jutting U. Reduction of anabolic signals and alteration of osteoblast nuclear morphology in microgravity. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2006 99435-449. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20883.
The Mechanisms for plant adaptation to space environment (BRIC 18-2) investigation uses a self-contained unit to study spaceflight-related stress in plants. The investigation studies the regulatory role of a specific protein in the model plant thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, to improve understanding of how plants adapt to stress. The protein AtIRE1 is involved in regulating gene expression in stressful conditions.
Publications
Brandizzi F, Barlowe C. Organization of the ER-Golgi interface for membrane traffic control. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2013 June; 14(6): 382-392. DOI: 10.1038/nrm3588.PMID: 23698585.
Chen Y, Brandizzi F. Analysis of unfolded protein response in Arabidopsis. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2013 104373-80. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-532-3_8.PMID: 23913037.
Chen Y, Aung K, Rolčík J, Walicki K, Friml J, Brandizzi F. Inter-regulation of the unfolded protein response and auxin signaling. Plant Journal. 2014 January; 77(1): 97-107. DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12373.PMID: 24180465.
Angelos E, Ko DK, Zemelis-Durfee S, Brandizzi F. Relevance of the Unfolded Protein Response to Spaceflight-Induced Transcriptional Reprogramming in Arabidopsis. Astrobiology. 2020 December 15; 21(3): 14 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2313.PMID: 33325797. | Impact Statement
Mechanisms of Gravity Resistance in Plants - From Signal Transformation and Transduction to Response (Resist Tubule) clarifies the mechanisms of gravity resistance. Gravity resistance is a principal gravity response in plants, and plays an important role in the transition of plant ancestors from an aquatic environment to a terrestrial environment (about 450 million years ago), and in the consequent establishment of land plants. This present study clarifies the mechanisms of gravity resistance, in particular the processes from signal transformation and transduction, to response.
Publications
Hoson T, Wakabayashi K. Role of the plant cell wall in gravity resistance. Phytochemistry. 2015 April; 11284-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.022.
Kato S, Murakami M, Saika R, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto H, Yano S, Matsumoto S, Kasahara H, Kamada M, Shimazu T, Hashimoto T, Hoson T. Suppression of cortical microtubule reorientation and stimulation of cell elongation in Arabidopsis hypocotyls under microgravity conditions in space. Plants. 2022 January; 11(3): 465. DOI: 10.3390/plants11030465. | Impact Statement
Tanimura Y, Mabuchi A, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto H, Yano S, Matsumoto S, Kasahara H, Kamada M, Shimazu T, Hashimoto T, Hoson T. Suppression of secondary wall formation in the basal supporting region of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems under microgravity conditions in space. Biological Sciences in Space. 2022 361-8. DOI: 10.2187/bss.36.1. | Impact Statement
The Mechanisms of Sensory-Motor Coordination in Weightlessness (Motocard) investigation is carried out on the treadmill and involves locomotion in various modes of running and walking during various modes of operation of the treadmill. During the test, electromyography of the thigh and calf muscles, support structure response, heart rate, and treadmill load parameters (actual speed, time elapsed, distance, integrated indicators for support structure response) are recorded. Locomotor disruptions in humans are a predictable result of spaceflight. Results of research conducted after even relatively short missions (72 hours to 16 days) indicate that crewmembers gait differs in obvious instability: crewmembers walk is rickety, with their legs wide apart, swaying from side to side, and sometimes hold their arms out to maintain balance.
Publications
Saveko A, Rukavishnikov IV, Brykov V, Osetsky N, Ryazanskiy S, Grishin AP, Tomilovskaya ES, Kozlovskaya IB. Foot-ground reaction force during long-term space flight and after it: Walking in active treadmill mode. Gait and Posture. 2020 February 1; 76382-388. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.12.033.PMID: 31923758. | Impact Statement
Enhancement of the osteoclast (bone resorption cell) is assumed to cause the decrease of bone mineral density in space. Medaka fish is a model animal for the life science research, and JAXA plans to study the effects of microgravity on the osteoclast activity and the gravity sensing system of the vertebulate using Medaka fish on board the Kibo Module.
Publications
Chatani M, Morimoto H, Takeyama K, Mantoku A, Tanigawa N, Kubota K, Suzuki HH, Uchida S, Tanigaki F, Shirakawa M, Gusev OA, Sychev VN, Takano Y, Itoh T, Kudo A. Acute transcriptional up-regulation specific to osteoblasts/osteoclasts in medaka fish immediately after exposure to microgravity. Scientific Reports. 2016 December 22; 639545. DOI: 10.1038/srep39545.PMID: 28004797.
Chatani M, Kudo A. Fish as a Model for Research in Space. Handbook of Space Pharmaceuticals. 2019 1-15. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50909-9_5-1. | Impact Statement
Chatani M, Kudo A. Fish in space shedding light on gravitational biology. Zebrafish, Medaka, and Other Small Fishes: New Model Animals in Biology, Medicine, and Beyond. 2018 85-97. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1879-5_5. | Impact Statement
Chatani M, Mantoku A, Takeyama K, Abduweli D, Sugamori Y, Aoki K, Ohya K, Suzuki HH, Uchida S, Sakimura T, Kono Y, Tanigaki F, Shirakawa M, Takano Y, Kudo A. Microgravity promotes osteoclast activity in medaka fish reared at the international space station. Scientific Reports. 2015 September 21; 5(14172): DOI: 10.1038/srep14172.
Murata Y, Yasuda T, Watanabe-Asaka T, Oda S, Mantoku A, Takeyama K, Chatani M, Kudo A, Uchida S, Suzuki HH, Tanigaki F, Shirakawa M, Fujisawa K, Hamamoto Y, Terai S, Mitani H. Histological and transcriptomic analysis of adult Japanese medaka sampled onboard the International Space Station. PLOS ONE. 2015 October 1; 10(10): e0138799. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138799.PMID: 26427061.
MedChecker (Ax-1) demonstrates software that uses image recognition to identify medications from personal medical kits and test medical kits aboard the International Space Station. This augmented reality (AR) tool could enable crew members to quickly administer appropriate medications without input from medical professionals. Results could support increased self-sufficiency on future space exploration missions.
Medical Consumables Tracking, which has completed on-orbit operations, used Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) labels to track medicines and medical supplies on board the International Space Station. During operations, this allowed ground managers to track the use of medicines and medical supplies and the quantities remaining. Results are expected to help managers determine how many medicines and supplies will be necessary for long-duration space missions.
The Medical Proteome of Osteoporosis and Bone Mass-related Proteins Using the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module of International Space Station (Medical Proteomics) investigation analyzes changes in protein expression in the blood, bone, and skeletal muscles of mice after spaceflight. Analysis of the sets of proteins expressed in these tissues, or the proteome, identifies those specific proteins related to osteopenia, or bone loss. Data from the space-flown mice, combined with that from astronauts and patients on the Earth, clarifies the relationship between osteopenia in microgravity and osteoporosis on the ground.
Megachile rotundata Proprioception and Flight Patterns in Microgravity observes the behavior and flight patterns of the alfalfa leaf cutting bee (ALCB) in microgravity. Imagery from two cameras provide data to examine flight patterns, feeding behavior, proprioception (an organism’s perception of the relative position and movement of parts of its body), general locomotion, and structural changes. The standard bee physiology of ALCBs serves as an excellent baseline for understanding the behavioral and physiological changes of bees in space.
Long-distance and long-term human space travel can only be possible with adequate life support systems in place that allow for extensive recycling of water, the in situ production of oxygen and food, and with closed regenerative systems being the most ideal way of reducing launch mass and costs. The MELiSSA ON board DAnish Utilisation (MELONDAU) flight is a significant precursor flight experiment to verify the recovery of the biological processes of selected micro-organisms, test a microfluid system that is essential for the overall monitoring and control of a closed regenerative life support system, and verify the acceptability of snacks composed of Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) ingredients. This is a first step to enable the successful deployment of the European Space Agency (ESA) MELiSSA system in space in the future.
Publications
Ilgrande C, Mastroleo F, Christiaens ME, Lindeboom R, Prat D, Van Hoey O, Ambrozova I, Coninx, Heylen W, Pommerening-Roser A, Spieck E, Boon N, Vlaeminck S, Leys N, Clauwaert P. Reactivation of Microbial Strains and Synthetic Communities After a Spaceflight to the International Space Station: Corroborating the Feasibility of Essential Conversions in the MELiSSA Loop. Astrobiology. 2019 September; 19(9): 1167-1176. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1973.PMID: 31161957. | Impact Statement
El_Nakhel C, Giordano M, Pannico A, Carillo P, Fusco GM, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Cultivar-specific performance and qualitative descriptors for butterhead salanova lettuce produced in closed soilless cultivation as a candidate salad crop for human life support in space. Life. 2019 September; 9(3): 61. DOI: 10.3390/life9030061. | Impact Statement
Volpin F, Badeti U, Wang C, Jiang J, Vogel J, Freguia S, Fam D, Cho J, Phuntsho S, Shon HK. Urine treatment on the International Space Station: Current practice and novel approaches. Membranes. 2020 November 2; 10(11): 327. DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110327.PMID: 33147844. | Impact Statement
Paradiso R, Ceriello A, Pannico A, Sorrentino S, Palladino M, Giordano M, Fortezza R, De Pascale S. Design of a module for cultivation of tuberous plants in microgravity: The ESA project “Precursor of Food Production Unit” (PFPU). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020 May 15; 11417. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00417. | Impact Statement
De Pascale S, Arena C, Aronne G, De Micco V, Pannico A, Paradiso R, Rouphael Y. Biology and crop production in space environments: Challenges and opportunities. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2021 March 2; 2930-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.02.005. | Impact Statement
The MemSat investigation tests the performance of a new type of memory chip in the space environment. High energy particles in space can change data bits on existing silicon-based devices, and radiation hardening and shielding to minimize these effects are costly and take up mass. Chips based on the new technology do not store information as a charge state and so may be less prone to these problems, leading to cheaper, lighter and more reliable computers.
The Mental Representation of Spatial Cues During Space Flight (3D-Space) experiment investigates the effects of exposure to microgravity on the mental representation of spatial cues by astronauts during and after space flight. The absence of the gravitational frame of reference during space flight could be responsible for disturbances in the mental representation of spatial cues, such as the perception of horizontal and vertical lines, the perception of an object's depth, and the perception of a target's distance.
Publications
Clement GR, Lathan CE, Lockerd A, Bukley A. Mental representation of spatial cues in microgravity: Writing and drawing tests. Acta Astronautica. 2009 April; 64(7-8): 678-681. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.01.001. | Impact Statement
Clement GR, Skinner A, Lathan CE. Distance and size perception in astronauts during long-duration spaceflight. Life. 2013 December 13; 3(4): 524-537. DOI: 10.3390/life3040524. | Impact Statement
Gaveau J, Paizis C, Berret B, Pozzo T, Papaxanthis C. Sensorimotor adaptation of point-to-point arm movements after spaceflight: the role of internal representation of gravity force in trajectory planning. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2011 August; 106(2): 620-629. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00081.2011.PMID: 21562193. | Impact Statement
Clement GR, Skinner A, Richard G, Lathan CE. Geometric illusions in astronauts during long-duration spaceflight. NeuroReport. 2012 23(15): 894-899. DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283594705.PMID: 22955144. | Impact Statement
The aim of the Metabolic Space experiment is to perform a technology demonstration of cardio-pulmonary diagnosis in space during physical activities of astronauts living aboard the International Space Station, while maintaining unrestricted mobility. This is achieved with a wearable measurement system that is directly worn by an astronaut. For this, a customized space qualified version of the MetaMax3B system, from the company Cortex, is used as basis. The Team develops any other equipment needed.
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station (ISS) for one year while his twin remains on Earth. Metabolomic and Genomic Markers of Atherosclerosis as Related to Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Function in Twin Astronauts (Twins Study – Lee) studies how spaceflight affects the cardiovascular system, including whether it increases the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis (“hardening” of the arteries), which is a leading contributor to heart attacks and stroke on Earth.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year while his twin remains on Earth. Metagenomic Sequencing of the Bacteriome in GI Tract of Twin Astronauts (Twins Study – Turek) examines how an astronaut’s microbiome changes during spaceflight and after return to Earth, whether these changes are different from those in his twin brother who remains Earth-bound, and how these changes relate to the various changes noted by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Meteor Composition Determination (Meteor) makes the first space-based observations of the chemical composition of meteors entering Earth’s atmosphere. Meteors are relatively rare, and are difficult to monitor from the ground because of the interference created by Earth’s atmosphere. The Meteor investigation takes high-resolution video and images of the atmosphere and uses a software program to search for bright spots, which can later be analyzed on the ground.
Multi-purpose End-To-End Robotic Operations Network (METERON) supports the implementation of a space internet, examines the benefits of controlling surface robots in real time from an orbiting spacecraft, and investigates how best to explore a planet through a partnership between humans and robots. This is of importance to planning future human exploration missions to Mars, for example, and feeds into Earth-based technologies such as in medicine or handling of radioactive material.
Publications
Krueger T, Ferreira E, Gherghescu A, Hann L, den Exter E, Van Den Hulst F, Gerdes L, Pereira A, Singh H, Panzirsch M, Hulin T, Balachandran R, Weber B, Lii NY. Designing and testing a robotic avatar for space-to-ground teleoperation: The developers' insights. 71st International Astronautical Congress, Cyberspace Edition. 2010 October; IAC–20–D1.6.412pp. | Impact Statement
Leidner DS. Applied intelligent physical compliance. Cognitive Reasoning for Compliant Robot Manipulation. 2019 165-175. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04858-7_8. | Impact Statement
Wormnes K, Carey W, Krueger T, Cencetti L, den Exter E, Ennis S, Ferreira E, Fortunato A, Gerdes L, Hann L, Lombardi C, Luzzi E, Martin S, Massironi M, Payler S, Pereira A, Rossi AP, Pozzobon R, Sauro F, Schoonejans P, Van Den Hulst F, Grenouilleau J. ANALOG-1 ISS - The first part of an analogue mission to guide ESA's robotic moon exploration efforts. Global Space Exploration Conference (GLEX 2021), St Petersburg, Russia. 2021 June; GLEX-2021,2,1,10,x6167210pp. | Impact Statement
Panzirsch M, Pereira A, Singh H, Weber B, Ferreira E, Gherghescu A, Hann L, den Exter E, Van Den Hulst F, Gerdes L, Cencetti L, Wormnes K, Grenouilleau J, Carey W, Balachandran R, Hulin T, Ott C, Leidner DS, Albu-Schaeffer A, Lii NY, Krueger T. Exploring planet geology through force-feedback telemanipulation from orbit. Science Robotics. 2022 April 20; 7(65): eabl6307. DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abl6307.PMID: 35442701. | Impact Statement
Mice Drawer System (MDS) is an Italian Space Agency experiment that will use a validated mouse model to investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying bone mass loss and other microgravity effect on different tissues such as muscles, glands, brain. Research conducted with the MDS is an analog to the human research program, which has the objective to extend the human presence safely beyond low Earth orbit.
Publications
Sandona D, Desaphy J, Camerino GM, Bianchini E, Ciciliot S, Danieli-Betto D, Dobrowolny G, Furlan S, Germinario E, Goto K, Gutsmann M, Kawano F, Nakai N, Ohira Y, Ohno Y, Picard A, Salanova M, Schiffl G, Blottner D, Musaro A, Betto R, Camerino DC, Schiaffino S. Adaptation of Mouse Skeletal Muscle to Long-Term Microgravity in the MDS Mission. PLOS Biology. 2012 Mar 28; 7(3): e33232. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033232. | Impact Statement
Tavella S, Ruggiu A, Guiliana A, Brun F, Canciani B, Manescu A, Marozzi K, Cilli M, Costa D, Liu Y, Piccardi F, Tasso R, Tromba G, Rustichelli F, Cancedda R. Bone Turnover in Wild Type and Pleiotrophin-Transgenic Mice Housed for Three Months in the International Space Station (ISS). PLOS ONE. 2012 7(9): e33179. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033179. | Impact Statement
Santucci D, Kawano F, Ohira T, Terada M, Nakai N, Francia N, Alleva E, Aloe L, Ochiai T, Cancedda R, Goto K, Ohira Y. Evaluation of Gene, Protein and Neurotrophin Expression in the Brain of Mice Exposed to Space Environment for 91 Days. PLOS ONE. 2012 7(7): e40112. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040112. | Impact Statement
Cancedda R, Liu Y, Ruggiu A, Tavella S, Biticchi R, Santucci D, Schwartz S, Ciparelli P, Falcetti G, Tenconi C, Cotronei V, Pignataro S. The Mice Drawer System (MDS) Experiment and the Space Endurance Record-Breaking Mice. PLOS ONE. 2012 7(5): e32243. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032243. | Impact Statement
Masini MA, Albi E, Barmo C, Bonfiglio T, Bruni L, Canesi L, Cataldi S, Curcio F, D'Amora M, Ferri I, Goto K, Kawano F, Lazzarini R, Loreti E, Nakai N, Ohira T, Ohira Y, Palmero S, Prato P, Ricci F, Scarabelli L, Shibaguchi T, Spelat R, Strollo F, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Space Environment on Adult Mammalian Organisms: A Study on Mouse Thyroid and Testis. PLOS ONE. 2012 7(4): e35418. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035418. | Impact Statement
Rizzo AM, Corsetto PA, Montorfano G, Milani S, Zava S, Tavella S, Cancedda R, Berra B. Effects of Long-Term Space Flight on Erythrocytes and Oxidative Stress of Rodents. PLOS ONE. 2012 7(3): e32361. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032361. | Impact Statement
Albi E, Curcio F, Spelat R, Lazzarini A, Lazzarini R, Loreti E, Ferri I, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. Observing the Mouse Thyroid Sphingomyelin Under Space Conditions: A Case Study from the MDS Mission in Comparison with Hypergravity Conditions. Astrobiology. 2012 October 19; 12(11): 1035-1041. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0881.PMID: 23082746. b. | Impact Statement
Albi E, Curcio F, Spelat R, Lazzarini A, Lazzarini R, Cataldi S, Loreti E, Ferri I, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. Loss of Parafollicular Cells during Gravitational Changes (Microgravity, Hypergravity) and the Secret Effect of Pleiotrophin. PLOS ONE. 2012 7(12): e48518. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048518.PMID: 23284618. a. | Impact Statement
Cancedda R, Pignataro S, Alberici G, Tenconi C. Mice Drawer System: phase c/d development and perspective. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2002 9(1): P337-338. PMID: 15002603.
Camerino GM, Pierno S, Liantonio A, De Bellis M, Cannone M, Sblendorio V, Conte E, Mele A, Tricarico D, Tavella S, Ruggiu A, Cancedda R, Ohira Y, Danieli-Betto D, Ciciliot S, Germinario E, Sandona D, Betto R, Camerino DC, Desaphy J. Effects of Pleiotrophin Overexpression on Mouse Skeletal Muscles in Normal Loading and in Actual and Simulated Microgravity. PLOS ONE. 2013 August 28; 8(8): e72028. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072028. | Impact Statement
Ohira T, Ohira T, Kawano T, Shibaguchi T, Okabe H, Goto K, Ogita F, Sudoh M, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Cancedda R, Ohira Y. Effects of gravitational loading levels on protein expression related to metabolic and/or morphologic properties of mouse neck muscles. Physiological Reports. 2014 January; 2(1): DOI: 10.1002/phy2.183. | Impact Statement
Albi E, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Lazzarini A, Lazzarini R, Floridi A, Cataldi S, Loreti E, Ferri I, Curcio F. Reinterpretation of mouse thyroid changes under space conditions: The contribution of confinement to damage. Astrobiology. 2014 July; 14(7): 563-567. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1166.PMID: 24945896. | Impact Statement
Albi E, Curcio F, Lazzarini A, Floridi A, Cataldi S, Lazzarini R, Loreti E, Ferri I, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. How microgravity changes Galectin-3 in thyroid follicles. BioMed Research International. 2014 2014(652863): 5 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2014/652863. | Impact Statement
Neutelings T, Nusgens BV, Liu Y, Tavella S, Ruggiu A, Cancedda R, Gabriel M, Colige A, Lambert C. Skin physiology in microgravity: a 3-month stay aboard ISS induces dermal atrophy and affects cutaneous muscle and hair follicles cycling in mice. npj Microgravity. 2015 May 27; 115002. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.2. | Impact Statement
Albi E, Kruger M, Hemmersbach R, Lazzarini A, Cataldi S, Codini M, Beccari T, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Curcio F. Impact of gravity on thyroid cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017 May 4; 18(5): 14 pp. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050972.PMID: 28471415. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
Boyle RD, Varelas J. Otoconia structure after short- and long-duration exposure to altered gravity. JARO-Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology. 2021 May 18; epub17pp. DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00791-6.PMID: 34008038. | Impact Statement
Ishihara A, Nagatomo F, Fujino H, Kondo H, Ohira Y. Decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity of gamma and alpha motoneurons in mouse spinal cords following 13 weeks of exposure to microgravity. Neurochemical Research. 2013 August 14; 382160-2167. DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1124-y.PMID: 23943522. | Impact Statement
Microalgae Biosynthesis in Microgravity (MicroAlgae) studies the effects of microgravity on Haematococcus pluvialis, an algae capable of producing a powerful antioxidant, astaxanthin. It could provide a readily available dietary supplement to promote astronaut health on long-duration space exploration missions. A community college student and alumna of the NASA Community College Aerospace Scholars (NCAS) program proposed the research, and NCAS is engaging community colleges across the US to conduct ground studies for comparison to the on-orbit investigation.
Microbial Dynamics in the International Space Station - III (Microbe-III) monitors the abundance and diversity of fungi and bacteria in Kibo, the Japanese Experiment module of the International Space Station. New sampling techniques and environmental microbiological methods for environmental analysis are employed. The results will be used to produce the microbiologically safe environment which is essential for a long-time stay in space.
Publications
Yamaguchi N, Ichijo T, Nasu M. Bacterial monitoring in the International Space Station-"Kibo" based on rRNA gene sequence. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2016 14(ists30): Pp_1-Pp_4. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.14.Pp_1. | Impact Statement
Satoh K, Alshahni MM, Umeda Y, Komori A, Tamura T, Nishiyama Y, Yamazaki TQ, Makimura K. Seven years of progress in determining fungal diversity and characterization of fungi isolated from the Japanese Experiment Module KIBO, International Space Station. Microbiology and Immunology. 2021 july 12; epub31pp. DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12931.PMID: 34251696. | Impact Statement
MIS (Microbes in Space) is a Malaysian Space Agency (Angkasa) experiment that evaluates the affects of the microgravity environment on microbes.
Bacteria are a big problem in space as they tend to build up in the constantly-recycled atmosphere of the International Space Station (ISS). The main objective of the Microbial Aerosol Tethering on Innovative Surfaces in the International Space Station (MATISS) is to find better materials to build a space station or spacecraft with, especially important for longer missions farther from Earth. Researchers will also monitor how bacteria form biofilms that protect them from cleaning agents and help them adhere to surfaces.
Publications
Lemelle L, Campagnolo L, Mottin E, Le Tourneau D, Garre E, Marcoux P, Thevenot C, Maillet A, Barde S, Teisseire J, Nonglaton G, Place C. Towards a passive limitation of particle surface contamination in the Columbus module (ISS) during the MATISS experiment of the Proxima Mission. npj Microgravity. 2020 October 20; 6(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00120-w. | Impact Statement
Lemelle L, Rouquette S, Mottin E, Le Tourneau D, Marcoux P, Thevenot C, Maillet A, Nonglaton G, Place C. Passive limitation of surface contamination by perFluoroDecylTrichloroSilane coatings in the ISS during the MATISS experiments. npj Microgravity. 2022 August 4; 8(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00218-3.PMID: 35927552. | Impact Statement
Microbial biofilm formation during space flight (Micro-2A) studies how gravity alters biofilm formation. Biofilms are groups of microorganisms that form on surfaces. One goal of this experiment is to develop new strategies to reduce the impact of biofilms on crew health and to minimize the harmful effects of them on materials in space and on Earth.
Publications
Lynch SV, Mukundakrishnan K, Benoit MR, Ayyaswamy PS, Matin AC. Escherichia coli biofilms formed under low-shear modeled microgravity in a ground-based system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2006 72(12): 7701-7710. Erratum published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009 Feb;75(3):886..
Kim W, Tengra FK, Young Z, Shong J, Marchand N, Chan HK, Pangule RC, Parra MP, Dordick JS, Plawsky JL, Collins CH. Spaceflight Promotes Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLOS ONE. 2013 April 29; 8(4): e62437. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062437. | Impact Statement
Kim W, Tengra FK, Shong J, Marchand N, Chan HK, Young Z, Pangule RC, Parra MP, Dordick JS, Plawsky JL, Collins CH. Effect of spaceflight on Pseudomonas aeruginosa final cell density is modulated by nutrient and oxygen availability. BMC Microbiology. 2013 November 6; 13(1): 241. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-241.PMID: 24192060. | Impact Statement
Wong W, Dudinsky LA, Garcia VM, Ott CM, Castro VA. Efficacy of various chemical disinfectants on biofilms formed in spacecraft potable water system components. Biofouling. 2010 July; 26(5): 583-586. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.495772.PMID: 20544435. | Impact Statement
Microbial Drug Resistance and Virulence (MDRV) will evaluate microbial drug resistance and the mechanisms of virulence (infection potential) in microbial cultures.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Quick L, Davis RR, Honer zu Bentrup K, Crabbe A, Richter E, Sarker SF, Barrila J, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Shah M, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Bober R, Devich J, Ruggles AD, CdeBaca A, Narayan S, Benjamin J, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Porter MD, Pierson DL, Smith SM, Mergeay M, Leys N, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Gorie D, Nickerson CA. Media Ion Composition Controls Regulatory and Virulence Response of Salmonella in Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2008 3(12): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003923.
Nauman EA, Ott CM, Sander E, Tucker DL, Pierson DL, Wilson JW, Nickerson CA. A Novel Quantitative Biosystem to Model Physiological Fluid Shear Stress on Cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2007 Feb; 73(3): 699-705. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02428-06. | Impact Statement
Sarker SF, Ott CM, Barrila J, Nickerson CA. Discovery of Spaceflight-Related virulence Mechanisms in Salmonella and Other Microbial Pathogens: Novel Approaches to Commercial Vaccine Development. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2010 23(2): 75-78. | Impact Statement
Jennings ME, Quick L, Soni A, Davis RR, Crosby K, Ott CM, Nickerson CA, Wilson JW. Characterization of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ydcI gene which encodes a conserved DNA binding protein required for full acid stress resistance. Journal of Bacteriology. 2011 193(9): 2208-2217. DOI: 10.1128/JB.01335-10.
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Low-Shear modeled microgravity alters the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stress response in an RpoS-independent manner. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 68(11): 5408-5416. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5408-5416.2002. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Hammond TG, Allen PL, Ott CM, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Microarray Analysis Identifies Salmonella Genes Belonging to Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity Regulon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 99(21): 13807-11382. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212387899.PMID: 12370447.
Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Pierson DL. Microbial Responses to Microgravity and Other Low-Shear Environments. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2004 June; 68(2): 345-361. DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.68.2.345-361.2004.PMID: 15187188. | Impact Statement
Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Mister SJ, Morrow BJ, Burns-Keliher L, Pierson DL. Microgravity as a Novel Environmental Signal Affecting Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence. Infection and Immunity. 2000 68(6): 3147-3152.
The Microbe-I experiment monitors microbes on board the ISS which may affect the health of crewmembers.
Publications
Ott CM, Pierson DL, Shirakawa M, Tanigaki F, Hida M, Yamazaki TQ, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Space Habitation and Microbiology: Status and Roadmap of Space Agencies. Microbes and Environments. 2014 29(3): 239-242. DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.ME2903rh. | Impact Statement
Kawaguchi Y, Yang Y, Kawashiri N, Shiraishi K, Takasu M, Narumi I, Satoh K, Hashimoto H, Nakagawa K, Tanigawa Y, Momoki Y, Tanabe M, Sugino T, Takahashi Y, Shimizu Y, Yoshida S, Kobayashi K, Yokobori S, Yamagishi A. The possible interplanetary transfer of microbes: Assessing the viability of deinococcus spp. under the ISS environmental conditions for performing exposure experiments of microbes in the Tanpopo Mission. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2013 October 15; 43(4): 411-428. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-013-9346-1.PMID: 24132659. Also: Paper presented at the 12th European Workshop on Astrobiology "EANA’12" in Stockholm, Sweden. (October 15 to 17, 2012). Editors Axel Brandenburg and Nils Holm.. | Impact Statement
Satoh K, Nishiyama Y, Yamazaki TQ, Sugita T, Tsukii Y, Takatori K, Benno Y, Makimura K. Microbe-I: fungal biota analyses of Japanese experimental module KIBO, international space station which passed for about 460 days. Microbiology and Immunology. 2011 December; 55(2): 823-829. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00386.x.PMID: 21950271. | Impact Statement
Makimura K, Satoh K, Sugita T, Yamazaki TQ. Fungal Biota in Manned Space Environment and Impact on Human Health. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2011 66(1): 77-82. DOI: 10.1265/jjh.66.77.PMID: 21358138. Japanese.
Ichijo T, Hieda H, Ishihara R, Yamaguchi N, Nasu M. Bacterial monitoring with adhesive sheet in the International Space Station-'Kibo', the Japanese experiment module. Microbes and Environments. 2013 April 20; 28(2): 264-268. DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.ME12184.PMID: 23603802. | Impact Statement
Yamaguchi N, Roberts MS, Castro-Wallace SL, Oubre CM, Makimura K, Leys N, Grohmann E, Sugita T, Ichijo T, Nasu M. Microbial monitoring of crewed habitats in space—Current status and future perspectives. Microbes and Environments. 2014 29(3): 250-260. DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.ME14031.PMID: 25130885. | Impact Statement
Venkateswaran KJ, La Duc MT, Horneck G. Microbial existence in controlled habitats and their resistance to space conditions. Microbes and Environments. 2014 September 17; 29(3): 243-249. DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.ME14032.PMID: 25130881. | Impact Statement
Satoh K, Yamazaki TQ, Nakayama T, Umeda Y, Alshahni MM, Makimura M, Makimura K. Characterization of fungi isolated from the equipment used in the International Space Station or Space Shuttle. Microbiology and Immunology. 2016 May; 60(5): 295-302. DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12375.PMID: 26969809. | Impact Statement
Ichijo T, Yamaguchi N, Tanigaki F, Shirakawa M, Nasu M. Four-year bacterial monitoring in the International Space Station—Japanese Experiment Module "Kibo" with culture-independent approach. npj Microgravity. 2016 April 21; 216007. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.7. | Impact Statement
Ichijo T, Yamaguchi N, Nasu M. Bacterial monitoring in the International Space Station – "Kibo". Journal of Disaster Research. 2015 December; 10(6): 1035-1039. DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2015.p1035. | Impact Statement
Satoh K, Alshahni MM, Umeda Y, Komori A, Tamura T, Nishiyama Y, Yamazaki TQ, Makimura K. Seven years of progress in determining fungal diversity and characterization of fungi isolated from the Japanese Experiment Module KIBO, International Space Station. Microbiology and Immunology. 2021 july 12; epub31pp. DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12931.PMID: 34251696. | Impact Statement
Microbial Growth Kinetics Under Conditions of Microgravity-4 (Biokin-4) will test the development of biological air filter to clean-up contaminated air in manned space vehicles.
Content Pending
Publications
Canganella F, Bianconi G. Survival of microorganisms representing the three domains of life inside the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 148-153. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919471. | Impact Statement
Along with orbital crew members and experimental payloads, the International Space Station (ISS) is home to a variety of microbes, which can threaten crew health and jeopardize equipment. The Microbial Payload Tracking Series (Microbial Observatory-1) investigation monitors the types of microbes present on ISS over a one-year period. Samples are returned to Earth for further study, enabling scientists to understand the diversity of the microbial flora on the ISS and how it changes over time.
Publications
Singh NK, Blachowicz A, Checinska Sielaff A, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of two Aspergillus fumigatus strains, isolated from the International Space Station. Genome Announcements. 2016 August 25; 4(4): e00553-16. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00553-16.PMID: 27417828. | Impact Statement
Knox BP, Blachowicz A, Palmer JM, Romsdahl J, Huttenlocher A, Wang CC, Keller NP, Venkateswaran KJ. Characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from air and surfaces of the International Space Station. mSphere. 2016 September-October; 1(5): e00227-16. DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00227-16.PMID: 27830189. | Impact Statement
Checinska Sielaff A, Kumar RM, Pal D, Mayilraj S, Venkateswaran KJ. Solibacillus kalamii sp. nov., isolated from a high-efficiency particulate arrestance filter system used in the International Space Station. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2017 April; 67(4): 896-901. DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001706.PMID: 28475026. | Impact Statement
Checinska Sielaff A, Singh NK, Allen JE, Thissen J, Jaing C, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of biosafety level 2 opportunistic pathogens isolated from the environmental surfaces of the International Space Station. Genome Announcements. 2016 December 29; 4(6): e01263-16. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01263-16.PMID: 28034853. | Impact Statement
Venkateswaran KJ, Singh NK, Checinska Sielaff A, Pope RK, Bergman NH, Van Tongeren SP, Patel NB, Lawson PA, Satomi M, Williamson CH, Sahl JW, Keim P, Pierson DL, Perry JL. Non-toxin-producing Bacillus cereus strains belonging to the B. anthracis clade isolated from the International Space Station. mSystems. 2017 May-June; 2(3): 16 pp. DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00021-17.PMID: 28680972. | Impact Statement
Be NA, Avila-Herrera A, Allen JE, Singh NK, Checinska Sielaff A, Jaing C, Venkateswaran KJ. Whole metagenome profiles of particulates collected from the International Space Station. Microbiome. 2017 July 17; 5(1): 81. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0292-4.PMID: 28716113. | Impact Statement
Venkateswaran KJ, Checinska Sielaff A, Ratnayake S, Pope RK, Blank TE, Stepanov VG, Fox GE, Van Tongeren SP, Torres C, Allen JE, Jaing C, Pierson DL, Perry JL, Koren S, Phillippy A, Klubnik J, Treangen TJ, Rosovitz MJ, Bergman NH. Draft genome sequences from a novel clade of Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains, isolated from the International Space Station. Genome Announcements. 2017 August 10; 5(32): 3. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00680-17.PMID: 28798168. | Impact Statement
Seuylemezian A, Singh NK, Vaishampayan PA, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequence of Solibacillus kalamii, isolated from an air filter aboard the International Space Station. Genome Announcements. 2017 August 31; 5(35): 2 pp. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00696-17.PMID: 28860236. | Impact Statement
Urbaniak C, Checinska Sielaff A, Frey KG, Allen JE, Singh NK, Jaing C, Wheeler K, Venkateswaran KJ. Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes associated with the International Space Station environmental surfaces. Scientific Reports. 2018 January 16; 8(1): 814. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18506-4.PMID: 29339831. | Impact Statement
Singh NK, Wood JM, Karouia F, Venkateswaran KJ. Succession and persistence of microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes associated with International Space Station environmental surfaces. Microbiome. 2018 November 13; 6(1): 204. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0585-2.PMID: 30424821. | Impact Statement
Blachowicz A, Chiang AJ, Romsdahl J, Kalkum M, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Proteomic characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from air and surfaces of the International Space Station. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2019 March; 12439-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.001.PMID: 30611835. | Impact Statement
Romsdahl J, Blachowicz A, Chiang AJ, Chiang Y, Masonjones S, Yaegashi J, Countryman S, Karouia F, Kalkum M, Stajich JE, Venkateswaran KJ, Wang CC. International Space Station conditions alter genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in Aspergillus nidulans. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2018 December 12; epub15 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9525-0.PMID: 30539259. | Impact Statement
Xiao S, Venkateswaran KJ, Jiang SC. The risk of Staphylococcus skin infection during space travel and mitigation strategies. Microbial Risk Analysis. 2019 April; 1123-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2018.08.001. | Impact Statement
Urbaniak C, van Dam P, Zaborin A, Zaborina O, Gilbert JA, Torok T, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Genomic Characterization and Virulence Potential of Two Fusarium oxysporum Isolates Cultured from the International Space Station. mSystems. 2019 March/April; 4(2): DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00345-18. | Impact Statement
Checinska Sielaff A, Urbaniak C, Mohan GB, Stepanov VG, Tran Q, Wood JM, Minich J, McDonald D, Mayer T, Knight R, Karouia F, Fox GE, Venkateswaran KJ. Characterization of the total and viable bacterial and fungal communities associated with the International Space Station surfaces. Microbiome. 2019 April 8; 7(1): 50. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0666-x.PMID: 30955503. | Impact Statement
Blachowicz A, Chiang AJ, Elsaesser A, Kalkum M, Ehrenfreund P, Stajich JE, Torok T, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Proteomic and Metabolomic Characteristics of Extremophilic Fungi Under Simulated Mars Conditions. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019 May 15; 101013. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01013.PMID: 31156574. | Impact Statement
Chiang AJ, Mohan GB, Singh NK, Vaishampayan PA, Kalkum M, Venkateswaran KJ. Alteration of Proteomes in First-Generation Cultures of Bacillus pumilus Spores Exposed to Outer Space. mSystems. 2019 August 27; 4(4): e00195-19. DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00195-19.PMID: 31186338. | Impact Statement
Singh NK, Wood JM, Mhatre SS, Venkateswaran KJ. Metagenome to phenome approach enables isolation and genomics characterization of Kalamiella piersonii gen. nov., sp. nov. from the International Space Station. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019 June; 103(11): 4483-4497. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09813-z.PMID: 31011775. | Impact Statement
Urbaniak C, Lorenzi HA, Thissen J, Jaing C, Crucian BE, Sams CF, Pierson DL, Venkateswaran KJ, Mehta SK. The influence of spaceflight on the astronaut salivary microbiome and the search for a microbiome biomarker for viral reactivation. Microbiome. 2020 April 20; 8(1): 56. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00830-z.PMID: 32312311. | Impact Statement
Avila-Herrera A, Thissen J, Urbaniak C, Be NA, Smith DJ, Karouia F, Mehta SK, Venkateswaran KJ, Jaing C. Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces. PLOS ONE. 2020 April 29; 15(4): e0231838. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231838.PMID: 32348348. | Impact Statement
Blachowicz A, Raffa N, Bok JW, Choera T, Knox BP, Lim FY, Huttenlocher A, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ, Keller NP. Contributions of spore secondary metabolites to UV-C protection and virulence vary in different Aspergillus fumigatus strains. mBio. 2020 February 8; 11(1): e03415-19. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03415-19.PMID: 32071276. | Impact Statement
Bijlani S, Singh NK, Mason CE, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of Sphingomonas species associated with the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020 June 18; 9(25): e00578-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00578-20.PMID: 32554796. The WGS and raw data are deposited under BioProject accession number PRJNA629834. The WGS wasalso deposited at GeneLab (GeneLab data set GLDS-298, https://genelab-data.ndc.nasa.gov/genelab/accession/GLDS-298/).. | Impact Statement
Bijlani S, Singh NK, Mason CE, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of Tremellomycetes strains isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020 June 25; 9(26): e00504-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00504-20.PMID: 32586865. The whole-genome sequences and raw data have been deposited in GenBank under the BioProject accession number PRJNA623412, and in the NASA GeneLab system (GLDS-290; https://genelab-data.ndc .nasa.gov/genelab/accession/GLDS-290).. | Impact Statement
Romsdahl J, Blachowicz A, Chiang Y, Venkateswaran KJ, Wang CC. Metabolomic analysis of Aspergillus niger isolated from the International Space Station reveals enhanced production levels of the antioxidant pyranonigrin A. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020 May 21; 11931. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00931.PMID: 32670208. | Impact Statement
Cao L, Gurevich AV, Alexander KL, Naman B, Leao T, Glukhov E, Luzzatto-Knaan T, Vargas F, Quinn R, Bouslimani A, Nothias LF, Singh NK, Sanders JG, Benitez RA, Thompson LR, Hamid M, Morton JT, Mikheenko A, Shlemov A, Korobeynikov A, Friedberg I, Knight R, Venkateswaran KJ, Gerwick WH, Gerwick L, Dorrestein PC, Mohimanil H. MetaMiner: A Scalable Peptidogenomics Approach for Discovery of Ribosomal Peptide Natural Products with Blind Modifications from Microbial Communities. Cell Systems. 2019 December 19; 9(6): 600-608.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.09.004.PMID: 31629686. | Impact Statement
Daudu R, Parker CW, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft Genome Sequences of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Strains Isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020 July 30; 9(31): e00570-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00570-20.PMID: 32732232. | Impact Statement
Bharadwaj AR, Daudu R, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Karouia F, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of Enterobacteriales strains isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020 September 9; 9(37): e00817-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00817-20.PMID: 32912916. | Impact Statement
Bharadwaj AR, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Karouia F, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of Lactobacillales isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020 September 24; 9(39): e00942-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00942-20.PMID: 32972947. | Impact Statement
Solomon SA, Bharadwaj AR, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of Klebsiella species isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020 October 15; 9(42): e00923-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00923-20.PMID: 33060271. | Impact Statement
Daudu R, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of Bacillaceae strains isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2020 October 29; 9(44): e00701-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00701-20.PMID: 33122406. | Impact Statement
Afshinnekoo E, Scott RT, MacKay M, Pariset E, Cekanaviciute E, Barker RJ, Gilroy S, Hassane D, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Crucian BE, Ponomarev SA, Orlov OI, Shiba D, Muratani M, Yamamoto M, Richards SE, Vaishampayan PA, Meydan C, Foox J, Myrrhe J, Istasse E, Singh NK, Venkateswaran KJ, Keune JA, Ray HE, Basner M, Miller J, Vitaterna MH, Taylor D, Wallace DC, Rubins K, Bailey SM, Grabham P, Costes SV, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Fundamental biological features of spaceflight: Advancing the field to enable deep-space exploration. Cell. 2020 November 25; 183(5): 1162-1184. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.050.PMID: 33242416. | Impact Statement
Mhatre SS, Wood JM, Checinska Sielaff A, Mora M, Duller S, Singh NK, Karouia F, Moissl-Eichinger C, Venkateswaran KJ. Assessing the risk of transfer of microorganisms at the International Space Station due to cargo delivery by commercial resupply vehicles. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020 November 6; 11566412. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.566412.PMID: 33240227. | Impact Statement
Bijlani S, Singh NK, Eedara VV, Podile AR, Mason CE, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Methylobacterium ajmalii sp. nov., isolated from the International Space Station. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 March 15; 12639396. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639396.PMID: 33790880. | Impact Statement
Blachowicz A, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of Aspergillus and Penicillium species isolated from the International Space Station and crew resupply vehicle capsule. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2021 April 1; 10(13): e01398-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.01398-20.PMID: 33795349. | Impact Statement
Simpson AC, Urbaniak C, Singh NK, Wood JM, Debieu M, O'Hara NB, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Draft genome sequences of various bacterial phyla isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2021 April 29; 10(17): e00214-21. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00214-21.PMID: 33927037. | Impact Statement
Morrison MD, Thissen J, Karouia F, Mehta SK, Urbaniak C, Venkateswaran KJ, Smith DJ, Jaing C. Investigation of spaceflight induced changes to astronaut microbiomes. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 12659179. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659179.PMID: 34149649. | Impact Statement
Urbaniak C, Grams T, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Simulated microgravity promotes horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes between bacterial genera in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure. Life. 2021 September; 11(9): 960. DOI: 10.3390/life11090960. | Impact Statement
Singh NK, Lavire C, Nesme J, Vial L, Nesme X, Mason CE, Lassalle F, Venkateswaran KJ. Comparative genomics of novel Agrobacterium G3 strains isolated from the International Space Station and description of Agrobacterium tomkonis sp. nov. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 December 6; 12765943. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765943.PMID: 34938279. | Impact Statement
Lombardino J, Bijlani S, Singh NK, Wood JM, Barker RJ, Gilroy S, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. Genomic characterization of potential plant growth-promoting features of Sphingomonas strains isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Spectrum. 2022 January 12; eoube0199421. DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01994-21.PMID: 35019675. | Impact Statement
Bijlani S, Parker CW, Singh NK, Sierra MA, Foox J, Wang CC, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Genomic characterization of the Titan-like cell producing Naganishia tulchinskyi, the first novel eukaryote isolated from the International Space Station. Journal of Fungi. 2022 February; 8(2): 165. DOI: 10.3390/jof8020165.PMID: 35205919. | Impact Statement
Mettler MK, Parker CW, Venkateswaran KJ, Peyton BM. Antimicrobial coating efficacy for prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth on ISS water system materials. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022 13874236. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874236.PMID: 35464913.
Sushenko NS, Singh NK, Vellone DL, Tighe SW, Hedlund BP, Venkateswaran KJ, Moser DP. Complete genome sequence of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae strain IF3SW-P1, isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2022 June 23; e0047622. DOI: 10.1128/mra.00476-22.PMID: 35735981. | Impact Statement
Urbaniak C, Morrison MD, Thissen J, Karouia F, Smith DJ, Mehta SK, Jaing C, Venkateswaran KJ. Microbial Tracking-2, a metagenomics analysis of bacteria and fungi onboard the International Space Station. Microbiome. 2022 June 29; 10(1): 100. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01293-0.PMID: 35765106. | Impact Statement
Kumar RK, Singh NK, Balakrishnan S, Parker CW, Raman K, Venkateswaran KJ. Metabolic modeling of the International Space Station microbiome reveals key microbial interactions. Microbiome. 2022 July 6; 10(1): 102. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01279-y.PMID: 35791019.
Blachowicz A, Romsdahl J, Chiang AJ, Masonjones S, Kalkum M, Stajich JE, Torok T, Wang CC, Venkateswaran KJ. The International Space Station environment triggers molecular responses in Aspergillus niger. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022 13893071. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893071.PMID: 35847112. | Impact Statement
Danko DC, Mohan GB, Sierra MA, Rucker MA, Singh NK, Regberg AB, Bell M, O'Hara NB, Ounit R, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. Characterization of spacesuit associated microbial communities and their implications for NASA missions. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021 July 29; 1227pp. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.608478.
Mohan GB, Stricker MC, Venkateswaran KJ. Microscopic characterization of biological and inert particles associated with spacecraft assembly cleanroom. Scientific Reports. 2019 October 3; 9(1): 14251. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50782-0.PMID: 31582832.
Mohan GB, Parker CW, Urbaniak C, Singh NK, Hood A, Minich J, Knight R, Rucker MA, Venkateswaran KJ. Microbiome and metagenome analyses of a closed habitat during human occupation. mSystems. 2020 July 28; 5(4): e00367-20. DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00367-20.PMID: 32723791.
Hendrickson R, Urbaniak C, Minich J, Aronson HS, Martino C, Stepanauskas R, Knight R, Venkateswaran KJ. Clean room microbiome complexity impacts planetary protection bioburden. Microbiome. 2021 December 4; 9(1): 238. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01159-x.
Danko DC, Sierra MA, Benardini JN, Guan L, Wood JM, Singh NK, Seuylemezian A, Butler DJ, Ryon K, Kuchin K, Meleshko D, Bhattacharya C, Venkateswaran KJ, Mason CE. A comprehensive metagenomics framework to characterize organisms relevant for planetary protection. Microbiome. 2021 April 1; 982. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01020-1.PMID: 33795001.
Blachowicz A, Mhatre SS, Singh NK, Wood JM, Parker CW, Ly C, Butler DJ, Mason CE, Venkateswaran KJ. The isolation and characterization of rare mycobiome associated with spacecraft assembly cleanrooms. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022 April 26; 13777133. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.777133.PMID: 35558115.
In respect to human risk, the importance of microbiological monitoring is very high for long-duration missions. We focus on indoor environmental quality control and thus studies on environmental microbiology in space (astromicrobiological studies) in order to reduce potential hazards for the crew and the infrastructure.
Publications
Satoh K, Alshahni MM, Umeda Y, Komori A, Tamura T, Nishiyama Y, Yamazaki TQ, Makimura K. Seven years of progress in determining fungal diversity and characterization of fungi isolated from the Japanese Experiment Module KIBO, International Space Station. Microbiology and Immunology. 2021 july 12; epub31pp. DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12931.PMID: 34251696. | Impact Statement
Medicine, biology, computer science and many other fields benefit from nanotechnology, in which interactions happen at an atomic level, but some of the most basic physical processes are different at such small scales. Fluid dynamics in particular are different because flowing molecules might interact more with the surfaces of channels than with each other. Microchannel Diffusion takes advantage of microgravity to study these interactions at slightly larger scales, providing a new understanding of particle flows at the nanoscale.
A single step process forming a tiny liquid-filled, biodegradable, micro-balloon containing various drug solutions (a process called microgravity micro-encapsulation) has been shown to provide better drug delivery and new medical treatments for solid tumors and resistant infections. Recent testing in mouse models has shown that these unique microcapsules can be injected into human prostate tumors to inhibit tumor growth or can be injected following cryo-surgery (freezing) to improve the destruction of the tumors better than freezing or local chemotherapy alone. The microcapsules also contain a contrast agent that enables C-T, x-ray or ultrasound imaging to monitor the distribution within the tissues to ensure that the entire tumor is treated when the microcapsules release their drug contents.
Publications
Morrison DR, Haddad RS. Microencapsulation of Drugs: New cancer therapies and improved drug delivery derived from microgravity research. 40th Space Congress, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2003
Le Pivert PJ, Haddad RS, Aller A, Titus K, Doulat J, Renard M, Morrison DR. Ultrasound Guided, Combined Cryoablation and Microencapsulated 5-Fluorouracil, Inhibits Growth of Human Prostate Tumors in Xenogenic Mouse Model Assessed by Fluorescence Imaging. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment. 2004 3(2): 135-142. DOI: 10.1177/153303460400300206.
Morrison DR. Microparticle analysis system and method. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2007 Nov 13; 7,295,309
Le Pivert PJ, Morrison DR, Haddad RS, Doulat J, Renard M, Aller A, Titus K. Percutaneous tumor ablation: microencapsulated echo-guided interstitial chemotherapy combined with cryosurgery increases necrosis in prostate cancer. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment. 2009 8(3): 207-216. PMID: 19445538.
Morrison DR. Microencapsulation System and Method. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2006 Aug 22; 7,094,045
Morrison DR. Microencapsulation System and Method. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2009 Sep 15; 7,588,703
Morrison DR, Mosier B. Externally Triggered Microcapsules. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 Jun 28; 7,968,117
The Microflow 1 technology demonstration (Microflow1) investigation provides the first performance test of a miniaturized flow cytometer in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS). Flow cytometry is a technique that focuses fluids (blood or other body fluids) into a controlled stream that enables researchers to quantify the components and monitor physiological and cellular activity. The goal of this testing in microgravity is the development of a smaller and safer operational instrument that may be certified for real-time medical care and monitoring during space flight.
Publications
Cohen LY, Vernon, Bergeron. New molecular technologies against infectious diseases during space flight. Acta Astronautica. 2008 63769-775. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.12.024. | Impact Statement
Dubeau-Laramée G, Rivière C, Jean I, Mermut O, Cohen LY. Microflow1, a sheathless fiber-optic flow cytometry biomedical platform: Demonstration onboard the International Space Station. Cytometry Part A. 2014 April; 85(4): 322-331. DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22427.PMID: 24339248. | Impact Statement
Cohen LY, Fortin M, Leclair S, Mermut O, Dubeau-Laramée G, Provencal D. Cellular and Molecular Biology During Spaceflight. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2011 September; 25(1): 60-62. | Impact Statement
Microgravity causes many changes to living organisms, beginning at the cellular level. Microgravity and Cells: Morphotype and Phenotype Correlation (Cell Shape and Expression) studies how microgravity changes the physical structure of cells, and whether this affects the way they function. Results aim to provide an experimental model that highlights the relationships among microgravity, cell shape and gene expression, and whether new drugs may be able to counteract these microgravity-induced changes.
Microgravity as a Disruptor of the 12-hour Circatidal Clock (Rodent Research-14), uses mice to test whether disruptions to the 12-hour circatidal clock in microgravity affect the body on a cellular and organ level. Previous research established the role of the 12-hour daily clock in maintenance of stress responsive pathways. By exposing cellular systems in mice to the stress of microgravity, this investigation allows examination of cellular adaptation to changes in the daily clock and the effects on behavior.
Microgravity causes changes in human immune cells that resemble aging, but happen faster than actual aging. Microgravity as a Model for Immunological Senescense and its Impact on Tissue Stem Cells and Regeneration (Immunosenescence) studies the effects of microgravity on cells involved in tissue regeneration and whether recovery occurs post-flight. Results could provide insight into whether effects of the biological aging process can be reversed.
Microgravity as Model for Immunological Senescence and Its Impact on Tissue Stem Cells and Regeneration (STaARS BioScience-7) uses tissue chips to investigate the relationship between aging of the immune system and its function. The study looks at the biology of aging from two perspectives—immune function in microgravity and recovery of the cells after return to a 1g environment. Aging is associated with dysregulation of the immune response, termed immunosenescence, a condition that also may be accelerated by prolonged exposure to microgravity.
Microgravity Crystal Growth for Improvement in Neutron Diffraction and the Analysis of Protein Complexes (CASIS PCG 15) seeks a better understanding of enzyme catalysis by examining crystals from two model Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes and from a bacteriophage transient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair complex. Analysis of the crystals may reveal catalyst mechanisms and structures and visualize the interaction between the repair proteins. Results could contribute to identification of biomarkers for diagnosis of disease and to development of better antimicrobials.
Publications
Drago VN, Devos JM, Blakeley MP, Forsyth VT, Kovalevsky AY, Schall CA, Mueser TC. Microgravity crystallization of perdeuterated tryptophan synthase for neutron diffraction. npj Microgravity. 2022 May 4; 8(1): 13. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00199-3.PMID: 35508463. | Impact Statement
Microgravity Crystal Growth for Improvement in Neutron Diffraction and the Analysis of Protein Complexes (CASIS PCG 8) plans to grow large, high-quality crystals of two Vitamin B6-dependent enzymes, porcine cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and Salmonella typhimurium tryptophan synthase Type 1 (TS) and of a transient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair complex (interactions between two proteins) obtained from a bacteriophage (RNH:32). Neutron diffraction studies of the crystals are conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratories to better understand catalyst mechanisms and structures, particularly positions of hydrogen atoms which are visible to neutron but not X-rays. In the second study, the transient and flexible interaction between two DNA repair proteins is visualized. Crystals grown in microgravity are less flexibly since thermal convections are absent; this makes their structures more uniform and the attained information is at higher resolution.
Microgravity Crystallization of Glycogen Synthase-Glycogenin Protein Complex (CASIS PCG 10) crystallizes human glycogen synthase proteins on the space station. These include enzymes critical for glycogen synthesis in the liver and those present in muscle. The lack of convection in microgravity can result in higher quality crystals that contribute to better understanding of a protein’s structure and support development of more effective medications with fewer side effects.
The Microgravity Crystals investigation crystallizes a membrane protein that is integral to tumor growth and cancer survival. Although crystallization of this protein has yielded unsatisfactory results on Earth, this investigation leverages extensive protein crystallization work on the space station, significantly increasing the likelihood of successful crystal growth. Results may support development of cancer treatments that target the protein more effectively and with fewer side effects.
Microgravity Dynamics of Bubble-geometry Bose-Einstein Condensates (Cold Atom Lab - Bose-Einstein Condensate Bubble Dynamics) creates a quantum gas known as a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) confined in a spherical or ellipsoidal shell structure or “bubble”. The limitations of gravity have prevented exploration of these phenomena on Earth. This investigation aims to answer fundamental quantum mechanics questions about the behavior of large bubbles of quantum gas that could provide insights for next-generation quantum sensors and simulators.
Publications
Aveline DC, Williams JR, Elliott ER, Dutenhoffer CA, Kellogg JR, Kohel JM, Lay NE, Oudrhiri K, Shotwell RF, Yu N, Thompson RJ. Observation of Bose–Einstein condensates in an Earth-orbiting research lab. Nature. 2020 June 11; 582(7811): 193-197. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2346-1. | Impact Statement
Pollard AR, Moan ER, Sackett CA, Elliott ER, Thompson RJ. Quasi-adiabatic external state preparation of ultracold atoms in microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2020 October 21; 32(6): 1175-1184. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-020-09840-w. | Impact Statement
Microgravity Effect on Entomopathogenic Nematodes’ Ability to Find and Kill Insects (Module-85 Pheronym) tests the effects of microgravity on the movement and infection behavior of beneficial nematodes, which are used to control agricultural insect pests. The research looks at whether these nematodes can navigate through soil, infect insects and reproduce in space. It also looks at whether their symbiotic bacteria function normally in microgravity and has any effects on insect host physiology.
Publications
Kaplan F, Shapiro-Illan D, Schiller KC. Dynamics of entomopathogenic nematode foraging and infectivity in microgravity. npj Microgravity. 2020 August 10; 6(1): 20. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00110-y.PMID: 32818149. | Impact Statement
Deterioration of skin tissue is a normal part of aging but occurs over decades. Microgravity leads to changes in the human body very similar to aging, but these changes happen much more quickly. Microgravity Effects on Skin Aging and Health (Colgate Skin Aging) uses a 3D model of engineered human skin cells to evaluate cellular and molecular changes in microgravity. These cells may serve as a valid model to rapidly assess products aimed at protecting skin from the aging process.
The greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella, has been shown to break down or biodegrade low-density plastics such as polyethylene into manageable products on Earth. Microgravity Environment Impact on Plastic Biodegradation by Galleria mellonella (WORMS) observes whether this behavior occurs in microgravity and quantifies any plastic biodegradation. Plastics likely will be an important resource in future space travel, and this investigation provides preliminary data on whether biological breakdown is a sustainable system for dealing with plastic waste on future space travel as well as on Earth.
In order to be used in various medical therapies, human stem cells must be expanded. Scientists currently have no efficient way to do this, but stem cell expansion may accelerate in microgravity. Microgravity Expanded Stem Cells cultivates human stem cells aboard the International Space Station (ISS) for use in clinical trials to evaluate their use in treating disease. Results also advance future studies on how to scale up expansion of stem cells for treating stroke and other conditions.
Publications
Huang P, Russell AL, Lefavor R, Durand NC, James E, Harvey L, Zhang C, Countryman S, Stodieck LS, Zubair A. Feasibility, potency, and safety of growing human mesenchymal stem cells in space for clinical application. npj Microgravity. 2020 June 1; 6(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0106-z.PMID: 32529028. | Impact Statement
Microgravity Exposure on Medicinal Plant Seeds compares the cannabinoid content of Cannibis sativa (Victoria) plants grown from seeds in the microgravity environment of the space station with controls grown on the ground. Some cannabinoids show potential as therapies for a range of medical conditions, but germination in space may induce epigenetic changes that lead to alterations in a plant’s cannabinoid content. The results provide baseline data for future germination and growth investigations.
Monoclonal antibodies are molecules designed to attach to certain molecules in the body, and they are important for fighting a wide range of human diseases, including cancer. The Microgravity Growth of Crystalline Monoclonal Antibodies for Pharmaceutical Applications (CASIS-PCG 5) investigation crystallizes a monoclonal antibody developed by Merck Research Labs. Microgravity enables the growth of extremely high-quality crystals, which allow scientists to study the proteins’ structure, improve drug delivery, manufacturing, and developing better methods for storing these biological molecules.
Publications
Reichert P, Prosise W, Fischmann TO, Scapin G, Narasimhan C, Spinale AC, Polniak R, Yang X, Walsh E, Patel D, Benjamin W, Welch J, Simmons D, Strickland C. Pembrolizumab microgravity crystallization experimentation. npj Microgravity. 2019 December 2; 5(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0090-3.PMID: 31815178. | Impact Statement
Microgravity Growth of New Mexico Hatch Green Chile as a Technical Display of Advanced Plant Habitat’s Capabilities (Plant Habitat-04) demonstrates using the Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) by growing peppers in space for the first time. An excellent source of Vitamin C, peppers are more difficult to cultivate than many possible space crops because they take longer to germinate, grow, and develop fruit.The investigation includes microbial analysis to improve understanding of plant-microbe interactions in space and assessment of flavor and texture, which vary based on the growth environment and care such as amount of watering.
Microgravity Growth of Antibody Crystals in the Hand Held High Density Protein Crystal Growth Hardware (HDPCG) focuses on the crystallization of a human monoclonal antibody, a specialized type of protein made by immune cells that can bind to target cells or other proteins to perform a specific task, developed by the pharmaceutical company Merck Research Laboratories. The monoclonal antibody in this investigation is undergoing clinical trials for treatment of an immunological disease, and crystallizing it may help the pharmaceutical industry determine its physical structure, which could lead to new drugs. Protein crystals grown in microgravity can reach much larger sizes and more perfect structures than those grown on Earth, where gravity interferes with their formation.
The goal of the Microgravity Investigation of Cement Solidification (MICS) experiment is to investigate and understand the complex process of cement solidification. Findings from this experiment shall enable scientists to describe the hydration reaction and microstructure formation in cement pastes that solidify in a microgravity environment.
Publications
Neves JM, Collins PJ, Wilkerson RP, Grugel RN, Radlinska A. Microgravity effect on microstructural development of tri-calcium silicate (C3S) paste. Frontiers in Materials. 2019 April 24; 683. DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2019.00083. | Impact Statement
Neves JM, Grugel RN, Scheetz B, Radlinska A. Experimental investigation of cement hydration in gravity-free environment. 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (Prague, Czechoslovakia). 2019 September 16; M19-72759 pp. | Impact Statement
Collins PJ, Grugel RN, Radlinska A. Hydration of tricalcium aluminate and gypsum pastes on the International Space Station. Construction and Building Materials. 2021 May 24; 285122919. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122919. | Impact Statement
Collins PJ, Grugel RN, Radlinska A. The influence of variable gravity on the microstructural development of tricalcium silicate pastes. 17th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments, Virtual Event. 2021 April 15; 59-66. DOI: 10.1061/9780784483381.006. | Impact Statement
Collins PJ, Radlinska A, Grugel RN. Cement solidification in a microgravity environment. The Magazine of the Concrete Society. 2020 March; 54(2): 51-53. | Impact Statement
Neves JM, Ramanathan S, Suraneni P, Grugel RN, Radlinska A. Characterization, mechanical properties, and microstructural development of lunar regolith simulant-portland cement blended mixtures. Construction and Building Materials. 2020 October 20; 258120315. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120315. | Impact Statement
Microgravity Investigation of Cement Solidification - Multi-use Variable-g Processing Facility (MVP Cell-05) investigates the complex process of cement solidification. There have been a number of studies of the potential for making and using concrete on extraterrestrial bodies, but as yet no actual tests in a microgravity environment. Detailed microstructural evaluation of the samples represents the first step toward such implementation.
In the Microgravity Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Supercooled Molten Metal Oxides (Superglass) investigation, measurements of thermophysical properties (density and viscosity) of high-temperature oxide melts using the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) in Kibo aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are performed. By using a combination of X-ray/neutron diffraction experiments and computer simulation of the melts on ground, it may be possible to reveal the nature of glass formation for use in the future design of novel materials.
Microgravity Research for Versatile Investigations-Phase Change in Mixtures (MaRVIn-PCIM) examines the distribution of vapor and liquid within a wickless heat pipe. The pipe is heated at one end to evaporate a liquid and cooled at the opposite end to condense the vapor back into a liquid. Researchers plan to chart changes in the interface between the vapor and the liquid as the amount of heat applied is changed. Heat pipes are used to cool satellites and electronics but operate differently in microgravity than in Earth’s gravity.
Microgravity Wrench creates a multi-tool designed by Made In Space, a space-based manufacturing company, in partnership with Lowe’s, a home improvement retail company. Creating the tool using 3D printing provides additional demonstration of the capability of the space station’s Additive Manufacturing Facility (Manufacturing Device) to create custom tools in space.
In the Microgravity as a Model for Accelerated Skeletal Muscle Ageing (MicroAge) investigation, synthetic human muscle constructs are housed within specially designed experimental containers and exposed to microgravity on board the International Space Station. A proportion of the muscle constructs is electrically stimulated to induce contractions under microgravity conditions, or exposed to artificial gravity via centrifugation. Samples are frozen and returned to Earth for analyses that provides information on whether muscles exposed to microgravity show an analogous failure of adaptations to contractile activity to that seen in elderly subjects.
Boiling efficiently removes large amounts of heat by generating vapor from liquid; this process is currently being used in many power plants to generate electricity. An upper limit, called the critical heat flux, exists where the heater is covered with so much vapor that liquid supply to the heater begins to decrease, potentially destroying the heater. Microheater Array Boiling Experiment (MABE) determines the critical heat flux during boiling in microgravity to design optimal cooling systems for future space exploration vehicles as well as on Earth.
Publications
Myers JG, Yerrramilli VK, Hussey SW, Yee GF, Kim J. Time and space resolved wall temperature and heat flux measurements during nucleate boiling with constant heat flux boundary conditions. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2005 48(12): 2429-2442.
Henry CD, Kim J, McQuillen JB. Dissolved Gas Effects on Thermocapillary Convection During Boiling in Reduced Gravity Environments. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2006 42919-928.
Henry CD, Kim J, Chamberlain B, Hartmann TG. Heater aspect ratio effects on pool boiling heat transfer under varying gravity conditions. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2005 29(7): 773-782.
Henry CD, Kim J. A study of the effects of heater size, subcooling, and gravity effects on pool boiling heat transfer. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 2004 25(2): 262-273.
Demiray F, Kim J. Microscale Heat Transfer Measurements During Pool Boiling of FC-72: Effect of Subcooling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2004 473257-3268.
Yin Z, Prosperetti A, Kim J. Bubble Growth on an Impulsively Powered Microheater. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2004 47(5): 1053-1067. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.07.015.
Kim J, McQuillen JB, Balombin J. Microheater Array Boiling Experiment. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 October 16-18; AIAA-2001-51168 pp. Also: Kim, Jungho, John McQuillen, and Joe Balombin, Microheater Array Boiling Experiment, 1 January 2002, p. 14 pp, MABE, related <https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020038863> [accessed 23 September 2019].
Raj R, Kim J, McQuillen JB. Pool Boiling Heat Transfer on the International Space Station: Experimental Results and Model Verification. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2012 134(10): DOI: 10.1115/1.4006846.
Henry CD, Kim J. Thermocapillary Effects on Low-G Pool Boiling From Microheater Arrays of Various Aspect Ratio. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2005 16(1-4): 170-175. DOI: 10.1007/BF02945970.
The majority of cells in the human body are non-dividing cells that provide critical functions, from blood cells, to cells in different organs. Micro-7 studies how microgravity affects the genetic expression and physical shape of these types of cells for the first time. Understanding how these cells function in microgravity is a step toward understanding how organs, tissues, and the entire body change during spaceflight.
Publications
Zhang Y, Lu T, Wong M, Wang X, Stodieck LS, Karouia F, Story M, Wu H. Transient gene and microRNA expression profile changes of confluent human fibroblast cells in spaceflight. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2016 February 25; epubfj.201500121. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500121.PMID: 26917741. | Impact Statement
Lu T, Zhang Y, Wong M, Feiveson AH, Gaza R, Stoffle NN, Wang H, Wilson B, Rohde L, Stodieck LS, Karouia F, Wu H. Detection of DNA damage by space radiation in human fibroblasts flown on the International Space Station. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2017 February; 1224-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.12.004.PMID: 28212705. | Impact Statement
Lu T, Zhang Y, Kidane Y, Feiveson AH, Stodieck LS, Karouia F, Ramesh GT, Rohde L, Wu H. Cellular responses and gene expression profile changes due to bleomycin-induced DNA damage in human fibroblasts in space. PLOS ONE. 2017 March 1; 12(3): e0170358. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170358.PMID: 28248986. | Impact Statement
Zhang Y, Moreno-Villanueva M, Krieger SS, Ramesh GT, Neelam S, Wu H. Transcriptomics, NF-κB pathway, and their potential spaceflight-related health consequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017 May 31; 18(6): 1166. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061166. | Impact Statement
Moreno-Villanueva M, Wong M, Lu T, Zhang Y, Wu H. Interplay of space radiation and microgravity in DNA damage and DNA damage response. npj Microgravity. 2017 May 10; 3(14): DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0019-7.PMID: 28649636. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
Tested self-reliant, adaptive technologies that can detect problems with ISS hardware and correct those problems as needed. These technologies decreased the effects of vibration in ISS allowing engineers to design future spacecraft and facilities with lightweight, inexpensive materials without sacrificing the stability demanded by sensitive payloads.
Publications
Ninneman RR, Founds DB, Davis LD, Greeley S, King J. Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight (MACE II) Program: Adventures in Space. AIAA Space 2003 Conference and Exposition, Long Beach, CA. 2003 September 23-25; AIAA 2003-6243 | Impact Statement
McEver MA, Leo DJ. Adaptive Low-Authority Control Algorithms for Precision Space Structures. AIAA Space Technology Conference and Exposition, Albuquerque, NM. 1999 AIAA 19994585.
Hyland DC, Scharf DP. Adaptive Neural Control for MACE II. AIAA Space Technology Conference and Exposition, Albuquerque, NM. 1999 AIAA 19994588.
Davis LD, King J, Greeley S, Hyland DC. Autonomous System Identification and Control of MACE II Using the Frequency Domain Expert Algorithm. AIAA Space Technology Conference and Exposition, Albuquerque, NM. 1999 AIAA 19994586.
Ninneman RR. Demonstration of Adaptive Structural Control in Space: Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight (MACE II) Program. 51st International Astronautics Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2000 IAF-00I.04.03.
Davis LD, Greeley S, King J, Ninneman RR. In Flight Autonomous System Identification and Control of MACE II Using the Frequency Domain Expert Algorithm. AIAA Space Technology Conference and Exposition, Albuquerque, NM. 2001 Aug 28-30; AIAA-2001-4641
Ninneman RR. Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight (MACE II) Program: Lessoned Learned. AIAA Space 2000 Conference and Exposition, Long Beach, CA. 2000 AIAA 20005092.
Blaurock C, Yung JH, Miller DW, Kenney S. Nonlinear Modeling and Control for the Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight. AIAA Space Technology Conference and Exposition, Albuquerque, NM. 1999 AIAA 19994589.
Shelly SJ, Sharp TD, Denoyer KK. Robust Line-of-Sight Stability and Jitter Compensation Using Spatio-Temporal-Flitering Based Control. AIAA Space Technology Conference and Exposition, Albuquerque, NM. 1999 AIAA 19994587.
McEver MA, Leo DJ. Autonomous vibration suppression using on-line pole-zero identification. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics. 2001 October; 123(4): 487-495. DOI: 10.1115/1.1385836.
Ninneman RR, Denoyer KK. Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight (MACE II): lessons learned and reflight status. Smart Structures and Materials 2000: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, Newport Beach, CA. 2000 June 12; 3991131-137. DOI: 10.1117/12.388154.
Mighty Mice in Space: Preclinical Evaluation of a Broad Spectrum Myostatin Inhibitor to Prevent Muscle and Bone Loss Due to Disuse (Rodent Research-19) investigates targeting myostatin (MSTN) and activin to prevent skeletal muscle and bone loss during spaceflight, and enhance recovery following return to Earth. Myostatin and activin are molecular signaling pathways that influence muscle degradation. This research could provide valuable data to support clinical trials for MSTN therapies for a wide range of conditions that affect muscle and bone health.
Publications
Lee S, Lehar A, Meir JU, Koch C, Morgan A, Warren L, Rydzik R, Youngstrom DW, Chandok H, George J, Gogain J, Michaud M, Stoklasek TA, Liu Y, Germain-Lee EL. Targeting myostatin/activin A protects against skeletal muscle and bone loss during spaceflight. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2020 September 2; 117(38): 23942-23951. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014716117.PMID: 32900939. | Impact Statement
The microgravity environment of space weakens muscle and bone, so orbiting crew members spend significant amounts of time exercising. But the International Space Station’s exercise equipment is large and bulky. The Miniature Exercise Device (MED-2) demonstrates that small robotic actuators can provide motion and resistance for crew workout sessions, reducing the size and weight of exercise equipment for long-duration space missions.
MHP (Miniature Wire Heat Transfer Tube) a fluid mechanics test of 3 mini heat pipes with water at different pressures.
The Miniaturized Particle Telescope (MPT) is a two-element radiation detector that builds on the Radiation Environment Monitor (REM)/Timepix technology. REM units are already being flown as a technology demonstration on the International Space Station (ISS). The entire detector assembly is roughly the size of the palm of your hand. All power/data is done through two USB connections directly to a laptop. The MPT is a Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) product, manufactured by Advacam. Timepix detectors are USB-powered particle trackers based on Medipix technology developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
Honey and water are miscible fluids, that it, fluids that dissolve comletely in each other. Water will be injected into honey to test if it will act like an immiscible fluid, such as water being injected into oil, and spontaneously form a spherical drop. The experiment needs to be performed in weightlessness.
Publications
Pojman JA, Bessonov N, Volpert V, Paley MS. Miscible Fluids in Microgravity (MFMG): A Zero-Upmass Experiment on the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 1933-41. DOI: 10.1007/BF02870987.Pojman JA, Bessonov N, Volpert V, Paley MS. Miscible Fluids in Microgravity (MFMG): A Zero-Upmass Experiment on the International Space Station. 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV; 2005 Jan 10 - 13..
Bessonov N, Volpert V, Pojman JA, Zoltowski BD. Numerical Simulations of Convection Induced by Korteweg Streses in Miscible Polymer-Monomer Systems. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2005 17(1):
Volpert V, Pojman JA, Texier-Picard R. Convection Induced by Composition Gradients in Miscible Systems. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics. 2002 330(5): 353-358.
Bessonov N, Pojman JA, Volpert V. Modelling of Diffuse Interfaces with Temperature Gradients. Journal of Engineering Mathematics. 2004 49321-338.
Pramanik S, Mishra M. Linear stability analysis of Korteweg stresses effect on miscible viscous fingering in porous media. Physics of Fluids. 2013 25(7): 074104. DOI: 10.1063/1.4813403.
Materials on International Space Station Experiment - 8 Flight Support Equipment - SpaceCube (MISSE-8 FSE) tests the radiation tolerance of a computer made to work in space. The SpaceCube investigation's computer is built from radiation-tolerant material and simulates work for a future long-term space mission. This demonstrates how new advanced flight control systems, which must be many times tougher than regular Earth hardware, can resist radiation damage in order to perform in the space environment.
MMSAT-1 is Myanmar’s first 50 kg-class MicroSat, that deploys during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-M2 (J-SSOD-M2) micro-satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). MMSAT-1’s main mission is to monitor the Earth’s surface, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the NG-15 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
The current International Space Station (ISS) laptop-based crew information system has certain drawbacks with respect to operator mobility and user interface options. The Mobile Procedure Viewer (mobiPV) investigation demonstrates new technologies and operations concepts for ISS crew procedure execution, both for onboard crew and ground teams. The investigation also offers wireless operation, voice navigation, and real time (over the shoulder) video streaming of workplace activities and synchronized in-flight/on-ground procedure execution. The mobiPV system could be deployed for future crew procedures and contingency operations, with a potential to significantly shorten anomaly processing and resolution.
Publications
Boyd A, Fortunato A, Wolff M, Martinez Oliveira D. mobiPV: A new, wearable real-time collaboration software for Astronauts using mobile computing solutions. SpaceOps 2016, Daejeon, Korea. 2016 May 16-20; AIAA-2016-230610 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2016-2306. | Impact Statement
Developing Modeling Tumor Organoids in LEO (Ax-1) during the private astronaut mission (PAM) Axiom-1 (Ax-1) demonstrates processes for on-orbit pre-cancer and cancer cell culture, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and real-time data transfer in support of future pre-cancer and cancer stem cell research. The investigation seeks to develop immune dysfunction and pre-cancer stem cell predictive models. Such models could inform and accelerate the development of countermeasures and enhance crew safety on future space missions as well as provide tools for detection of, and therapies for, pre-cancer, cancer and a variety of other diseases on Earth. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to opening research opportunities for new and non-traditional users.
How microgravity influences ovarian cell (Theca and Granulosa) maturation and development is an open question, and a scarcely investigated issue. The Modulation of Granulosa and Theca Cells Activity in Microgravity: Consequences for Human Health and Reproduction (OVOSPACE) investigation studies how the microgravity environment can impair ovary function and the physiological development of living beings. Given the objectives of human colonization of the Moon (as such recognized by the Artemis program), this task assumes a critical importance in planning future programs of human settlement in space.
Molecular and Plant Physiological Analyses of the Microgravity Effects on Multigeneration Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana (Multigen) will grow Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant related to cabbage and mustard, in orbit for three generations. The results of this investigation will support future plans to grow plants on the long-duration transit to Mars. This is a cooperative investigation with the European Space Agency, ESA.
Publications
Fisahn J, Klingele E, Barlow PW. Lunar gravity affects leaf movement of Arabidopsis thaliana in the International Space Station. Planta. 2015 epubDOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2280-x.PMID: 25795423.
Fisahn J. Control of plant leaf movements by the lunisolar tidal force. Annals of Botany. 2018 January 24; epub6 pp. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx214.PMID: 29373644. | Impact Statement
Helleseng KO, Gronnevik A, Fossum KR, Kittang Jost A, Iversen T. Utliization of the European Modular Cultivation System - opportunities and support functions.. 56th International Astronautical Congress. Fukuoka, Japan. 2005 05-A2.5.01
Skagen EB, Iversen T. Effect of simulated and real weightlessness on early regeneration stages of Brassica napus protoplasts. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 2000 36(5): 312-318.
Solheim BB, Kittang Jost A, Iversen T, Johnsson A. Preparatory experiments for long term observation of Arabidopsis circumnutations in microgravity. 56th International Astronautical Congress, Fukuoka, Japan. 2005 05A1.6.06.
Solheim BB, Johnsson A, Iversen T. Ultradian Rhythms in Arabidopsis Thaliana Leaves in Microgravity. New Phytologist. 2009 1831043-1052. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02896.x.
Solheim BB. 3D information from 2D images recorded in the European Modular Cultivation System on the ISS. Advances in Space Research. 2009 Dec 15; 44(12): 1382-1391. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.07.008.
Johnsson A, Solheim BB, Iversen T. Gravity Amplifies and Microgravity Decreases Circumnutations in Arabidopsis Thaliana Stems: Results from a Space Experiment. New Phytologist. 2009 182621-629. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02777.x.
Solheim BB, Kittang Jost A, Iversen T, Johnsson A. Preparatory experiments for long-term observation of Arabidopsis circumnutations in microgravity. Acta Astronautica. 2006 5946-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.02.044.
Fossum KR, Kittang Jost A, Iversen T, Brinckmann E, Schiller P. Testing the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) for ISS plant and cell research. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 2005-01-2841DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2841.
Kittang Jost A, Kvaloy B, Winge P, Iversen T. Ground testing of Arabidopsis preservation protocol for the microarray analysis to be used in the ISS EMCS Multigen-2 experiment. Advances in Space Research. 2010 461249-1256. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.06.021.
Barlow PW. Leaf movements and their relationship with the lunisolar gravitational force. Annals of Botany. 2015 August; 116(2): 149-187. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv096.PMID: 26205177.
The Characterizing Arabidopsis Root Attractions (CARA) experiment looks at mechanisms at the molecular and genetic level that influence the growth of a plant’s roots in the absence of gravity, and how those change with or without light. Researchers expose one set of seedlings to light, keep another set in the dark, and then examine how each environment influences the patterns of root growth. Some of the plants are also imaged with the Light Microscopy Module on orbit, and at the end of the experiment, all plants are harvested by the astronaut, and preserved for their return to Earth in order to evaluate genes associated with plant responses on orbit.
Publications
Ferl RJ, Paul AL. The effect of spaceflight on the gravity-sensing auxin gradient of roots: GFP reporter gene microscopy on orbit. npj Microgravity. 2016 January 21; 215023. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.23.
Paul AL, Sng NJ, Zupanska AK, Krishnamurthy A, Schultz ER, Ferl RJ. Genetic dissection of the Arabidopsis spaceflight transcriptome: Are some responses dispensable for the physiological adaptation of plants to spaceflight?. PLOS ONE. 2017 June 29; 12(6): e0180186. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180186.PMID: 28662188. | Impact Statement
Manian V, Orozco-Sandoval J, Gangapuram H, Janwa H, Agrinsoni C. Network analysis of gene transcriptions of Arabidopsis thaliana in spaceflight microgravity. Genes. 2021 March; 12(3): 337. DOI: 10.3390/genes12030337.PMID: 33668919. | Impact Statement
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Manian V, Orozco-Sandoval J, Diaz-Martinez V. Detection of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana L. responding to DNA damage from radiation and other stressors in spaceflight. Genes. 2021 June; 12(6): 938. DOI: 10.3390/genes12060938.PMID: 34205326. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Molecular Mechanism of Microgravity-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy - Physiological Relevance of Cbl-b Ubiquitin Ligase (MyoLab) studies a rat muscle gene modified cell line to determine the effects of microgravity.
Publications
Utsunomiya K, Owaki K, Okumura Y, Yano M, Oto T, Suzuki E, Tamura S, Abe T, Kohno S, Ohno A, Hirasaka K, Teshima-Kondo S, Nikawa T. An Intracellular Fragment of Osteoactivin Formed by Ectodomain Shedding Translocated to the Nucleoplasm and Bound to RNA Binding Proteins. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2012 76(12): 2225-2229. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120515.
Abe T, Hirasaka K, Kagawa S, Kohno S, Ochi A, Utsunomiya K, Sakai A, Ohno A, Teshima-Kondo S, Okumura Y, Oarada M, Maekawa Y, Terao J, Mills EM, Nikawa T. Cbl-b Is a Critical Regulator of Macrophage Activation Associated With Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mice. Diabetes. 2013 January 24; 62(6): 1957-1969. DOI: 10.2337/db12-0677.PMID: 23349502. | Impact Statement
Abe T, Kohno S, Yama T, Ochi A, Suto T, Hirasaka K, Ohno A, Teshima-Kondo S, Okumura Y, Oarada M, Choi I, Mukai R, Terao J, Nikawa T. Soy Glycinin Contains a Functional Inhibitory Sequence against Muscle-Atrophy-Associated Ubiquitin Ligase Cbl-b. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2013 2013(907565): 1-11. DOI: 10.1155/2013/907565. | Impact Statement
Teshima-Kondo S, Ochi A, Kohno S, Abe T, Utsunomiya K, Nagano H, Suto T, Tomida C, Yamagishi N, Hirasaka K, Maita A, Okumura Y, Nikawa T. Space flight/bedrest immobilization and bone. Development of inhibitors for atrophy caused by unloading stress. Clinical Calcium. 2012 December; 22(12): 1879-1885. PMID: 23187081. Japanese.
Mukai R, Horikawa H, Fujikura Y, Kawamura T, Nemoto H, Nikawa T, Terao J. Prevention of Disuse Muscle Atrophy by Dietary Ingestion of 8-Prenylnaringenin in Denervated Mice. PLOS ONE. 2012 September 19; 7(9): e45048. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045048. | Impact Statement
Yano S, Masuda D, Kasahara H, Omori K, Higashibata A, Asashima M, Ohnishi T, Yatagai F, Kamisaka S, Furusawa T, Higashitani A, Majima HJ, Nikawa T, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Suzuki HH, Shimazu T, Fukui K, Hattori A, Tanigaki F, Shirakawa M, Nakamura T, Yoshimura Y, Suzuki N, Ishioka N. Excellent Thermal Control Ability of Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) for Ground-Based Experiments and Experiments Onboard the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module of International Space Station. Biological Sciences in Space. 2012 2612-20. DOI: 10.2187/bss.26.12. | Impact Statement
Tanaka H, Shimazawa M, Kimura M, Takata M, Tsuruma K, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Hozumi I, Niwa J, Iguchi Y, Nikawa T, Sobue G, Inuzuka T, Hara H. The potential of GPNMB as novel neuroprotective factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Scientific Reports. 2012 August 13; 2(573): 11 pp. DOI: 10.1038/srep00573. | Impact Statement
Nishisho T, Yukata K, Matsui Y, Matsuura T, Higashino K, Suganuma K, Nikawa T, Yasui N. Angiogenesis and myogenesis in mouse tibialis anterior muscles during distraction osteogenesis: VEGF, its receptors, and myogenin genes expression. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2012 November; 30(11): 1767-1773. DOI: 10.1002/jor.22136. | Impact Statement
Kohno S, Yamashita Y, Abe T, Hirasaka K, Oarada M, Ohno A, Teshima-Kondo S, Higashibata A, Choi I, Mills EM, Okumura Y, Terao J, Nikawa T. Unloading stress disturbs muscle regeneration through perturbed recruitment and function of macrophages. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 March 1; 112(10): 1773-1782. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00103.2012. | Impact Statement
Lago CU, Nowinski SM, Rundhaug JE, Pfeiffer M, Kiguchi K, Hirasaka K, Yang X, Abramson EM, Bratton SB, Rho O, Colavitti R, Kenaston MA, Nikawa T, Trempus C, DiGiovanni J, Fischer SM, Mills EM. Mitochondrial respiratory uncoupling promotes keratinocyte differentiation and blocks skin carcinogenesis. Oncogene. 2012 January 23; 31(44): 4725-4731. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.630.PMID: 22266853. | Impact Statement
Oarada M, Tsuzuki T, Nikawa T, Kohno S, Hirasaka K, Gonoi T. Refeeding with a high-protein diet after a 48 h fast causes acute hepatocellular injury in mice. British Journal of Nutrition. 2012 May; 107(10): 1435-1444. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511004521.PMID: 21902856. | Impact Statement
Harada-Sukeno A, Kohno S, Nakao R, Hirasaka K, Higashibata A, Yamazaki TQ, Ishioka N, Suzuki HH, Shimazu T, Maita A, Okumura Y, Nikawa T. "Myo Lab": A JAXA Cell Biology Experiment in "Kibo (JEM)" of the International Space Station. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(4): 189-193. | Impact Statement
Uchida T, Sakashita Y, Kitahata K, Yamashita Y, Tomida C, Kimori Y, Komatsu A, Hirasaka K, Ohno A, Nakao R, Higashitani A, Higashibata A, Ishioka N, Shimazu T, Kobayashi T, Okumura Y, Choi I, Oarada M, Mills EM, Teshima-Kondo S, Takeda S, Tanaka E, Tanaka K, Sokabe M, Nikawa T. Reactive oxygen species up-regulate expression of muscle atrophy-associated ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2018 March 7; epub42 pp. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00184.2017.PMID: 29513566. | Impact Statement
The Molecular Muscle investigation examines the molecular causes of muscle abnormalities during spaceflight in order to establish effective countermeasures. Using the validated model organism C. elegans, combined with flight-validated methodologies, this experiment targets the molecular alterations that are most consistently correlated with muscular and metabolic abnormalities across species in spaceflight (i.e. insulin- and attachment-mediated signalling). The success of the interventions in recovering muscle health is assessed by successfully preventing the gene and protein expression changes that are repeatedly observed in spaceflight.
Publications
Pollard AK, Gaffney CJ, Deane CS, Balsamo M, Cooke M, Ellwood RA, Hewitt JE, Mierzwa BE, Mariani A, Vanapalli SA, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ. Molecular Muscle experiment: Hardware and operational lessons for future astrobiology space experiments. Astrobiology. 2020 April 8; 20(10): ast.2019.2181. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2181.PMID: 32267726. | Impact Statement
Gaffney CJ, Pollard AK, Deane CS, Cooke M, Balsamo M, Hewitt JE, Vanapalli SA, Szewczyk NJ, Etheridge T, Phillips B. Worms in space for outreach on Earth: Space life science activities for the classroom. Gravitational and Space Research. 2018 6(2): 74-82. DOI: 10.2478/GSR-2018-0011. | Impact Statement
Laranjeiro R, Harinath G, Pollard AK, Gaffney CJ, Deane CS, Vanapalli SA, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Driscoll M. Spaceflight affects neuronal morphology and alters transcellular degradation of neuronal debris in adult Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience. 2021 February 19; 24(2): 102105. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102105.PMID: 33659873. | Impact Statement
Sudevan S, Muto K, Higashitani N, Hashizume T, Higashibata A, Ellwood RA, Deane CS, Rahman M, Vanapalli SA, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Higashitani A. Loss of physical contact in space alters the dopamine system in C. elegans. iScience. 2022 February 18; 25(2): 103762. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103762.PMID: 35141505. | Impact Statement
The Molecular Muscle Experiment 2 (MME-2) uses a validated model organism, the C. elegans worm, to study human health changes in space. MME-2 tests a series of drugs to see if they can improve health in space, as well as if a specific molecule controls some of the health changes in space.
The Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) investigation is designed to continuously monitor, through a systematic survey, X-ray sources and variabilities as the International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth. Located at Equipment Exchange Unit (EER) site 1 on the Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility (JEF), MAXI is comprised of two highly sensitive X-ray detectors, the Gas Slit Camera (GSC) and the Solid-state Slit Camera (SSC). Besides the goal of performing a complete sky survey, this research helps to address fundamental astrophysics questions and allows researchers to better understand the current state and evolution of our Universe.
Publications
Katayama H, Tomida H, Matsuoka M, Tsunemi H, Miyata E, Kamiyama D, Nemes N. Development of the x-ray CCD cameras for the MAXI mission. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2005 a541350-356. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2005.01.075.
Ueno S, Tomida H, Isobe N, Katayama H, Kawasaki K, Yokota T, Kuramata N, Matsuoka M, Mihara T, Sakurai I, Nakajima M, Kohama M, Tsunemi H, Miyata E, Kawai N, Kataoka J, Serino Y, Yamamoto Y, Yoshida A, Negoro H. Development status and performance estimation of MAXI. UV and Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Systems. 2004 October 11; 5488197-208. DOI: 10.1117/12.550784.
Mihara T, Kawai N, Yoshida A, Sakurai I, Kamae T, Matsuoka M, Shirasaki Y, Sugizaki M, Yuan W, Tanaka I. Performance of the GSC engineering-counter for MAXI/ISS. X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy XII. 2002 January 31; 4497173-186. DOI: 10.1117/12.454222.
Kimura M, Tsunemi H, Tomida H, Sugizaki M, Ueno S, Hanayama T, Yoshidome K, Sasaki M. Is the cygnus superbubble a hypernova remnant?. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2013 February 25; 65(1): 14. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/65.1.14.
Ueda Y, Hiroi K, Isobe N, Hayashida M, Eguchi S, Sugizaki M, Kawai N, Tsunemi H, Mihara T, Matsuoka M, Ishikawa M, Kimura M, Kitayama H, Kohama M, Matsumura T, Morii M, Nakagawa YE, Nakahira S, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Serino M, Shidatsu M, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Suwa F, Toizumi T, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Ueno S, Usui R, Yamamoto T, Yamaoka K, Yamazaki K, Yoshida A. Revisit of local x-ray luminosity function of active galactic nuclei with the MAXI extragalactic survey. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(sp3): S937-S945. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S937.
Sugizaki M, Mihara T, Serino M, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka M, Kohama M, Tomida H, Ueno S, Kawai N, Morii M, Sugimori K, Nakahira S, Yamaoka K, Yoshida A, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Eguchi S, Isobe N, Ueda Y, Tsunemi H. In-orbit performance of MAXI Gas Slit Camera (GSC) on ISS. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(sp3): s635-s644. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S635.
Augusto CR, Kopenkin V, Navia CE, de Oliveira M, Tsui KH, Fauth AC, Sinzi T. Observation of a muon excess following a gamma-ray burst event detected at the International Space Station. Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology. 2013 May; 87(10): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.103003.
Maselli A, Melandri A, Nava L, Mundell CG, Kawai N, Campana S, Covino S, Cummings JR, Cusumano G, Evans PA, Ghirlanda G, Ghisellini G, Guidorzi C, Kobayashi S, Kuin NP, La Parola V, Mangano V, Oates S, Sakamoto T, Serino M, Virgili F, Zhang BB, Barthelmy SD, Beardmore AP, Bernardini MG, Bersier D, Burrows DN, Calderone G, Capalbi M, Chiang J, D'Avanzo P, D'Elia V, De Pasquale M, Fugazza D, Gehrels N, Gomboc A, Harrison R, Hanayama H, Japelj J, Kennea JA, Kopac D, Kouveliotou C, Kuroda D, Levan A, Malesani D, Marshall FE, Nousek J, O'Brien P, Osborne JP, Pagani C, Page KL, Page M, Perri M, Pritchard T, Romano P, Saito Y, Sbarufatti B, Salvaterra R, Steele I, Tanvir N, Vianello G, Weigand B, Wiersema K, Yatsu Y, Yoshii T, Tagliaferri G. GRB 130427A: A nearby ordinary monster. Science. 2014 January 3; 343(6166): 48-51. DOI: 10.1126/science.1242279.
Morii M, Tomida H, Kimura M, Suwa F, Negoro H, Serino M, Kennea JA, Page KL, Curran PA, Walter FM, Kuin NP, Pritchard T, Nakahira S, Hiroi K, Usui R, Kawai N, Osborne JP, Mihara T, Sugizaki M, Gehrels N, Kohama M, Kotani T, Matsuoka M, Nakajima M, Roming PW, Sakamoto T, Sugimori K, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueda Y, Ueno S, Yoshida A. Extraordinary luminous soft x-ray transient MAXI J0158–744 as an ignition of a nova on a very massive O-Ne white dwarf. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013 December 20; 779(2): 118. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/118.
Yamaoka K, Allured R, Kaaret P, Kennea JA, Kawaguchi T, Gandhi P, Shaposhnikov N, Ueda Y, Nakahira S, Kotani T, Negoro H, Takahashi I, Yoshida A, Kawai N, Sugita S. Combined spectral and timing analysis of the black hole candidate MAXI J1659-152 discovered by MAXI and Swift. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2012 April 25; 64(32): 15 pp. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/64.2.32.
Mihara T, Nakajima M, Sugizaki M, Serino M, Matsuoka M, Kohama M, Kawasaki K, Tomida H, Ueno S, Kawai N, Kataoka J, Morii M, Yoshida A, Yamaoka K, Nakahira S, Negoro H, Isobe N, Yamauchi M, Sakurai I. Gas Slit Camera (GSC) onboard MAXI on ISS. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(SP3): S623-S634. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S623.
Tomida H, Tsunemi H, Kimura M, Kitayama H, Matsuoka M, Ueno S, Kawasaki K, Katayama H, Miyaguchi K, Maeda K, Daikyuji A, Isobe N. Solid-state Slit Camera (SSC) on board MAXI. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 April 25; 63(2): 397-405. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.2.397.
Yamamoto T, Sugizaki M, Mihara T, Nakajima M, Yamaoka K, Matsuoka M, Morii M, Makishima K. Discovery of a Cyclotron Resonance Feature in the X-ray Spectrum of GX 304-1 with RXTE and Suzaku During Outbursts Detected by MAXI in 2010. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2010 November 25; 63(SP3): S751-S757. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S751.
Kennea JA, Romano P, Mangano V, Beardmore AP, Evans PA, Curran PA, Krimm HA, Yamaoka K. Swift Follow-up Observations of MAXI Discovered Galactic Transients. 4th International MAXI Workshop, Tokyo, Japan. 2011 January; 6 pp.
Hiroi K, Ueda Y, Isobe N, Hayashida M, Eguchi S, Sugizaki M, Kawai N, Tsunemi H, Matsuoka M, Mihara T, Yamaoka K, Ishikawa M, Kimura M, Kitayama H, Kohama M, Matsumura T, Morii M, Nakagawa YE, Nakahira S, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Serino M, Shidatsu M, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Suwa F, Toizumi T, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Ueno S, Usui R, Yamamoto T, Yamazaki K, Yoshida A. The First MAXI/GSC Catalog in the High Galactic-Latitude Sky. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(SP3): S677-S689. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S677.Also: Hiroi, Kazuo, Yoshihiro Ueda, Naoki Isobe, Masaaki Hayashida, and MAXI Team, ‘The First MAXI/GSC Catalog in the High-Galactic Latitude Sky’, in AIP Conference Proceedings (Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2012), mcdxxvii, 328–29 <https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3696227>.
Nakahira S, Yamaoka K, Sugizaki M, Ueda Y, Negoro H, Ebisawa K, Kawai N, Matsuoka M, Tsunemi H, Daikyuji A, Eguchi S, Hiroi K, Ishikawa M, Ishiwata R, Isobe N, Kawasaki K, Kimura M, Kohama M, Mihara T, Miyoshi S, Morii M, Nakagawa YE, Nakajima M, Ozawa H, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Suzuki M, Tomida H, Ueno S, Yamamoto T, Yoshida A. MAXI GSC observations of a spectral state transition in the black hole candidate XTE J1752–223. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2010 October 25; 62(5): L27-L32. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/62.5.L27.
Morii M, Sugizaki M, Kawai N, Serino M, Yamamoto T, Usui R, Daikyuji A, Ebisawa K, Eguchi S, Hiroi K, Ishikawa M, Isobe N, Kawasaki K, Kimura M, Kitayama H, Kohama M, Matsumura T, Matsuoka M, Mihara T, Nakagawa YE, Nakahira S, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Ozawa H, Shidatsu M, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Suwa F, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueda Y, Ueno S, Uzawa A, Yamaoka K, Yamazaki TQ, Yoshida A. MAXI GSC monitoring of the Crab nebula and pulsar during the GeV gamma-ray flare in September 2010. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(SP3): S821-S825. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S821.
Serino M, Yoshida A, Kawai N, Nakagawa YE, Mihara T, Ueda Y, Nakahira S, Eguchi S, Hiroi K, Ishikawa M, Isobe N, Kimura M, Kitayama H, Kohama M, Matsumura T, Matsuoka M, Morii M, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Shidatsu M, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Sugizaki M, Suwa F, Toizumi T, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueno S, Usui R, Yamamoto T, Yamaoka K, Yamauchi M, Yamazaki K. Peculiarly Narrow SED of GRB 090926B with MAXI and Fermi/GBM. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(SP3): S1035-S1040. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S1035.
Uzawa A, Tsuboi Y, Morii M, Yamazaki K, Kawai N, Matsuoka M, Nakahira S, Serino M, Matsumura T, Mihara T, Tomida H, Ueda Y, Sugizaki M, Ueno S, Daikyuji A, Ebisawa K, Eguchi S, Hiroi K, Ishikawa M, Isobe N, Kawasaki K, Kimura M, Kitayama H, Kohama M, Kotani T, Nakagawa YE, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Ozawa H, Shidatsu M, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Suwa F, Tsunemi H, Usui R, Yamamoto T, Yamaoka K, Yoshida A. A Large X-ray Flare from a Single Weak-lined T Tauri Star TWA-7 Detected with MAXI GSC. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(SP3): S713-S716. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S713.
Shidatsu M, Ueda Y, Nakahira S, Negoro H, Yamaoka K, Sugizaki M, Hiroi K, Kawai N, Mihara T, Matsuoka M, Kimura M, Ishikawa M, Isobe N, Kitayama H, Kohama M, Matsumura T, Morii M, Nakagawa YE, Nakajima M, Serino M, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Suwa F, Toizumi T, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueno S, Usui R, Yamamoto T, Yamazaki K, Yoshida A. Long-term Monitoring of the Black Hole Binary GX 339-4 in the High/Soft State during the 2010 Outburst with MAXI/GSC. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 November 25; 63(SP3): S803-S811. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S803.
Morii M, Kawai N, Usui R, Sugimori K, Sugizaki M, Mihara T, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka M. MAXI Monitoring of Crab Pulsar during the GeV Gamma-ray Flare on September 2010. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 July 20; 302(1): 012062. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/302/1/012062.Also: Morii, Mikio, Mutsumi Sugizaki, Nobuyuki Kawai, Motoko Serino, Takayuki Yamamoto, Ryuichi Usui, and others, ‘MAXI GSC Monitoring of the Crab Nebula and Pulsar During the GeV Gamma-ray Flare in September 2010’, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 63 (2011), S821–S825 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S821.
Nakahira S, Koyama S, Ueda Y, Yamaoka K, Sugizaki M, Mihara T, Matsuoka M, Yoshida A, Makishima K, Ebisawa K, Kubota A, Yamada S, Negoro H, Hiroi K, Ishikawa M, Kawai N, Kimura M, Kitayama H, Kohama M, Matsumura T, Morii M, Nakajima M, Serino M, Shidatsu M, Sootome T, Sugimori K, Suwa F, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueno S, Usui R, Yamamoto T, Yamazaki K, Tashiro MS, Terada Y, Seta H. A Spectral Study of the Black Hole Candidate XTE J1752-223 in the High/Soft State with MAXI, Suzaku and Swift. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2012 February 25; 64(1): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/64.1.13.
Matsuoka M, Suzuki M, Kawasaki K, Ueno S, Tomida H, Adachi Y, Ishikawa M, Itamoto Y, Takahashi D, Katayama H, Ebisawa K, Mihara T, Kohama M, Sugizaki M, Nakagawa YE, Yamamoto T, Tsunemi H, Kimura M, Kawai N, Morii M, Sugimori K, Yoshida A, Yamaoka K, Nakahira S, Takahashi I, Negoro H, Nakajima M, Ishiwata R, Miyoshi S, Ozawa H, Ueda Y, Isobe N, Eguchi S, Hiroi K, Yamauchi M, Daikyuji A. The First Light from MAXI onboard JEM (Kibo) EF on ISS. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings. 2010 1248531-536. DOI: 10.1063/1.3475334.
Isobe N, Sugimori K, Kawai N, Ueda Y, Negoro H, Sugizaki M, Matsuoka M, Daikyuji A, Eguchi S, Hiroi K, Ishikawa M, Ishiwata R, Kawasaki K, Kimura M, Kohama M, Mihara T, Miyoshi S, Morii M, Nakagawa YE, Nakahira S, Nakajima M, Ozawa H, Sootome T, Suzuki M, Tomida H, Tsunemi H, Ueno S, Yamamoto T, Yamaoka K, Yoshida A. Bright X-ray flares from the BL Lac object Mrk 421, detected with MAXI in 2010 January and February. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2010 December 25; 62(6): 55-60. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/62.6.L55.
Matsuoka M, Sugizaki M, Tsuboi Y, Yamazaki K, Matsumura T, Mihara T, Serino M, Nakahira S, Yamamoto T, Ueno S, Negoro H. A contribution of stellar flares to the GRXE - based on MAXI observations. 11th Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting 2011 NARIT Conference Series, Palo Alto, California. 2011 July 20-22; 1427294. DOI: 10.1063/1.3696210.
Usui R, Kawai N, Morii M, Sugimori K, Mihara T, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka M. Outburst of LS V+44 17 Observed by MAXI and RXTE, and Discovery of a Dip Structure in the Pulse Profile. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 July 20; 302(1): 012061. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/302/1/012061.Also: Usui, R., M. Morii, N. Kawai, T. Yamamoto, T. Mihara, M. Sugizaki, and others, ‘Outburst of LSV+44 17 Observed by MAXI and RXTE, and Discovery of a Dip Structure in the Pulse Profile’, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 64 (2012), 79–79 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pasj/64.4.79.
Burrows DN, Kennea JA, Ghisellini G, Mangano V, Zhang BB, Page KL, Eracleous M, Romano P, Sakamoto T, Falcone AD, Osborne JP, Campana S, Beardmore AP, Breeveld AA, Chester MM, Corbet R, Covino S, Cummings JR, D'Avanzo P, D'Elia V, Esposito P, Evans PA, Fugazza D, Gelbord JM, Hiroi K, Holland ST, Huang KY, Im M, Israel G, Jeon YJ, Jeon YB, Jun HD, Kawai N, Kim JH, Krimm HA, Marshall FE, Meszaros P, Negoro H, Omodei N, Park WK, Perkins JS, Sugizaki M, Sung HI, Tagliaferri G, Troja E, Ueda Y, Urata Y, Usui R, Antonelli LA, Barthelmy SD, Cusumano G, Giommi P, Melandri A, Perri M, Racusin JL, Sbarufatti B, Siegel MH, Gehrels N. Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole. Nature. 2011 August 25; 476421-424. DOI: 10.1038/nature10374.
Kimura M, Isogai K, Kato T, Ueda Y, Nakahira S, Shidatsu M, Enoto T. Repetitive patterns in rapid optical variations in the nearby black-hole binary V404 Cygni. Nature. 2016 January 7; 529(7584): 54-58. DOI: 10.1038/nature16452. | Impact Statement
Tsunemi H, Tomida H, Katayama H, Kimura M, Daikyuji A, Miyaguchi K, Maeda K. In-orbit performance of the MAXI/SSC onboard the ISS. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2011 January 29; 62(6): 1371-1379. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/62.6.1371.
Tomida H, Uchida D, Tsunemi H, Imatani R, Kimura M, Nakahira S, Hanayama T, Yoshidome K. The first MAXI/SSC catalog of X-ray sources in 0.7–7.0 keV. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2016 June 1; 68(SP1): 15 pp. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psw006. | Impact Statement
Negoro H, Kohama M, Serino M, Saito H, Takahashi T, Miyoshi S, Ozawa H, Suwa F, Asada M, Fukushima K, Eguchi S, Kawai N, Kennea JA, Mihara T, Morii M, Nakahira S, Ogawa Y, Sugawara A, Tomida H, Ueno S, Ishikawa M, Isobe N, Kawamuro T, Kimura M, Masumitsu T, Nakagawa YE, Nakajima M, Sakamoto T, Shidatsu M, Sugizaki M, Sugimoto J, Suzuki K, Takagi T, Tanaka K, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueda Y, Yamaoka K, Yamauchi M, Yoshida A, Matsuoka M. The MAXI/GSC Nova-Alert System and results of its first 68 months. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2016 June 1; 68(SP1): 24 pp. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psw016. | Impact Statement
Matsuoka M, Kawasaki K, Ueno S, Tomida H, Kohama M, Ishikawa M, Katayama H, Suzuki M, Miyakawa T, Mihara T, Isobe N, Tsunemi H, Miyata E, Negoro H, Nakajima M, Kawai N, Kataoka J, Yoshida A, Yamaoka K, Morii M. An overview of MAXI onboard JEM-EF of the International Space Station. UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XV, San Diego, CA. 2007 August 26; 6686668611.1-668611.9. DOI: 10.1117/12.731076. | Impact Statement
Matsuoka M, Kawasaki K, Ueno S, Tomida H, Kohama M, Suzuki M, Adachi Y, Ishikawa M, Mihara T, Sugizaki M, Isobe N, Nakagawa YE, Tsunemi H, Miyata E, Kawai N, Kataoka J, Morii M, Yoshida A, Negoro H, Nakajima M, Ueda Y, Chujo H, Yamaoka K, Yamazaki O, Nakahira S, You T, Ishiwata R, Miyoshi S, Eguchi S, Hiroi K, Katayama H, Ebisawa K. The MAXI mission on the ISS: Science and instruments for Monitoring All-Sky X-Ray Image. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2009 October; 61(5): 999-1010. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/61.5.999.
Miller JM, Gendreau KC, Ludlam RM, Fabian AC, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Cackett EM, Homan J, Kara E, Neilsen J, Remillard RA, Tombesi F. A NICER spectrum of MAXI J1535–571: Near-maximal black hole spin and potential disk warping. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2018 June 25; 860(2): L28. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aacc61. | Impact Statement
Shidatsu M, Nakahira S, Yamada S, Kawamuro T, Ueda Y, Negoro H, Murata KL. X-ray, optical, and near-infrared monitoring of the new x-ray transient MAXI J1820+070 in the low/hard state. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 868(1): 54. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae929. | Impact Statement
Kara E, Steiner JF, Fabian AC, Cackett EM, Uttley P, Remillard RA, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Altamirano D, Eikenberry S, Enoto T, Homan J, Neilsen J, Stevens AL. The corona contracts in a black-hole transient. Nature. 2019 January 9; 565(7738): 198-201. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0803-x. | Impact Statement
Nakahira S, Shidatsu M, Makishima K, Ueda Y, Yamaoka K, Mihara T, Negoro H, Kawase T, Kawai N, Morita K. Discovery and state transitions of the new Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J1535−571. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2018 October 1; 70(5): 14 pp. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psy093. | Impact Statement
Phillipson RA, Boyd PT, Smale AP. The chaotic long-term X-ray variability of 4U 1705–44. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2018 July 11; 477(4): 5220-5237. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty970. | Impact Statement
Sugita S, Kawai N, Nakahira S, Negoro H, Serino M, Mihara T, Yamaoka K, Nakajima M. MAXI upper limits of the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2018 August 1; 70(4): 81. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psy076. | Impact Statement
Gotthelf EV, Halpern JP, Alford J, Mihara T, Negoro H, Kawai N, Dai S, Lower M, Johnston S, Bailes M, Oslowski S, Camilo F, Miyasaka H, Madsen KK. THE 2018 X-RAY AND RADIO OUTBURST OF MAGNETAR XTE J1810−197. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 April; 874(2): L25. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab101a. | Impact Statement
Hoang J, Molina E, Lopez M, Ribo M, Blanch O, Cortina J, Maier G, Park N, de Naurois M, de Ona Wilhelmi E, Ernenwein JP, Malyshev D, Mitchell A, Ohm S, Zanin R. Multi-wavelength observation of MAXI J1820+070 with MAGIC, VERITAS and H.E.S.S.. 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Madison, WI. 2019 July 24; 8 pp. | Impact Statement
Ueno H, Nakahira S, Kataoka R, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Ozawa S, Matsumoto H, Bruno A, de Nolfo GA, Collazuol G, Ricciarini SB. Radiation dose during relativistic electron precipitation events at the International Space Station. Space Weather. 2020 July; 18(7): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1029/2019SW002280. | Impact Statement
Gorgone NM, Kouveliotou C, Negoro H, Wijers RA, Bozzo E, Bult PM, Huppenkothen D, Gogus E, Bahramian A, Kennea JA, Linford JD, Miller-Jones JC, Baring MG, Beniamini P, Chakrabarty D, Granot J, Hailey C, Harrison FA, Hartmann DH, Iwakiri WB, Kaper L, Kara E, Mazzola SM, Murata KL, Stern D, Tomsick JA, van der Horst AJ, Younes GA. Discovery and identification of MAXI J1621–501 as a Type I X-Ray burster with a super-orbital period. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 October; 884(2): 168. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3e43. | Impact Statement
Kataoka R, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Nakahira S, Ueno H, Miyake S, Miyoshi Y, Kurita S, Shoji M, Kasahara Y, Ozaki M, Matsuda S, Matsuoka A, Kasaba Y, Shinohara I, Hosokawa K, Uchida HA, Murase K, Tanaka Y. Plasma waves causing relativistic electron precipitation events at International Space Station: Lessons from conjunction observations with Arase satellite. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2020 August 14; 125(9): e2020JA027875. DOI: 10.1029/2020JA027875. | Impact Statement
Shang JR, Debnath D, Chatterjee D, Jana A, Chakrabarti SK, Chang HK, Yap YX, Chiu CL. Evolution of X-ray properties of MAXI J1535-571: Analysis with the TCAF solution. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 April 8; 875(1): 4. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0c1e. | Impact Statement
Jana A, Debnath D, Chatterjee D, Chatterjee K, Chakrabarti SK, Naik S, Bhowmick R, Kumari N. Accretion flow evolution of a new black hole candidate MAXI J1348–630 during the 2019 outburst. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 June; 897(1): 3. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab9696. | Impact Statement
Tominaga M, Nakahira S, Shidatsu M, Oeda M, Ebisawa K, Sugawara Y, Negoro H, Kawai N, Sugizaki M, Ueda Y, Mihara T. Discovery of the black hole X-ray binary transient MAXI J1348–630. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 August; 899(1): L20. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abaaaa. | Impact Statement
Zhang L, Altamirano D, Cuneo VA, Alabarta K, Enoto T, Homan J, Remillard RA, Uttley P, Vincentelli FM, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Gendreau KC, Markwardt CB, Sanna A, Strohmayer TE, Steiner JF, Basak A, Neilsen J, Tombesi F. NICER observations reveal that the X-ray transient MAXI J1348−630 is a black hole X-ray binary. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 October 22; 499(1): 851-861. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2842. | Impact Statement
Sasaki R, Tsuboi Y, Iwakiri WB, Nakahira S, Maeda Y, Gendreau KC, Corcoran MF, Hamaguchi K, Arzoumanian Z, Markwardt CB, Enoto T, Sato T, Kawai H, Mihara T, Shidatsu M, Negoro H, Serino M. The RS CVn–type star GT Mus shows most energetic X-Ray flares throughout the 2010s. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 March; 910(1): 25. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abde38. | Impact Statement
Shidatsu M, Iwakiri WB, Negoro H, Mihara T, Ueda Y, Kawai N, Nakahira S, Kennea JA, Evans PA, Gendreau KC, Enoto T, Tombesi F. The peculiar X-ray transient Swift J0840.7−3516: An unusual low-mass X-ray binary or a tidal disruption event?. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 April 6; 910(2): 144. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abe6a1. | Impact Statement
Carotenuto F, Corbel S, Tremou E, Russell TD, Tzioumis A, Fender RP, Woudt PA, Motta SE, Miller-Jones JC, Chauhan J, Tetarenko AJ, Sivakoff GR, Heywood I, Horesh A, van der Horst AJ, Koerding E, Mooley KP. The black hole transient MAXI J1348–630: Evolution of the compact and transient jets during its 2019/2020 outburst. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 March 26; (stab864): 27pp. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab864. | Impact Statement
Liu H, Huang Y, Xiao G, Bu Q, Qu J, Zhang S, Zhang S, Jial S. Timing analysis of the black hole candidate EXO 1846–031 with Insight-HXMT monitoring. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2021 April; 21(3): 070. DOI: 10.1088/1674-4527/21/3/70. | Impact Statement
Dagoneau N, Schanne S, Rodriguez J, Atteia J, Cordier B. Onboard catalogue of known X-ray sources for SVOM/ECLAIRs. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2021 January 1; 645A18. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038995. | Impact Statement
Deka K, Shah Z, Misra R, Ahmed GA. The long-term X-ray flux distribution of Cygnus X-1 using RXTE-ASM and MAXI observations. Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. 2021 August 1; 3123-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jheap.2021.04.001. | Impact Statement
Leahy D, Wang Y. The 35-day cycle of Hercules X-1 in multiple energy bands from MAXI and Swift/BAT monitoring. Universe. 2021 June; 7(6): 160. DOI: 10.3390/universe7060160. | Impact Statement
Ravishankar BT, Vaishali S, Bhattacharya D, Ramadevi MC, Sarwade A, Seetha S. AstroSat/SSM data pipeline. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 2021 June 26; 42(2): 56. DOI: 10.1007/s12036-021-09729-z. | Impact Statement
Imazato F, Sasada M, Uemura M, Fukazawa Y, Takahashi H, Nakaoka T, Akitaya H, Kawabata KS, Akimoto M, Fujisawa K. Origins of the long-term variability of the near-infrared emission of the black hole X-Ray binary GRS 1915+105 in the X-Ray low luminous state. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 August; 916(2): 114. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac07a3. | Impact Statement
Iwakiri WB, Serino M, Mihara T, Gu L, Yamaguchi H, Shidatsu M, Makishima K. Discovery of a strong 6.6 keV emission feature from EXO 1745−248 after the superburst in 2011 October. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2021 August 28; (psab085): 13pp. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psab085. | Impact Statement
Bu Q, Zhang S, Santangelo A, Belloni TM, Zhang L, Qu J, Tao L, Huang Y, Ma X, Li ZS, Zhang S, Chen L. Broadband variability study of Maxi J1631-479 in its hard-intermediate state observed with Insight-HXMT. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 October 1; 919(2): 92. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac11f5. | Impact Statement
Athulya MP, Radhika D, Agrawal VK, Ravishankar BT, Naik S, Mandal S, Nandi A. Unravelling the foretime of GRS 1915+105 using AstroSat observations: Wide-band spectral and temporal characteristics. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 February 21; 510(2): 3019-3038. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab3614. | Impact Statement
Mandal M, Pal S. Study of timing and spectral properties of the X-ray pulsar 1A 0535+262 during the giant outburst in 2020 November–December. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 March 21; 511(1): 1121-1130. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac111. | Impact Statement
Li ZS, Pan YY, Falanga M. Discovery of transition from marginally stable burning to unstable burning after a superburst in Aql X-1. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 October; 920(1): 35. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac1f15.
Pike SN, Negoro H, Tomsick JA, Bachetti M, Brumback M, Connors RM, Garcia JA, Grefenstette BW, Hare J, Harrison FA, Jaodand A, Ludlam RM, Mastroserio G, Mihara T, Shidatsu M, Sugizaki M, Takagi R. MAXI and NuSTAR observations of the faint X-ray transient MAXI J1848-015 in the GLIMPSE-C01 cluster. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March 10; 927(2): 190. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5258. | Impact Statement
Shidatsu M, kobayashi K, Negoro H, Iwakiri WB, Nakahira S, Ueda Y, Mihara T, Enoto T, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Pope JS, Trout B, Okajima T, Soong Y. Discovery and long-term broadband X-ray monitoring of galactic black hole candidate MAXI J1803–298. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March 11; 927(2): 151. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac517b. | Impact Statement
Wang Y, Leahy D. The evolution of the orbital lightcurve of Hercules X-1 with 35 day phase. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March 10; 927(2): 143. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac496f.
Maccarone TJ, Degenaar N, Tetarenko BE, Heinke CO, Wijnands R, Sivakoff GR. On the recurrence times of neutron star X-ray binary transients and the nature of the Galactic Centre quiescent X-ray binaries. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 May 11; 512(2): 2365-2370. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac506.
Bhuvana GR, Radhika D, Nandi A. Multi-mission view of extragalactic black hole X-ray binaries LMC X-1 and LMC X-3: Evolution of broadband spectral features. Advances in Space Research. 2022 January 1; 69(1): 483-498. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2021.09.036.
Hori T, Shidatsu M, Ueda Y, Kawamuro T, Morii M, Nakahira S, Isobe N, Kawai N, Mihara T, Matsuoka M, Morita T, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Oda S, Sakamoto T, Serino M, Sugizaki M, Tanimoto A, Tomida H, Tsuboi H, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueno S, Yamaoka K, Yamada S, Yoshida A, Iwakiri WB, Kawakubo Y, Sugawara Y, Sugita S, Tachibana Y, Yoshii T. The 7-year MAXI/GSC source catalog of the low-Galactic-latitude sky (3MAXI). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2018 February; 235(1): 7. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaa89c. | Impact Statement
Kawamuro T, Ueda Y, Shidatsu M, Hori T, Morii M, Nakahira S, Isobe N, Kawai N, Mihara T, Matsuoka M, Morita T, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Oda S, Sakamoto T, Serino M, Sugizaki M, Tanimoto A, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueno S, Yamaoka K, Yamada S, Yoshida A, Iwakiri WB, Kawakubo Y, Sugawara Y, Sugita S, Tachibana Y, Yoshii T. The 7-year MAXI/GSC X-Ray source catalog in the high Galactic latitude sky (3MAXI). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2018 October; 238(2): 32. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aad1ef. | Impact Statement
Sugizaki M, Mihara T, kobayashi K, Negoro H, Shidatsu M, Pike SN, Iwakiri WB, Urabe S, Serino M, Kawai N, Nakajima M, Kennea JA, Liu Z. Discovery of a new supergiant fast X-ray transient MAXI J0709−159 associated with the Be star LY Canis Majoris. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2022 July 28; epubpsac059. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psac059. | Impact Statement
Wang S, Kawai N, Shidatsu M, Murata KL, Hosokawa R, Hanayama H, Horiuchi T, Morihana K. Multi-wavelength studies of the X-ray binary MAXI J1727−203: constraining system parameters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 June 2; stac1503. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1503. | Impact Statement
Rodi J, Jourdain E, Roques JP. MAXI J1535–571 2017 outburst seen by INTEGRAL/SPI and investigating the origin of its hard tail. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 August 1; 935(1): 25. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7fff.
Hiroi K, Ueda Y, Hayashida M, Shidatsu M, Sato R, Kawamuro T, Sugizaki M, Nakahira S, Serino M, Kawai N, Matsuoka M, Mihara T, Morii M, Nakajima M, Negoro H, Sakamoto T, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsunemi H, Ueno S, Yamaoka K, Yoshida A, Asada M, Eguchi S, Hanayama T, Higa M, Ishikawa K, Ishikawa M, Isobe N, Kohama M, Kimura M, Morihana K, Nakagawa YE, Nakano Y, Nishimura Y, Ogawa Y, Sasaki M, Sugimoto J, Takagi T, Usui R, Yamamoto T, Yamauchi M, Yoshidome K. The 37 month MAXI/GSC source catalog of the high galactic-latitude sky. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2013 August 1; 207(2): 36. DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/207/2/36.
Monitoring Group Activity by Crewmembers During Spaceflight (Vzaimodeistvie (Interaction)) obtains new data on interpersonal interaction and behavioral patterns of the ISS crews during long-term spaceflight. Results are used to improve the ability of future crew members to interact safely and effectively with each other and ground support personnel. The results may also be used to improve methods for crew selection, training, and inflight support.
Publications
Suedfeld P, Brcic J, Johnson PJ, Gushin VI. Coping strategies during and after spaceflight:: Data from retired cosmonauts. Acta Astronautica. 2015 May; 11043-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.12.011.
Vinokhodova AG, Gushin VI, Yusupova AK, Suedfeld P, Johnson PJ. Retrospective Analysis of Interpersonal Perception and Values of Experienced Cosmonauts - Members of Multinational Missions to the Orbital Stations Mir and the ISS. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2017 May 30; 51(5): 22-30. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-22-30.Russian.
Brcic J, Suedfeld P, Johnson PJ, Huynh T, Gushin VI. Humor as a coping strategy in spaceflight. Acta Astronautica. 2018 November; 152175-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.07.039.Also: 68th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), IAC-17-A1.1.3, Adelaide, Australia, 25-29 September 2017.. | Impact Statement
Johnson PJ, Asmaro D, Suedfeld P, Gushin VI. Thematic content analysis of work – family interactions: Retired cosmonauts’ reflections. Acta Astronautica. 2012 December; 81(1): 306-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.07.032.also presented during the 62nd IAC in Cape Town.
Suedfeld P, Brcic J, Johnson PJ, Gushin VI. Personal growth following long-duration spaceflight. Acta Astronautica. 2012 October; 79118-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.039.
Vinokhodova AG, Gushin VI. Study of values and interpersonal perception in cosmonauts on board of International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2014 January; 93359-365. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.026.Also: presented during the 63rd IAC in Naples..
Monitoring Seismic Effects—Bursts of High-Energy Particles in Near-Earth Space (Vsplesk) studies seismo-magnetospheric phenomena that were discovered in recent years and are linked to a correlative dependence between the dynamics of fluxes of high-energy, charged particles in near-Earth space and seismic activity. One of the most significant directions for geophysical experiments today is the search for credible and sufficiently reliable signs of catastrophic seismic phenomena that will lead to a future method for predicting earthquakes and other emergency situations
Publications
Aleksandrin SY, Galper A, Koldashov SV. The study of local perturbations in the radiation belt in the Arina and Vsplesk satellite experiments. 31st All-Russian Conference on Cosmic Rays, Moscow, Russia. 2010
Koldashov SV. Capabilities of the Arina-Vsplesk two-satellite equipment complex in recording cosmic harbingers of earthquakes. Scientific Session НИЯУ МИФИ-2009, Moscow, Russia. 2009 2169.
Aleksandrin SY, Koldashov SV. Monitoring local perturbations in the radiation belt using data from the Arina and Vsplesk experiments. Scientific Session НИЯУ МИФИ-2010, Moscow, Russia. 2010 2293.
Aleksandrin SY, Koldashov SV. Monitoring local perturbations in the radiation belt using data from the Arina and Vsplesk experiments. Scientific Session НИЯУ МИФИ-2010, Moscow, Russia. 2010 4131-135.
Ulitin AA, Koldashov SV. Analyzing data from satellite experiments using the .NET program platform. Scientific session НИЯУ МИФИ-2011, Moscow, Russia. 2011 2104.
Aleksandrin SY, Bakaldin AV, Batischev AG, Bzheumikhova MA, Galper AM, Koldashov SV, Ulitin AA, Sharonova ND. Local disturbances of lightning and seismic origin in the radiation belt. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2013 May; 77(5): 578-580. DOI: 10.3103/S1062873813050043.
The Monitoring the Cellular Immunity by In Vitro Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Assay on the ISS (Immunity Assay) investigation aims to monitor the impact of spaceflight stressors on cellular immune functions in a blood sample, with the help of a functional immune test. Up until now, this test could only accomplished on Earth, and conducted pre- and postflight. With the help of a newly developed assay tube, researchers can also execute this test inflight, which allows for a much clearer assessment of the immune changes that happen in flight.
Monitoring the state of the ISS RS inherent external atmosphere and exterior working surfaces, and diagnosis of the performance of materials and coatings used aboard the space station (Kontrol) tests methods to monitor ISS RS environmental orbital conditions. It tests methods to monitor ISS RS environmental orbital conditions. It also refines the physical and mathematical model of the ISS RS inherent external atmosphere based on the results obtained from inherent external atmosphere parameter measurements.
Monoclonal antibodies are important in treating a wide range of human diseases, including cancer. Monoclonal Antibody Crystallization (CASIS PCG 20) crystallizes in microgravity a monoclonal antibody, pembrolizumab, which has proven effective in treating multiple cancers. Scientists analyze protein crystals to learn how biological molecules are arranged and how they work in the body. The ability to grow extremely high-quality crystals in microgravity allows analyses that could improve drug delivery methods as well as manufacturing processes and storage.
Monoclonal Antibody Stability in Microgravity-Formulation Study (CASIS PCG 19) examines the stability of monoclonal antibody formulations in microgravity. These formulations degrade over time and sometimes must be discarded, increasing cost and limiting the parts of the world where patients can benefit from them. Storing formulations in microgravity may reveal processes that lead to degradation and, ultimately, to methods for slowing it down.
Moon Gallery evaluates the performance of a single-board computer platform with a high-quality camera in the space station’s radiation environment. Photos and videos taken with the camera become part of an art installation known as the Moon Gallery. The camera could be used in future space platforms and science hardware.
If a spacecraft loses communication with the ground or with NASA’s Deep Space Network, its crew must navigate just as ancient mariners did, using the moon and stars. The Moon Imagery investigation collects pictures of the moon from the International Space Station (ISS), which are then used to calibrate navigation software to guide the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle in case its transponder-based navigation capability is lost. Crew members photograph the moon’s phases during one 29-day cycle, providing images of varying brightness to calibrate Orion’s camera software.
Morehead State University Cosmic X-Ray Background Nanosatellite (CXBN-2) is a second-generation nanosatellite that refines critical measurements for explaining the origin of the Universe. It uses an advanced materials detector system, a novel instrument configuration and a detector array twice the size of that used by the preceding CXBN mission. Data collected by the instrument minimizes critical uncertainties in subtle signals left over from the Big Bang and may clarify other sources of interstellar radiation as well. The instrument collects data for a year’s time and enlists the help of citizen scientists and K-12 groups in satellite tracking.
Motion Perception: Vestibular Adaptation to G-Transitions (MOP) will provide insight in the process of vestibular adaptation to a gravity transition. Adaptation will be assessed by rating motion perception as a result of body movements. MOP will also correlate susceptibility to space adaptation syndrome (SAS) with susceptibility to sickness induced by centrifugation (SIC). The experimental results will allow the team to establish the time course of the adaptation process and thereby set a further step in the determination of key parameters in vestibular adaptation.
Publications
Mert A, Bles W, Nooij SA. Hyperventilation in a motion sickness desensitization program. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2007 May; 78(5): 505-509. | Impact Statement
Nooij SA, Bos JE, Groen EL, Bles W, Ockels WJ. Space sickness on earth. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 113-117. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919464. | Impact Statement
Nooij SA, Vanspauwen R, Bos JE, Wuyts FL. A re-investigation of the role of utricular asymmetries in Space Motion Sickness. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2011 21(3): 141-151. DOI: 10.3233/VES-2011-0400.PMID: 21558639. | Impact Statement
Bles W, Bos JE, de Graaf B, Groen EL, Wertheim AH. Motion sickness: Only one provocative conflict?. Brain Research Bulletin. 1998 November 15; 47(5): 481-487. DOI: 10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00115-4.
Bles W, de Graaf B, Bos JE, Groen EL, Krol JR. A sustained hypergravity load as a tool to simulate space sickness. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 1997 41-4.
Groen EL, Bos JE, de Graaf B. Contribution of the otoliths to the human torsional vestibulo-ocular reflex. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 1999 927-36.
Bles W, de Graaf B. Postural consequences of long duration centrifugation. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 1993 387-95.
Bles W, van Raay JL. Pre- and postflight (D-1) postural control in tilting environments. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1988 4213-17.
Ockels WJ, Furrer R, Messerschmid E. Simulation of space adaptation syndrome on earth. Experimental Brain Research. 1990 79(3): 661-663.
The Mouse Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Priming and Memory Response during Spaceflight (Mouse Immunology) investigation studies specific mechanisms of immune system activation, and whether immune system cells exposed to challenges before flight retain the "memory" to fight challenges during space flight. Space Explorers on future long-duration space missions may require preflight vaccinations or other precautions to prevent infection during space travel if immune memory is not retained.
Publications
Hughes-Fulford M. Physiological effects of microgravity on osteoblast morphology and cell biology. Advances in Space Biology and Medicine. 2002 8129-157. DOI: 10.1016/S1569-2574(02)08017-6.
Hughes-Fulford M. Function of the cytoskeleton in gravisensing during spaceflight. Advances in Space Research. 2003 32(8): 1585-93. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90399-1.
Boonyaratanakornkit JB, Cogoli A, Li CF, Schopper T, Pippia P, Galleri G, Meloni MA, Hughes-Fulford M. Key gravity-sensitive signaling pathways drive T cell activation. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2005 October 6; 19(14): 2020-2. DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-3778fje.
Hughes-Fulford M. The role of signaling pathways in osteoblast gravity perception. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2002 9(1): 257-260.
Zhao L, Tanjung N, Swarnkar G, Ledet E, Yokota H. Regulation of eIF2α phosphorylation in hindlimb-unloaded and STS-135 space-flown mice. Advances in Space Research. 2012 50(5): 576-583. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.05.024. | Impact Statement
Stabley JN, Dominguez, II JM, Dominguez CE, Mora Solis FR, Ahlgren J, Chapes SK, Muller-Delp JM, Pecaut MJ. Spaceflight Reduces Vasoconstrictor Responsiveness of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Arteries in Mice. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 11/01/2012; 113(9): 1439-1445. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00772.2012. | Impact Statement
Blaber EA, Dvorochkin N, Lee C, Alwood JS, Yousuf R, Pianetta P, Globus RK, Burns BP, Almeida EA. Microgravity induces pelvic bone loss through osteoclastic activity, osteocytic osteolysis, and osteoblastic cell cycle inhibition by CDKN1a/p21. PLOS ONE. 2013 April 18; 8(4): e61372. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061372. | Impact Statement
Martinez EM, Yoshida MC, Candelario TT, Hughes-Fulford M. Spaceflight and simulated microgravity cause a significant reduction of key gene expression in early T-cell activation. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2015 January 7; epubDOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00449.2014.PMID: 25568077.
Chang TT, Spurlock SM, Candelario TT, Grenon SM, Hughes-Fulford M. Spaceflight impairs antigen-specific tolerance induction in vivo and increases inflammatory cytokines. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2015 June 17; 29(10): 4122-4132. DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275073.PMID: 26085131. | Impact Statement
Blaber EA, Dvorochkin N, Torres ML, Yousuf R, Burns BP, Globus RK, Almeida EA. Mechanical unloading of bone in microgravity reduces mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration. Stem Cell Research. 2014 September; 13(2): 181-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.05.005.PMID: 25011075. | Impact Statement
Hughes-Fulford M, Rodenacker K, Jutting U. Reduction of anabolic signals and alteration of osteoblast nuclear morphology in microgravity. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2006 99435-449. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20883.
Kumar A, Tahimic CG, Almeida EA, Globus RK. Spaceflight modulates the expression of key oxidative stress and cell cycle related genes in heart. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 August 23; 22(16): 9088. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169088.PMID: 34445793. | Impact Statement
Sultemeier DR, Choy KR, Schweizer FE, Hoffman LF. Spaceflight-induced synaptic modifications within hair cells of the mammalian utricle. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2017 June 1; 117(6): 2163-2178. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00240.2016.PMID: 28228581. | Impact Statement
Siamwala JH, Macias BR, Healey RM, Bennett B, Hargens AR. Spaceflight-associated vascular remodeling and gene expression in mouse calvaria. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022 May 13; 13893025. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893025.
The Multi Needle Langmuir Probe (m-NLP) is an instrument designed for monitoring ionospheric plasma densities, and must be deployed in the ionosphere in order to collect required data. The International Space Station (ISS) is the perfect host for this instrument, since it orbits near the peak plasma density of the ionosphere. The m-NLP gathers valuable data from the equatorial and mid-latitude ionosphere allowing the study of dynamical processes in unprecedented detail.
Prolonged exposure to microgravity reduces the number and size of fibers in skeletal muscles and understanding how this happens is vital to future long-term space exploration. Multidisciplinary Approach to Analysis of the Functional Alterations Induced by Microgravity in Human Satellite Cells and Study of Possible Countermeasures (MYOGRAVITY) looks at molecular, cellular and functional changes in satellite cells, which are adult stem cells involved in the growth, maintenance and repair of skeletal muscle tissue. It also investigates the possible role of a particular gene, IGF-1, in counteracting these microgravity-induced muscle changes.
Publications
Di Filippo ES, Chiappalupi S, Balsamo M, Vukich M, Sorci G, Fulle S. Preparation of human muscle precursor cells for the MyoGravity project’s study of cell cultures in experiment units for space flight purposes. Applied Sciences. 2022 January; 12(14): 7013. DOI: 10.3390/app12147013.
Multi-Experiment STEM Education Module 4 features four student-designed experiments that study: the antifungal properties of Aloe vera, the antibacterial properties of several common spices (turmeric, garlic, and ginger), enzymatic reactions in microgravity, and the power-output of a cyanobacterial biofuel cell. Each of these experiments has particular applications to future space travel, and participation in the Module inspires and educates the next generation of explorers and scientists.
Multi-Gas Monitor is the first laser sensor to continuously measure four gases that are key for crew members’ health aboard the International Space Station. The multiple low-power, tunable lasers train an infrared laser beam on a cabin air sample, and sensors tuned to specific wavelengths of light detect oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and humidity. The instrument fits in a device the size of a shoebox and detects the presence of gases in less than one second.
The Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment (MCE) investigation consists of five small unique instruments that are located at Equipment Exchange Unit (EER) site 8 on the Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility (JEF). These small investigations include two atmospheric observation investigations that study lightning and resonant scattering from plasma and airglow through the rim of the atmosphere, and three technological demonstration investigations that include inflatable structure deployment, robotic tether movement and the testing of a high definition television (HDTV) camera in the space environment. Several photos taken by a digital still camera from the CUPOLA window give IMAP investigation further observation data and enhance research outcome (A-IMAP/Earth Rim observation).
Publications
Aoki T, Higuchi K, Watanabe K. Progress report of SIMPLE space experiment project on ISS Japan Experiment Module. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2014 12(ists29): Tc_1-Tc_6. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.12.Tc_1.
Furuya H, Yasuike Y. Effects of Cross-sectional Deformation on Mechanical Properties of Inflatable Tubes. 51st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Orlando, FL. 2010 Apr 12-15; AIAA-2010-2752DOI: 10.2514/6.2010-2752.
Higuchi K, Ogi Y, Watanabe K, Watanabe A. Verification of Practical Use of an Inflatable Structure in Space. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Space Technology Japan. 2009 Jun 2; 7(ists26): DOI: 10.2322/tstj.7.Tc_7.
Aoki T, Furuya H, Ishimura K, Miyazaki Y, Senda K, Tsunoda H, Higuchi K, Ishizawa J, Kishimoto N, Sakai R, Watanabe A, Watanabe K. On-Orbit Verification of Space Inflatable Structures. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Space Technology Japan. 2009 May 21; 7(ists26): DOI: 10.2322/tstj.7.Tc_1.
Oda M, Yoshii M, Kato H, Nakanishi H, Ueta A, Suzuki S, Yamazumi M. Development status of the REX-J mission, astronaut support robot experiment on the ISS/JEM. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 21684-1692.
Sakanoi T, Akiya Y, Yamazaki A, Otsuka Y, Saito A, Yoshikawa I. Imaging observation of the Earth's mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere by VISI of ISS-IMAP on the International Space Station. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2011 131(12): 983-988. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.131.983.
Yoshikawa I, Homma T, Sakai K, Murakami G, Yoshioka K, Yamazaki A, Sakanoi T, Saito A. Imaging observation of the Earth's plasmasphere and ionosphere by EUVI of ISS-IMAP on the International Space Station. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2011 131(12): 1006-1010. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.131.1006.
Ushio T, Sato M, Morimoto T, Suzuki M, Kikuchi H, Yamazaki A, Takahashi Y, Hobara Y, Inan U, Linscott I, Sakamoto Y, Ishida R, Kikuchi M, Yoshida K, Kawasaki Z. The Global Lightning and Sprite Measurement (GLIMS) Mission on International Space Station. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2011 131(12): 971-976. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.131.971.
Sato M, Takahashi Y, Suzuki M, Yamazaki A, Ushio T. Six-Channel Spectrophotometers (PH) Onboard JEM-GLIMS. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2011 131(12): 1000-1005. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.131.1000.
Kikuchi M, Sato M, Yamazaki A, Suzuki M, Ushio T. Development of Science Data-Handling Unit (SHU) for Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements (GLIMS) onboard Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of ISS. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2011 131(12): 989-993. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.131.989.
Morimoto T, Kikuchi H, Sato M, Suzuki M, Yamazaki A, Ushio T. VHF lightning observations on JEM-GLIMS mission. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2011 131(12): 977-982. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.131.977.
Oda M, Yoshii M, Nakanishi H, Kato H, Ueta A, Suzuki S, Yamazumi M. Development of an astronaut support robot and its precursor REX-J, to be tested on the International Space Station. 11th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space i-SAIRAS, Turin, Italy. 2012 7 pp.
Sato M, Adachi T, Ushio T, Morimoto T, Kikuchi M, Suzuki M, Yamazaki A, Takahashi Y, Ishida R, Sakamoto Y, Yoshida K, Hobara Y. Sprites identification and their spatial distributions in JEM-GLIMS nadir observations. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. 2017 August; 28(4): 545-561. DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2016.09.21.02. | Impact Statement
Bandholnopparat K, Sato M, Adachi T, Ushio T, Takahashi Y. Optical properties of intracloud and cloud-to-ground discharges derived from JEM-GLIMS lightning observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2019 August 1; 18987-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2019.04.005. | Impact Statement
Sato M, Takahashi Y, Kikuchi M, Suzuki M, Yamazaki A, Ushio T. Lightning and sprite imager (LSI) onboard JEM-GLIMS. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2011 December; 131(12): 994-999. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.131.994. | Impact Statement
Higuchi K, Miyazaki Y, Ishimura K, Furuya H, Tsunoda H, Senda K, Watanabe A, Kawabata N, Kuratomi T. Initial operation and deployment experiment of inflatable extension mast in SIMPLE on JEM exposure platform in ISS. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2014 12(ists29): Pc_1-Pc_7. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.12.Pc_1. | Impact Statement
The Multi-Omics Analysis of Human Microbial-Metabolic Cross-talk in the Space Ecosystem (Multi-Omics-Mouse) investigation evaluates the impact of the space environment and prebiotics on mice immune function. This is accomplished by combining the data obtained from the measurements of changes in the gut microbiological composition, metabolites profiles, and the immune system in the subject mice.
Publications
Kurosawa R, Sugimoto R, Imai H, Atsuji K, Yamada K, Kawano Y, Ohtsu I, Suzuki K. Impact of spaceflight and artificial gravity on sulfur metabolism in mouse liver: sulfur metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. Scientific Reports. 2021 November 11; 11(1): 21786. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01129-1.PMID: 34750416. | Impact Statement
Ohira T, Ino Y, Nakai Y, Morita H, Kimura A, Kurata Y, Kagawa H, Kimura M, Egashira K, Moriya S, Hiramatsu K, Kawakita M, Kimura Y, Hirano H. Proteomic analysis revealed different responses to hypergravity of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in mice. Journal of Proteomics. 2020 April 15; 217103686. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103686.
The Multi-omics analysis of human microbial-metabolic cross-talk in the space ecosystem (Multi-Omics) investigation evaluates the impacts of space environment and prebiotics on astronauts’ immune function, by combining the data obtained from the measurements of changes in the gut microbiological composition, metabolites profiles, and the immune system.
Multiple-Tropism: Gravity, Nutrient and Water Interaction of Stimuli for Root Orientation in Microgravity (MULTI-TROP) separately evaluates the role of three stimuli – gravity, water and nutrients – on plant growth. Tropism refers to an organism directional response to an external stimulus, such as plant roots growing downward into soil in response to gravity on Earth. Previous research shows that plant roots grow randomly without specific direction in microgravity, presenting a challenge when developing facilities to cultivate plants in space.
Publications
Izzo LG, Romano LE, De Pascale S, Mele G, Gargiulo L, Aronne G. Chemotropic vs hydrotropic stimuli for root growth orientation in microgravity. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019 November 22; 101547. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01547.PMID: 31824550. | Impact Statement
Aronne G, Romano LE, Izzo LG. Subsequent inclusion/exclusion criteria to select the best species for an experiment performed on the ISS in a refurbished hardware. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2020 July 11; 2719-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.002.PMID: 34756226. | Impact Statement
Multiscale Boiling investigates the fundamental basics of boiling heat transfer phenomena on a heater surface in a pool boiling configuration. A multi-scale experimental and analytical approach is adopted, including the application of two external forces: electrical field and shear flow. Data from this investigaton is used for the validation of theoretical models and numerical codes.
Publications
Franz B, Sielaff A, Stephan P. Numerical investigation of successively nucleating bubbles during subcooled flow boiling of FC-72 in microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2021 March 25; 33(2): 27. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-021-09876-6. | Impact Statement
Ronshin F, Sielaff A, Tadrist L, Stephan P, Kabov OA. Dynamics of bubble growth during boiling at microgravity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021 December; 2119(1): 012170. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2119/1/012170. | Impact Statement
Sielaff A, Mangini D, Kabov OA, Raza MQ, Garivalis AI, Zupancic M, Dehaeck S, Evgenidis S, Jacobs C, Van Hoof D, Oikonomidou O, Zabulis X, Karamaoynas P, Bender A, Ronshin F, Schinnerl M, Sebilleau J, Colin C, Di Marco P, Karapantsios T, Golobic I, Rednikov A, Colinet P, Stephan P, Tadrist L. The multiscale boiling investigation on-board the International Space Station: An overview. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2022 January 1; epub117932. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117932. | Impact Statement
Garivalis AI, Di Marco P. Isolated bubbles growing and detaching within an electric field in microgravity. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2022 July 25; 212118538. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118538. | Impact Statement
Oikonomidou O, Evgenidis S, Argyropoulos C, Zabulis X, Karamaoynas P, Raza MQ, Sebilleau J, Ronshin F, Chinaud M, Garivalis AI, Kostoglou M, Sielaff A, Schinnerl M, Stephan P, Colin C, Tadrist L, Kabov OA, Di Marco P, Karapantsios T. Bubble growth analysis during subcooled boiling experiments on-board the international space station: Benchmark image analysis. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2022 October 1; 308102751. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102751.PMID: 36027672.
Multi-use Variable-g Platform Fly-01 (MVP Fly-01) investigates how spaceflight changes the immune system, and the pathogens that activate it, using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly. MVP Fly-01 also looks at the genes of fruit flies raised completely in space to determine how their reproduction and development may be different from those on Earth. This investigation helps validate the use of the MVP-Drosophila hardware for future scientific investigations using fruit flies.
The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) obtains tissue samples from mice flown to the International Space Station to support valuable commercial muscle wasting research. Researchers hope to gain a better understanding of several biological mechanisms that in turn can help develop new drug targets.
Publications
Polo SL, Saravia-Butler AM, Boyko V, Dinh MT, Chen Y, Fogle H, Reinsch SS, Ray S, Chakravarty K, Marcu O, Chen RB, Costes SV, Galazka JM. RNAseq analysis of rodent spaceflight experiments Is confounded by sample collection techniques. iScience. 2020 November 25; 23(12): 101733. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101733.PMID: 33376967. | Impact Statement
Wong CP, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Evidence for increased thermogenesis in female C57BL/6J mice housed aboard the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2021 June 18; 7(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00150-y.PMID: 34145277. | Impact Statement
Skeletal muscle functions are mediated by cellular signalling mechanisms that may undergo considerable changes due to muscle activity or inactivity on Earth. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by NO-synthase (NOS) is a unique signalling molecule mediating basic physiological muscle functions, and NOS/NO signalling is linked to muscle activity in both humans and rodent animals. The first and major goal of this investigation is to collect, analyze, and interpret the data of NOS expression in fast and slow-type human skeletal muscle before spaceflight and following exposure to actual microgravity in space.
The Muscle Tone in Space (Myotones) investigation observes the biochemical properties of muscles (e.g. muscle tone, stiffness, elasticity) during long-term exposure spaceflight environment. Results from this investigation can provide a better understanding of the principles of human resting muscle tone. This could lead to the development of new strategies for alternative treatments for rehabilitation on Earth, as well as for future space missions.
The objective of the Mutational Spectra of Bacillus subtilis Spores and Plasmid DNA Exposed to High Vacuum and Solar UV Radiation in Space Environment (Expose-R SUBTIL) investigation is to expose spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis to the open space environment. The EXPOSE programme is part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the Universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, and microgravity.
Publications
Moeller R, Schuerger AC, Reitz G, Nicholson WL. Protective role of spore structural components in determining bacillus subtilis spore resistance to simulated Mars surface conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2012 December 15; 78(24): 8849-8853. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02527-12.
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Horneck G, Wynn-Williams DD, Mancinelli RL, Cadet J, Munakata N, Ronto G, Edwards HG, Hock B, Wanke H, Reitz G, Dachev TP, Hader D, Brioullet C. Biological experiments on the Expose facility of the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1998 November 16-18; 10. | Impact Statement
The Microgravity Vibration Isolation System (MVIS), developed by the Canadian Space Agency, gives experiments a quieter ride in orbit. Equipment on the International Space Station (ISS) can jitter and shake as crew members go about their activities, as the station’s solar panels rotate, and as fans spin to move air. MVIS Controller-1 isolates experiments from these tiny vibrations, serving as a sort of noise-canceling headphones (vibrations in this case) for sensitive experiments. MVIS Controller-1 also investigates new control techniques that can isolate experiments from vibrations more efficiently.
Mycological evaluation of crew exposure to ISS ambient air (Myco) evaluates the risk of microorganisms' via inhalation and adhesion to the skin to determine which fungi act as allergens on the ISS.
Publications
Makimura K, Satoh K, Sugita T, Yamazaki TQ. Fungal Biota in Manned Space Environment and Impact on Human Health. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2011 66(1): 77-82. DOI: 10.1265/jjh.66.77.PMID: 21358138. Japanese.
Sugita T, Yamazaki TQ, Makimura K, Cho O, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Comprehensive analysis of the skin fungal microbiota of astronauts during a half-year stay at the International Space Station. Medical Mycology. 2016 March; 54(3): 232-239. DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv121.PMID: 26773135. | Impact Statement
Sugita T, Yamazaki TQ, Cho O, Furukawa S, Mukai C. The skin mycobiome of an astronaut during a 1-year stay on the International Space Station. Medical Mycology. 2021 January; 59(1): 106-109. DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa067.PMID: 32838424. | Impact Statement
Satoh K, Yamazaki TQ, Furukawa S, Mukai C, Makimura K. Identification of fungi isolated from astronaut nasal and pharyngeal smears and saliva under operations nomenclature, Myco. Microbiology and Immunology. 2021 January 4; epub20pp. DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12872.PMID: 33393685. | Impact Statement
Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air - 2 (Myco-2) evaluates the risk of microorganisms' via inhalation and adhesion to the skin to determine which fungi act as allergens on the ISS.
Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air -3 (Myco-3) is performed to identify what kinds of fungi proliferate on the International Space Station. A detailed study will evaluate the risk of microorganisms to the astronauts via inhalation or adhesion to the skin.
Mycological evaluation of crew exposure to ISS ambient air 1 Year Mission (Myco (1YM)) evaluates the risk of microorganisms' via inhalation and adhesion to the skin to determine which fungi act as allergens on the International Space Station (ISS).
Myotendinous and Neuromuscular Adaptation to Long-term Spaceflight (Sarcolab) investigates the adaptation and deterioration of the soleus, or calf muscle, where it joins the Achilles tendon, which links it to the heel and carries loads from the entire body. Muscle fiber samples are taken from crew members before and after flight, and analyzed for changes in structural and chemical properties. MRI and ultrasound tests and electrode stimulation are conducted to help assess muscle and tendon changes caused by microgravity exposure.
Publications
Rittweger J, Albracht K, Fluck M, Ruoss S, Brocca L, Longa E, Moriggi M, Seynnes O, Di Giulio I, Tenori L, Vignoli A, Capri M, Gelfi C, Luchinat C, Francheschi C, Bottinelli R, Cerretelli P, Narici MV. Sarcolab pilot study into skeletal muscle’s adaptation to long-term spaceflight. npj Microgravity. 2018 September 17; 4(1): 18. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0052-1. | Impact Statement
Capri M, Morsiani C, Santoro A, Moriggi M, Conte M, Martucci M, Bellavista E, Fabbri C, Giampieri E, Albracht K, Fluck M, Ruoss S, Brocca L, Canepari M, Longa E, Di Giulio I, Bottinelli R, Cerretelli P, Salvioli S, Gelfi C, Franceschi C, Narici MV, Rittweger J. Recovery from 6-month spaceflight at the International Space Station: muscle-related stress into a proinflammatory setting. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2019 January 8; 33(4): 5168-5180. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801625R.PMID: 30620616. | Impact Statement
Murgia M, Ciciliot S, Nagaraj N, Reggiani C, Schiaffino S, Franchi MV, Pisot R, Simunic B, Toniolo L, Blaauw B, Sandri M, Biolo G, Fluck M, Narici MV, Mann M. Signatures of muscle disuse in spaceflight and bed rest revealed by single muscle fiber proteomics. PNAS Nexus. 2022 June 11; epubpgac086. DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac086.
MYSat-1, a student-built CubeSat, provides students with hands-on space systems engineering training. It has two payloads, a camera module to take color pictures of Earth and a small lithium-ion coin cell battery based on technology developed at Masdar Institute, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The CubeSat communicates in VHF and UHF amateur radio bands and allows students to test attitude control software they developed.
Nano ISS Antenna (Ax-1) on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) tests deployment of a folded antenna used to provide high bandwidth communications. Miniaturized satellite electronics and sensors can provide valuable scientific and navigation capabilities, but small, simple antennas cannot transmit large quantities of data, limiting the usability of small satellites. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Future missions into deep space will not be able to resupply with water. Water recovery systems allow re-use of wastewater from laundry, showers, sinks, condensation, and other sources aboard a spacecraft. Nano-bubble Biocide Demonstration (Nano-bubble Demo) is a possible method of high-efficiency recovery and sterilization in a water recovery system, as well as a method for promoting plant growth aboard the space station. The Nano-bubble Demo investigation demonstrates how this process performs in the microgravity environment.
Nanofluidic Implant Communication Experiment (NICE) (Faraday-NICE) tests an implantable drug delivery system that enables remote-controlled release of drugs. The system makes it possible to administer precise dosages over long periods of time while reducing cost and crew time. To test this technology, the research assesses remote communication between Earth and implants immersed in saline on the International Space Station.
Nanoparticles can be used to deliver targeted and controlled-release drugs using one dose, which has advantages over conventional multi-dose drug delivery. Nanoparticle Formulation evaluates a method for preparation of nanoparticle formulations in microgravity. Particle size and distribution, key to effective nanoparticle delivery systems, can be manipulated in microgravity. A better understanding of the effects of gravity could improve production of these formulations.
Crew members’ bone density decreases during spaceflight, in part because of microgravity-related metabolic changes that cause the body to lose calcium. Nanoparticle-based Countermeasures for Treatment of Microgravity-Induced Osteoporosis (Nanoparticles and Osteoporosis) studies a type of nanoparticle made of minerals similar to those found in bones and teeth, which could help counteract bone density loss. Results improve efforts to develop bone loss countermeasures that could benefit future space missions as well as patients on Earth.
Publications
Rea G, Cristofaro F, Pani G, Pascucci B, Ghuge SA, Corsetto PA, Imbriani M, Visai L, Rizzo AM. Microgravity-driven remodeling of the proteome reveals insights into molecular mechanisms and signal networks involved in response to the space flight environment. Journal of Proteomics. 2016 March 30; 1373-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.005.
Cristofaro F, Pani G, Pascucci B, Mariani A, Balsamo M, Donati A, Mascetti G, Rizzo AM, Visai L, Rea G. The NATO project: nanoparticle based countermeasures for microgravity-induced osteoporosis. Scientific Reports. 2019 November 20; 9(1): 17141. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53481-y.PMID: 31748575. | Impact Statement
Instead of single large satellites launching on their own dedicated rockets, future satellites will be assembled in space using smaller components, delivered in large groups and assembled on the International Space Station. The NanoRacks Kaber Mission 1-NovaWurks-Satlet Initial Proofs and Lessons (NanoRacks-NovaWurks-SIMPL-Micrsosat) investigation studies small components called satlets, which are building blocks of larger satellites that are launched from the NanoRacks Microsat Deployer. The satlets are combined to form larger satellites or satellite constellations that share power, data and other resources and perform many different tasks.
NanoRacks-Λ-Sat Hellenic Satellite (NanoRacks-Λ-Sat) is the first space-based experiment to study how the harsh radiation and vacuum of space affects graphene, a single-layer sheet of carbon atoms important in nanotechnology applications. The satellite, the first to be designed and built by Greek scientists, also demonstrates a communications platform that monitors Greek merchant ships and their crews in real-time, aiming to improve maritime security and thwart piracy.
Most ships traveling the world’s oceans use the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to share information with other ships and the shore. The NanoRacks-AAUSAT5 investigation uses a student-designed and constructed AIS receiver to track ship signals with a small satellite launched from the International Space Station (ISS). Results validate the software and hardware for a space-based AIS system, and inspire Danish students to develop a deeper connection to the space program.
Future long-duration space missions could use algae, which produce food using sunlight and water, as a source of nutrition, oxygen and potentially biofuel. NanoRacks-Algal Growth and Remediation (NanoRacks-AGAR) tests a growth chamber full of Chlorella vulgaris, a type of freshwater algae, in a NanoRacks module. The investigation studies how to improve photosynthesis and growth conditions in microgravity.
Groups of small satellites can improve access to space, because they are less costly and less risky to launch than larger individual satellites. The Millennium Space Systems NanoRacks-ALTAIR™ Pathfinder investigation tests and space qualifies new platform technologies developed by a private firm, Millennium Space Systems, (located in El Segundo, CA) that offers the satellites for missions in low-Earth orbit, geostationary orbit and deep space. The investigation demonstrates that the ALTAIR design and technologies can work as planned, paving the way for future satellite programs with NASA and the Department of Defense.
Food crops must exchange pollen, either through the wind or pollinators like insects and birds, in order to produce seeds and fruit. NanoRacks-Ambassador High School-Pollen Propulsion in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-AHS-Pollen Propulsion) tests the hypothesis that moving gases cause pollen to move across a sample chamber in microgravity, similar to how wind transports pollen on Earth. Seven students from Ambassador High School in Torrance, California, developed and built the hardware for the investigation.
Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) have similar genetic patterns to humans and are important models for research in genetics, developmental biology and neurobiology. NanoRacks-Ames Fruit-Fly Experiment (NanoRacks-AFEX) studies neurobehavioral changes that occur in fruit flies during spaceflight, using a stress resistant mutant fly population and comparing with a wild type control one. Results will allow scientists to quantify spaceflight-related biological changes, improving our understanding of how organisms adapt to microgravity.
NanoRacks-ArduLab-1 Tech Demo (NanoRacks- ArduLab-1) is a technical demonstration of the ArduLab microcontroller board system for use with the NanoRacks modular experiment system. The ArduLab employs simple measuring instruments (temperature, acceleration) to demonstrate the utility of the ArduLab system for future experimental use. Data from the ArduLab is downlinked for analysis.
NanoRacks-ArduSat-1 is a crowd-funded, open-platform CubeSat enabling students and space enthusiasts to explore space on their own. Students and teachers in middle school through graduate school design and program experiments, games or applications that the satellite performs. Hands-on activities include hunting meteors and taking photos from space, which spark student interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields while improving public access to space.
Space-ready materials are still much more expensive than their Earth-based counterparts. But off-the-shelf equipment like cameras, microprocessors and temperature sensors might be able to function in space, and collect data at much lower costs. Using crowd-sourced funding, NanoRacks-ArduSat-2 tests terrestrial electronics and hardware that have been minimally adapted for use in space, which lowers the cost of access to low Earth orbit.
Developing space-ready materials is expensive and time-consuming, but some existing components already used on Earth may be easily adapted for use in space. NanoRacks-ArduSat-X tests existing advanced electronics and hardware in the space environment with minimal adaptation. The investigation also determines which products are suited for basic space applications such as education and simple science investigations. Using Earth-rated sensors, microprocessors and materials lowers the cost of access to space.
Metals rust in the presence of oxygen and water, which are both present on the International Space Station. NanoRacks-Atidim High School-Rust Development in Space (NanoRacks-AHS-Rust Development) tests several common metals to study how rust develops in the microgravity environment. Results improve understanding of rust formation in space, which will help engineers designing future spacecraft and equipment for human spaceflight.
The NanoRacks-Audacy-Lynq investigation demonstrates the feasibility, performance, and reliability of a communications architecture from provider Audacy. It validates direct communication between the International Space Station and a ground station, contributing to design and development of a terminal allowing seamless communication from the launch pad to distances as far away as the Moon.
High-energy radiation from the sun and cosmic sources poses a threat to humans living on the International Space Station, as well as embarking on future missions to the moon, asteroids or Mars. Future spacecraft need to shield crew members from dangerous radiation. NanoRacks-Awty-Radiation Shielding and Monitoring (NanoRacks-Awty-BE-HDPE Rad Shielding) investigates a type of plastic enhanced with boron that blocks cosmic rays and high-energy particles coming from the sun.
Yeast cells are used as model organisms for human cells, allowing researchers to study new medicines, the effects of microgravity, and other phenomena on Earth and in space. NanoRacks-Awty-Yeast Cell Growth in a Microgravity Environment sends three different yeast strains to the International Space Station, where they grow in the same environment with the same nutrients. The investigation compares the cells’ growth rates, structure and respiration to yeast grown on Earth, and analyzes the cells after they return from space to determine how microgravity affects their function and behavior.
Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is used to make wine, beer and bread, and is an important model eukaryotic organism in biology. NanoRacks-Ben Shemen Youth Village High School-Yeast Breathing Activity (NanoRacks-BSYVHS-Yeast Activity) tests the behavior and growth capability of dry brewer’s yeast in microgravity. Results improve understanding of yeast life cycles in harsh environments, which benefits future exploration to the moon, Mars, asteroids or other destinations.
The NanoRacks-Better Education for Women in Science and Engineering-Alum Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-BE WiSE-Alum Crystal Growth) research aims to produce ammonium aluminum sulfate, NH4Al (SO4)2 crystals, (commonly called alum) of higher purity than possible on Earth. Higher purity in microgravity crystals is expected due to the lack of environmental factors such as gravity and convection currents.
Energy from the sun constantly bombards Earth’s upper atmosphere, causing it to expand and contract. The same solar storms that cause the northern and southern lights can warm up the atmosphere and cause it to expand farther into space, which affects satellite orbits. The NanoRacks-CADRE investigation, primarily funded by the National Science Foundation, with support from NASA and the Department of Defense, uses a small satellite launched from the International Space Station to study the upper atmosphere’s density, improving computer simulations that are used to prevent satellite collisions.
Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are liquids that change shape or harden when exposed to a magnetic field, and they are used in a variety of technologies in space and on Earth. But Earth’s gravity causes the magnetic particles in an MR fluid to sink and clump together, which makes them less functional. NanoRacks-Carmel Christian High School-The Effect of Microgravity on the Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids Over Time (NanoRacks-CCHS-The Effect of Microgravity on the Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids Over Time) tests whether the particles in an MR fluid remain evenly suspended while in microgravity for 30 days.
Microgravity affects all forms of life, from bacteria and fungi to animals and humans, but each responds in different ways. The NanoRacks-Carmel Christian School-Microgravity’s Effects on the Germination Rates of Panellus stipticus Fungus (NanoRacks-CCS-Germination Rates of Mushrooms) investigation studies whether a mushroom species experiences an accelerated life cycle in microgravity. Results from this investigation benefit efforts to grow mushrooms in space for food and for decomposition of organic waste.
NanoRacks-Cavalier Space Processor (Cavalier) is a passive Earth remote sensor with onboard processing capability.
Finding new treatments for cancer requires detailed studies of tumor cells, but when cells are grown in a lab on Earth, gravity affects the way they grow and the shapes they take. NanoRacks-CellBox-Effect of Microgravity on Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells (NanoRacks-CellBox-Thyroid Cancer) studies thyroid cancer cells in microgravity, which enables cells to grow in spheres or in single layers. These unique views of cell structure will be used to look for new biomarkers, which can be used to develop new drugs to treat thyroid cancer.
Publications
Riwaldt S, Pietsch J, Sickmann A, Bauer JN, Braun M, Segerer J, Schwarzwälder A, Aleshcheva G, Corydon TJ, Infanger M, Grimm DG. Identification of proteins involved in inhibition of spheroid formation under microgravity. Proteomics. 2015 April 29; epubDOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500067.PMID: 25930030. | Impact Statement
Riwaldt S, Bauer JN, Pietsch J, Braun M, Segerer J, Schwarzwälder A, Corydon TJ, Infanger M, Grimm DG. The importance of Caveolin-1 as key-regulator of three-dimensional growth in thyroid cancer cells cultured under real and simulated microgravity conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015 November 30; 16(12): 28296-28310. DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226108.PMID: 26633361. | Impact Statement
Strauch SM, Grimm DG, Corydon TJ, Kruger M, Bauer JN, Lebert M, Wise PM, Infanger M, Richter P. Current knowledge about the impact of microgravity on the proteome. Expert Review of Proteomics. 2019 16(1): 5-16. DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1550362. | Impact Statement
Wise PM, Neviani P, Riwaldt S, Corydon TJ, Wehland M, Braun M, Kruger M, Infanger M, Grimm DG. Changes in exosome release in thyroid cancer cells after prolonged exposure to real microgravity in space. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 January; 22(4): 2132. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042132.PMID: 33669943. | Impact Statement
Melnik D, Kruger M, Schulz H, Kopp S, Wehland M, Bauer JN, Baselet B, Vermeesen R, Baatout S, Corydon TJ, Infanger M, Grimm DG. The CellBox-2 mission to the International Space Station: Thyroid cancer cells in space. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 August 16; 22(16): 8777. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168777.PMID: 34445479. | Impact Statement
Wise PM, Neviani P, Riwaldt S, Corydon TJ, Wehland M, Braun M, Kruger M, Infanger M, Grimm DG. Changes in exosomal miRNA composition in thyroid cancer cells after prolonged exposure to real microgravity in space. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 November 27; 22(23): 12841. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312841.PMID: 34884646. | Impact Statement
Immune cells called macrophages fight illness by attacking and killing bacteria and other foreign invaders in the body. But microgravity, which suppresses the human immune system, can affect how well they work. NanoRacks-CellBox-Primary Human Macrophages in Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-CellBox-PRIME) studies long-term changes to these cells to better understand how spaceflight affects the immune system.
Publications
Tauber S, Lauber BA, Paulsen K, Layer LE, Lehmann M, Hauschild S, Shepherd NR, Polzer J, Segerer J, Thiel CS, Ullrich O. Cytoskeletal stability and metabolic alterations in primary human macrophages in long-term microgravity. PLOS ONE. 2017 April 18; 12(4): e0175599. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175599.PMID: 28419128. | Impact Statement
Thiel CS, Vahlensieck C, Bradley T, Tauber S, Lehmann M, Ullrich O. Metabolic dynamics in short- and long-term microgravity in human primary macrophages. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 June 23; 22(13): 6752. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136752.PMID: 34201720. | Impact Statement
Polystyrene, including the brand Styrofoam, is used for a vast range of products from coffee cups to housing insulation. It does not break down naturally, but it can be recycled. NanoRacks-Chevel Modiin Shoham-Styrofoam recycling process in microgravity (NanoRacks-CMS-Styrofoam Recycling) studies the efficiency of converting polystyrene to a polymer material in microgravity.
Modern cameras can selectively focus on multiple items in a scene, but capturing images of varying brightness is difficult, as fainter objects can be lost to the glare of brighter ones. A type of camera called a charge-injection device (CID) measures light from individual pixels, which enables pictures of scenes with extremely bright and extremely faint objects. The NanoRacks-CID investigation studies whether a CID can function in space, paving the way for their use in studying planets orbiting around distant stars.
Golf clubs and other golf products are made from metal alloys that yield different properties of hardness or strength, depending on their composition. The NanoRacks-COBRA PUMA GOLF Project examines a variety of silver coatings and aluminum materials used in golf products. Analyzing differences in the bonding, strength and weight of coated metals in microgravity provides insight that improves the development of stronger, lighter alloys for use on Earth.
Microbial communities differ among people, buildings, cities and countries, even the International Space Station (ISS), and these differences can affect human health. NanoRacks-Comparison of the Growth Rate and DNA Characterization of Microgravity Exposed Microbial Community Samples (NanoRacks-Project MERCCURI) engages members of the public to collect samples from high-touch surfaces around the United States, from stairs at sports venues to hand railings at schools, and sends them to space to compare how various microbial communities grow on the ground and in microgravity. The investigation also studies the microbes found on high-touch surfaces on board the ISS.
Publications
Coil DA, Flanagan JC, Stump A, Alexiev A, Lang JM, Eisen JA. Porphyrobacter mercurialis sp. nov., isolated from a stadium seat and emended description of the genus Porphyrobacter. PeerJ. 2015 November 12; 3e1400. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1400.
Coil DA, Neches RY, Lang JM, Brown WE, Severance MT, Cavalier D, Eisen JA. Growth of 48 built environment bacterial isolates on board the International Space Station (ISS). PeerJ. 2016 March 22; 4e1842. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1842.PMID: 27019789.
Coil DA, Eisen JA. Draft genome sequence of Porphyrobacter mercurialis (sp. nov.) strain Coronado. Genome Announcements. 2015 December 31; 3(6): e00856-15. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00856-15. | Impact Statement
Coil DA, Benardini JN, Eisen JA. Draft genome sequence of Bacillus safensis JPL-MERTA-8-2, isolated from a Mars-bound spacecraft. Genome Announcements. 2015 December 31; 3(6): e01360-15. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01360-15. | Impact Statement
Lang JM, Coil DA, Neches RY, Brown WE, Cavalier D, Severance MT, Hampton-Marcell JT, Gilbert JA, Eisen JA. A microbial survey of the International Space Station (ISS). PeerJ. 2017 December 5; 5e4029. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4029.PMID: 29492330. | Impact Statement
Gonzalez E, Pitre FE, Brereton NJ. ANCHOR: a 16S rRNA gene amplicon pipeline for microbial analysis of multiple environmental samples. Environmental Microbiology. 2019 July; 21(7): 2440-2468. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14632.PMID: 30990927. | Impact Statement
The next leap in computing power will require components built on the nanoscale, at the level of individual atoms. But nanowires and other nanostructures require atomic-scale crystals that are difficult to produce, especially in large numbers. The NanoRacks-Crystallization Of Silver Nitrate in Microgravity On a Silver Cathode (NanoRacks-COSMOS) experiment provides new understanding of how microgravity affects silver crystal growth, benefiting efforts to develop new crystal seeding methods for nanotechnology on Earth.
NanoRacks-CSUNSat1 is a CubeSat that tests out a new light-weight, longer-life battery system designed for the cold temperatures of space. A new configuration of high energy density materials known as ultra-capacitors, along with updated lithium-ion battery technology allows NanoRacks-CSUNSat1 batteries to operate at very low temperatures without the added weight of a defrost system. A set of quantitative power and capacity goals are used to assess the battery system performance over a 200 day mission period.
NanoRacks-CUBERIDER-1 (NanoRacks-CR-1) is an educational module that runs on computer code written by 9th and 10th graders. Students program sensors on NanoRacks-CR-1 to record data on the microgravity environment and conduct tests aboard the station and then send results back to Earth. Through this investigation, students devise their own experiments and experience space science firsthand.
Brine shrimp (Artemia), also known as “sea monkeys,” are a hardy genus of small crustaceans that can hibernate when there is no water. They can also produce dormant eggs, which can be stored for long periods and then hatched to provide a source of food for fish. NanoRacks-Darca Bat Yam High School-Emergence of Artemia Eggs (NanoRacks-DBYHS-Artemia) studies whether these dormant eggs will hatch and absorb oxygen in space.
Some bacteria grow faster and more virulent in space, but crew members have weakened immune systems in microgravity, a combination that poses a challenge for infection control on future space missions. NanoRacks-David Thibodaux STEM Magnet Academy-Antibiotic Effectiveness on Escherichia Coli in Microgravity (NanoRacks-DTSMA-Effectiveness of Antibiotics) studies how an antibiotic affects the growth rate of a genetically modified strain of E. coli bacteria. Results from this investigation improve efforts to use common antibacterial compounds to control infections in space.
NanoRacks-Del Superior High School-The Making of Tempeh in Microgravity Experiment (NanoRacks-DSHS-Making Tempeh in Microgravity) investigates methods for making a highly nutritious food product (tempeh) from soybeans in the microgravity environment of space. This high school science project monitors specialized types of yeast as they process soybeans within an experimental setup installed aboard the International Space Station. The experiment images yeast growth in space, collects temperature and humidity data and eventually returns the yeast/soy cultures to Earth for comparison with control groups.
Supercapacitors can be charged faster than batteries, and single-atom-thick sheets of carbon called graphene can store more energy than similarly sized lithium-ion batteries. This, in turn, makes graphene supercapacitors a highly efficient way to store and use electricity. Future space missions may use graphene supercapacitors to power rovers or spacecraft instruments, so it is essential to understand how they work in the harsh environment of space. NanoRacks-Desert Christian High School-Effects of Microgravity on the Operation of Graphene Based Supercapacitors Under Elevated Temperatures (NanoRacks-DCHS-Graphene SuperCap Temp) studies how graphene-based supercapacitors hold their charge in microgravity and in warm temperatures.
Although large-capacity batteries have become smaller and more efficient in recent years, they still take a long time to discharge and recharge; next-generation technologies like supercapacitors are needed to store large amounts of energy and recharge quickly. Graphene, a single-atom-thick sheet of carbon, is a promising material for supercapacitor electrodes. NanoRacks-Desert Christian High School-Microgravity Effects on Graphene Based Supercapacitors Experiment (NanoRacks-DCHS-Microgravity Effects on Graphene Based Supercapacitors) studies how microgravity affects the longevity of graphene-based supercapacitors of various sizes.
NanoRacks-Dickinson High School-Space Cheeseballs (NanoRacks-DHS-Cheeseballs) tests the cheese fermenting process in orbit, to determine if food making processes work in microgravity. Studying food making processes on the International Space Station (ISS) opens up new possibilities for future astronaut diet alternatives during long-duration missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO).
NanoRacks DreamUp Xtronaut Crystal Growth (DreamXCG) teaches students about the effects of microgravity on crystal formations using near-identical flight kits flown and operated aboard the International Space Station (ISS). With access to crew member videos and data on the same experiment, students are able compare crystal formations in space to those in their classrooms. The investigation aims to promote science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields to the next generation of students.
NanoRacks-DreamUp Xtronaut Microbe (DreamXM) teaches students the different microbial growths from a home-school setting and those in microgravity using near-identical flight kits flown and operated in the International Space Station (ISS). With access to an online portal, students swab away, paralleling the procedures of crew members and comparing results with online videos and datasets. The investigation aims to promote science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) fields to the next generation of students.
Algae and plants respond differently to varying wavelengths of light across the visible light spectrum. NanoRacks-Duchesne-Algae Production in Microgravity with Variable Wavelengths of Light (NanoRacks-Duchesne-Light Wavelengths on Algae Production) determines how different wavelengths of light, representing different colors, affect photosynthesis in a species of algae (Chlorella vulgaris). Results will determine the ideal colors to use when growing algae in microgravity, to be used as possible sources of oxygen, food and fuel on future space missions.
Crew members on the International Space Station receive food during cargo deliveries, but humans on future long-duration missions to the moon, Mars or asteroids will need to grow their own food. NanoRacks-Duchesne-The Effects of Microgravity and Light Wavelength on Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Duchesne-Plant Growth Chamber) tests how well fast-growing plants, such as pea shoots, can grow with combinations of red and blue wavelengths of light. Students from Duchesne Academy in Houston germinate plants from seeds and place them in a 1.5 U NanoLab so they can be grown in microgravity.
The International Space Station (ISS) relies on solar panels for electricity. The NanoRacks-Earth Abundant Textured Thin Film Photovoltaics (NanoRacks-Nanotube Solar Cell) investigation studies a new type of three-dimensional solar cell that absorbs sunlight more efficiently on Earth and in space. The investigation examines the solar cell response to the continually changing sun angles and the harsh environment of space.
Plants normally grow from seeds, but they can also be cultivated using cuttings taken from branches or stems. The NanoRacks-Edith Stein School-Vegetative Propagation of Plants in Orbit (NanoRacks-ESS-V3PO) investigation studies how well plant cuttings can be grown into new plants while in the microgravity environment of space. Plants grow differently in space, and this investigation offers a method to grow plants in a more uniform fashion than those grown from seeds.
NanoRacks-Egypt Against Hepatitis C Virus Microgravity Protein Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-EGAHEP) is the first Egyptian microgravity protein crystal growth mission on the International Space Station. Egypt has the world’s highest number of individuals infected with hepatitis C, a contagious disease that attacks the liver. This investigation, a Space Florida ISS Research Competition winner, uses the microgravity environment to crystallize the proteins that make up the hepatitis C virus, improving understanding of the virus and how it replicates.
Publications
Gaber H, Abdellatif A, Janweski R, Carruthers, Jr. CW, Niessing D, Protzer U. Liver research in the International Space Station. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016 September 19; 17(3): 111-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2016.08.001.PMID: 27658327. | Impact Statement
NanoRacks-Emulsion Tube demonstrates phenomena of the separation of immiscible fluids, or fluids such as oil and water that cannot be mixed or blended. On Earth, buoyancy is the dominant force driving the separation of oil and water into uniform volumes, but in microgravity, surface tension and polarity differences dominate and slow the separation. Analyzing differences between the mixture in Earth’s gravity and microgravity provides insight into fluid physics.
EnduroSat One, the first Bulgarian amateur radio CubeSat mission, popularizes amateur radio activities in Bulgaria. Its goals are to foster participation in space missions by amateur radio enthusiasts in Bulgaria and to provide practice-based satellite communication education in that country for the first time. EnduroSat One is a collaboration with the Space Challenges Program and Bulgarian Amateur Radio.
Mushrooms are a good source of protein and can be grown with limited light and water, making them a promising source of food for future space missions. NanoRacks-Espoo Christian School-Fungal Mycelium Growth III (NanoRacks-ECS-Fungal Growth III) studies how microgravity affects the germination and growth of mushrooms cultured in a lightweight growing medium. Results improve efforts to grow edible fungi for human consumption in space.
Mushrooms are the fruiting body of a fungus, and branch from a system called a mycelium, which is comparable to a plant's roots. Espoo Christian School of Finland is conducting NanoRacks-Espoo Christian School-Fungus Growth Experiment (NanoRacks-ECS-Funky Fungus) to compare fungus mycelium grown in microgravity to that on Earth. The goal is an improved understanding of how to grow fungi in microgravity to be used for food.
Mushrooms are the fruiting body of a fungus, and branch from a system called a mycelium, which is comparable to a plant's roots. Espoo Christian School of Finland is conducting NanoRacks-Espoo Christian School-Fungus Mycelium Growth Research Comparison in Microgravity and on Earth (NanoRacks-ECS-Fungus Growth) to compare fungus mycelium grown in low humidity and high temperatures, which are opposite the ideal growing conditions. The goal is an improved understanding of how to grow fungi in microgravity to be used for food.
Computers used in space must be designed to withstand radiation, and the lengthy testing process often means that space-based computers are two or three generations behind state-of-the-art computers on Earth. The NanoRacks-Evaluation of Gumstix Performance in Low-Earth Orbit (NanoRacks-Gumstix) investigation tests small computers called Gumstix modules, which are based on open-source software, as an alternative off-the-shelf option for use in space. The investigation studies whether the Gumstix microprocessors can withstand the radiation environment on board the International Space Station.
NanoRacks-Faith Christian Academy-Concrete Mixing Experiment (NanoRacks-FCA-Concrete Mixing) is a NanoLab project to compare the strength and molecular structure of concrete mixed in microgravity compared with similar ground mixed concrete. The comparison is made using an Atomic Force Microscope after the NanoLab is returned to earth.
Scientists study chemical reactions using fluorescence polarization, which produces changes in light when molecules bind together. This technique enables researchers to measure the interactions of proteins with DNA or antibodies, and many other biomedical functions. NanoRacks-Fluorescent Polarization in Microgravity (NanoRacks-Micro-gRx) validates a commercial Plate Reader instrument that detects changes in light for these types of reactions in a multiwell plate, a flat plate with 384 wells or tiny test tubes, to examine microgravity’s effect on fluorescent polarization, which paves the way for advanced biology research and drug development in space.
NanoRacks-FPT University CubeSat-1 (NanoRacks-FPTU CubeSat-1) is a picosatellite designed and manufactured by FSpace Laboratory. Applications of this satellite cluster include global tracking of the movement of ships, detecting early warning of forest fires, and researching the Earth’s atmosphere at the lowest level.
NanoRacks-Fremont Christian High School-Micro-Robot (NanoRacks-FCHS-Robot) is a NanoLab project studying the effects of microgravity on remotely controlled robot control mechanisms and mechanical devices. The Fremont Christian School Micro-Robot is named PI, for Programmable Intelligence. The goal of the investigation is to determine the feasibility of using robots to complete tasks in a microgravity environment, where the only force to overcome is friction.
On Earth, protein crystallization and coagulation are involved in a variety of important biological processes, from blood clotting to the protein plaques involved in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson‘s diseases. Crystallization and protein coagulation processes are different in microgravity, and students from Fremont Christian School are performing experiments in space and on Earth to compare these differences. NanoRacks-Fremont Christian School-Microgravity Crystallization and Protein Coagulation Research Comparison (NanoRacks-FCC-Coagulation Crystallization) studies coagulation of powdered milk in vinegar and crystallization of meat tenderizer in water.
Solvents are substances that dissolve other substances, and like many materials, they behave differently in microgravity. NanoRacks-Gadsden State-Organic Solvents in H2O studies the microgravity behavior of organic solvents in water. A NanoRacks module contains fluid vessels full of organic solvents, and instruments monitor the solvents’ interactions under the influence of various stimuli.
Microgravity affects the growth of cells in animals and plants, which has implications for future space food production. NanoRacks-Girl Scouts of Hawai`i- Arugula Plant Growth (NanoRacks-GSH-Arugula Plant Growth) examines the difference between arugula seedlings grown in microgravity, both with and without nutrients, and a control experiment grown on Earth, with and without nutrients. Plants that are grown in a nutrient-rich base are generally healthier for humans, and this investigation determines whether gravity also affects plant nutritional content.
NanoRacks-Girl Scouts of Hawai`i-Microgreen Plant Growth (NanoRacks-GSH-Microgreen Plant Growth) tests the changes in growth of arugula in microgravity. This experiment was chosen to collect data on the viability of edible plants grown in microgravity.
Quantum entanglement, which Einstein called “spooky action at a distance,” is a connection between two different particles at the atomic level in which anything affecting one particle also affects the other, even if they are separated. Entangled particles of light (photons) can be used in quantum computers, secure communications systems, and unbreakable cryptography, but first scientists have to generate the photons and then entangle them. The NanoRacks-GOMX-2: Small Photon Entangling Quantum System (NanoRacks-GOMX-2) investigation demonstrates it is possible to generate pairs of quantum entangled photons in space using a modest CubeSat system.
The NanoRacks-GOMX-3 investigation tests a small satellite with an advanced antenna-pointing system and a variety of communications capabilities. The satellite contains three radios, one of which receives beacons from commercial aircraft to improve air traffic monitoring. Two radios test reception and data downlink in the L-band, used by GPS satellites, and the X-band, used by the military and for weather monitoring, air traffic control and other uses.
Adaptive optics is a method of continually adjusting a telescope to correct for distortions caused by the atmosphere, and usually requires a guide star for calibration. But sufficiently bright stars are not available in all parts of the sky, so some adaptive optics systems use lasers instead. NanoRacks-Ground-Based Sodium Laser Guide Star Imaging of 1U CubeSats (NanoRacks-Centennial-1) demonstrates an adaptive optics system for ground-based tracking and identification of 10 centimeter CubeSats, improving imaging systems used to avoid satellite collisions.
Spaceflight can have harmful effects on astronauts’ cardiovascular systems, including changes in heart rhythms and functions. Fruit flies living on the International Space Station help scientists understand the potential long-term risks. Several hundred Drosophila flies, which are used to study a wide range of health issues, are spending 30 days in orbit before returning to Earth for further study. The NanoRacks-Heart Effect Analysis Research Team conducting FLy Investigations and Experiments in Spaceflight (NanoRacks-HEART FLIES) investigation is the first to establish the Drosophila as a model organism for studying cardiac function and health in spaceflight.
Providing water for crewmembers is expensive due to the weight of the water upon lift-off. NanoRacks-Henry Bauerschlag Elementary School –Antibacterial Products (NanoRacks-HBES-Antibacterial Products) seeks to successfully rid crewmember urine of harmful bacteria so it can be recycled as usable water and multiply the supply already on board.
NanoRacks-IceCube consists of a CubeSat launched from the International Space Station (ISS) that performs first-of-a-kind measurements of ice particles embedded within clouds. These measurements not only advance atmospheric monitoring technology, they also fill in critical gaps in understanding of how cloud ice affects the weather and how cloud formations process atmospheric radiation. NanoRacks-IceCube uses a sensor new to space exploration that detects ice particles of different sizes at altitudes that correspond to the upper areas of heavy thunderstorms or the mid-sections of hurricane systems.
Portland cement is one of the most common building materials on Earth, forming the basis of concrete, mortar, and other components of buildings, roads and bridges. NanoRacks-Irish Centre for Composites Research-St. Nessan’s Community College: Effects of microgravity on the solidification of reinforced concrete (NanoRacks-IComp-Space Cowboy Builders) studies how microgravity affects the solidification of reinforced cement. Results improve understanding of how cement works in space, and how it might be used in construction projects on the moon, asteroids or other locations.
NanoRacks-ISS-Hyperspectral Earth Imaging System Trial (NanoRacks-ISS-HEIST) operates a compact hyperspectral sensor system for commercial Earth observation, using the NanoRacks External Platform (NREP). The system is designed and built by Orbital Sidekick, Inc., which is a private company that provides monitoring services to a variety of users. Hyperspectral data’s hundreds of narrow spectral bands result in extremely high spectral resolution and a contiguous reflectance spectrum of each pixel in the image, from visible light all the way through infrared. NanoRacks-ISS-HEIST offers a less expensive and smaller option for a commercial hyperspectral sensor deployed in space.
Humans can view photos and videos from space, but very few people will ever travel beyond Earth. Despite that limitation, NanoRacks-JAMSS-2, Lagrange-1 connects students on Earth to the space program by sending their photographs and messages to the International Space Station, along with plant seeds that are germinated after being returned home. The investigation increases awareness of humans’ ability to access space, spurring interest in the space program and encouraging students to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and math.
Fresh vegetables and other plant matter begin to decay after a few days, due to complex interactions with air, water and other molecules. Plant matter can break down more quickly in compost, which can be used to enrich soil and improve agriculture. NanoRacks-Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy-Determining the effect of microgravity on the decay of vegetable matter (NanoRacks-JKHA-Composting in Space) studies how microgravity affects the decay of plant matter and compost on the International Space Station, comparing results with a ground-based experiment.
The NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-1 and -3 experiments ensure on-orbit functionality works as planned with the ground data collection support for future NanoRacks investigations. This experiment provides the foundation to successfully perform other investigations on board the International Space Station (ISS).
The NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-2 and -4 experiments utilize film canisters to measure radiation on board the International Space Station (ISS). This experiment provides the foundation to successfully perform other investigations on board the ISS.
NanoRacks-Lagrange affords students the opportunity to be involved in science in space, raising public awareness of the potential of spaceflight and encouraging student interest in the sciences. Plant seeds are exposed to the microgravity environment and then grown on Earth to isolate the effects of a microgravity environment.
NanoRacks-LitSat-1 is a technology demonstration representing one of two Lithuanian CubeSats, together Lithuania’s first satellites in space. NanoRacks-LitSat-1 is deployed from the International Space Station and uses internal gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometers, solar sensors and a global positioning receiver to determine the satellite’s orientation. Results from NanoRacks-LitSat-1 pave the way for a new type of satellite attitude control that replaces typical reaction-wheel gyroscopes.
The NanoRacks-LituanicaSAT-1 is one of two Lithuanian CubeSats to be Lithuania's first satellites in space. Technology demonstrations developed on the open-source Arduino platform collect images of Earth from space, test solar cells for future satellites, and test an FM voice repeater to extend radio communication distances.
Proteins are crucial for any organism’s survival, but in certain diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, proteins clump together, or aggregate, and cause health problems. NanoRacks-Loomis Chaffee School-Effect of microgravity on protein aggregation (NanoRacks-LCS-Protein Aggregation) studies how microgravity affects the aggregation of a certain protein found in an egg white. Studying how microgravity affects protein aggregation may yield new discoveries relevant to degenerative brain diseases.
NanoRacks-Los Gatos High School-Corrosion Behavior of Pure Iron (NanoRacks-LGHS-Iron Corrosion) studies the corrosion of iron in a microgravity environment. Iron is an important building material and potentially available in meteorites and planets other than Earth. Its corrosion characteristics in microgravity are important in determining its usefulness as a building material outside of Earth.
NanoRacks-Maranatha Christian High School-Carbon Dioxide Monitor (NanoRacks-MCHS-CO2 Monitor) is a NanoLab project studying the fluctuation levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the microgravity space station in order to ensure the astronauts are in a safe CO2 environment.
On Earth, plants sense both gravity and light to determine the correct direction to grow their roots, stems and leaves, but in the microgravity environment of space, light is the only cue available. The NanoRacks-Maranatha Christian High School-Garden Cress Plant Growth and Phototropic Response Experiment (NanoRacks-MCHS-Phototropic Experiment) investigation studies microgravity’s effect on plants’ ability to sense light. Results are compared with plants grown upside-down on Earth, which illuminates light’s importance in plant germination.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a natural byproduct of human and animal breathing, but is toxic at high concentrations. NanoRacks-Maranatha Christian Schools-Measuring CO2 levels aboard the International Space Station (NanoRacks-MCS-CO2 Sensor) was developed after a request from NASA for new carbon dioxide sensors. The project measures changing levels of carbon dioxide in the space station and paves the way for a lightweight, low-power CO2 sensor to ensure crewmember safety.
In microgravity, injuries in humans and animals take longer to heal than they do on Earth, yet bacteria and fungi can grow faster and stronger. The NanoRacks-McMinnville High Engineering Aerospace & Sciences Academy-Plant Damage & Recovery in Microgravity (NanoRacks-MH EASA-Plant Damage & Recovery in Microgravity) investigation studies whether plants also take longer to heal from an injury. Results improve efforts to grow plants in space, where they will be an important source of food and oxygen for future space missions.
Metals corrode, or degrade, when they are exposed to harsh environments. NanoRacks-McMinnville High Engineering Aerospace & Sciences Academy-Corrosion of Metals in Microgravity (NanoRacks-MH EASA-Corrosion of Metals in Microgravity) studies corrosion of iron and zinc, which could be mined from asteroids and used in future space construction. Student-designed experiments expose metal coils to a saltwater solution to study how microgravity affects corrosion.
Living in microgravity causes several changes to insects, animals and plants, and because insects are an important part of any ecosystem, understanding these changes is crucial for future long-term space missions or settlements. NanoRacks-McMinnville High School-Exoskeleton Density Analysis of Mealworms in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-MHS-Exoskeleton Density) studies whether mealworms successfully reproduce in microgravity and pupate into beetles. The investigation also studies how the density of their exoskeletons changes over time spent in space.
Microwave radiometers measure temperature, water vapor, and cloud ice in the atmosphere, since oxygen and water vapor naturally emit signals in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. These signals are measured at different heights and are used to make 3D images of hurricanes, tropical storms and thunderstorms. The NanoRacks-Microsized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite (NanoRacks-MicroMAS) measures temperature from molecular oxygen. NanoRacks-MicroMAS is a small, low-cost CubeSat containing a miniaturized microwave scanner that paves the way for future constellations of similar satellites, gathering more detailed, more frequent images of severe weather that impacts people on Earth.
A genus of parasitic plants called Cuscuta, or dodder, heavily damages agricultural fields and destroys crops. Cuscuta has no leaves or roots, but wraps itself counterclockwise around a host plant, inserting small appendages to feast on the host plant’s food supply. NanoRacks-Midreshet Ben-Gurion-Cuscuta Parasitic Plant Growth (NanoRacks-MBG-Cuscuta) examines the mechanism that allows Cuscuta to wrap itself around other plants, which could lead to new insights for fighting it with herbicides or other treatments.
Solar variability energy is much more for x-ray radiation than visible light; the sun constantly streams X-rays and other invisible particles toward Earth, which can heat up the planet’s atmosphere. The University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric Space Physics (LASP) developed the NanoRacks-Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat (NanoRacks-MinXSS) to better understand solar X-ray energy and how it affects the layers of Earth’s upper atmosphere. The small student-designed satellite launches from the International Space Station via the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) and measures variations in solar X-ray activity, providing new insight into solar flares, the solar corona and other solar phenomena.
Some bacteria are more virulent in space, and on Earth, certain bacteria species are evolving to resist even the strongest antibiotics, resulting in “superbugs” that cause serious and life-threatening infections. A microscopic coating patterned after sharkskin repels bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-Effect of Microgravity on Bacterial Growth (NanoRacks-MA-Effect of Microgravity on Bacterial Growth) studies whether a sharkskin-like coating affects the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in microgravity.
On Earth, plants use gravity, light and nutrients to determine which direction to sprout their roots and stems. But plants grown in space lack any gravity cues, making them more reliant on light to grow in the correct direction. NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-Phototropism of Rice in Microgravity (NanoRacks-MA-Phototropism) investigates light’s effects on rice roots and shoots, providing new insight into the growth and development needs of one of the world’s staple crops.
Liquids move and flow differently in microgravity than they do on Earth. NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-The Effect of Microgravity on Fluid Flow Efficiency (NanoRacks-MA-Fluid Flow) examines microgravity's effects on fluid being pumped through a thin tube, improving understanding of liquid transportation in space. The investigation, designed by high school students, improves microgravity models of fluid flow that can be used to study the circulatory system as well as space station infrastructure.
For spacecraft, scientific experiments and human passengers, the intense vibration of launch and docking is one of the most common and potentially dangerous hazards of spaceflight. NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-Vibration Cancellation in Microgravity (NanoRacks-MA-Vibration Cancellation) studies a new way to cancel out and control vibration using an electromagnet. Results determine whether this method works in microgravity, benefiting efforts to cancel out damaging or disruptive vibrations on future missions.
NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-Coalescence of Water-Based Latex Polymers (NanoRacks-MA-Latex Polymer Coalescence) tests the coalescence of polymers at different glass transition temperatures in space. The investigation tests the way polymers (the basic unit of paint) form on a molecular level in microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS) compared to Earth’s gravity. Polymer samples are analyzed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
In the International Space School Educational Trust’s Mission Discovery program, the next generation of aerospace researchers works with astronauts, flight controllers and NASA scientists to design experiments that are carried out on the International Space Station (ISS). The NanoRacks-Mission Discovery ISS Biomedical Experiments 2 (NanoRacks-Mission Discovery 2) is comprised of the Mission Discovery competition winners from institutions including King’s College London and Renfrewshire Council in the United Kingdom, and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University and the University of Valparaiso in the United States. The investigations study antibiotic use to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; the rate at which yeast decomposes organic matter; whether steroid-enhanced plants could grow better in space than on Earth; and whether an enzyme derived from fireflies can cause bioluminescence in microgravity, among other experiments.
The NanoRacks–Mission Discovery ISS Bio-Medical Experiments (NanoRacks-Mission Discovery) contain investigations designed by winners of the International Space School Educational Trust (ISSET)/King’s College London Mission Discovery 2012 competition. The first-place winner studies whether the antibiotic Ampicillin inhibits the growth of E. coli. bacteria. The second-place winner examines slime mold growing in Petri dishes to determine if it can grow three-dimensionally on the International Space Station.
NanoRacks-Mission Discovery ISS Biomedical Experiments 3 (NanoRacks-Mission Discovery 3) consists of six prize-winning, student science experiments selected to fly aboard the International Space Station. The experiments investigate a range of practical, space-related questions concerning microbial biology and plant growth in space. NanoRacks-Mission Discovery 3 uses standard biological laboratory materials, from petri dishes to common antiseptic agents, and photographs experimental subjects (plants, bacterial, fungi) over the two-week duration of the experiments.
On Earth, the presence of a weak electrical field can stimulate plant growth, possibly improving agricultural yields, but whether this is true in microgravity requires further study. NanoRacks-Modesto High School-The Effect of Microgravity on Plant Growth Without a High Voltage Electric Field (NanoRacks-MHS-Plant Growth Without a High Voltage Electric Field) is a companion investigation to NanoRacks-VCHS-Electric Field on Plant Growth testing whether electricity improves plant growth in space. Results benefit efforts to grow plants for food and oxygen on future space missions.
The Earth, asteroids and other rocky bodies in the solar system all formed from a cloud of dust and gas surrounding the Sun, but scientists are unsure how small chunks coalesced into larger bodies like the planets. NanoRacks-NanoRocks: Collisional Evolution of Particles and Aggregates in Microgravity (NanoRacks-NanoRocks) explores low-energy collisions in microgravity to shed light on the formation of planetisimals, the building blocks of planets. The experiment studies a large sample of collisions at very low velocities during a long duration on the International Space Station, providing important insight into the nature of the early evolution of the solar system.
Publications
Brisset J, Colwell J, Dove A, Maukonen D, Brown N, Lai K, Hoover B. NanoRocks: Studying planet formation and planetary rings on the International Space Station. European Planetary Science Congress 2015, Nantes, France. 2015 September 27 - October 2; 1010 pp.
Brisset J, Colwell J, Dove A, Maukonen D. NanoRocks: Design and performance of an experiment studying planet formation on the International Space Station. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2017 July; 88(7): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1063/1.4991857. | Impact Statement
NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-1 (NanoRacks-NCESSE-1) incorporates the science projects of 16 school districts from all across the United States. Students design their own experiments using flight approved fluids and materials and are flown on the Materials Diffusion Apparatus (MDA) in a NanoRacks module. The goal of this program is to allow students to experience scientific exploration through their own involvement.
NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-2 (NanoRacks-NCESSE-2) is a commercial program which incorporates the science projects of 11 schools from all across the United States. Students design their own experiments using flight approved fluids and materials and are flown on the Materials Diffusion Apparatus (MDA) in a NanoRacks module. The goal of this program is to allow students to experience scientific exploration through their own involvement.
The Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Apollo-SSEP Mission 14 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Apollo) contains 33 microgravity experiments designed by students in grades 5-12 and college. These experiments assess physical, chemical, or biological systems in microgravity in order to assess the role of gravity in these systems. Individual experiments in this 16th Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP) flight include examinations of astronaut nutrition, water purification, antibiotic effectiveness, immune system response, oxidation, properties of concrete, growth and development of microacquatic organisms, seed germination, cell function, and bacteria growth.
The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Antares (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Antares) investigation is the result of a commercial Science Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) education program overseen by the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education (NCESSE), called the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP).The investigation includes 11 science experiments from across the United States. Student teams design their own experiments using flight approved fluids and materials and are flown in a NanoRacks Module.
The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Aquarius (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Aquarius) investigation is the result of a commercial Science Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) education program overseen by the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education (NCESSE), called the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP).The payload includes 15 science experiments from 12 school districts across the United States. Student teams design their own experiments using flight approved fluids and materials and are flown in a NanoRacks Module.
Publications
Warren P, Golden A, Hanover J, Love D, Shephard F, Szewczyk NJ. Evaluation of the Fluids Mixing Enclosure System for Life Science Experiments During a Commercial Caenorhabditis elegans Spaceflight Experiment. Advances in Space Research. 2013 epubDOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.02.002.
Students from 5th though 12th grade bring their classrooms into space through the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program, part of NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Charlie Brown (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Charlie Brown). Student-designed experiments fly to the International Space Station in a NanoRacks module, and address questions about plant growth, bacteria, antibiotics, rust and more. The investigations connect students to space in a unique way.
The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Falcon (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Falcon) investigation stems from a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education program called the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP). Student teams across the United States design and build their own experiments using flight-approved fluids and other materials. The investigation includes 17 different science experiments that are flown in a NanoRacks module aboard the International Space Station. Experiments include studies on cell division in space; the effects of microgravity on seed germination and plant growth; differences in milk protein structure and bacteria growth; and others.
The Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP) provides one of the most unique educational opportunities available: student-designed experiments to be flown on the International Space Station. The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Odyssey (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Odyssey) investigation contains 24 student experiments, including microgravity studies of plant, algae and bacterial growth; polymers; development of multi-cellular organisms; chemical and physical processes; antibiotic efficacy; and allergic reactions. The program immerses students and teachers in real science, providing first-hand experience conducting scientific experiments and connecting them to the space program.
The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Orion (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Orion) investigation stems from a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education program called the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP). Student teams across the United States design and build their own experiments using flight-approved fluids and other materials. The investigation includes 11 different science experiments that are flown in a NanoRacks module aboard the International Space Station.
Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Skylab-SSEP Mission 15 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Skylab) contains seven microgravity experiments designed by students. These experiments assess physical, chemical, and biological systems in microgravity in order to assess the role of gravity.
Under the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP), students across the United States and Canada, from grade schools through universities, design their own experiments to be flown on the International Space Station (ISS). The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Yankee Clipper (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Yankee Clipper) investigation contains 18 student experiments, including microgravity studies of crystal formation, seed germination, plant growth, bacterial activity, and mosquito larvae. The program immerses students and teachers in real science, providing first-hand experience conducting scientific experiments and connecting them to the space program.
NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-America (NanoRacks-NCESSE-America) consists of 21 microgravity experiments designed by K-12 and college students that examine biofilm formation, tissue regeneration, concrete properties, immune system response, and plant, fungi, and bacterial growth. Bound for the International Space Station (ISS), the student experiments represent winning entries in a competitive initiative that engaged over 9,000 U.S. and Canadian students in space-related research planning. The NanoRacks-NCESSE-America experiments utilize NanoRacks MixStix as miniature laboratories, which are activated by ISS crew and then eventually returned to Earth so that student teams can examine their results.
Publications
Vista SSEP Mission 11 Team, Hagstrom D, Bartee C, Collins ES. Studying planarian regeneration aboard the International Space Station within the Student Space Flight Experimental Program. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 2018 May 7; 511 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2018.00012. | Impact Statement
The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Casper (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Casper) investigation consists of 11 K-12 student microgravity experiments that examine polymers, antibiotics, micro-aquatic life and other multi-cellular organisms, plant growth, and more. Bound for the International Space Station, the student experiments combine curiosity, creativity and science technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) excellence to address core NASA challenges of protecting life and equipment during long-term space travel. Many of the experiments specifically query the critical role of gravity in basic biological processes, such as when a caterpillar must hang upside down to become a butterfly, or examine how microgravity affects basic chemical reactions such as the rusting of metal.
The Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP) and National Center for Earth and Space Science Education (NCESSE) give students and teachers from grade school through university firsthand experience in real science in microgravity, in partnership with NanoRacks, LLC. NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Endeavor (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Endeavor) contains 21 student experiments in physical and chemical processes and life sciences. Investigations include zinc whisker detachment, effects of perchlorate in Martian soil, composting, biofilm formation, muscle tissue regeneration, and more.
NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Gemini (SSEP Mission 13) (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Gemini) includes 41 microgravity experiments designed by students in grades 5 through 12 and college. The experiments range from examinations of water filtration and purification to synthetic soil production, rust formation, antibiotic effectiveness, growth and development of microacquatic organisms, and growth of plant, fungi, and bacteria. Each was chosen from more than 3,000 entries submitted by more than 23,000 U.S., Canadian, and Brazilian students. The experiments use NanoRacks MixStix, miniature laboratories activated by space station crew and eventually returned to the student teams on Earth for analysis.
Students from grade schools through universities can bring their classrooms into space through the Student Spaceflight Experiment Program, part of the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education (NCESSE). The NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Kitty Hawk (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Kitty Hawk) investigation contains 15 student experiments in chemistry and life sciences, including investigations of antibiotics and probiotics, plant growth and others. The program connects students and teachers to the space program in a unique way, by allowing students to do real microgravity research programs.
Publications
Gravely AK, Vlasov A, Freeman A, Wu K, Szewczyk NJ, D'Cruz R, Batt J. Levels of Acid Sphingomyelinase (ASM) in Caenorhabditis elegans in Microgravity. Gravitational and Space Research. 2018 July 26; 6(1): 27-36. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2018-0003. | Impact Statement
NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Mercury (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Mercury) includes 34 microgravity experiments designed by students in grades K through 12 and college. The experiments include examinations of tissue regeneration, concrete properties, antibiotics, and growth of plant, fungi, and bacteria, each chosen out of more than 12,000 entries from U.S., Canadian, and Brazilian students. The NanoRacks-NCESSE-Mercury experiments use NanoRacks MixStix, miniature laboratories activated by space station crew and eventually returned to Earth to allow student teams to examine their results.
Bacteria are more virulent and grow more rapidly in space, but scientists are not sure why. NanoRacks-National Design Challenge-Centaurus High School-The Effects of Simulated Gravity on Bacterial Lag Phase in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-NDC-CHS-Bacterial Lag Phase) studies the bacterial lag phase, a delay period before the start of exponential growth, which is much shorter in microgravity than it is on Earth. The experiment uses a centrifuge to simulate gravity, comparing microgravity and simulated-gravity Escherichia coli (E. coli) cultures to determine whether microgravity itself causes changes in bacterial growth.
Algae can produce both fats and hydrogen, which can each be used as fuel sources on Earth and potentially in space. NanoRacks-National Design Challenge-Chatfield High School-The Effect of Microgravity on Two Strains of Biofuel Producing Algae with Implications for the Production of Renewable Fuels in Space Based Applications (NanoRacks-NDC-CHS-The Green Machine) studies two algae species to determine whether they still produce hydrogen and store fats while growing in microgravity. Results from this student-designed investigation improve efforts to produce a sustainable biofuel in space, as well as remove carbon dioxide from crew quarters.
NanoRacks-NDC-Ames for Space-Bacteria Testing determines whether bacteria mutate at a different rate in the microgravity environment of space. The experiments extend previous work on virulence in space by exposing different batches of bacteria to toxins known to cause mutations. Automated equipment tests and photographs batches of bacteria contained within different concentrations of toxins so that the observed mutation rates can be compared with those observed from control groups on Earth.
Vermicomposting, or using worms to break down food scraps, is an effective way to reduce waste and obtain a nutrient-rich fertilizer for plants. The NanoRacks-NDC-Bell Middle School-Efficiency of Vermicomposting in a Closed System (NanoRacks-NDC-BMS-Vermicomposting) investigation is a student-designed project that studies whether red wiggler worms, a species of earthworm, are able to produce compost in space. Results are used to study the potential for composting as a form of recycling on future long-duration space missions.
Alzheimer’s disease, an irreversible neurodegenerative process, is characterized by formation of neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein and plaques, or clumps of amyloid beta peptide, that kill brain cells. Research suggests that an intermediate stage in fibril formation is ten times more toxic and may play a greater role in cell death and development of Alzheimer’s disease. NanoRacks-NDC-Calumet College of St. Joseph-Beta-Amyloid Peptide (NanoRacks-NDC-CCSJ-Beta-Amyloid Peptide) examines fibril formation and beta amyloid peptides in microgravity using a fluorescence spectrometer. Results could lead to ways to slow down the rate at which Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain or to eliminate toxic effects of beta amyloid peptide.
On Earth, oil floats above water due to the liquids’ different densities. NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Oil Bubbles is a student-designed investigation that explores whether microgravity affects this mixing phenomenon in space. Data from the investigation benefits materials research and future mixing methods in space.
Crystals are important for a wide range of technologies on Earth, from medical research to accurate clocks, but gravity affects how crystals grow, limiting the ability to grow them on Earth. In microgravity, crystals can be grown larger and with better symmetry than those on Earth. NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Rock Candy in Space grows sugar crystals in microgravity and compares them with sugar crystals formed on the ground.
Fresh food spoils quickly, but the ways in which plants and other natural materials decay are not well understood. NanoRacks-Ort-Tivon School-Determining the Effect of Microgravity on the Rate of Decay of Vegetable Matter (NanoRacks-OTS-Decay Rate in Space) studies how microgravity affects the decay of food plants, and whether food decays slower in space than it does on Earth. Understanding these differences could provide new methods for storing food in space.
NanoRacks-Planet Labs-Dove is a fleet of nanosatellites deployed from the International Space Station to take images of Earth from space. The satellites are designed, built and operated by Planet Labs Inc., which provides the imagery to a variety of users. The satellites focus on areas within 52 degrees of Earth’s equator, where most human populations and agricultural areas are located, and they revisit the same areas more frequently than any existing government or commercial satellites. The images have several humanitarian and environmental applications, from monitoring deforestation and urbanization to improving natural disaster relief and agricultural yields in developing nations.
Proteins are important biological molecules that can be crystallized to provide better views of their structure and function. Proteins crystallized in microgravity produce better-organized, larger crystals that are easier to study than those produced on Earth. NanoRacks-Protein Crystal Growth in Space to Enable Therapeutic Discovery (NanoRacks-PCG Therapeutic Discovery) tests whether microgravity improves the crystallization of two proteins that are important for future treatment of heart disease and cancer.
NanoRacks-Protein Crystal Growth-1 (NanoRacks-PCG-1) is a proprietary protein crystal growth experiment that utilizes state-of-the-art on-the-ground PCG procedures and hardware.
Publications
Carruthers, Jr. CW, Gerdts C, Johnson MD, Webb P. A microfluidic, high throughput protein crystal growth method for microgravity. PLOS ONE. 2013 November 21; 8(11): e82298. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082298.PMID: 24278480.
The NanoRacks-QB50 project uses the International Space Station to deploy a constellation of 28 CubeSats, from a total of 36, in order to study the upper reaches of the Earth’s atmosphere over a period of 1 to 2 years. This constellation is the result of an international collaboration involving academia and research institutes from 23 different countries around the world. The project, coordinated by the QB50 Consortium, receives funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development. The QB50 satellites conduct coordinated measurements on a poorly studied and previously inaccessible zone of the atmosphere referred to as the thermosphere. The project monitors different gaseous molecules and electrical properties of the thermosphere to better understand space weather and its long-term trends.
NanoRacks-Ramon SpaceLab-01 (NanoRacks-RSL-01) is a compilation of five investigations aboard the International Space Station: examining the effect of microgravity on yeast fermentation, testing whether microgravity accelerates the dissolving of medication in simulated stomach acid, testing formation of more stable emulsions of oil and water in space, measuring growth of yeast in urine as a potential source of vitamins and a mechanism of filtering urine for drinking, and observing transfer of a fluorescent plasmid during conjugation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in microgravity as a step toward genetically engineering proteins.
NanoRacks-Ramon SpaceLab-02 (NanoRacks RSL-02) includes three MixStix investigations from The Ramon SpaceLab, an advanced project-based learning education program: how microgravity affects the amount of calcium precipitation produced by osteoblast cells in the presence of amorphical calcium, the effects of microgravity on osteoblast cell reproduction in an increased presence of calcium, and the effects on the rate of diffusion in dialysis and the formation of kidney stones.
Nanoracks-Ramon SpaceLab-03 (Nanoracks-RSL-03) consists of three experiments that investigate the effects of the space environment on components related to neurodegenerative diseases, drug delivery methods, and regenerative mechanisms. The research consists of: 1) measuring changes in nematode protein blocks linked to neurodegenerative diseases; 2) assessing drug release from vesicle-like structures called liposomes; and 3) examining the stability of proteins secreted from Placental eXpanded (PLX) cells, a type of cell that facilitates healing by stimulating the body’s regenerative mechanisms.
Nanoracks-Ramon SpaceLab-04 (Nanoracks-RSL-04) consists of four microgravity experiments designed by students. The experiments examine the effects of microgravity on degradation of plastic by bacteria, the response of a community of intestinal microbes to antibiotics, the effect of Moringa seed powder and copper pieces on E. coli cultures, and the effect of a technique that enhances or inhibits gene expression in certain cells, called transfection, on the rate of drug delivery into lung cancer cells via a technology called Nano-ghosts.
NanoRacks-Remove Debris demonstrates an approach to reducing the risks presented by space debris or "space junk". Collisions in space may have serious consequences, but research has shown that removing the largest debris significantly reduces the chance of collisions. NanoRacks-Remove Debris demonstrates using a 3D camera to map location and speed of debris and deploying a net to capture and de-orbit simulated debris up to 1m in size. Analysis of video of the demonstration runs back on Earth increases understanding of debris that needs removal and how best to do so.
Previous experiments have shown that some bacteria species grow faster and become more virulent in microgravity than they do on Earth, which could make it more difficult to treat infections on long-duration space missions. NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-E. Coli Bacteria Growth in Microgravity (NanoRacks-RCHS-E. Coli Growth) studies an altered form of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common intestinal bacteria that can cause serious illness. Results determine whether E. coli has the same life cycle in microgravity as it does on Earth, which affects infection risks and treatment options.
Bacteria have been shown to grow faster and more virulent in microgravity as compared to their growth on Earth. Understanding how and why this happens is important for safeguarding crew health on current and future long-duration space missions. NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-E. Coli Bacteria Growth with UV Exposure in Microgravity (NanoRacks-RCHS-E. Coli Growth with UV Exposure) studies a modified form of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria that are exposed to ultraviolet radiation, determining whether they exhibit the same life and death cycle in microgravity as they do on Earth.
Batteries are crucial for countless products in everyday life, and they will also be essential for future space travel, where an electric grid isn’t available. NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-Battery Life in Microgravity (NanoRacks-RCHS-Battery Life) determines whether microgravity has any effect on how long it takes a battery to drain. Results provide insight into how long batteries in microgravity last before losing their charge.
To achieve long-term space travel, one needs to consider both health and sanitation issues. The NanoRacks–Riverside Christian Schools–Bacteria Growth Experiment (NanoRacks-RCS–Bacteria Growth) provides insight as to the potential impact of microgravity on the growth cycle of bacteria. Does microgravity change the nominal growth time cycle of E. coli bacteria as compared to what is normally experienced in Earth gravity?
Long-term space travel requires the use of medical and other devices that rely on small coin-cell size batteries as their power source. NanoRacks-Riverside Christian Schools-Battery Performance Experiment (NanoRacks-RCS-Battery Performance) provides insight as to whether microgravity has an impact on the performance of current battery technology. Specifically, does microgravity increase or decrease the useful life of a battery as compared to what is normally experienced in Earth gravity.
Fluid dynamics are different in space, where gravity and convection are lacking, yet the basic rules of physics still apply. NanoRacks-San Diego Science Alliance Youth Space Institute-Liquid Bridge Deformation and Particle Motion Under Mechanical Rotation (NanoRacks-SDSA YSI-Liquid Bridge Deformation and Particle Motion Under Mechanical Rotation) uses liquid droplets floating in microgravity to test Bernoulli’s principle of an inverse relationship between pressure and density, in which a fast-moving fluid exerts less pressure than a slow-moving one.
Radiation from the sun and other cosmic sources is a primary hazard for orbital crewmembers, and protecting crew health requires careful monitoring and specialized equipment. NanoRacks-San Diego Science Alliance Youth Space Institute-Radiation Detection and Mitigation (NanoRacks-SDSA YSI-Radiation Blocking) determines whether a radiation dosimeter called Instadose™ detects high-energy radiation in the International Space Station, and whether Boronated Hydrogen Putty blocks high-energy neutrons. Two other radiation detection devices corroborate the results.
NanoRacks-San Diego Youth Space Program-Investigating Garden Cress Phototropic Response in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-SDYSP-Phototropism) investigates how a common edible plant responds to different light regimes in the microgravity environment of space. The experiment uses an automated light-emitting diode (LED) setup and monitoring system to germinate and grow garden cress under different lighting conditions aboard the International Space Station. Back on Earth, students examine images taken at different stages of plant growth as well as returned samples in order to determine how light affects growth in the absence of gravity.
In degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimer’s, proteins clump together in the brain and form fibrous plaques, known as amyloids. These structures are made from proteins that normally dissolve in liquid, but they become insoluble when they self-assemble. NanoRacks-Self-Assembly in Biology and the Origin of Life (NanoRacks-SABOL) seeks to successfully grow amyloid fibers in microgravity for the first time, aiming to compare them with fibers grown on the ground.
Publications
Bell D, Durrance S, Kirk DR, Gutierrez HM, Woodard D, Avendano J, Sargent J, Leite C, Saldana B, Melles T, Jackson S, Xu S. Self-Assembly of Protein Fibrils in Microgravity. Gravitational and Space Research. 2018 July 26; 6(1): 10-26. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2018-0002. | Impact Statement
Cells, crystals and lipids can self-assemble into larger structures, and are affected by fluid dynamics and the force of gravity. NanoRacks-Self-Assembly of Mesoscopic Lipid Mimics (NanoRacks-Lipid Mimic Self-Assembly) investigates this self-assembly in microgravity by using small mimics of lipids, which are molecules that include fats, waxes, and some vitamins. A NanoRacks module contains 3-D printed lipid mimics, an electromagnet and vibration device to monitor self-assembling structures.
NanoRacks-SkyCube is an educational mission that demonstrates the capabilities of small, low-budget satellites in a manner that engages the public. The small satellite takes images of the Earth from space by request, sends "tweets" in the form of radio pings, and inflates a balloon to de-orbit itself in a demonstration that could be used to reduce future space debris.
Slime molds form when individual cells swarm together and self-assemble into a blob, essentially a giant single cell containing thousands of nuclei. These unusual cells, which have already been found on the International Space Station, respond to external forces and stimuli by moving and changing their shapes. NanoRacks-Slime Mold Organization (NanoRacks-Slime Mold) treats slime molds with a series of stimuli while in microgravity, monitoring their responses and comparing them to slime molds on the ground.
A microorganism called brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been crucial for making bread, beer, and wine for millennia. This species of fungus grows with or without oxygen and is commonly grown under micro-aerobic conditions, in which small amounts of oxygen are present. NanoRacks-SMA Unggul Del-Micro-aerobic Metabolism of the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-SUD-Micro-aerobic Metabolism) studies how microgravity affects yeast grown under micro-aerobic conditions, which are used in industrial applications to produce different flavors and alcohol content.
NanoRacks-SMDC-Kestrel Eye IIM (NanoRacks-KE IIM) is a microsatellite carrying an optical imaging system payload, including a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) telescope. The investigation validates the concept of using microsatellites in low-Earth orbit to support critical operations. An overall goal is to demonstrate that small satellites are viable platforms for providing critical path support to operations and hosting advanced payloads.
Polyurethane foams are strong and dense, making them beneficial materials for insulation, construction and building repairs on Earth. NanoRacks-South Houston High School-Polyurethane Repair Kit for ISS (NanoRacks-SHHS-Polyurethane Repair Kit) investigates whether these foams can be used to repair cracks or minor damage on space equipment. The investigation compares the density of commercially available polyurethane foam produced in microgravity with foam produced on Earth.
NanoRacks-Space Seeds: Plant Seed and Invertebrate Egg Microgravity Exposure; Investigations for Lower and Middle School STEM Education (NanoRacks-Space Seeds) creates tools for teaching basic science in K-12 classrooms. The project delivers 2500 classroom science kits containing either radish seeds or brine shrimp eggs to the International Space Station where they are exposed to the low gravity and higher radiation environment of space. The kits are then returned to Earth and distributed to K-12 classrooms where students grow the organisms (radish or brine shrimp) and compare them with Earth-based control groups to determine how different conditions affect biological development.
NanoRacks-Sphero SPRK+ Robot Studies in Microgravity allows students on Earth to study robotic control and operations in the low gravity environment of space. The project uses a familiar and popular educational tool, the Sphero SPRK+ robot, to execute a series of commands selected by Earth-based elementary and middle school classes. The project operates the Sphero within a special chamber aboard the International Space Station and then sends results back to classrooms where students analyze how and why the robot works differently in space.
Rice is a staple food for billions of people on Earth, but it requires large amounts of water and room to grow. NanoRacks-Surya Institute Indonesia-Oryza Sativa Growth in Microgravity Conditions (NanoRacks-SII-Plant Growth) observes how rice seeds germinate in microgravity and in the absence of light, two cues plants need to grow on Earth. Results from this investigation improve efforts to grow food with limited resources in space.
On Earth, some plants develop a symbiotic relationship with bacteria: the bacteria live on nodules forming along plant roots, and they provide the plant with nitrogen. Microgravity affects plants and animals down to the cellular level, so it affects this relationship. NanoRacks-Symbiotic Nodulation in a Reduced Gravity Environment-Cubed (NanoRacks-SyNRGE3) investigates the effect of microgravity on the cell-to-cell signaling and nodule formation between a host plant and symbiotic bacteria.
NanoRacks-Terpene Extraction in Microgravity (NanoRacks-Terpene) is an investigation sponsored by a commercial organization with the hope of finding new chemical building blocks for their products through microgravity extraction of the terpenes from wood samples.
Publications
Lumsden B. The impact of micro-gravity on the release of oak extractives into spirit. Ardbeg. 2015 6 pp. white paper. | Impact Statement
Many previous investigations have demonstrated that plants can grow in microgravity, but root rot continues to be a problem in microgravity due to the retention of deoxygenated water remaining on the roots. The centrifuge spins water off the roots and the contact wetting angle built into the chamber wicks the water to the pump using capillary action. This increases the amount of oxygenated water that comes into direct contact with the plants roots. Results from this student-designed investigation benefit future plant growth efforts on the International Space Station and long-duration space missions.
Crew members are exposed to radiation and microgravity during space missions, which harms their immune systems and causes other negative health effects. NanoRacks-The Investigation of Countermeasures to Modulate and Augment the Immune System (NanoRacks-ISS University Research (UR)-1) studies a chemical compound that fights some of these ill effects by enhancing immune cells. The immune-boosting compound, called benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid, also shows promise for improving treatment in cancer patients on Earth.
Publications
Sundaresan A, Pellis NR. Cellular and Genetic Adaptation in Low-gravity Environments. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009 April; 1161(1): 135-146. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04085.x.
Martinelli LK, Russomano T, dos Santos MA, Falcao FP, Bauer ME, Machado A, Sundaresan A. Effect of microgravity on immune cell viability and proliferation. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 2009 July; 28(4): 85-90. DOI: 10.1109/MEMB.2009.933572.
Marriott KC, Bartee R, Morrison AZ, Stewart L, Wesby J. Expedited Synthesis of Benzofuran-2-Carboxylic Acids via Microwave-Assisted Perkin Rearrangement Reaction. Tetrahedron Letters. 2012 June 27; 53(26): 3319-3321. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.075.
Zwieb C, Bhuiyan S. Archaea Signal Recognition Particle Shows the Way. Archaea. 2010 20101-11. DOI: 10.1155/2010/485051.
Okoro E, Mann V, Ellis I, Mansoor E, Olamigoke L, Marriott KC, Denkins P, Williams W, Sundaresan A. Immune modulation in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (Lymphocytes) in response to benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid derivative KMEG during spaceflight. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2017 August; 29(4): 331-336. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-017-9551-z. | Impact Statement
Hada M, Gersey B, Saganti PB, Wilkins R, Cucinotta FA, Wu H. mBAND analysis of chromosome aberrations in human epithelial cells induced by γ-rays and secondary neutrons of low dose rate. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2010 August 14; 701(1): 67-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.03.009.PMID: 20338263. | Impact Statement
NanoRacks-The Ohio State University-Zeolite Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-OSU-Zeolite) processes materials science samples in microgravity. The science goals for NanoRacks-OSU-Zeolite are proprietary.
Publications
Soykal II, Sohn H, Bayram B, Gawade P, Snyder MP, Levine SE, Oz H, Ozkan US. Effect of microgravity on synthesis of nano ceria. Catalysts. 2015 July 20; 5(3): 1306-1320. DOI: 10.3390/catal5031306.
The NanoRacks-The Quest Institute-The Behavior of Heating, Cooling, and Humidity in Microgravity (NanoRacks-Quest-HeatHumidityBehavior) investigation looks at differences between various heating and cooling methods in microgravity. Methods tested include heating with resistors and bulbs, cooling with natural and forced convection and conduction, and controlling relative humidity with passive desiccant exposure. A microprocessor board controls heating and cooling components, and the temperature sensors used to collect data. Data and video files of the experiment are collected for later review.
Students at Alas Peruanas University in Peru command and control NanoRacks-UAPSAT-1, which studies meteorological phenomena from space. The picosatellite was designed and programmed at the university, serving educational and research efforts in Peru. The investigation verifies the students' design methods and tests various electronics, orientation and stabilization instruments, and temperature sensing instruments designed to measure meteorological impacts on Earth.
NanoRacks-University of Florida-Squids-1 (NanoRacks-UF-Squids-1) examines the effect of the space environment on the normal developmental time line of the cooperative relationship between the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid Euprymna scolopes and the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The goal of this project is to determine whether beneficial microbes that typically associate with animal tissues are negatively impacted by microgravity.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School of Dublin-Crystal Formation in Microgravity (NanoRacks-VCHSD-Crystal Formation in Microgravity) explores the feasibility of creating improved potassium aluminum sulfate crystals in microgravity. Researchers observe hydrodynamics and fluid dynamics of the cell using the MicroLab digital camera and light-emitting diode (LED) lights to record fluid flow into the cell and crystal growth as water evaporates through the cell vent. Post-flight, the team examines crystallization processes and quality of crystal structure and compares to crystals formed in gravity. This experiment was designed by students in 10th through 12th grades, with guidance from teachers and industrial mentors, as part of the school’s education goal to promote applied math, science and engineering.
The sun is the primary source of energy in space, but collecting and using solar power means sending bulky solar panels into orbit. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School of Dublin-Evaluating Solar Liquid Power in Space: Converting Electromagnetic Radiation to Electricity (NanoRacks-VCHSD-Evaluating Solar Liquid Power in Space) studies a new energy source called Solar Liquid Power (SLP), a paint-like coating that solidifies after being applied and converts electromagnetic radiation into usable electricity.
Polyvinyl alcohol is a common chemical that forms a biodegradable film, which is used in eye drops, textiles and many other applications. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School of Dublin-Polyvinyl Alcohol Thin Film Formation Experiment (NanoRacks-VCHSD-Polyvinyl Alcohol) studies how this chemical evaporates and whether thin films form on flat surfaces in microgravity as on Earth. Results improve understanding of the microgravity behavior of a widely used chemical, as well as microgravity’s effects on fluid dynamics, surface tension and evaporation.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School Plant Seed Growth (NanoRacks-VCHS Plant Seed) is the project of Valley Christian High School in San Jose, California. The experiment contains an extended-sized autonomous, self-contained plant-seed growth experiment which is plugged into a NanoRacks Platform on board the International Space Station (ISS). The internal camera provides snapshots of the stages of growth during the experiment.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria Growth (NanoRacks-VCHS-B. Subtilis) is a NanoLab project studying the growth and growth rate of Bacillus subtilis bacteria in microgravity.
Red harvester ants work together to build complex tunnel networks on Earth, but microgravity can change the way tunnels form. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Ant Colony Behavior in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Ant Colony Behavior) studies whether ant tunnels are still structurally sound in space. It also examines how life in space affects the ants’ cooperation and other behaviors, providing new insight into their methods that may be replicated for space-based construction.
Bacteria and some other single-celled organisms move around when they sense various chemicals, a phenomenon called chemotaxis, which allows them to locate food and other organisms. The NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Bacterial Chemotaxis (NanoRacks-VCHS-Bacterial Chemotaxis) investigation studies strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria that are cultured with glucose, a food source, to determine whether they perform chemotaxis and whether microgravity affects it. Results provide new understanding of bacterial behavior in space, benefiting efforts to treat and prevent infections on future space missions.
In microgravity, some types of bacteria can grow more rapidly and with greater strength than they do on Earth. Current and future space missions rely on antibiotics to treat and prevent diseases caused by bacteria. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Bacterial Growth and Kanamycin Resistance in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Bacterial Growth and Kanamycin Resistance) compares how well Escherichia coli (E. coli) samples grow, and whether the antibiotic Kanamycin kills them more effectively, in microgravity and on Earth.
Plants grow differently in space, and some plants experience stunted growth or problems with germination, which may make it difficult for future space travelers to grow their own food. The NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-BAM-FX–Enhanced Broccoli Seed Germination, Plant Growth and Zinc Biofortification on Orbit (NanoRacks-VCHS-BAM-FX) investigation studies growth of broccoli plants fortified with zinc, which improves the plants’ own growth and can benefit crew members’ immune systems. The investigation studies seed germination and growth in microgravity, determining whether a bioavailable mineral nutrient formula helps their growth.
Plants need cool, stable temperatures to grow properly. But in previous research on the International Space Station (ISS), plant growth experiments have reached temperatures of 93°F (34°C), which is too hot for many plants and can interfere with analysis of microgravity’s effects on their growth. The NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Instrumentation (NanoRacks-VCHS-Instrumentation) investigation studies three cooling systems that can ensure a stable temperature for future plant experiments in space.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Electromagnetic Effects on Ferrofluid (NanoRacks-VCHS- Electromagnetic Ferrofluid) is a NanoLab project studying the effects of a variable magnetic field on Ferrofluids in microgravity. Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids made of nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, particles suspended in an organic solvent.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Electroplating (NanoRacks-VCHS-Electroplating) is a NanoLab project studying the effects of microgravity on electroplating.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Formation of Crystals in Distilled Water in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Water Crystallization) investigates how ice crystallization processes differ in the microgravity environment of space. Because the formation of crystals depends strongly on gravity, crystallization in space can occur at different rates or create unusual deposits. NanoRacks-VCHS-Water Crystallization uses an automated experimental setup to freeze very pure water and photograph ice crystal growth for comparison with normal ice growth on Earth’s surface.
Plants on Earth reach toward the sun despite the influence of gravity, so the microgravity environment of space changes how they grow. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Growing Wisconsin Fast Plants, Chives, and Dandelions in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Improved Multiple Plant Growth) uses high-intensity lighting and improved irrigation to study whether it is easier to grow certain crop plants in space, where there is no gravity to thwart them. Crops in space can provide alternative fresh food sources for crewmembers on long-duration missions.
Crew members living on the International Space Station (ISS) are exposed to constant background radiation from the sun and other cosmic sources, which can be a health hazard. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-ISS Background Radiation Experiment (NanoRacks-VCHS-ISS Background Radiation) uses a Geiger counter to study this background radiation at different points along the ISS’ orbit. Measuring the radiation environment on the ISS for one month helps determine whether future crews need additional radiation shielding to protect their health.
Cosmic rays from distant exploding stars constantly make their way through the cosmos, and occasionally these high-energy particles collide with computer chips, harming data and electronics. The NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Memory Loss Experiment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Memory Loss) investigation determines whether cosmic rays affect information in computer memory chips when the chips are not shielded. Results provide further information on the threat cosmic radiation poses to sensitive computers operating in space.
On Earth, oil settles on top of water because of differences in the liquids’ density and oil’s natural water-repellent tendencies, although certain additives called emulsifying agents can help them combine. But liquids behave differently in microgravity, which may affect how oil combines with water and how detergents and emulsifiers function. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Mixing Fluids With Liquid Detergents (NanoRacks-VCHS-Liquid Detergents) determines whether oils and water emulsify in microgravity in a similar manner as they do on Earth.
The sun constantly blasts Earth and the rest of the solar system with radiation, which can peak to dangerous levels in solar flares. This radiation can harm sensitive equipment in space and on the ground and is hazardous to orbiting crew members’ health. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Observing Background Radiation and Magnetic Fields in Microgravity (NanoRacks-VCHS-Observing Background Radiation and Magnetic Fields in Microgravity) monitors the radiation environment throughout the orbit of the International Space Station for one month, which helps determine the need for radiation shielding on future space missions.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Plant Growth (NanoRacks-VCHS-Plant Growth) is a NanoLab project studying the growth and growth rate of Wisconsin Fast Plant and English Thyme seeds in microgravity.
From common bacteria to certain species of fungi, several pathogens are more virulent in space, for reasons scientists are still trying to understand. Previous research demonstrated that plant cell walls are thinner in microgravity, allowing pathogens to infect germinating plants and potentially harm future space-based food supplies. The NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Plant Inoculum Experiment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Plant Inoculum) studies the effectiveness of a fungicide used to prevent a pathogen from infecting a soybean plant during germination.
Proteins are large, complex molecules that drive many of life’s processes, and crystallizing them allows researchers to study their structure and function in greater detail. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Protein Crystallization in Space (NanoRacks-VCHS-Protein Crystallization in Space) crystallizes a lattice-structured protein called SOD1, which is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s disease. Microgravity enables the formation of larger, more perfect crystals so scientists can better determine the protein’s structure, leading to new methods for treating this debilitating disease.
Crystals grown under the influence of gravity have a predictable pattern, but microgravity can change this, resulting in crystals of different shape and structure. The NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Silver Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-VCHS-Silver Crystal Growth) investigation applies an electric current to a silver nitrate solution, which results in crystals of pure silver. The experiment explores what happens to silver crystals when a gravitational field does not restrict their growth.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-The Effect of a Varied Magnetic Field on Magnetorheological Fluid Behavior in Microgravity (NanoRacks-VCHS-Magnetorheological Fluids) investigates the performance of unique magnetically sensitive lubricants in the microgravity environment of space. Magnetorheological fluids can adjust their thickness in the presence of a magnetic field making them a ‘smart’ type of oil, but the suspended particles that give the fluid these properties are influenced by gravity. Using an automated setup aboard the International Space Station, NanoRacks-VCHS-Magnetorheological Fluids images and analyzes magnetorheological fluid behavior in the presence of a magnetic field but without gravity.
On Earth, the presence of an electrical field can encourage seeds to germinate and can help plants grow. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-The Effect of an Electric Field Generated by High Voltage on Plant Growth Experiment in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Electric Field on Plant Growth) exposes Wisconsin fast plant seedlings to a high-voltage electrical field in microgravity. Results provide new information about plant germination in space, benefiting efforts to grow plants for food on future missions.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-The Effect of BAM-FX Nutrient Solution on Plants in Microgravity (NanoRacks-VCHS-BAM-FX-2) compares the effectiveness of BAM-FXTM and another commercially available nutrient solution in boosting plant growth in the microgravity environment of space. Plants can provide calories, oxygen and other vital nutrients during long-term space travel but optimal cultivation conditions are often a matter of trial and error. NanoRacks-VCHS-BAM-FX uses an automated apparatus to control and monitor seed growth in the presence of air, water, light and two separate nutrient solutions in order to determine which one works best.
Algae are single-celled organisms that live in water and can produce their own food through photosynthesis, as well as remove impurities from water. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-The Effect of Microgravity on Chlorella Vulgaris H2O Purification (NanoRacks-VCHS-Water Purification) studies whether a species of algae can remove a chemical fertilizer from water in microgravity. Results improve efforts to use algae as a water purifier for future space missions.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-The Effect of Microgravity on Probiotic Growth (NanoRacks-VCHS-Probiotic Growth) investigates how well commercial probiotic bacteria grow in the microgravity environment of space. The experiment consists of an automated setup that monitors bacterial growth in a fluid medium using cameras, lights and a special light-sensitive protein that helps track bacterial abundance. NanoRacks-VCHS-Probiotic Growth runs for thirty days aboard the International Space Station and enlists the help of high school science classes back on Earth in preparation steps, data analysis and interpretation.
Fermentation is the metabolic process of converting sugars to acid, gas or alcohol, and it takes place in yeast and bacteria, where it is important for producing many foods. Fermentation of lactic acid also takes place in human muscle cells that are starved for oxygen, including after vigorous exercise. The NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School‐Symbiotic Colony of Bacteria and Yeast (NanoRacks-VCHS-Symbiotic Colony of Bacteria and Yeast) investigation studies whether fermentation occurs at different rates in the microgravity environment of space.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-The Effects of Microgravity on Brine Shrimp (NanoRacks-VCHS-Brine Shrimp) investigates how well brine shrimp grow under different conditions in the microgravity environment of space. Brine shrimp are relevant to space exploration because their eggs can lie dormant for long periods and the shrimp can withstand a range of conditions, making them a potential renewable source of protein, calories or feed on long space journeys. NanoRacks-VCHS-Brine Shrimp uses an automated apparatus to hatch the shrimp, grow them with differing levels of carbon dioxide and photograph their development for comparison with control groups on Earth.
NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-The Effects of Microgravity on Neural Development of C. elegans (NanoRacks-VCHS-C. elegans) is a high school science investigation of how the microgravity environment of space influences nervous system development in the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). As a model organism used in many biological studies and space experiments, C. elegans is bioengineered with a special genetic marker that causes its neurons glow in UV light. NanoRacks-VCHS-C. elegans grows the worms in a self-contained environment while automated cameras capture images of the worms and for comparison with control subjects on Earth.
The microgravity environment causes unusual physical changes to almost anything, from water droplets to the human body. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Thermal Conductivity Experiment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Thermal Conductivity) measures distilled water in microgravity to determine whether its conductivity changes in space as compared to Earth. The investigation studies heat migration through distilled water to measure conductivity.
Just as crew members lose muscle mass and bone density in microgravity, plant cell walls are weaker in space, hampering plant growth and posing a challenge for food supplies on future space missions. NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Wisconsin Fast Plant Growth in a Vibration Environment Experiment (NanoRacks-VCHS-Wisconsin Fast Plant Growth in a Vibration Environment) studies whether a constant low vibration could serve as an alternative force to gravity, providing plant cell walls with a source of pressure that induces them to grow stronger.
Temperature control is a challenge in space, where sunlight and darkness cause extreme swings between heat and cold, and heat does not rise through convection as it does on Earth. NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-Heat Conductivity (NanoRacks-VCJHS-Heat Conductivity) studies methods to dissipate heat on the International Space Station. Results from this investigation benefit efforts to control cabin temperatures, improving crew comfort and health as well as safeguarding experimental payloads.
Thermal control is difficult in the vacuum environment of space, where temperatures can fluctuate several hundred degrees between sunlight and shade and where radiation is the only way to transfer heat. NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-High Temperature Dispersion in Microgravity (NanoRacks-VCJHS-High Temperature Dispersion in Microgravity) studies how heat dissipates in microgravity, and examines various methods of accelerating heat dissipation. Results benefit development of future cooling and thermal regulation systems for next-generation spacecraft.
Liquids of different densities don't mix easily, which is why oil floats on water. NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-Mixing Liquids of Different Densities in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-VCJHS-Fluid Density) determines how microgravity affects the molecular interactions between liquids of different densities. The investigation also determines whether water flows through a tube without being pumped, possibly eliminating pumps and valves to lower costs on future experiments.
Publications
Tang W, Song J, Kim J. Observing the random dispersion of compartmentalized droplets in an oil-water emulsion in microgravity. Columbia Junior Science Journal. 2021 634-35. | Impact Statement
Since its discovery in 1928, penicillin has been instrumental in curing bacterial diseases. It comes from a mold that requires warm and moist conditions to grow. NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-Penicillin Growth Preferences in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-VCJHS-Penicillin Growth) determines if penicillin grows better on a lattice structure or free form in microgravity, possibly allowing future space crews to grow their own antibiotics.
NanoRacks-Vitae Project Vi-III tests the space-readiness of an advanced shape metal alloy that can open and close in response to changes in light and temperature. As part of the Vitae Project, which seeks to install a dynamic, ‘blooming’ sculpture on the lunar surface, NanoRacks-Vitae Project Vi-III deploys an automated “cocoon” or flap system aboard the International Space Station. Once activated, the cocoon unfolds in response to temperature changes and simulates the sculpture’s opening and closing on the lunar surface in response to sunlight.
Plants need water to survive, but some species of “resurrection plants" are kept alive for a long time in a dormant state without water. Plants with this ability would be valuable as food sources for long-duration space missions. NanoRacks-Wheaton Academy-Resurrection Plant Growth Experiment in Microgravity (NanoRacks-WA-Resurrection Plant Growth) provides fluorescent and visual images to illuminate a resurrection plant's growth in microgravity, and compares them with results from a control plant on the ground.
NanoRacks-Whittier Christian High School-E.Coli Bacteria and Kanamycin Antibiotic (NanoRacks-WCHS-E. Coli and Kanamycin) is a NanoLab project studying the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in microgravity and the E. coli bacteria’s resistance to the antibiotic Kanamycin by varying the antibiotic dosage.
NanoSat Atmospheric Chemistry Hyperspectral Observation System (NACHOS) validates a CubeSat-based hyperspectral imager (HSI) for detecting trace gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) associated with fossil fuel burning and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted by volcanoes. A hyperspectral image provides distinctive “fingerprint” signatures of chemicals in the atmosphere and on the ground. The investigation also validates onboard HSI data processing to streamline large datasets for transmission using limited bandwidth, supporting future deep-space missions.
Long-term exposure to microgravity causes oxidative stress in the body, which leads to severe changes in skeletal muscle anatomy and decreased muscle function. This investigation, Nanotechnology Solutions against Oxidative Stress in Muscle Tissue during Long-term Microgravity Exposure (NANOROS), examines the effectiveness of using cerium oxide nanoparticles to counter these muscle changes and the problems with function caused by those changes.
Publications
Genchi GG, Degl'Innocenti A, Salgarella AR, Pezzini I, Marino A, Menciassi A, Piccirillo S, Balsamo M, Ciofani G. Modulation of gene expression in rat muscle cells following treatment with nanoceria in different gravity regimes. Nanomedicine. 2018 October 18; epubDOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0316.PMID: 30334476. | Impact Statement
Genchi GG, Marino A, Tapeinos C, Ciofani G. Smart materials meet multifunctional biomedical devices: Current and prospective implications for nanomedicine. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2017 December 18; 5(80): 8 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00080.
Genchi GG, Degl'Innocenti A, Martinelli C, Battaglini M, de Pasquale D, Prato M, Marras S, Pugliese G, Drago F, Mariani A, Balsamo M, Zolesi V, Ciofani G. Cerium oxide nanoparticle administration to skeletal muscle cells under different gravity and radiation conditions. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2021 August 19; epubDOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14176. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-12 (J-SSOD-12) is a CubeSat deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). J-SSOD-12 deploys the Egyptian NARSScube-1 CubeSat. This CubeSat was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle “KONOTORI8” (HTV8) on September 14, 2019.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Biological Specimen Repository (Repository) is a storage bank that is used to maintain biological specimens over extended periods of time and under well-controlled conditions. This repository supports scientific discovery that contributes to our fundamental knowledge in the area of human physiological changes and adaptation to a microgravity environment and provides unique opportunities to study longitudinal changes in human physiology spanning many missions. Samples from the International Space Station (ISS), including blood and urine, are collected, processed and archived during the preflight, in-flight and postflight phases of ISS missions. This investigation archives biosamples for use as a resource for future space flight related research.
National Geographic Channel–Virtual Reality Educational Video for Television Series–“One Strange Rock” (One Strange Rock Virtual Reality) transports a virtual reality camera to the International Space Station (ISS) for recording of a National Geographic special on the Earth as a natural life-support system. Crew aboard the ISS record a series of virtual reality pieces for incorporation into a larger documentary about natural history and the solar system. Each episode features a different crew member and addresses different topics using next generation virtual reality technology to raise awareness about the Earth system and the space program.
National Lab Pathfinder - Cells (NLP-Cells) comprises two experiments conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). One experiment will assesses the effects of space flight on cellular replication and differentiation in cattle cells. The other experiment examines the effects of space flight on the normal differentiation and function of liver cells and bile duct (opens into the small intestine from the liver) epithelium (lining).
Publications
Talbot NC, Caperna TJ, Blomberg L, Graninger PG, Stodieck LS. The effects of space flight and microgravity on the growth and differentiation of PICM-19 pig liver stem cells. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 2010 March 24; 46(6): 502-515. DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9302-6.
National Lab Pathfinder-Cells-Jatropha Biofuels (NLP-Cells-Jatropha Biofuels) assesses the effects of microgravity on formation, establishment and multiplication of undifferentiated cells of the Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), a biofuel plant, using different tissues as explant sources from different genotypes of Jatropha. Specific goals include the evaluation of changes in cell structure, growth and development, genetic changes, and differential gene expression. Postflight analysis identifies significant changes that occur in microgravity, which could contribute to accelerating the breeding and genetic improvement processes for the development of new cultivars of this biofuel plant.
Publications
Vendrame W, Pinares A. Characterizing parameters of Jatropha curcas cell cultures for microgravity studies. Advances in Space Research. 2013 Jun; 51(11): 2069-2074. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.12.019.
National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Salmonella (NLP-Vaccine-Salmonella) investigation uses microgravity to examine Salmonella, a pathogenic (disease-causing) organism, to develop a potential vaccine for the prevention of infection on Earth and in microgravity.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Honer zu Bentrup K, Ramamurthy R, Quick L, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Fernandez D, Richter E, Shah M, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Devich J, Bober R, Ruggles AD, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS, Stafford P, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Allen PL, Baker-Coleman C, Hammond TG, Vogel J, Nelson R, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Nickerson CA. Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 104(41): 16299-16304. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707155104.PMID: 17901201. | Impact Statement
Tenor JL, McCormick BA, Ausubel FM, Aballay A. Caenorhabditis elegans-based screen identifies Salmonella virulence factors required for conserved host-pathogen interactions. Current Biology. 2004 14(11): 1018-1024. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.050.PMID: 15182677.
Sittka A, Pfeiffer V, Tedin K, Vogel J. The RNA chaperone Hfq is essential for the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. Molecular Microbiology. 2007 63(1): 193-217. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05489.x.PMID: 17163975. | Impact Statement
Hammond TG, Allen PL. Vaccine Development Strategy Using Microgravity Conditions. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2009 20090258037Patent Application.
Hammond TG, Stodieck LS, Birdsall HH, Becker JL, Koenig PM, Hammond JS, Gunter MA, Allen PL. Effects of microgravity on the virulence of Salmonella toward Caenorhabditis elegans. New Space. 2013 September; 1(3): 123-131. DOI: 10.1089/space.2013.0011.
National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (NLP-Vaccine-MRSA) investigation uses microgravity to examine Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogenic (disease-causing) organism resistant to most common antibiotics, to develop a potential vaccine for the prevention of infection on Earth and in microgravity.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Honer zu Bentrup K, Ramamurthy R, Quick L, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Fernandez D, Richter E, Shah M, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Devich J, Bober R, Ruggles AD, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS, Stafford P, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Allen PL, Baker-Coleman C, Hammond TG, Vogel J, Nelson R, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Nickerson CA. Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 104(41): 16299-16304. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707155104.PMID: 17901201. | Impact Statement
Tenor JL, McCormick BA, Ausubel FM, Aballay A. Caenorhabditis elegans-based screen identifies Salmonella virulence factors required for conserved host-pathogen interactions. Current Biology. 2004 14(11): 1018-1024. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.050.PMID: 15182677.
Sittka A, Pfeiffer V, Tedin K, Vogel J. The RNA chaperone Hfq is essential for the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. Molecular Microbiology. 2007 63(1): 193-217. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05489.x.PMID: 17163975. | Impact Statement
Hammond TG, Allen PL. Vaccine Development Strategy Using Microgravity Conditions. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2009 20090258037Patent Application.
National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Survey (NLP-Vaccine-Survey) investigation uses microgravity to examine several pathogenic (disease causing) microorganisms to assist in the development of potential vaccines for the prevention of infections on Earth and in microgravity.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Honer zu Bentrup K, Ramamurthy R, Quick L, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Fernandez D, Richter E, Shah M, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Devich J, Bober R, Ruggles AD, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Stodieck LS, Stafford P, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Allen PL, Baker-Coleman C, Hammond TG, Vogel J, Nelson R, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Nickerson CA. Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 104(41): 16299-16304. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707155104.PMID: 17901201. | Impact Statement
Tenor JL, McCormick BA, Ausubel FM, Aballay A. Caenorhabditis elegans-based screen identifies Salmonella virulence factors required for conserved host-pathogen interactions. Current Biology. 2004 14(11): 1018-1024. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.050.PMID: 15182677.
Sittka A, Pfeiffer V, Tedin K, Vogel J. The RNA chaperone Hfq is essential for the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. Molecular Microbiology. 2007 63(1): 193-217. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05489.x.PMID: 17163975. | Impact Statement
Hammond TG, Allen PL. Vaccine Development Strategy Using Microgravity Conditions. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2009 20090258037Patent Application.
Hammond TG, Stodieck LS, Birdsall HH, Becker JL, Koenig PM, Hammond JS, Gunter MA, Allen PL. Effects of Microgravity on the Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Astrobiology. 2013 November; 13(11): 1081-1090. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.0986.
Hammond TG, Stodieck LS, Koenig PM, Hammond JS, Gunter MA, Allen PL, Birdsall HH. Effects of microgravity and clinorotation on the virulence of Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. Gravitational and Space Research. 2016 July; 4(1): 39-50. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2016-0004. | Impact Statement
The Network & Operation Demonstration Satellite (NODeS) (NanoRacks-NODeS) mission launches a pair of cubesats into orbit about 310 miles above Earth, where they measure the radiation. These nanosatellites cross-link with each other to coordinate positions and share data, enabling a wide range of experiments for scientific, commercial and academic research. This investigation tests the technology to send swarms of advanced nanosatellites into space, lowering costs and development time for future space research using small inexpensive satellites.
Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses in Humans During and After Long Term Stay at ISS (Immuno) provides an understanding for the development of pharmacological tools to counter unwanted immunological side-effects during long-duration missions in space.
Publications
Strewe C, Feuerecker M, Nichiporuk IA, Kaufmann I, Hauer D, Morukov BV, Schelling G, Chouker A. Effects of parabolic flight and spaceflight on the endocannabinoid system in humans. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2012 September; 23(5-6): 673-680. DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0057.
Berendeeva T, Ponomarev SA, Antropova EN, Rykova MP. Toll-like receptors in peripheral blood cells of cosmonauts after long-term missions on oard the International Space Station. Human Physiology. 2017 December 1; 43(7): 802-807. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119717070039.Also: Original Russian Text © T.A. Berendeeva, S.A. Ponomarev, E.N. Antropova, M.P. Rykova, 2015, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2015, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 49–54.. | Impact Statement
Ponomarev SA, Berendeeva T, Kalinin SA, Muranova AV. The state of the system of signaling pattern recognition receptors of monocytes and granulocytes in the cosmonauts’ peripheral blood before and after long-term flights on board the International Space Station. Human Physiology. 2017 December 1; 43(7): 808-812. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119717070167.Also: Original Russian Text © S.A. Ponomarev, T.A. Berendeeva, S.A. Kalinin, A.V. Muranova, 2016, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2016, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 18–23.. | Impact Statement
Fava M, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Lipid signalling in human immune response and bone remodelling under microgravity. Applied Sciences. 2020 January; 10(12): 4309. DOI: 10.3390/app10124309. | Impact Statement
Chouker A, Demetz F, Martignoni A, Smith L, Setzer F, Bauer A, Hölzl J, Peter K, Christ F, Thiel M. Strenuous physical exercise inhibits granulocyte activation induced by high altitude. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005 98(2): 640-647. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00036.2004.
Buchheim J, Matzel S, Rykova MP, Vassilieva G, Ponomarev SA, Nichiporuk IA, Horl M, Moser D, Biere K, Feuerecker M, Schelling G, Thieme D, Kaufmann I, Thiel M, Chouker A. Stress related shift toward inflammaging in cosmonauts after long-duration space flight. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019 February 19; 1085. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00085. | Impact Statement
Buchheim J, Ghislin S, Ouzren N, Albuisson E, Vanet A, Matzel S, Ponomarev SA, Rykova MP, Chouker A, Frippiat J. Plasticity of the human IgM repertoire in response to long-term spaceflight. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2020 December; 34(12): 16144-16162. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001403RR.PMID: 33047384. | Impact Statement
Morukov BV, Rykova MP, Antropova EN, Berendeeva T, Ponomarev SA, Larina IM. T-cell immunity and cytokine production in cosmonauts after long-duration space flights. Acta Astronautica. 2011 68739-746. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.08.036.
Rykova MP, Antropova EN, Larina IM, Morukov BV. Humoral and cellular immunity in cosmonauts after the ISS mission. Acta Astronautica. 2008 63697-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.03.016.
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Neurowellness in Space: A Technology Demonstration into the Viability of Long-term Monitoring of Brain Dynamics and Cognitive Function in Space Eco-Systems (Neurowellness in Space [Ax-1]) tests using a portable electroencephalography (EEG) headset to measure differences in brain activity in microgravity on members of the Axiom 1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). The device is easier to set up than previous systems and measures both ongoing and task-related brain activity. Data on microgravity-induced differences in cognitive performance could help predict neural changes on future long-term space missions. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Neutron Crystallographic Studies of Human Acetylcholinesterase for the Design of Accelerated Reactivators (CASIS PCG 6) produces crystals of acetylcholinesterase, a medically important neurotransmitter enzyme. Crystals grown in microgravity are larger and higher-quality and can be used for the technique called macromolecular neutron crystallography (MNC) to locate hydrogen atoms in the crystal structure. These hydrogen atoms play critical roles in the enzyme function and knowing their location clarifies that function. This advances development of better antidotes to fatal Organophosphate nerve agents, which act by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system.
Neutron Crystallographic Studies of Human Acetylcholinesterase for the Design of Accelerated Reactivators (CASIS PCG 11) produces acetylcholinesterase crystals, a neurotransmitter enzyme. Crystals grown in microgravity are larger, of higher-quality and can be used for a technique called macromolecular neutron crystallography (MNC) to locate hydrogen atoms in the crystal’s structure. These hydrogen atoms play critical roles in the enzyme’s function and knowing their location clarifies the protein’s structure and function. This research advances the development of better antidotes to fatal organophosphate nerve agents, which act by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system.
Neutron stars, the glowing cinders left behind when massive stars explode as supernovas, are the densest objects in the universe and contain exotic states of matter that are impossible to replicate in any lab. They shine most brightly in narrow beams that sweep the sky as the stars spin; from a great distance, they appear to pulse like lighthouse beacons (hence the name “pulsars”). From its perch aboard the International Space Station (ISS), the Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) payload studies the extraordinary physics of these stars, providing new insights into their nature and behavior. Through the embedded Station Explorer for X-ray Timing and Navigation Technology (SEXTANT) demonstration, it also paves the way for a future GPS-like system for spacecraft navigation anywhere in the Solar System using pulsars as natural beacons.
Publications
Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Adkins PW, Albert CL, Anders JF, Aylward AT, Baker CL, Balsamo ER, Bamford WA, Benegalrao SS, Berry DL, Bhalwani S, Black JK, Blaurock C, Bronke GM, Brown GL, Budinoff J, Cantwell JD, Cazeau T, Chen PT, Clement TG, Colangelo AT, Coleman JS, Coopersmith JD, Dehaven WE, Doty JP, Egan MD, Enoto T, Fan TW, Ferro DM, Foster R, Galassi NM, Gallo LD, Green CM, Grosh D, Ha KQ, Hassouneh MA, Heefner KB, Hestnes P, Hoge LJ, Jacobs TM, Jørgensen JL, Kaiser MA, Kellogg JW, Kernyon SJ, Koenecke RG, Kozon RP, LaMarr BJ, Lambertson MD, Larson AM, Lentine S, Lewis JH, Lilly MG, Liu KA, Malonis A, Manthripragada SS, Markwardt CB, Matonak BD, Mcginnis IE, Miller RL, Mitchell AL, Mitchell JW, Mohammed JS, Monroe CA, Montt de Garcia KM, Mule PD, Nagao LT, Ngo SN, Norris ED, Norwood DA, Novotka J, Okajima T, Olsen LG, Onyeachu CO, Orosco HY, Peterson JR, Pevear KN, Pham KK, Pollard SE, Pope JS, Powers DF, Powers CE, Price SR, Prigozhin GY, Ramirez JB, Reid WJ, Remillard RA, Rogstada EM, Rosecrans GP, Rowe JN, Sager JA, Sanders CA, Savadkin BJ, Saylor MR, Schaeffer AF, Schweiss NS, Semper SR, Serlemitsos PJ, Shackelford LV, Soong Y, Struebel J, Vezie ML, Villasenor JS, Winternitz LB, Wofford GI, Wright MR, Yang MY, Yu WH. The Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER): design and development. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 2017 March 16; 990599051H-1 - 99051H-16. DOI: 10.1117/12.2231304. | Impact Statement
Prigozhin GY, Gendreau KC, Doty JP, Foster R, Remillard RA, Malonis A, LaMarr BJ, Vezie ML, Egan MD, Villasenor JS, Arzoumanian Z, Baumgartner S, Scholze F, Laubis C, Krumrey M, Huber A. NICER instrument detector subsystem: description and performance. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 2016 July; 99051I-1 - 99051I-12. DOI: 10.1117/12.2231718. | Impact Statement
Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z. Searching for a pulse. Nature Astronomy. 2017 December 1; 1895. DOI: 10.1038/s41550-017-0301-3. | Impact Statement
Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Okajima T. The Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER): An Explorer Mission of Opportunity for Soft X-ray Timing Spectroscopy. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 8443; 2012: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray. 2012 September 17; 8443844313. DOI: 10.1117/12.926396. | Impact Statement
Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Baker RG, Dobson N, Koenecke RG. Multiplexing X-ray Fluorescence System and Method. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2015 September 18; 20170082562
Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Kenyon SJ, Spartana NS. Miniaturized high-speed modulated X-ray source. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2015 August 25; 9,117,622
Strohmayer TE, Arzoumanian Z, Bogdanov S, Bult PM, Chakrabarty D, Enoto T, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Harding AK, Ho WC, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Keek L, Kerr M, Mahmoodifar S, Markwardt CB, Ransom SM, Ray PS, Remillard RA, Wolff M. NICER Discovers the Ultracompact Orbit of the Accreting Millisecond Pulsar IGR J17062–6143. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2018 May 9; 858(2): L13. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aabf44. | Impact Statement
Miller JM, Gendreau KC, Ludlam RM, Fabian AC, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Cackett EM, Homan J, Kara E, Neilsen J, Remillard RA, Tombesi F. A NICER spectrum of MAXI J1535–571: Near-maximal black hole spin and potential disk warping. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2018 June 25; 860(2): L28. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aacc61. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Cackett EM, Chakrabarty D, Doty JP, Enoto T, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Lamb FK, Ludlam RM, Mahmoodifar S, Markwardt CB, Okajima T, Price SR, Strohmayer TE, Winternitz LB. NICER detects a soft x-ray kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillation in 4U 0614+09. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2018 860(1): L9. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aac893. | Impact Statement
Neilsen J, Cackett EM, Remillard RA, Homan J, Steiner JF, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Prigozhin GY, LaMarr BJ, Doty JP, Eikenberry S, Tombesi F, Ludlam RM, Kara E, Altamirano D, Fabian AC. A persistent disk wind in GRS 1915+105 with NICER. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2018 June 18; 860(2): L19. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaca96. | Impact Statement
Keek L, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Cackett EM, Chakrabarty D, Chenevez J, Fabian AC, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Guver T, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Lamb FK, Ludlam RM, Mahmoodifar S, Markwardt CB, Miller JM, Prigozhin GY, Soong Y, Strohmayer TE, Wolff MT. NICER observes the effects of an X-Ray burst on the accretion environment in Aql X-1. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 March 1; 855(4): L4. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aab104. | Impact Statement
Ludlam RM, Miller JM, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Cackett EM, Chakrabarty D, Dauser T, Enoto T, Fabian AC, Garcia JA, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Keek L, LaMarr BJ, Malacaria C, Markwardt CB, Steiner JF, Strohmayer TE. Detection of reflection features in the neutron star low-mass X-Ray binary Serpens X-1 with NICER. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 May 1; 858(1): L5. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aabee6. | Impact Statement
Keek L, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Chenevez J, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Guver T, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, LaMarr BJ, Lamb FK, Mahmoodifar S, Markwardt CB, Okajima T, Strohmayer TE, in't Zand JJ. NICER detection of strong photospheric expansion during a thermonuclear X-Ray burst from 4U 1820–30. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 April 1; 856(2): L37. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aab904. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Arzoumanian Z, Cackett EM, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Keek L, Kenyon SJ, Lamb FK, Ludlam RM, Mahmoodifar S, Markwardt CB, Miller JM, Prigozhin GY, Soong Y, Strohmayer TE, Uttley P. A NICER look at the Aql X-1 hard state. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 May 20; 859(1): L1. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aac2e2. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Ho WC, Jaisawal GK, Lentine S, Markwardt CB, Ngo SN, Pope JS, Ray PS, Saylor MR, Strohmayer TE. On the 2018 outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar Swift J1756.9-2508 as seen with NICER. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 864(1): 14. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aad5e5. | Impact Statement
Wilson-Hodge CA, Malacaria C, Jenke PA, Jaisawal GK, Kerr M, Wolff MT, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Doty JP, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Ho WC, LaMarr BJ, Markwardt CB, Ozel F, Prigozhin GY, Ray PS, Ramos-Lerate M, Remillard RA, Strohmayer TE, Vezie ML, Wood KS. NICER and Fermi GBM observations of the first galactic ultraluminous X-Ray pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 August 6; 863(1): 9. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aace60. | Impact Statement
Sanna A, Pintore F, Riggio A, Mazzola SM, Bozzo E, Di Salvo T, Ferrigno C, Gambino AF, Papitto A, Iaria R, Burderi L. SWIFT J1756.9−2508: Spectral and timing properties of its 2018 outburst. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2018 December 1; 481(2): 1658-1666. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2316. | Impact Statement
Stevens AL, Uttley P, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Cackett EM, Fabian AC, Gendreau KC, Ha KQ, Homan J, Ingram AR, Kara E, Kellogg JW, Ludlam RM, Miller JM, Neilsen J, Pasham DR, Remillard RA, Steiner JF, van den Eijnden J. A NICER discovery of a low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillation in the soft-intermediate state of MAXI J1535–571. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2018 September 26; 865(2): L15. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aae1a4. | Impact Statement
Balsamo ER, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Jalota L, Kenyon SJ, Fickau D, Spartana NS, Hahne D, Koenecke RG, Soong Y, Serlemitsos PJ, Okajima T, Campion R, Detweiler L. Development of full shell foil x-ray mirrors. Modern Technologies in Space- and Ground-based Telescopes and Instrumentation II, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2012 September 13; 8450845052. DOI: 10.1117/12.926152. | Impact Statement
Balsamo ER, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Okajima T, Jalota L, Soong Y, Serlemitsos PJ, Enoto T, Gulati B, Kenyon SJ, Hahne D, Fickau D, Spartana NS, Lentine S, Burdhimo C, Barrios B, Wu L. Concept study x-ray testing for NICER's x-ray concentrators. Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VI, San Diego, California. 2013 September 26; 886188611M. DOI: 10.1117/12.2024108.
Prigozhin GY, Gendreau KC, Foster R, Ricker G, Villasenor JS, Doty JP, Kenyon SJ, Arzoumanian Z, Redus R, Huber A. Characterization of the silicon drift detector for NICER instrument. High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy V, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2012 September 25; 8453845318. DOI: 10.1117/12.926667. | Impact Statement
Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Baker CL, Cazeau T, Hestnes P, Kellogg JW, Kenyon SJ, Kozon RP, Liu KA, Manthripragada SS, Markwardt CB, Mitchell AL, Mitchell JW, Monroe CA, Okajima T, Pollard SE, Powers DF, Savadkin BJ, Winternitz LB, Chen PT, Wright MR, Foster R, Prigozhin GY, Remillard RA, Doty JP. The neutron star interior composition explorer (NICER): Mission definition. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 2014 July 29; 9144914420. DOI: 10.1117/12.2056811. | Impact Statement
Kara E, Steiner JF, Fabian AC, Cackett EM, Uttley P, Remillard RA, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Altamirano D, Eikenberry S, Enoto T, Homan J, Neilsen J, Stevens AL. The corona contracts in a black-hole transient. Nature. 2019 January 9; 565(7738): 198-201. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0803-x. | Impact Statement
Trakhtenbrot B, Arcavi I, Ricci C, Tacchella S, Stern D, Netzer H, Jonker PG. A new class of flares from accreting supermassive black holes. Nature Astronomy. 2019 January 14; epubDOI: 10.1038/s41550-018-0661-3. | Impact Statement
Sanna A, Ferrigno C, Ray PS, Ducci L, Jaisawal GK, Enoto T, Bozzo E, Altamirano D, Di Salvo T, Strohmayer TE, Papitto A, Riggio A, Burderi L, Bult PM, Bogdanov S, Gambino AF, Marino A, Iaria R, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Markwardt CB, Wolff MT. NuSTAR and NICER reveal IGR J17591-2342 as a new accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2018 September; 617L8. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834160. | Impact Statement
Strohmayer TE, Gendreau KC, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Chakrabarty D, Chenevez J, Guillot S, Guver T, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Keek L, Mahmoodifar S, Miller JM, Ozel F. NICER discovers MHz oscillations in the "clocked" burster GS 1826-238. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 September 21; 865(1): 63. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aada14. | Impact Statement
Stiele H, Kong AK. A spectral and timing study of MAXI J1535–571, Based on Swift/XRT, XMM-Newton , and NICER Observations Obtained in Fall 2017. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018 November 21; 868(1): 71. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae7d3. | Impact Statement
Baubock M, Psaltis D, Ozel F. Atmospheric structure and radiation pattern for neutron-star polar caps heated by magnetospheric return currents. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 February; 872(2): 162. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aafe08. | Impact Statement
Pintore F, Mereghetti S, Esposito P, Turolla R, Tiengo A, Rea N, FB, Israel G. The 11 yr of low activity of the magnetar XTE J1810−197. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2019 March; 483(3): 3832 - 3838. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty3378. | Impact Statement
Nowak MA, Paizis A, Jaisawal GK, Chenevez J, Chaty S, Fortin F, Rodriguez J, Wilms J. Chandra-HETGS characterization of an outflowing wind in the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17591–2342. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 March; 874(1): 69. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0a71. | Impact Statement
Budinoff J, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Baker CL, Berning R, Colangelo T, Holzinger J, Lewis JH, Liu A, Mitchell AL, Monroe C, Pugh R, Willey R. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED DEPLOYMENT AND POINTING SYSTEM FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION NEUTRON STAR INTERIOR COMPOSITION EXPLORER TELESCOPE. 16th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium 2015, Bilboa, Spain. 2015 September 23; 1-6. | Impact Statement
Mitchell JW, Hassouneh MA, Winternitz LB, Valdez JE, Price SR, Semper SR, Yu WH, Arzoumanian Z, Ray PS, Wood KS, Litchford RJ, Gendreau KC. SEXTANT - Station Explorer for X-ray Timing and Navigation Technology. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Kissimmee, Florida. 2015 January 5 - January 9; 1-16. | Impact Statement
Winternitz LB, Hassouneh MA, Mitchell JW, Valdez JE, Price SR, Semper SR, Yu WH, Ray PS, Wood KS, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC. X-ray Pulsar Navigation Algorithms and Testbed for SEXTANT. 2015 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2015 March; DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2015.7118936.
Winternitz LB, Mitchell JW, Hassouneh MA, Valdez JE, Price SR, Semper SR, Yu WH, Ray PS, Wood KS, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC. SEXTANT X-ray Pulsar Navigation Demonstration: Flight System and Test Results. 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky,MT. 2016 March; 1-11. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2016.7500838. | Impact Statement
Moskowitz C. The Inner Lives of Neutron Stars. Scientific American. 2019 April 3; 320(3): 24-29. DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0319-24. | Impact Statement
Strohmayer TE, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Chakrabarty D, Chenevez J, Fabian AC, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, in't Zand JJ, Jaisawal GK, Keek L, Kosec P, Ludlam RM, Mahmoodifar S, Malacaria C, Miller JM. NICER Discovers Spectral Lines during Photospheric Radius Expansion Bursts from 4U 1820−30: Evidence for Burst-driven Winds. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 June 14; 878(2): L27. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab25eb. | Impact Statement
An H, Archibald R. X-Ray Timing Studies of the Low-field Magnetar CXOU J164710.2–455216. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 May 20; 877(1): L10. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab1f86. | Impact Statement
Bhargava Y, Belloni TM, Bhattacharya D, Misra R. Spectro-timing analysis of MAXI J1535−571 using AstroSat. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2019 September; 488(1): 720-727. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1774. | Impact Statement
Greif SK, Raaijmakers G, Hebeler K, Schwenk A, Watts AL. Equation of state sensitivities when inferring neutron star and dense matter properties. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2019 June 1; 485(4): 5363-5376. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz654. | Impact Statement
Mitchell JW, Winternitz LB, Hassouneh MA, Price SR, Semper SR, Yu WH, Ray PS, Wolff MT, Kerr M, Wood KS, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Guillemot L, Cognard I, Demorest PB. SEXTANT X-RAY PULSAR NAVIGATION DEMONSTRATION: INITIAL ON-ORBIT RESULTS. 41st Annual American Astronautical Society Guidance and Control Conference 2018 (Breckenridge, CO). 2018 February 01; AAS 18-15512 pp. | Impact Statement
Mahmoodifar S, Strohmayer TE, Bult PM, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Keek L, Wolff MT. NICER Observation of Unusual Burst Oscillations in 4U 1728-34. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 June; 878(2): 145. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab20c4. | Impact Statement
Guver T, Gogus E, Vurgun E, Enoto T, Gendreau KC, Sakamoto T, Gotthelf EV, Arzoumanian Z, Guillot S, Jaisawal GK, Malacaria C, Majid WA. NICER Observations of the 2018 Outburst of XTE J1810197. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 May 30; 877(2): L30. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab212d. | Impact Statement
Ray PS, Guillot S, Ho WC, Kerr M, Enoto T, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Altamirano D, Bogdanov S, Campion R, Chakrabarty D, Jaisawal GK, Kozon RP, Malacaria C, Strohmayer TE, Wolff MT. Anti-glitches in the Ultraluminous Accreting Pulsar NGC 300 ULX-1 Observed with NICER. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 July; 879(2): 130. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab24d8. | Impact Statement
Xiao G, Lu Y, Ma X, Ge M, Yan L, Li Z, Tuo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liu H, Zhou D, Zhang L, Bu Q, Cao X, Jiang W, Chen YP, Zhang S, Cheng L, Qu J, Song LM, Zhang S. Timing analysis of Swift J1658.2–4242's outburst in 2018 with Insight-HXMT, NICER and AstroSat. Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. 2019 October 10; epub28 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.jheap.2019.09.005. | Impact Statement
Yu WH, Semper SR, Mitchell J, Winternitz LB, Hassouneh MA, Price SR, Ray PS, Wood KS, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z. NASA Sextant Mission Operations Architecture. 70th International Astronautical Congress 2019, Washington, DC. 2019 October 12; IAC-19.B3.4-B6.4.29 pp. Also: Yu, Wayne H., Sean R. Semper, Jason W. Mitchell, Luke B. Winternitz, Munther A. Hassouneh, Samuel R. Price, and others, ‘NASA SEXTANT Mission Operations Architecture’, Acta Astronautica, epub (2020), 14 pp <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.040>. | Impact Statement
Abbott BP, Abbott R, Abbott TD, Abraham S, Acernese F, Ackley K, Adams C, Adhikari RX, Adya VB, Affeldt C. Searches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in 2015-2017 LIGO Data. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab20cb. | Impact Statement
Ludlam RM, Shishkovsky L, Bult PM, Miller JM, Zoghbi A, Strohmayer TE, Reynolds M, Natalucci L, Miller-Jones JC, Jaisawal GK, Guillot S, Gendreau KC, Garcia JA, Fiocchi M, Fabian AC, Chakrabarty D, Cackett EM, Bahramian A, Arzoumanian Z, Altamirano D. Observations of the ultra-compact X-ray binary 4U 1543-624 in outburst with NICER, INTEGRAL, Swift, and ATCA. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 September; 883(1): 39. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3806. | Impact Statement
Vasilopoulous G, Petropoulou M, Koliopanos F, Ray PS, Bailyn CD, Haberl F, Gendreau KC. NGC 300 ULX1: spin evolution, super-Eddington accretion, and outflows. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2019 October 1; 488(4): 5225-5231. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2045. | Impact Statement
van den Eijnden J, Degenaar N, Ludlam RM, Parikh AS, Miller JM, Wijnands R, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Bult PM. A strongly changing accretion morphology during the outburst decay of the neutron star X-ray binary 4U 1608−52. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 March 21; 493(1): 1318-1327. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa423. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Jaisawal GK, Guver T, Strohmayer TE, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Ballantyne DR, Chakrabarty D, Chenevez J, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Ludlam RM. A NICER thermonuclear burst from the millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 October; 885(1): L1. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab4ae1. | Impact Statement
Miller JM, Kammoun E, Ludlam RM, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Cackett EM, Tombesi F. A NICER Look at Strong X-Ray Obscuration in the Seyfert-2 Galaxy NGC 4388. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 October; 884(2): 106. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3e05. | Impact Statement
Jaisawal GK, Chenevez J, Bult PM, in't Zand JJ, Galloway DK, Strohmayer TE, Guver T, Adkins PW, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Coopersmith JD, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Keek L, Ludlam RM, Malacaria C. NICER observes a secondary peak in the decay of a thermonuclear burst from 4U 1608–52. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 September; 883(1): 61. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3a37. | Impact Statement
Weih LR, Most ER, Rezzolla L. Optimal Neutron-star Mass Ranges to Constrain the Equation of State of Nuclear Matter with Electromagnetic and Gravitational-wave Observations. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 August; 881(1): 73. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2edd. | Impact Statement
Miller MC, Chirenti C, Lamb FK. Constraining the Equation of State of High-density Cold Matter Using Nuclear and Astronomical Measurements. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 December; 888(1): 12. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4ef9. | Impact Statement
Buisson DJ, Fabian AC, Barret D, Furst F, Gandhi P, Garcia JA, Kara E, Madsen KK, Miller JM, Parker ML, Shaw AW, Walton DJ, Tomsick JA. MAXI J1820+070 with NuSTAR I. An increase in variability frequency but a stable reflection spectrum: coronal properties and implications for the inner disc in black hole binaries. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2019 November 21; 490(1): 1350-1362. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2681. | Impact Statement
Binder BA, Carpano S, Heida M, Lau R. From SN 2010da to NGC 300 ULX-1: Ten Years of Observations of an Unusual High Mass X-Ray Binary in NGC 300. Galaxies. 2020 March; 8(1): 17. DOI: 10.3390/galaxies8010017. | Impact Statement
Homan J, Bright J, Motta SE, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Basak A, Belloni TM, Cackett EM, Fender RP, Gendreau KC, Kara E, Pasham DR, Remillard RA, Steiner JF, Stevens AL, Uttley P. A rapid change in X-ray variability and a jet ejection in the black hole transient MAXI J1820+070. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 March 9; 891(2): L29. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab7932. | Impact Statement
Rowan DM, Ghazi Z, Lugo L, Spano S, Lommen AN, Harding AK, Venter C, Ludlam RM, Ray PS, Kerr M, Arzoumanian Z, Bogdanov S, Deneva JS, Guillot S, Lewandowska N, Markwardt CB, Ransom SM, Enoto T, Wood KS, Gendreau KC. A NICER view of spectral and profile evolution for three X-ray emitting millisecond pulsars. Bulletin of the American Physical Society 2020, Washington, DC. 2020 April 18-21; 16 pp. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab718f. | Impact Statement
Jaisawal GK, Wilson-Hodge CA, Fabian AC, Naik S, Chakrabarty D, Kretschmar P, Ballantyne DR, Ludlam RM, Chenevez J, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Furst F, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Malacaria C, Stevens AL, Wolff MT. An evolving broad iron line from the first Galactic ltraluminous X-ray pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 October; 885(1): 18. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4595. | Impact Statement
Gorgone NM, Kouveliotou C, Negoro H, Wijers RA, Bozzo E, Bult PM, Huppenkothen D, Gogus E, Bahramian A, Kennea JA, Linford JD, Miller-Jones JC, Baring MG, Beniamini P, Chakrabarty D, Granot J, Hailey C, Harrison FA, Hartmann DH, Iwakiri WB, Kaper L, Kara E, Mazzola SM, Murata KL, Stern D, Tomsick JA, van der Horst AJ, Younes GA. Discovery and identification of MAXI J1621–501 as a Type I X-Ray burster with a super-orbital period. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 October; 884(2): 168. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3e43. | Impact Statement
Trakhtenbrot B, Arcavi I, MacLeod CL, Ricci C, Kara E, Graham ML, Stern D, Harrison FA, Burke J, Hiramatsu D, Hosseinzadeh G, Howell DA, Smartt SJ, Rest A, Prieto JL, Shappee BJ, Holoien TW, Bersier D, Filippenko AV, Brink TG, Zheng W, Li R, Remillard RA, Loewenstein M. 1ES 1927+654: An AGN Caught Changing Look on a Timescale of Months. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 September; 883(1): 94. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab39e4. | Impact Statement
Fabian AC, Buisson DJ, Kosec P, Reynolds CS, Wilkins DR, Tomsick JA, Walton DJ, Gandhi P, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Cackett EM, Dyda S, Garcia JA, Gendreau KC, Grefenstette BW, Homan J, Kara E, Ludlam RM, Miller JM, Steiner JF. The soft state of the black hole transient source MAXI J1820+070: Emission from the edge of the plunge region?. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 April 21; 493(4): 5389-5396. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa564. | Impact Statement
Paice JA, Gandhi P, Shahbaz T, Uttley P, Arzoumanian Z, Charles PA, Dhillon VS, Gendreau KC, Littlefair SP, Malzac J, Markoff S, Marsh TR, Misra R, Russell DM, Veledina A. A Black Hole X-ray Binary at ∼100 Hz: Multiwavelength Timing of MAXI J1820+070 with HiPERCAM and NICER. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2019 November; 490(1): L62-L66. DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slz148. | Impact Statement
Lyu M, Zhang G, Mendez M, Altamirano D, Mancuso GC, Xiang F, Xiao H. XMM-Newton and NICER measurement of the rms spectrum of the millihertz quasiperiodic oscillations in the neutron-star low-mass X-Ray binary 4U 1636–53. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 June; 895(1): 120. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8cbe. | Impact Statement
Cuneo VA, Alabarta K, Zhang L, Altamirano D, Mendez M, Padilla MA, Remillard RA, Homan J, Steiner JF, Combi JA, Munoz-Darias T, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Stevens AL, Loewenstein M, Tombesi F, Bult PM, Fabian AC, Buisson DJ, Neilsen J, Basak A. A NICER look at the state transitions of the black hole candidate MAXI J1535-571 during its reflares. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 August; 496(2): 1001-1012. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa1606. | Impact Statement
Ludlam RM, Cackett EM, Garcia JA, Miller JM, Bult PM, Strohmayer TE, Guillot S, Jaisawal GK, Malacaria C, Fabian AC, Markwardt CB. NICER–NuSTAR observations of the neutron star low-mass X-Ray binary 4U 1735–44. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 May; 895(1): 45. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab89a6. | Impact Statement
Belloni TM, Zhang L, Kylafis ND, Reig P, Altamirano D. Time lags of the type-B QPO in MAXI J1348-630. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 August; 496(4): 4366–4371. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa1843. | Impact Statement
Sanna A, Burderi L, Gendreau KC, Di Salvo T, Ray PS, Riggio A, Gambino AF, Iaria R, Piga L, Malacaria C, Jaisawal GK. Timing of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17591–2342: evidence of spin-down during accretion. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 June 21; 495(2): 1641-1649. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa1253. | Impact Statement
Vasilopoulous G, Ray PS, Gendreau KC, Jenke PA, Jaisawal GK, Wilson-Hodge CA, Strohmayer TE, Altamirano D, Iwakiri WB, Wolff MT, Guillot S, Malacaria C, Stevens AL. The 2019 super-Eddington outburst of RX J0209.6−7427: detection of pulsations and constraints on the magnetic field strength. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 June 1; 494(4): 5350-5359. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa991. | Impact Statement
Wang LJ, Ge MY, Wang JS, Weng SS, Tong H, Yan L, Zhang S, Dai ZG, Song LM. The braking index of PSR B0540−69 and the associated pulsar wind nebula emission after spin-down rate transition. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 May 11; 494(2): 1865-1870. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa884. | Impact Statement
Younes GA, Ray PS, Baring MG, Kouveliotou C, Fletcher C, Wadiasingh Z, Harding AK, Goldstein A. A radiatively quiet glitch and anti-glitch in the magnetar 1E 2259+586. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 June; 896(2): L42. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab9a48. | Impact Statement
Pilia M, Burgay M, Possenti A, Ridolfi A, Gajjar V, Corongiu A, Perrodin D, Bernardi G, Naldi G, Pupillo G, Ambrosino F, Bianchi G, Burtovoi A, Casella P, Casentini C, Cecconi M, Ferrigno C, Fiori M, Gendreau KC, Ghedina A, Naletto G, Nicastro L, Ochner P, Palazzi E, Panessa F, Papitto A, Pittori C, Rea N, Rodriguez Castillo GA, Savchenko VV, Setti G, Tavani M, Trois A, Trudu M, Turatto M, Ursi A, Verrecchia F, Zampieri L. The lowest-frequency fast radio bursts: Sardinia radio telescope detection of the periodic FRB 180916 at 328 MHz. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 June; 896(2): L40. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab96c0. | Impact Statement
Ricci C, Kara E, Loewenstein M, Trakhtenbrot B, Arcavi I, Remillard RA, Fabian AC, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Li R, Ho LC, MacLeod CL, Cackett EM, Altamirano D, Gandhi P, Kosec P, Steiner JF, Chan CH. The destruction and recreation of the X-ray corona in a changing-look active galactic nucleus. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 July 20; 898(1): L1. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab91a1. | Impact Statement
Vivekanand M. NICER observations of the Crab pulsar glitch of 2017 November. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2020 January 1; 633A57. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936774. | Impact Statement
Stiele H, Kong AK. A timing study of MAXI J1820+070 based on Swift/XRT and NICER monitoring in 2018/19. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 February 3; 889(2): 142. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab64ef. | Impact Statement
Wei J, Burgio F, Schulze H. Nuclear pairing gaps and neutron star cooling. Universe. 2020 August; 6(8): 115. DOI: 10.3390/universe6080115. | Impact Statement
Abarr Q, Baring MG, Beheshtipour B, Beilicke M, de Geronimo G, Dowkontt P, Errando M, Guarino V, Iyer N, Kislat F, Kiss M, Kitaguchi T, Krawczynski HS, Lanzi J, Li S, Lisalda L, Okajima T, Pearce M, Press L, Rauch BF, Stuchlik D, Takahashi H, Tang J, Uchida N, West A, Jenke PA, Krimm HA, Lien A, Malacaria C, Miller JM, Wilson-Hodge CA. Observations of a GX 301–2 apastron flare with the X-Calibur hard X-Ray polarimeter supported by NICER, the Swift XRT and BAT, and Fermi GBM. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 March; 891(1): 70. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab672c. | Impact Statement
Bilous AV, Watts AL, Harding AK, Riley TE, Arzoumanian Z, Bogdanov S, Gendreau KC, Ray PS, Guillot S, Ho WC, Chakrabarty D. A NICER view of PSR J0030+0451: Evidence for a global-scale multipolar magnetic field. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 December; 887(1): L23. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab53e7. | Impact Statement
Bogdanov S, Guillot S, Ray PS, Wolff MT, Chakrabarty D, Ho WC, Kerr M, Lamb FK, Lommen AN, Ludlam RM, Milburn R, Montano S, Miller MC, Baubock M, Ozel F, Psaltis D, Remillard RA, Riley TE, Steiner JF, Strohmayer TE, Watts AL, Wood KS, Zeldes J, Enoto T, Okajima T, Kellogg JW, Baker CL, Markwardt CB, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC. Constraining the neutron star mass–radius relation and dense matter equation of state with NICER. I. The millisecond pulsar X-ray data set. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 December; 887(1): L25. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab53eb. | Impact Statement
Bogdanov S, Lamb FK, Mahmoodifar S, Miller MC, Morsink SM, Riley TE, Strohmayer TE, Tung AK, Watts AL, Dittmann AJ, Chakrabarty D, Guillot S, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC. Constraining the neutron star mass–radius relation and dense matter equation of state with NICER. II. Emission from hot spots on a rapidly rotating neutron star. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 December; 887(1): L26. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab5968. | Impact Statement
Davis MC, Stevens AL. Spectral variability of a soft-intermediate state QPO from MAXI J1820+070. Research Notes of the AAS. 2020 June; 4(6): 95. DOI: 10.3847/2515-5172/ab9f39. | Impact Statement
Goodwin AJ, Russell DM, Galloway DK, Baglio MC, Parikh AS, Buckley DA, Homan J, Bramich DM, in't Zand JJ, Heinke CO, Kotze EJ, de Martino D, Papitto A, Lewis F, Wijnands R. Enhanced optical activity 12 days before X-ray activity, and a 4 day X-ray delay during outburst rise, in a low-mass X-ray binary. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 August 26; 498(2): 3429-3439. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2588. | Impact Statement
Guillot S, Kerr M, Ray PS, Bogdanov S, Ransom SM, Deneva JS, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Ho WC, Jaisawal GK, Malacaria C, Miller MC, Strohmayer TE, Wolff MT, Wood KS, Webb NA, Guillemot L, Theureau G. NICER X-Ray observations of seven nearby rotation-powered millisecond pulsars. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 December 12; 887(1): L27. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab511b. | Impact Statement
Hare J, Tomsick JA, Buisson DJ, Clavel M, Gandhi P, Garcia JA, Grefenstette BW, Walton DJ, Xu Y. NuSTAR observations of the transient galactic black hole binary candidate Swift J1858.6–0814: A new sibling of V404 Cyg and V4641 Sgr?. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 February; 890(1): 57. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a12. | Impact Statement
Kuiper LM, Tsygankov SS, Falanga M, Mereminskiy IA, Galloway DK, Poutanen J, Li ZS. High-energy characteristics of the accretion-powered millisecond pulsar IGR J17591−2342 during its 2018 outburst - XMM-Newton, NICER, NuSTAR, and INTEGRAL view of the 0.3–300 keV X-ray band. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2020 September 1; 641A37. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202037812. | Impact Statement
Miller MC, Lamb FK, Dittmann AJ, Bogdanov S, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Harding AK, Ho WC, Lattimer JM, Ludlam RM, Mahmoodifar S, Morsink SM, Ray PS, Strohmayer TE, Wood KS, Enoto T, Foster R, Okajima T, Prigozhin GY, Soong Y. PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 December; 887(1): L24. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5. | Impact Statement
Raaijmakers G, Riley TE, Watts AL, Greif SK, Morsink SM, Hebeler K, Schwenk A, Hinderer T, Nissankel S, Guillot S, Arzoumanian Z, Bogdanov S, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Ho WC, Lattimer JM, Ludlam RM, Wolff MT. A NICER view of PSR J0030+0451: Implications for the dense matter equation of state. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 December; 887(1): L22. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab451a. | Impact Statement
Riley TE, Watts AL, Bogdanov S, Ray PS, Ludlam RM, Guillot S, Arzoumanian Z, Baker CL, Bilous AV, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Harding AK, Ho WC, Lattimer JM, Morsink SM, Strohmayer TE. A NICER view of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond pulsar parameter estimation. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2019 December; 887(1): L21. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab481c. | Impact Statement
Tse K, Chou Y, Hsieh H. Updated spin and orbital parameters and energy dependent pulse behaviors of the accreting millisecond X-Ray pulsar IGR J17591–2342. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 August; 899(2): 120. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aba18f. | Impact Statement
Gotthelf EV, Halpern JP. The timing behavior of the central compact object pulsar 1E 1207.4-5209. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 September 11; 900(2): 159. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aba7bc. | Impact Statement
Buisson DJ, Altamirano D, Bult PM, Mancuso GC, Guver T, Jaisawal GK, Hare J, Albayati AC, Arzoumanian Z, Segura NC, Chakrabarty D, Gandhi P, Guillot S, Homan J, Gendreau KC, Jiang J, Malacaria C, Miller JM, Arabaci MO, Remillard RA, Strohmayer TE, Tombesi F, Tomsick JA, Vincentelli FM, Walton DJ. Discovery of thermonuclear (Type I) X-ray bursts in the X-ray binary Swift J1858.6–0814 observed with NICER and NuSTAR. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 November; 499(1): 793-830. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2749. | Impact Statement
Namekata K, Maehara H, Sasaki R, Kawai H, Notsu Y, Kowalski AF, Allred JC, Iwakiri WB, Tsuboi Y, Murata KL, Niwano M, Shiraishi K, Adachi R, Iida K, Oeda M, Honda S, Tozuka M, Katoh N, Onozato H, Isogai K, Kimura M, Kojiguchi N, Wakamatsu Y, Tampo Y, Nogami D, Shibata K. Optical and X-ray observations of stellar flares on an active M dwarf AD Leonis with the Seimei Telescope, SCAT, NICER, and OISTER. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2020 August 1; 72(4): 18 pp. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psaa051. | Impact Statement
Borghese A, Zelati FC, Rea N, Esposito P, Israel G, Mereghetti S, Tiengo A. The X-Ray reactivation of the radio bursting magnetar SGR J1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 October 10; 902(1): L2. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aba82a. | Impact Statement
Hinkle JT, Holoien TW, Auchettl K, Shappee BJ, Neustadt JM, Payne AV, Brown JS, Kochanek CS, Stanek KZ, Graham MJ, Tucker MA, Do A, Anderson JP, Bose S, Chen P, Coulter DA, Dimitriadis G, Dong S, Foley RJ, Huber ME, Hung T, Kilpatrick CD, Pignata G, Piro AL, Rojas-Bravo C, Siebert MR, Stalder B, Thompson TA, Tonry JL, Vallely PJ, Wisniewski JP. Discovery and follow-up of ASASSN-19dj: An X-ray and UV luminous TDE in an extreme post-starburst galaxy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 January; 500(2): 1673–1696. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa3170. | Impact Statement
Hu C, Begicarslan B, Guver T, Enoto T, Younes GA, Sakamoto T, Ray PS, Strohmayer TE, Guillot S, Arzoumanian Z, Palmer DM, Gendreau KC, Malacaria C, Wadiasingh Z, Jaisawal GK, Majid WA. NICER observation of the temporal and spectral evolution of Swift J1818.0-1607: A missing link between magnetars and rotation-powered pulsars. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 October 7; 902(1): 10 pp. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb3c9. | Impact Statement
Neilsen J, Homan J, Steiner JF, Marcel G, Cackett EM, Remillard RA, Gendreau KC. A NICER view of a highly absorbed flare in GRS 1915+105. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 October 23; 902(2): 152. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb598. | Impact Statement
Paliya VS, Bottcher M, Olmo-Garcia A, Dominguez A, de Paz AG, Franckowiak A, Garrappa S, Stein R. Multifrequency observations of the candidate neutrino-emitting blazar BZB J0955+3551. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 October 10; 902(1): 29. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb46e. | Impact Statement
Ren J, Zhang C. Quantum nucleation of up-down quark matter and astrophysical implications. Physical Review D. 2020 October 5; 102(8): 083003. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.102.083003. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Markwardt CB, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Jaisawal GK, Ray PS, Strohmayer TE. On the curious pulsation properties of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17379-3747. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 May 28; 877(2): 70. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1b26. | Impact Statement
Albayati AC, Altamirano D, Jaisawal GK, Bult PM, Rapisarda S, Mancuso GC, Guver T, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D, Chenevez J, Court JM, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Keek L, Malacaria C, Strohmayer TE. Discovery of thermonuclear Type-I X-ray bursts from the X-ray binary MAXI J1807+132. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 February 11; 501(1): 261-268. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa3657. | Impact Statement
Ray PS, Guillot S, Ransom SM, Kerr M, Bogdanov S, Harding AK, Wolff MT, Malacaria C, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Markwardt CB, Soong Y, Doty JP. Discovery of Soft X-ray Pulsations from PSR J1231-1411 using NICER. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 June 11; 878(1): L22. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab2539. | Impact Statement
Kirsten F, Snelders MP, Jenkins M, Nimmo K, van den Eijnden J, Hessels JW, Gawronski MP, Yang J. Detection of two bright radio bursts from magnetar SGR 1935 + 2154. Nature Astronomy. 2020 November 16; epub1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-01246-3. | Impact Statement
Papitto A, Ambrosino F, Stella L, Torres DF, Zelati FC, Ghedina A, Meddi F, Sanna A, Casella P, Dallilar Y, Eikenberry S, Israel G, Onori F, Piranomonte S, Bozzo E, Burderi L, Campana S, de Martino D, Di Salvo T, Ferrigno C, Rea N, Riggio A, Serrano S, Veledina A, Zampieri L. Pulsating in unison at optical and X-ray energies: simultaneous high-time resolution observations of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 September 9; 882(2): 104. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2fdf. | Impact Statement
Watts AL. Constraining the neutron star equation of state using pulse profile modeling. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2019 July 17; 2127(1): 020008. DOI: 10.1063/1.5117798. | Impact Statement
Deneva JS, Ray PS, Lommen AN, Bogdanov S, Kerr M, Wood KS, Arzoumanian Z, Black K, Doty JP, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Harding AK, Lewandowska N, Malacaria C, Markwardt CB, Price SR, Winternitz LB, Wolff MT, Guillemot L, Cognard I, Baker PT, Brook PR, Cromartie HT, Demorest PB, DeCesar ME, Dolch T, Ellis JA, Ferdman RD, Ferrara EC, Fonseca E, Garver-Daniels N, Gentile PA, Jones ML, Lam MT, Lorimer DR, Lynch RS, McLaughlin MA, Ng C, Nice DJ, Pennucci TT, Spiewak R, Stairs IH, Stovall K, Swiggum JK, Vigeland SJ, Zhu WW. High-precision X-ray timing of three millisecond pulsars with NICER: Stability estimates and comparison with radio. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 April 3; 874(2): 160. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0966. | Impact Statement
Baglio MC, Russell DM, Crespi S, Covino S, Johar A, Homan J, Bramich DM, Saikia P, Campana S, D'Avanzo P, Fender RP, Goldoni P, Goodwin AJ, Lewis F, Masetti N, Zanon AM, Motta SE, Munoz-Darias T, Shahbaz T. Probing jet launching in neutron star X-ray binaries: The variable and polarized jet of SAX J1808.4–3658. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 December 20; 905(2): 87. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc685. | Impact Statement
Ferrigno C, Bozzo E, Sanna A, Jaisawal GK, Di Salvo T, Burderi L. IGR J17503–2636: a candidate supergiant fast X-ray transient. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2019 April 1; 624A142. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935185. | Impact Statement
Koliopanos F, Vasilopoulous G, Guillot S, Webb NA. Disappearance of the Fe K α emission line in ultracompact X-ray binaries 4U 1543−624 and Swift J1756.9−2508. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 December 18; 500(4): 5603-5613. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa3490. | Impact Statement
Page KL, Kuin NP, Beardmore AP, Walter FM, Osborne JP, Markwardt CB, Ness JU, Orio M, Sokolovsky KV. The 2019 eruption of recurrent nova V3890 Sgr: observations by Swift, NICER, and SMARTS. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 November 21; 499(4): 4814-4831. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa3083. | Impact Statement
Silva HO, Yunes N. Neutron star pulse profile observations as extreme gravity probes. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 2019 August; 36(17): 17LT01. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6382/ab3560. | Impact Statement
Bogdanov S, Ho WC, Enoto T, Guillot S, Harding AK, Jaisawal GK, Malacaria C, Manthripragada SS, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC. Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer X-Ray timing of the radio and γ-ray quiet pulsars PSR J1412+7922 and PSR J1849-0001. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019 May; 877(2): 69. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1b2e. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Chakrabarty D, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Malacaria C, Ray PS, Strohmayer TE. Timing the pulsations of the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658 during its 2019 outburst. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 July; 898(1): 38. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab9827. | Impact Statement
Kalapotharakos C, Wadiasingh Z, Harding AK, Kazanas D. The Multipolar Magnetic Field of the Millisecond Pulsar PSR J0030+0451. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 January; 907(2): 63. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abcec0. | Impact Statement
Garcia F, Mendez M, Karpouzas K, Belloni TM, Zhang L, Altamirano D. A two-component Comptonization model for the type-B QPO in MAXI J1348−630. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 March 1; 501(3): 3173-3182. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa3944. | Impact Statement
Ji L, Doroshenko V, Santangelo A, Gungor C, Zhang S, Ducci L, Zhang S, Ge MY, Qu LJ, Chen YP, Bu Q, Cai C, Cao X. Timing analysis of 2S 1417−624 observed with NICER and Insight-HXMT. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 January 11; 491(2): 1851-1856. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2745. | Impact Statement
Morello V, Keane EF, Enoto T, Guillot S, Ho WC, Jameson A, Kramer M, Stappers BW, Bailes M, Barr ED, Bhandari S, Caleb M, Flynn CM, Jankowski F, Johnston S, van Straten W, Arzoumanian Z, Bogdanov S, Gendreau KC, Malacaria C, Ray PS, Remillard RA. The survey for pulsars and extragalactic radio bursts – IV. Discovery and polarimetry of a 12.1-s radio pulsar. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 March 21; 493(1): 1165-1177. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa321. | Impact Statement
Wang J, Kara E, Steiner JF, Garcia JA, Homan J, Neilsen J, Marcel G, Ludlam RM, Tombesi F, Cackett EM, Remillard RA. Relativistic reflection and reverberation in GX 339–4 with NICER and NuSTAR. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 August; 899(1): 44. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab9ec3. | Impact Statement
Younes GA, Guver T, Kouveliotou C, Baring MG, Hu C, Wadiasingh Z, Begicarslan B, Enoto T, Gogus E, Lin L, Harding AK, van der Horst AJ, Majid WA, Guillot S, Malacaria C. NICER view of the 2020 burst storm and persistent emission of SGR 1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 November; 904(2): L21. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abc94c. | Impact Statement
Younes GA, Baring MG, Kouveliotou C, Arzoumanian Z, Enoto T, Doty JP, Gendreau KC, Gogus E, Guillot S, Guver T, Harding AK, Ho WC, van der Horst AJ, Hu C, Jaisawal GK, Kaneko Y, LaMarr BJ, Lin L, Majid WA, Okajima T, Pope JS, Ray PS, Roberts OJ, Saylor MR, Steiner JF, Wadiasingh Z. Broadband X-ray burst spectroscopy of the fast-radio-burst-emitting Galactic magnetar. Nature Astronomy. 2021 February 18; 5408-413. DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-01292-x. | Impact Statement
Ambrosino F, Zanon AM, Papitto A, Zelati FC, Campana S, D'Avanzo P, Stella L, Di Salvo T, Burderi L, Casella P, Sanna A, de Martino D, Cadelano M, Ghedina A, Leone F, Meddi F, Cretaro P, Baglio MC, Poretti E, Mignani RP, Torres DF, Israel G, Cecconi M, Russell DM, Gonzalez Gomez MD, Riverol Rodriguez AL, Perez Ventura H, Hernandez Diaz M, San Juan JJ, Bramich DM, Lewis F. Optical and ultraviolet pulsed emission from an accreting millisecond pulsar. Nature Astronomy. 2021 February 22; epub8pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41550-021-01308-0. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Bilous AV, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Guver T, Jaisawal GK, Kuulkers E, Malacaria C, Ng M, Sanna A, Strohmayer TE. The X-Ray bursts of XTE J1739–285: A NICER sample. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 February; 907(2): 79. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abd54b. | Impact Statement
Shaw AW, Plotkin RM, Miller-Jones JC, Homan J, Gallo E, Russell DM, Tomsick JA, Kaaret P, Corbel S, Espinasse M, Bright J. Observations of the disk/jet coupling of MAXI J1820+070 during its descent to quiescence. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 January; 907(1): 34. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abd1de. | Impact Statement
Tang S, Jiang J, Gao W, Fan Y, Wei D. Constraint on phase transition with the multimessenger data of neutron stars. Physical Review D. 2021 March 19; 103(6): 063026. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.103.063026. | Impact Statement
Zdziarski AA, Dzielak MA, De Marco B, Szanecki M, Niedzwiecki A. Accretion geometry in the hard state of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 March; 909(1): L9. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abe7ef. | Impact Statement
Zhang L, Altamirano D, Cuneo VA, Alabarta K, Enoto T, Homan J, Remillard RA, Uttley P, Vincentelli FM, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Gendreau KC, Markwardt CB, Sanna A, Strohmayer TE, Steiner JF, Basak A, Neilsen J, Tombesi F. NICER observations reveal that the X-ray transient MAXI J1348−630 is a black hole X-ray binary. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 October 22; 499(1): 851-861. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2842. | Impact Statement
Ng M, Ray PS, Bult PM, Chakrabarty D, Jaisawal GK, Malacaria C, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Guver T, Kerr M, Strohmayer TE, Wadiasingh Z, Wolff MT. NICER discovery of millisecond X-Ray pulsations and an ultracompact orbit in IGR J17494-3030. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 February 15; 908(1): L15. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abe1b4. | Impact Statement
Sasaki R, Tsuboi Y, Iwakiri WB, Nakahira S, Maeda Y, Gendreau KC, Corcoran MF, Hamaguchi K, Arzoumanian Z, Markwardt CB, Enoto T, Sato T, Kawai H, Mihara T, Shidatsu M, Negoro H, Serino M. The RS CVn–type star GT Mus shows most energetic X-Ray flares throughout the 2010s. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 March; 910(1): 25. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abde38. | Impact Statement
Enoto T, Terasawa T, Kisaka S, Hu C, Guillot S, Lewandowska N, Malacaria C, Ray PS, Ho WC, Harding AK, Okajima T, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Wadiasingh Z, Markwardt CB, Soong Y, Kenyon SJ, Bogdanov S, Majid WA, Guver T, Jaisawal GK, Foster R, Murata Y, Takeuchi H, Takefuji K, Sekido M, Yonekura Y, Misawa H, Tsuchiya F, Tokumaru M, Honma M, Kameya O, Oyama T, Asano K, Shibata S, Tanaka SJ. Enhanced x-ray emission coinciding with giant radio pulses from the Crab Pulsar. Science. 2021 April 9; 372(6538): 187-190. DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4659.PMID: 33833123. | Impact Statement
Shidatsu M, Iwakiri WB, Negoro H, Mihara T, Ueda Y, Kawai N, Nakahira S, Kennea JA, Evans PA, Gendreau KC, Enoto T, Tombesi F. The peculiar X-ray transient Swift J0840.7−3516: An unusual low-mass X-ray binary or a tidal disruption event?. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 April 6; 910(2): 144. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abe6a1. | Impact Statement
Wang J, Mastroserio G, Kara E, Garcia JA, Ingram AR, Connors RM, van der Klis M, Dauser T, Steiner JF, Buisson DJ, Homan J, Lucchini M, Fabian AC, Bright J, Fender RP, Cackett EM, Remillard RA. Disk, corona, jet connection in the intermediate state of MAXI J1820+070 revealed by NICER spectral-timing analysis. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 March 19; 910(1): L3. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abec79. | Impact Statement
Buisson DJ, Altamirano D, Padilla MA, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Segura NC, Charles PA, Degenaar N, Trigo MD, van den Eijnden J, Fogantini F, Gandhi P, Gendreau KC, Hare J, Homan J, Knigge C, Malacaria C, Mendez M, Munoz-Darias T, Ng M, Arabaci MO, Remillard RA, Strohmayer TE, Tombesi F, Tomsick JA, Vincentelli FM, Walton DJ. Dips and eclipses in the X-ray binary Swift J1858.6–0814 observed with NICER. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 June 1; 503(4): 5600-5610. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab863. | Impact Statement
Guver T, Boztepe T, Gogus E, Chakraborty M, Strohmayer TE, Bult PM, Altamirano D, Jaisawal GK, Kocabiyik T, Malacaria C, Kashyap U, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Chakrabarty D. Thermonuclear X-ray bursts with late secondary peaks observed from 4U 1608–52. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 March 24; 910(1): 37. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abe1ae. | Impact Statement
Tetarenko AJ, Casella P, Miller-Jones JC, Sivakoff GR, Paice JA, Vincentelli FM, Maccarone TJ, Gandhi P, Dhillon VS, Marsh TR. Measuring fundamental jet properties with multi-wavelength fast timing of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 March 22; (stab820): 23pp. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab820. | Impact Statement
You B, Tuo Y, Li C, Wang W, Zhang S, Zhang S, Ge M, Luo C, Liu B, Yuan W, Dai ZG, Liu J, Qiao E. Insight-HXMT observations of jet-like corona in a black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070. Nature Communications. 2021 February 15; 12(1): 1025. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21169-5. | Impact Statement
Alabarta K, Altamirano D, Mendez M, Cuneo VA, Zhang L, Remillard RA, Castro A, Ludlam RM, Steiner JF, Enoto T, Homan J, Arzoumanian Z, Bult PM, Gendreau KC, Markwardt CB, Strohmayer TE, Uttley P, Tombesi F, Buisson DJ. X-ray spectral and timing evolution of MAXI J1727–203 with NICER. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 September 21; 497(3): 3896-3910. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2168. | Impact Statement
Cannizzaro G, Wevers T, Jonker PG, Perez-Torres MA, Moldon J, Mata-Sanchez D, Leloudas G, Pasham DR, Mattila S, Arcavi I, French KD, Onori F, Inserra C, Nicholl M, Gromadzki M, Chen T, Muller-Bravo TE, Short P, Anderson JP, Young DR, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Lowenstein M, Remillard RA, Roy R, Hiramatsu D. Accretion disc cooling and narrow absorption lines in the tidal disruption event AT 2019dsg. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 June; 504(1): 792-815. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab851. | Impact Statement
Li ZS, Kuiper LM, Falanga M, Poutanen J, Tsygankov SS, Galloway DK, Bozzo E, Pan YY, Huang Y, Zhang S, Zhang S. Broadband X-ray spectra and timing of the accreting millisecond pulsar Swift J1756.9−2508 during its 2018 and 2019 outbursts. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021 March 8; epub12pp. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140360. | Impact Statement
Treiber H, Vasilopoulous G, Bailyn CD, Haberl F, Gendreau KC, Ray PS, Maitra C, Jaisawal GK, Udalski A, Wilms J, Monageng IM, Buckley DA, Konig O, Carpano S. RX J0529.8−6556: a BeXRB pulsar with an evolving optical period and out of phase X-ray outbursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 June 1; 503(4): 6187-6201. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab807. | Impact Statement
Silva HO, Pappas G, Yunes N, Yagi K. Surface of rapidly-rotating neutron stars: Implications to neutron star parameter estimation. Physical Review D. 2021 March 25; 103(6): 063038. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.103.063038. | Impact Statement
Liu H, Huang Y, Xiao G, Bu Q, Qu J, Zhang S, Zhang S, Jial S. Timing analysis of the black hole candidate EXO 1846–031 with Insight-HXMT monitoring. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2021 April; 21(3): 070. DOI: 10.1088/1674-4527/21/3/70. | Impact Statement
Arcodia R, Merloni A, Nandra K, Buchner J, Salvato M, Pasham DR, Remillard RA, Comparat J, Lamer G, Ponti G, Malyali A, Wolf J, Arzoumanian Z, Bogensberger D, Buckley DA, Gendreau KC, Gromadzki M, Kara E, Krumpe M, Markwardt CB, Ramos-Ceja ME, Rau A, Schramm M, Schwope A. X-ray quasi-periodic eruptions from two previously quiescent galaxies. Nature. 2021 April; 592(7856): 704-707. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03394-6. | Impact Statement
Jana A, Jaisawal GK, Naik S, Kumari N, Chhotaray B, Altamirano D, Remillard RA, Gendreau KC. NICER observations of the black hole candidate MAXI J0637–430 during the 2019–2020 outburst. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 July 11; 504(4): 4793-4805. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab1231. | Impact Statement
Silva HO, Holgado M, Cardenas-Avendano A, Yunes N. Astrophysical and theoretical physics implications from multimessenger neutron star observations. Physical Review Letters. 2021 May 3; 126(18): 181101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.181101. | Impact Statement
Strohmayer TE. A real-time view of orbital evolution in HM Cancri. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 April; 912(1): L8. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abf3cc. | Impact Statement
Jithesh V, Misra R, Maqbool B, Mall G. Broadband spectral and timing properties of MAXI J1348–630 using AstroSat and NICER observations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 May 10; epub(stab1307): 14pp. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab1307. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Strohmayer TE, Malacaria C, Ng M, Wadiasingh Z. Long-term coherent timing of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17062–6143. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 May 10; 912(2): 120. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abf13f. | Impact Statement
Wevers T, Pasham DR, van Velzen S, Miller-Jones JC, Uttley P, Gendreau KC, Remillard RA, Arzoumanian Z, Lowenstein M, Chiti A. Rapid accretion state transitions following the tidal disruption event AT2018fyk. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 May 10; 912(2): 151. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abf5e2. | Impact Statement
Stiele H, Kong AK. A multi-instrument study of the 2018 hard-state-only outburst of H1743-322. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 June; 914(2): 93. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abfaa5. | Impact Statement
Li A, Miao Z, Jiang J, Tang S, Xu R. Bayesian inference of quark star equation of state using the NICER PSR J0030+0451 data. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 July 16; epub(stab2029): DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2029. | Impact Statement
Cramer A, Hecla J, Wu D, Lai X, Boers T, Yang K, Moulton T, Kenyon SJ, Arzoumanian Z, Krull W, Gendreau KC, Gupta R. Stationary computed tomography for space and other resource-constrained environments. Scientific Reports. 2018 September 21; 8(1): 14195. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32505-z. | Impact Statement
Stone JR. Nuclear physics and astrophysics constraints on the high density matter equation of state. Universe. 2021 August; 7(8): 257. DOI: 10.3390/universe7080257. | Impact Statement
Gupta R, Krull W, Hecla J, Cramer A, Kenyon SJ, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC. Tomographic imaging system. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2021 January 19; US10895540B113pp.
Kashi A, Principe D, Soker N, Kastner Jh. The X-ray properties of Eta Carinae during its 2020 X-ray minimum. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 June; 914(1): 47. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abfa9c. | Impact Statement
Abbott R, Abbott TD, Abraham S, Acernese F, Ackley K, Adams A, Adams C, Adhikari RX, Adya VB, Affeldt C, Agarwal D, Agathos M, Agatsuma K, Aggarwal N, Aguiar OD, Aiello L, Ain A. Diving below the spin-down limit: Constraints on gravitational waves from the energetic young pulsar PSR J0537-6910. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 May; 913(2): L27. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abffcd. | Impact Statement
Bogdanov S, Dittmann AJ, Ho WC, Lamb FK, Mahmoodifar S, Miller MC, Morsink SM, Riley TE, Strohmayer TE, Watts AL, Choudhury D, Guillot S, Harding AK, Ray PS, Wadiasingh Z, Wolff MT, Markwardt CB, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC. Constraining the neutron star mass–radius relation and dense matter equation of state with NICER. III. Model description and verification of parameter estimation codes. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 June; 914(1): L15. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abfb79. | Impact Statement
Jana A, Jaisawal GK, Naik S, Kumari N, Chatterjee D, Chatterjee K, Bhowmick R, Chakrabarti SK, Chang HK, Debnath D. Accretion properties of MAXI J1813-095 during its failed outburst in 2018. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2021 June; 21(5): 125. DOI: 10.1088/1674-4527/21/5/125. | Impact Statement
Molkov SV, Doroshenko V, Lutovinov AA, Tsygankov SS, Santangelo A, Mereminskiy IA, Semena AN. Discovery of the 5 keV cyclotron line followed by three harmonics in Swift J1626.6-5156. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 July; 915(2): L27. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac0c15. | Impact Statement
Riley TE, Watts AL, Ray PS, Bogdanov S, Guillot S, Morsink SM, Bilous AV, Arzoumanian Z, Choudhury D, Deneva JS, Gendreau KC, Harding AK, Ho WC, Lattimer JM, Loewenstein M, Ludlam RM, Markwardt CB, Okajima T, Prescod-Weinstein C, Remillard RA, Wolff MT, Fonseca E, Cromartie HT, Kerr M, Pennucci TT, Parthasarathy A, Ransom SM, Stairs IH, Guillemot L, Cognard I. A NICER View of the Massive Pulsar PSR J0740+6620 Informed by Radio Timing and XMM-Newton Spectroscopy. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 September; 918(2): L27. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac0a81. | Impact Statement
Tang S, Jiang J, Han M, Fan Y, Wei D. Constraints on the phase transition and nuclear symmetry parameters from PSR J0740+6620 and multimessenger data of other neutron stars. Physical Review D. 2021 September 20; 104(6): 063032. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.063032. | Impact Statement
Baby BE, Bhuvana GR, Radhika D, Katoch T, Mandal S, Nandi A. Revealing the nature of the transient source MAXI J0637-430 through spectro-temporal analysis. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 September 23; epubstab2719. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2719. | Impact Statement
Lundy M. TeV and optical observations of the Be/pulsar binary 1A0535+262 during the 2020 giant outburst. 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2021), Online - Berlin, Germany. 2021 July 31; 856. DOI: 10.22323/1.395.0856. | Impact Statement
Belloni TM, Bhattacharya D, Motta SE, Ponti G. A timing-based estimate of the spin of the black hole in MAXI J1820+070. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 December 1; 508(2): 3104-3110. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2848. | Impact Statement
Bu Q, Zhang S, Santangelo A, Belloni TM, Zhang L, Qu J, Tao L, Huang Y, Ma X, Li ZS, Zhang S, Chen L. Broadband variability study of Maxi J1631-479 in its hard-intermediate state observed with Insight-HXMT. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 October 1; 919(2): 92. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac11f5. | Impact Statement
Bult PM, Altamirano D, Arzoumanian Z, Ballantyne DR, Chenevez J, Fabian AC, Gendreau KC, Homan J, Jaisawal GK, Malacaria C, Miller JM, Parker ML, Strohmayer TE. On the impact of an intermediate duration X-ray burst on the accretion environment in IGR J17062–6143. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 October 10; 920(1): 59. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac18c4. | Impact Statement
D'Ammando F. NICER, NuSTAR and swift follow-up observations of the γ-ray flaring blazar BL Lacertae in 2020 August–October. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 September 17; (stab2616): 11pp. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2616. | Impact Statement
De Marco B, Zdziarski AA, Ponti G, Migliori G, Belloni TM, Otero S, Dzielak MA, Lai EV. The inner flow geometry in MAXI J1820+070 during hard and hard-intermediate states. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2021 October 1; 654A14. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140567. | Impact Statement
Enoto T, Ng M, Hu C, Guver T, Jaisawal GK, O'Connor B, Gogus E, Lien A, Kisaka S, Wadiasingh Z, Majid WA, Pearlman AB, Arzoumanian Z, Bansal K, Blumer H, Chakrabarty D, Gendreau KC, Ho WC, Kouveliotou C, Ray PS, Strohmayer TE, Younes GA, Palmer DM, Sakamoto T, Akahori T, Eie S. A month of monitoring the new magnetar Swift J1555.2-5402 during an X-ray outburst. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 October 5; 920(1): L4. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac2665. | Impact Statement
Miller MC, Lamb FK, Dittmann AJ, Bogdanov S, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Guillot S, Ho WC, Lattimer JM, Loewenstein M, Morsink SM, Ray PS, Wolff MT, Baker CL, Cazeau T, Manthripragada SS, Markwardt CB, Okajima T, Pollard SE, Cognard I, Cromartie HT, Fonseca E, Guillemot L, Kerr M, Parthasarathy A, Pennucci TT, Ransom SM, Stairs IH. The radius of PSR J0740+6620 from NICER and XMM-Newton data. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 September 10; 918(2): L28. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac089b. | Impact Statement
Wolff MT, Guillot S, Bogdanov S, Ray PS, Kerr M, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Miller MC, Dittmann AJ, Ho WC, Guillemot L, Cognard I, Theureau G, Wood KS. NICER detection of thermal X-ray pulsations from the massive millisecond pulsars PSR J0740+6620 and PSR J1614–2230. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 September; 918(2): L26. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac158e. | Impact Statement
Biswas B. Impact of PREX-II and combined Radio/NICER/XMM-Newton's mass–radius measurement of PSR J0740+6620 on the dense-matter equation of state. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 November; 921(1): 63. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac1c72. | Impact Statement
Caleb M, Rajwade K, Desvignes G, Stappers BW, Lyne AG, Weltevrede P, Kramer M, Levin L, Surnis M. Radio and X-ray observations of giant pulses from XTE J1810-197. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 November 10; stab3223. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab3223. | Impact Statement
Bult PM. The stochastic X-Ray variability of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17062–6143. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 November; 921(2): 124. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac1bae. | Impact Statement
Lobato RV, Carvalho GA, Bertulani CA. Neutron stars in f(R,L_m) gravity with realistic equations of state: joint-constrains with GW170817, massive pulsars, and the PSR J0030+0451 mass-radius from NICER data. The European Physical Journal C. 2021 November 18; 81(11): 1013. DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09785-3. | Impact Statement
Thi HD, Mondal C, Gulminelli F. The nuclear matter density functional under the nucleonic hypothesis. Universe. 2021 October; 7(10): 373. DOI: 10.3390/universe7100373. | Impact Statement
Yao Y, Kulkarni SR, Gendreau KC, Jaisawal GK, Enoto T, Grefenstette BW, Marshall HL, Garcia JA, Ludlam RM, Pike SN, Ng M, Zhang L, Altamirano D, Jaodand A, Cenko SB, Remillard RA, Steiner JF, Negoro H, Brightman M, Lien A, Wolff MT, Ray PS, Mukai K, Wadiasingh Z, Arzoumanian Z, Kawai N, Mihara T, Strohmayer TE. A comprehensive X-Ray report on AT2019wey. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 October; 920(2): 121. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac15f8. | Impact Statement
Saffer A, Yagi K. Tidal deformabilities of neutron stars in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity and their applications to multimessenger tests of gravity. Physical Review D. 2021 December 17; 104(12): 124052. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.124052. | Impact Statement
Guver T, Boztepe T, Ballantyne DR, Bostanci ZF, Bult PM, Jaisawal GK, Gogus E, Strohmayer TE, Altamirano D, Guillot S, Chakrabarty D. A NICER look at thermonuclear X-ray bursts from Aql X-1. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 November 26; epubstab3422. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab3422. | Impact Statement
Nathan E, Ingram AR, Homan J, Huppenkothen D, Uttley P, van der Klis M, Motta SE, Altamirano D, Middleton M. Phase-resolved spectroscopy of a quasi-periodic oscillation in the black hole X-ray binary GRS 1915+105 with NICER and NuSTAR. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 January 4; epubstab3803. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab3803. | Impact Statement
Younes GA, Lander SK, Baring MG, Enoto T, Kouveliotou C, Wadiasingh Z, Ho WC, Harding AK, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Guver T, Hu C, Malacaria C, Ray PS, Strohmayer TE. Pulse peak migration during the outburst decay of the magnetar SGR 1830-0645: Crustal motion and magnetospheric untwisting. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2022 January; 924(2): L27. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac4700. | Impact Statement
Mereghetti S, Rigoselli M, Taverna R, Baldeschi L, Crestan S, Turolla R, Zane S. NICER study of pulsed thermal X-rays from Calvera: A neutron star born in the galactic halo?. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 December; 922(2): 253. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac34f2. | Impact Statement
Pollock AM, Corcoran MF, Stevens IR, Russell CM, Hamaguchi K, Williams PM, Moffat AF, Weigelt G, Shenavrin V, Richardson ND, Espinoza D, Drake SA. Competitive X-ray and optical cooling in the collisionless shocks of WR 140. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 December 21; 923(2): 191. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac2430. | Impact Statement
Wu Q, Pires AM, Schwope A, Xiao G, Yan S, Ji L. What causes the absence of pulsations in Central Compact Objects in supernova remnants?. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2021 December; 21(11): 294. DOI: 10.1088/1674-4527/21/11/294. | Impact Statement
Serim MM, Ozudogru OC, Donmez C, Sahiner S, Serim D, Baykal A, Inam SC. Timing and spectral analysis of 2S 1417−624 during its 2018 outburst. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 February 11; 510(1): 1438-1449. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab3547. | Impact Statement
Abbott R, Abbott TD, Abraham S, Acernese F, Ackley K, Adams A, Adams C, Adhikari RX, Adya VB, Affeldt C, Agarwal D, Agathos M, Agatsuma K. Constraints from LIGO O3 data on gravitational-wave emission due to r-modes in the glitching pulsar PSR J0537–6910. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 November; 922(1): 71. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac0d52. | Impact Statement
Mandal M, Pal S. Study of timing and spectral properties of the X-ray pulsar 1A 0535+262 during the giant outburst in 2020 November–December. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 March 21; 511(1): 1121-1130. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac111. | Impact Statement
Ricci C, Loewenstein M, Kara E, Remillard RA, Trakhtenbrot B, Arcavi I, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Fabian AC, Li R, Ho LC, MacLeod CL, Cackett EM, Altamirano D, Gandhi P, Kosec P, Pasham DR, Steiner JF, Chan CH. The 450 day X-ray monitoring of the changing-look AGN 1ES 1927+654. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2021 June; 255(1): 7. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/abe94b.
Vivekanand M. Phase-resolved spectrum of the Crab pulsar from NICER. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021 May 1; 649A140. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140358.
Axelsson M, Veledina A. Accretion geometry of the black hole binary MAXI J1820+070 probed by frequency-resolved spectroscopy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 August 4; epub(stab2191): DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2191.
Dzielak MA, De Marco B, Zdziarski AA. A spectrally stratified hot accretion flow in the hard state of MAXI J1820+070. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 September 11; 506(2): 2020-2029. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab1700.
Ho WC, Espinoza CM, Arzoumanian Z, Enoto T, Tamba T, Antonopoulou D, Bejger M, Guillot S, Haskell B, Ray PS. Return of the Big Glitcher: NICER timing and glitches of PSR J0537−6910. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020 October 10; 498(4): 4605-4614. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2640. | Impact Statement
Kimura M, Yamada S, Nakaniwa N, Makita Y, Negoro H, Shidatsu M, Kato T, Enoto T, Isogai K, Mihara T, Akazawa H, Gendreau KC, Hambsch F, Dubovsky PA, Kudzej I, Kasai K, Tordai T, Pavlenko E, Sosnovskij AA, Itoh H, Maehara H. On the nature of the anomalous event in 2021 in the dwarf nova SS Cygni and its multi-wavelength transition. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2021 October; 73(5): 1262-1279. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psab073.
Zelati FC, de Ugarte Postigo A, Russell TD, Borghese A, Rea N, Esposito P, Israel G, Campana S. Multi-band observations of Swift J0840.7−3516: A new transient ultra-compact X-ray binary candidate. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021 June 1; 650A69. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140573.
Legred I, Chatziioannou K, Essick R, Han SJ, Landry P. Impact of the PSR J0740+6620 radius constraint on the properties of high-density matter. Physical Review D. 2021 September 2; 104(6): 063003. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.063003.
Younes GA, Hu C, Bansal K, Ray PS, Pearlman AB, Kirsten F, Wadiasingh Z, Gogus E, Baring MG, Enoto T, Arzoumanian Z, Gendreau KC, Kouveliotou C, Guver T, Harding AK, Majid WA, Blumer H, Hessels JW, Gawronski MP, Bezrukovs V, Orbidans A. X-ray burst and persistent emission properties of the magnetar SGR 1830-0645 in outburst. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 January; 924(2): 136. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac3756. | Impact Statement
Li ZS, Pan YY, Falanga M. Discovery of transition from marginally stable burning to unstable burning after a superburst in Aql X-1. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 October; 920(1): 35. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac1f15.
Mata-Sanchez D, Munoz-Darias T, Cuneo VA, Padilla MA, Sanchez-Sierras J, Panizo-Espinar G, Casares C, Corral-Santana JM, Perez-Torres MA. Hard-state optical wind during the discovery outburst of the black hole X-ray dipper MAXI J1803–298. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2022 February; 926(2): L10. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac502f.
Pang PT, Tews I, Coughlin MW, Bulla M, Van Den Broeck C, Dietrich T. Nuclear physics multimessenger astrophysics constraints on the neutron star equation of state: Adding NICER’s PSR J0740+6620 measurement. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 November 1; 922(1): 14. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac19ab.
Raaijmakers G, Greif SK, Riley TE, Hinderer T, Hebeler K, Schwenk A, Watts AL, Nissankel S, Guillot S, Lattimer JM, Ludlam RM. Constraining the dense matter equation of state with joint analysis of NICER and LIGO/Virgo measurements. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 April; 893(1): L21. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab822f. | Impact Statement
Raaijmakers G, Greif SK, Hebeler K, Hinderer T, Nissankel S, Schwenk A, Riley TE, Watts AL, Lattimer JM, Ho WC. Constraints on the dense matter equation of state and neutron star properties from NICER's mass–radius estimate of PSR J0740+6620 and multimessenger observations. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2021 September; 918(2): L29. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac089a. | Impact Statement
Zhang N, Li B. Impact of NICER's radius measurement of PSR J0740+6620 on nuclear symmetry energy at suprasaturation densities. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 November; 921(2): 111. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac1e8c.
Chrisitan J, Schaffner-Bielich J. Twin stars and the stiffness of the nuclear equation of state: Ruling out strong phase transitions below 1.7n0 with the new NICER radius measurements. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 May; 894(1): L8. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab8af4.
Yan L, Tuo Y, Ge M, Lu F, Zheng S, Wang LJ. A study on the X-ray pulse profile and spectrum of the Crab pulsar Using NICER and Insight-HXMT's observations. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 April; 928(2): 183. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac581c.
Shidatsu M, kobayashi K, Negoro H, Iwakiri WB, Nakahira S, Ueda Y, Mihara T, Enoto T, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Pope JS, Trout B, Okajima T, Soong Y. Discovery and long-term broadband X-ray monitoring of galactic black hole candidate MAXI J1803–298. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March 11; 927(2): 151. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac517b. | Impact Statement
Hazboun JS, Crump J, Lommen AN, Montano S, Berry SJ, Zeldes J, Teng E, Ray PS, Kerr M, Arzoumanian Z, Bogdanov S, Deneva JS, Lewandowska N, Markwardt CB, Ransom SM, Enoto T, Wood KS, Gendreau KC, Howe DA, Parthasarathy A. A detection of red noise in PSR J1824–2452A and projections for PSR B1937+21 using NICER X-ray timing data. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March 20; 928(1): 67. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac54ae. | Impact Statement
Malacaria C, Bhargava Y, Coley JB, Ducci L, Pradhan P, Ballhausen R, Fuerst F, Islam N, Jaisawal GK, Jenke PA, Kretschmar P, Kreykenbohm I, Pottschmidt K, Sokolova-Lapa E, Staubert R, Wilms J, Wilson-Hodge CA, Wolff MT. Accreting on the edge: A luminosity-dependent cyclotron line in the Be/X-ray binary 2S 1553-542 accompanied by accretion regimes transition. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March; 927(2): 194. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac524f. | Impact Statement
O'Connor B, Gogus E, Huppenkothen D, Kouveliotou C, Gorgone NM, Townsend LJ, Calamida A, Fruchter A, Buckley DA, Baring MG, Kennea JA, Younes GA, Arzoumanian Z, Bellm EC, Cenko SB, Gendreau KC, Granot J, Hailey C, Harrison FA, Hartmann DH, Kaper L, Kutyrev A, Slane PO, Stern D, Troja E, van der Horst AJ, Wijers RA, Woudt PA. Identification of an X-ray pulsar in the BeXRB system IGR J18219-1347. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March 10; 927(2): 139. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5032. | Impact Statement
Zhao G, Li ZS, Pan YY, Falanga M, Ji L, Chen YP, Zhang S. NICER observations of the evidence of Poynting-Robertson drag and disk reflection during type I X-ray bursts from 4U 1636–536. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2022 April 1; 660A31. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142801.
Essick R. Selection effects in periodic X-ray data from maximizing detection statistics. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March 10; 927(2): 195. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac517c.
Jokela N, Jarvinen M, Remes J. Holographic QCD in the NICER era. Physical Review D. 2022 April 8; 105(8): 086005. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.105.086005.
Bhuvana GR, Radhika D, Nandi A. Multi-mission view of extragalactic black hole X-ray binaries LMC X-1 and LMC X-3: Evolution of broadband spectral features. Advances in Space Research. 2022 January 1; 69(1): 483-498. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2021.09.036.
Ludlam RM, Cackett EM, Garcia JA, Miller JM, Stevens AL, Fabian AC, Homan J, Ng M, Guillot S, Buisson DJ, Chakrabarty D. Radius constraints from reflection modeling of Cygnus X-2 with NuSTAR and NICER. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 March; 927(1): 112. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5028. | Impact Statement
Wang J, Kara E, Lucchini M, Ingram AR, van der Klis M, Mastroserio G, Garcia JA, Dauser T, Connors RM, Fabian AC, Steiner JF, Remillard RA, Cackett EM, Uttley P, Altamirano D. The NICER “Reverberation Machine”: A systematic study of time lags in black hole X-ray binaries. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 May 2; 930(1): 18. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac6262. | Impact Statement
Tsygankov SS, Molkov SV, Doroshenko V, Mushtukov AA, Mereminskiy IA, Semena AN, Thalhammer P, Wilms J, Lutovinov AA. SRG/ART-XC, Swift, NICER, and NuSTAR study of different states of the transient X-ray pulsar MAXI J0903-531. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021 August 23; epub8pp. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141821.
Baglio MC, Saikia P, Russell DM, Homan J, Waterval S, Bramich DM, Campana S, Lewis F, van den Eijnden J, Alabarta K, Covino S, D'Avanzo P, Goldoni P, Masetti N, Munoz-Darias T. A misfired outburst in the neutron star X-ray binary Centaurus X-4. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 May 1; 930(1): 20. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac63ad. | Impact Statement
Hinkle JT, Holoien TW, Shappee BJ, Neustadt JM, Auchettl K, Vallely PJ, Shahbandeh M, Kluge M, Kochanek CS, Stanek KZ, Huber ME, Post RS, Bersier D, Ashall C, Tucker MA, Williams JP, de Jaeger T, Do A, Fausnaugh M, Gruen D, Hopp U, Myles J, Obermeier C, Payne AV, Thompson TA. The curious case of ASASSN-20hx: A slowly evolving, UV- and X-ray-luminous, ambiguous nuclear transient. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 May 1; 930(1): 12. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5f54. | Impact Statement
Laha S, Younes GA, Wadiasingh Z, Wang B, Lee K, Klingler N, Zhang BB, Xu H, Zhang C, Zhu WW, Ghosh R, Lien A, Troja E, Cenko SB, Oates S, Nicholl M, Gonzalez Becerra J, Meyer E, Parsotan T. Simultaneous view of FRB 180301 with FAST and NICER during a bursting phase. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 May 1; 930(2): 172. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac63a8.
Newton WG, Balliet L, Budimir S, Crocombe G, Douglas B, Head T, Langford Z, Rivera L, Sanford J. Ensembles of unified crust and core equations of state in a nuclear-multimessenger astrophysics environment. European Physical Journal A. 2022 April; 58(4): 69. DOI: 10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00710-0.
Zhang YH, Ge MY, Lu F, Tuo Y, Song LM, Zhang S, Wang LJ, Zheng S, Yan L. Invariable X-ray profile and flux of the Crab pulsar during its two glitches. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 June; 932(1): 11. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac6d53.
Dage K, Brumback M, Neilsen J, Hu C, Altamirano D, Bahramian A, Charles PA, Clarkson WI, Haggard D, Hickox RC, Kennea JA. Monitoring Observations of SMC X-1’s Excursions (MOOSE) I: Program description and initial high-state spectral results. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 June 16; epubstac1674. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1674.
Orio M, Gendreau KC, Giese M, Luna GJ, Magdolen J, Pei S, Sun B, Behar E, Dobrotka A, Mikolajewska J, Pasham DR, Strohmayer TE. NICER monitoring of supersoft X-ray sources. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 june; 932(1): 45. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac63be.
Borghese A, Zelati FC, Israel G, Pilia M, Burgay M, Trudu M, Zane S, Turolla R, Rea N, Esposito P, Mereghetti S, Tiengo A, Possenti A. The first 7 months of the 2020 X-ray outburst of the magnetar SGR J1935+2154. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 May 12; epubstac1314. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1314.
Mereminskiy IA, Dodin AV, Lutovinov AA, Semena AN, Arefiev VA, Atapin KE, Belinski AA, Burenin RA, Burlak MV, Eselevich MV, Fedotieva AA, Gilfanov MR, Ikonnikova NP, Krivonos RA, Lapshov IY, Lyapin AR, Medvedev PS, Molkov SV, Postnov KA, Pshirkov MS, Sazonov SY, Shakura NI, Shtykovsky AE, Sunyaev RA, Tatarnikov AM, Tkachenko AY, Zheltoukhov SG. Peculiar X-ray transient SRGA J043520.9+552226/AT2019wey discovered with SRG/ART-XC. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2022 May 1; 661A32. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141410.
Sanna A, Burderi L, Di Salvo T, Riggio A, Altamirano D, Marino A, Bult PM, Strohmayer TE, Guillot S, Malacaria C, Ng M, Mancuso GC, Mazzola SM, Albayati AC, Iaria R, Manca A, Deiosso N, Cabras C, Anitra A. On the peculiar long-term orbital evolution of the eclipsing accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SWIFT J1749.4−2807. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 June 14; epubstac1611. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1611.
Vivekanand M. Reflection symmetry in the folded light curve of the Crab pulsar from NICER. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 July 21; 514(1): 185-190. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1325.
Espinoza-Galeas D, Corcoran MF, Hamaguchi K, Russell CM, Gull TR, Moffat AF, Richardson ND, Weigelt G, Hillier DJ, Damineli A, Stevens IR, Madura T, Gendreau KC, Arzoumanian Z, Navarete F. NICER X-Ray observations of Eta Carinae during its most recent periastron passage. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022 July; 933(2): 136. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac69ce. | Impact Statement
Nishino Y, Kimura M, sako S, Beniyama J, Enoto T, Minezaki T, Nakaniwa N, Ohsawa R, Takita S, Yamada S, Gendreau KC. Detection of highly correlated optical and X-ray variations in SS Cygni with Tomo-e Gozen and NICER. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2022 May 9; 74(3): L17-L22. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psac027.
Sugizaki M, Mihara T, kobayashi K, Negoro H, Shidatsu M, Pike SN, Iwakiri WB, Urabe S, Serino M, Kawai N, Nakajima M, Kennea JA, Liu Z. Discovery of a new supergiant fast X-ray transient MAXI J0709−159 associated with the Be star LY Canis Majoris. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 2022 July 28; epubpsac059. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psac059. | Impact Statement
Wang S, Kawai N, Shidatsu M, Murata KL, Hosokawa R, Hanayama H, Horiuchi T, Morihana K. Multi-wavelength studies of the X-ray binary MAXI J1727−203: constraining system parameters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022 June 2; stac1503. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1503. | Impact Statement
Soares BA, Lenzi CH, Dutra M. Relativistic mean field model constrained by astrophysical measurements. Proceedings of XV International Workshop on Hadron Physics, São José dos Campos, Brazil. 2022 August 1; 033. DOI: 10.22323/1.408.0033.
The Neutron-1 investigation maps neutron abundance in low-Earth orbit to advance understanding of the relationship between Earth and the Sun. The investigation also tests and validates an instrument that could be used for future missions to map the Moon and evaluates use of Comprehensive Open-architecture Solution for Mission Operations Systems (COSMOS) flight software for coordinated mission commanding, data management and ground operations.
Nitrogen Fixation of Leguminous Species in MicroG (Symbiotic Leguminous Nitrogen Fixation) explores the effects of microgravity on the growth and development of legumes, plants capable of biological nitrogen fixation with symbiotic bacteria. Reduced nitrogen is an essential element of agriculture, and plants use only reduced forms of nitrogen. Knowing how microgravity affects the nitrogen reduction process is key to successfully growing plants on future missions.
The Nonequilibrium Processing of Particle Suspensions with Thermal and Electrical Field Gradients (ACE-T-Ellipsoids) investigation designs and assembles complex three-dimensional colloids – small particles suspended within a fluid medium – and controls density and behavior of the particles with temperature. These so-called ‘self-assembled colloidal structures’ are vital to the design of advanced optical materials and the control of particle density and behavior is important for their use in 3D printing and additive manufacturing. Microgravity provides insight into the relationships among particle shape, crystal symmetry, density, and other fundamental issues.
The Non-Equilibrium Solidification, Modelling for Microstructure Engineering of Industrial Alloys (EML Batch 3 - NEQUISOL) focuses on the microstructure investigation and determination of the growth velocity of Aluminum-Iron (Al-Fe) and Silicon-Germanium (Si-Ge) samples. The nucleation is triggered by a needle, and the growth velocities are determined by video obtained with a high-speed camera. Electrical conductivity is measured as appropriate, with post-flight analysis of microstructures also carried out.
Long-duration spaceflights may elevate intracranial pressure (ICP), resulting in changes in the optic nerve and ocular structure. Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure for space flight and related visual impairment (IPVI for 1YM) aims to non-invasively estimate the changes in intracranial pressure and brain circulation induced by long-duration spaceflights, by analyzing the “arterial blood pressure waveform” and the “brain blood flow waveform” before and after spaceflight. In addition, researchers hope to confirm that abnormalities of the eye (e.g. optic disc edema) occur among the International Space Station (ISS) crew members whose intracranial pressure has increased.
Long-duration spaceflight increases pressure in the head, resulting in changes to the shape of crew members’ eyes and optic nerves and causing vision changes. The Intracranial Pressure and Visual Impairment (IPVI) investigation studies these changes by analyzing arterial blood pressure and blood flow in the brain before and after spaceflight.
Publications
Iwasaki K, Ogawa Y, Kurazumi T, Imaduddin SM, Mukai C, Furukawa S, Yanagida R, Kato T, Konishi T, Shinojima A, Levine BD, Heldt T. Long-duration spaceflight alters estimated intracranial pressure and cerebral blood velocity. Journal of Physiology. 2020 October 25; epub39 pp. DOI: 10.1113/JP280318.PMID: 33103234. | Impact Statement
Non-Newtonian Fluids in Microgravity (Nickelodeon Slime in Space) produces digital video and other content showing experiments in microgravity using Nickelodeon’s iconic slime. The content teaches viewers about microgravity and materials science principles in a fun and engaging manner. It uses television and the internet to reach more than a million students around the country.
Publications
Weislogel MM, Graf JC, Wollman AP, Turner CC, Cardin KJ, Torres LJ, Goodman JE, Buchli JC. How advances in low-g plumbing enable space exploration. npj Microgravity. 2022 May 20; 8(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00201-y.
Novel Protein Aggregation/degradation Studies in the Unique ISS Environment Provide Mechanistic Insights Relevant to Biopharmaceutical Development and Degenerative Diseases (STaARS BioScience-12) examines protein folding and aggregation under the unique stresses of space, including microgravity- and cosmic radiation-dependent folding and degradation and the combination of these factors. Biopharmaceuticals play a significant role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases, but a challenge in making them is the instability and degradation of their proteins. This investigation may help develop new strategies to prevent protein degradation and support design of therapeutic biopharmaceuticals.
Nucleate boiling is bubble growth from a heated surface and the subsequent detachment of the bubble to a cooler surrounding liquid (bubbles in microgravity grow to different sizes than on Earth). As a result, these bubbles can transfer energy through fluid flow; the Nucleate Pool Boiling Experiment (NPBX) investigation provides an understanding of heat transfer and vapor removal processes that take place during nucleate boiling in microgravity. This understanding is needed for optimum design and safe operation of heat exchange equipment that uses nucleate boiling as a way to transfer heat in extreme environments of the deep ocean (submarines) and microgravity.
Publications
Warrier GR, Dhir VK. Visualization of Flow Boiling in Narrow Rectangular Channels. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2004 126495.
Jiang S, Dhir VK. Spray cooling in a closed system with different fractions of non-condensibles in the environment. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2004 475391-5406.
Abarajith HS, Dhir VK, Warrier GR, Son HH. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of the dynamics of multiple bubble merger during pool boiling under microgravity conditions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004 1027235-258.
Dhir VK, Warrier GR, Aktinol E, Chao DF, Eggers JC, Sheredy WA, Booth W. Nucleate Pool Boiling Experiments (NPBX) on the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 November; 24(5): 307-325. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9315-8.
Aktinol E, Warrier GR, Dhir VK. Single bubble dynamics under microgravity conditions in the presence of dissolved gas in the liquid. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2014 December; 79251-268. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.08.014.
Warrier GR, Dhir VK, Chao DF. Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment (NPBX) in microgravity: International Space Station. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 2015 April; 83781-798. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.12.054.
Long-duration spaceflight induces relevant changes in body composition and a loss of body mass. In the Nutrition Monitoring for the International Space Station (NutrISS) investigation, a periodic assessment of body composition (body weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass) during spaceflight aboard the International Space Station (ISS) is carried out using a dedicated bio-impedance analysis device to allow for the measurement of long-term energy balance modification over time. On the basis of this data, it is hypothesized that an adjusted diet maintaining a near-neutral energy balance, and/or increasing protein, intake can limit microgravity-induced bone and muscle loss of crew members.
Publications
Di Girolamo FG, Biolo G, Fiotti N, Situlin R, Piacenza C, Lepore P, Fortezza R, Carrubba E, Pacelli C, Valentini G, Mascetti G, Piccirillo S. The Nutriss Study: A new approach to calibrate diet and exercise in long-term space missions to maintain body fat, muscle and fluid homeostasis. Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio. 2020 May 12; 99121-125. DOI: 10.1007/s42496-020-00044-4. | Impact Statement
Nutritional Status Assessment (Nutrition) is a comprehensive in-flight study designed to understand changes in human physiology during long-duration space flight. This study includes measures of bone metabolism, oxidative damage, and chemistry and hormonal changes; as well as assessments of the nutritional status of the crewmembers participating in the study. The results have an impact on the definition of nutritional requirements and development of food systems for future exploration missions to the Moon and Mars. This experiment also helps researchers understand the effectiveness of measures taken to counteract the effects of space flight, as well as the impact of exercise and pharmaceutical countermeasures on nutritional status and nutrient requirements for crewmembers.
Publications
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Block G, Rice BL, Davis-Street JE. The nutritional status of astronauts is altered after long-term space flight aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Nutrition. 2005 135(3): 437-443. PMID: 15735075. | Impact Statement
Zwart SR, Pierson DL, Mehta SK, Gonda S, Smith SM. Capacity of Omega-3 Fatty Acids or Eicosapentaenoic Acid to Counteract Weightlessness-Induced Bone Loss by Inhibiting NF-ºB Activation: From Cells to Bed Rest to Astronauts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2009 0
Zwart SR, Kala G, Smith SM. Body iron stores and oxidative damage increased after a 10- to 12-day undersea dive in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 2009 13990-95.
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Kloeris VA, Heer MA. Nutritional Biochemistry of Space Flight. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2008 4687-130. DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)00403-4.
Zwart SR, Pierson DL, Mehta SK, Gonda S, Smith SM. Capacity of omega-3 fatty acids or eicosapentaenoic acid to counteract weightlessness-induced bone loss by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation: From cells to bed rest to astronauts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2010 May; 25(5): 1049-1057. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.091041.PMID: 19874203.
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Heer MA. Human adaptation to spaceflight: the role of nutrition. NASA Special Publication. 2014 NP-2014-10-018-JSC151 pp.
Smith SM, Heer MA, Zwart SR. Nutrition and bone health in space. Nutrition and Bone Health. 2015 687-705. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_41.
Paul AM, Cheng-Campbell M, Blaber EA, Anand S, Bhattacharya S, Zwart SR, Crucian BE, Smith SM, Meller R, Grabham P, Beheshti A. Beyond low-Earth orbit: Characterizing immune and microRNA differentials following simulated deep spaceflight conditions in mice. iScience. 2020 November 25; 23(12): 101747. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101747.PMID: 33376970. | Impact Statement
Zwart SR, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Heer MA, Melin MM, Smith SM. Albumin, oral contraceptives, and venous thromboembolism risk in astronauts. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2022 April 7; epub29pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2022.PMID: 35389755. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Observation and Analysis of Smectic Islands In Space (OASIS) studies the unique behavior of liquid crystals in microgravity, including their overall motion and the merging of crystal layers known as smectic islands. Liquid crystals are used for display screens in televisions and clocks, and they also occur in soaps and in cell membranes. The experiment allows detailed studies of the behavior of these structures, and how microgravity affects their unique ability to act like both a liquid and a solid crystal.
Publications
Clark NA, Eremin A, Glaser MA, Hall NR, Harth K, Klopp C, Maclennan JE, Park CS, Stannarius R, Tin P, Thurmes WN, Trittel T. Realization of hydrodynamic experiments on quasi-2D liquid crystal films in microgravity. Advances in Space Research. 2017 August 1; 60(3): 737-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2017.04.014.
Stannarius R, Trittel T, Klopp C, Eremin A, Harth K, Clark NA, Park CS, Maclennan JE. Freely suspended smectic films with in-plane temperature gradients. New Journal of Physics. 2019 June 3; 21(6): 063033. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/ab2673. | Impact Statement
Pikina ES, Ostrovskii BI, Pikin SA. Coalescence of isotropic droplets in overheated free standing smectic films. Soft Matter. 2020 May 4; 164591-4606. DOI: 10.1039/C9SM02292A. | Impact Statement
Klopp C, Trittel T, Eremin A, Harth K, Stannarius R, Park CS, Maclennan JE, Clark NA. Structure and dynamics of a two-dimensional colloid of liquid droplets. Soft Matter. 2019 October 9; 158156-8163. DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01433k.PMID: 31595938. | Impact Statement
Dolganov PV, Shuravin NS, Dolganov VK, Kats EI, Stannarius R, Harth K, Trittel T, Park CS, Maclennan JE. Transient hexagonal structures in sheared emulsions of isotropic inclusions on smectic bubbles in microgravity conditions. Scientific Reports. 2021 September 27; 11(1): 19144. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98166-7.PMID: 34580344. | Impact Statement
Fluid behavior in the micro/low-gravity environment is different from the behavior on Earth, and the fluid behavior in the system sometimes affects its performance. The Observation of Liquid Behavior in Partial G Environment (Liquid Behavior) investigation provides important information for engineers or scientists to better predict how liquid behaves in the low gravity environment for the optimal design of equipment for future space activities.
CCM will test the chromatography of chlorophyll (the separation of pigment in plants on chromatography paper by capillary action) from Brazilian native plants.
Observation of the Reflective Characteristics of the Spacecraft Plasma Environment during Engine Firing in Space Using Ground-Based Instruments (Plazma-Progress) studies the plumes of liquid-propellant engines as they are ionized by the effect of solar radiation and atomic oxygen. As a result, a large-scale and comparatively dense plasma environment occurs around the International Space Station (ISS). This plasma environment changes the radiophysical properties of the environment and its dimensions correspond to the ISS dimensions.
Publications
Tverdokhlebova EM, Korsun AG, Gabdullin FF. Dynamics of artificial plasma formations in space. A Model of Space. Vol. II. Actions of the space environment on spacecraft materials and equipment. 2007 1142 pp.
Korsun AG, Tverdokhlebova EM, Gabdullin FF, Manzhaley AI, Khakhinov VV, Lebedev VP. Study of the characteristics of the plasma environment of low-orbit spacecraft using radio sounding methods. Science and Technical Conference on the Primary Results of Applied Science Research on the ISS RS, Korolev, Russia. 2007 February;
Gabdullin FF, Korsun AG, Tverdokhlebova EM, Khakhinov VV, Lebedev VP, Laletina EA, Manzhaley AI. Study of the characteristics of the plasma environment of low-orbit spacecraft using radio sounding methods. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2008 50(1):
Korsun AG, Gabdullin FF, Kurshakov MY, Tverdokhlebova EM, Lebedev VP, Khakhinov VV, Manzhaley AI, Laletina EA, Krivolapova OY. Study of the reflective characteristics of the liquid-propellant engine plumes in the Plazma-Progress space experiment. VI International Conference Information Technology in Science, Engineering, and Education, Pitsunda, Abkhaziya. 2010 September;
Korsun AG. Prediction of Liquid Propulsion Impact on Electric-Discharge Processes near the Surface of the International Space Station. International Space Propulsion, San-Sebastian, Spain. 2010
Korsun AG. Enhancement of electric discharge processes on the ISS surface during change of plasma environment near the ISS. 6th International Aerospace Congress, Moscow, Russia. 2009
Sizov AA, Orlov RV, Korsun AG, Tverdokhlebova EM. Experimental modeling of the electromagnetic emissions caused by electric discharge processes on ISS surfaces. 6th International Aerospace Congress, Moscow, Russia. 2009
Borisov BS, Garkusha VI, Korsun AG, Sizov AA, Khomin TM, Tverdokhlebova EM. Study of the characteristics of electric discharges occurring on the metal-dielectric surfaces of the ISS. VI International Conference Information Technology in Science, Engineering, and Education, Pitsunda, Abkhaziya. 2010
Korsun AG. Electric discharge processes in the ISS plasma environment generated by the high voltage solar arrays. VI International Conference Information Technology in Science, Engineering, and Education, Pitsunda, Abkhaziya. 2010
Borisov BS, Garkusha VI, Korsun AG, Sizov AA, Khomin TM, Tverdokhlebova EM. Experimental modeling in a vacuum chamber of the electro-physical processes occurring during the electric discharge between the high voltage solar arrays and the hull of the International Space Station. Scientific Readings Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Yuri Aleksandrovich Mozzhorin, Korolev, Russia. 2010
Observation, in the Near-IR Range of the Spectrum, of Wave Disturbances in the Middle Atmosphere (Volny) records and maps wave processes in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere of Earth’s atmosphere. A component of the complex problem of climate change on Earth is the problem of mechanisms by which the various layers of the atmosphere interact
Publications
Armand NA, Smirnov MT, Tischenko YG. Hardware for scientific and applied studies in Earth resource remote sensing and environment monitoring from the International Space Station Russian Segment. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2007 4(49): 91-94.
Struktura is a study of protein crystallization processes and growth of single crystals which are suitable for X-ray structural analysis and structural decoding. Proteins are large molecules that are involved in all processes which support the vital activities of cells in an organism. The main advantage for using space to obtain biological crystals is that in space there is virtually no convective disturbances, which negatively impacts crystal growth on Earth.
The goal of Bioekologiya-M is to obtain strains of high performance microorganisms for production of growth-promoting hormones.
Publications
Ukraintsev AD, Krasheninnikova TK, Kofnova IN, Zhemchuzhina NS, Sinchurina EV, Smolyanaya GL, Lavrikova VV. Influence of factors of space flight on properties of bacterial and mushroom cultures at long stay in space in structure of equipment 'Bioecology'. 6th International Scientific-Practical Conference Manned Spaceflights, Moscow, Russia. 2005 November 10-11;
The goal of Bioekologiya-R is to obtain high performance strains of microorganisms for the production of components of oil biodegradation.
Publications
Sinitsyn AN, Krasheninnikova TK, Sinchurina EV, Smolyanaya GL. Advanced Biological Products for Oily Wastes Disposal and Contaminated Land Phytoremediation. International Congress (Waystack), Moscow, Russia. 2007
Space Flight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome Ocular Rigidity Investigation (SANSORI) investigates whether stiffness of the eye, called ocular rigidity, contributes to development of Space Flight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS). SANS causes vision impairment in astronauts following long-term space flight missions. A better understanding of the mechanisms and risk factors that contribute to SANS could help identify mitigation measures and the individuals who would most benefit from them.
The Eye Movements and Motion Perception Induced By Off-Axis Rotation at Small Angles of Tilt After Spaceflight (OVAR) study allows for better understanding of normal balance and suggest causes for abnormal balance after space flight.
Publications
Clement GR, Wood SJ. Eye movements and motion perception during off-vertical axis rotation after spaceflight. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2013 January 1; 23(1): 13-22. DOI: 10.3233/VES-130471.PMID: 23549051. | Impact Statement
Clement GR, Denise P, Reschke MF, Wood SJ. Human ocular counter-rolling and roll tilt perception during off-vertical axis rotation after spaceflight. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2007 17(5-6): 209-215. PMID: 18626132.
Wada Y. Why and how we perceive tilt perception in space-an experimental plan during long-term space life in the international space station. Equilibrium Research. 2011 70(2): 115-121. Japanese.
Reschke MF, Wood SJ, Clement GR. Ocular counter rolling in astronauts after short- and long-duration spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2018 May 17; 8(1): 7747. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26159-0.PMID: 29773841. | Impact Statement
Reschke MF, Wood SJ, Clement GR. Effect of spaceflight on the spatial orientation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex during eccentric roll rotation: A case report. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2018 27(5-6): 243-249. DOI: 10.3233/VES-170631.PMID: 29400689. | Impact Statement
Ohio University Cubesat for GNSS Inter-constellation Time Offset Determination (Bobcat-1) tests measuring Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) estimates of time differences or time offset between constellations of satellites using a CubeSat in low-Earth orbit. The GNSS determines orbit and timing for satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous orbit (GEO) and supports numerous terrestrial, maritime and aviation applications. Estimates of inter-constellation time offset are critical for users with a limited visibility of other satellites, including those in higher altitudes.
Oil Emulsion is an experiment that will be used to teach students basic principles of fluid physics. Identical experiments will be performed on ISS and in the classroom to compare mixing oil and water in microgravity to mixing them on Earth.
The purpose of this experiment is to provide a rapid and effective on board monitoring system for the crew to monitor microorganisms in the ISS cabin environment. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP, not including Microbe-A1) and “particle counter “ to realize “On Site and Real Time Microbial Monitoring” to protect crew members from microorganisms. Crew members would be able to monitor the microflora in their living environment and take countermeasures immediately against microbial contamination on board. And also passive sampling continueing from "Microbe I/II/III" experiment is including to continue time sequential monitoring from KIBO construction.
Onboard Programmable Technology for Image Compression and Analysis (OPTICA) demonstrates real-time streaming of ultra-high-resolution hyperspectral imagery from space to Earth and data analysis on the ground. Employing advances in data compression and analysis may improve capabilities for acquisition and analysis of remote sensing data from Earth observation instruments while lowering costs.
One-Step Gene Sampling Tool to Improve the ISS Bioanalytical Facility (One-Step Gene Sampling Tool) tests a technology that collects ribonucleic acid (RNA) directly from tissue. It enables faster genetic analysis of multiple samples without the need to destroy the specimen, as traditional technology requires. These brief and repeatable screening experiments can help researchers make more informed decisions regarding when to terminate plant or animal growth investigations and extract the full genetic library.
Publications
Nestorova GG, Crews N, Schramm AK, Aquilina RA, Parra MP, Chin M, Chinn T, Hee L. Spaceflight validation of one-step Gene Sampling tool for genetic analysis on the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2022 September 1; 198225-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.05.023. | Impact Statement
In space, making delicate repairs, completing spacecraft launch procedures, and docking are all easier when an X — or some other identifying target — marks the spot. On-orbit demonstration of target marker for space robotics (ExHAM-Array Mark) studies the space hardiness of a new visual target marker called Array Mark. The investigation uses the JEM Robotic Manipulator System （Main Arm and Small Fine Arm) to demonstrate Array Mark’s practicality and ability to withstand the harsh radiation, temperature changes and micro-meteoroid hazards of space.
On Orbit Validation of Additive Manufacturing of High Frequency Microwave Components in Microgravity (On-Orbit 3D Printing of RF Feed Horn) investigates producing precision microwave components in space using three dimensional (3D) printing/additive manufacturing. A feed horn is a small component of an antenna that collects and channels energy to the receivers. Comparing two feed horns printed with the Made in Space 3D printer on the space station with those manufactured on Earth using both traditional machining techniques and additive manufacturing helps determine the effectiveness of 3D printing of these components in space.
Floating in space, astronauts’ bodies adapt to weightlessness in ways that are not always wanted. Bone and muscle waste away as they have less work to do without gravity. The Skinsuit is a tailor-made overall with a bi-directional weave specially designed to counteract the lack of gravity by squeezing the body from the shoulders, to the feet, with a similar force to that felt on Earth.
Publications
Stabler RA, Rosado H, Doyle R, Negus D, Carvil PA, Kristjansson JG, Green DA, Franco-Cendejas R, Davies C, Mogensen A, Scott JP, Taylor PW. Impact of the Mk VI SkinSuit on skin microbiota of terrestrial volunteers and an International Space Station-bound astronaut. npj Microgravity. 2017 September 7; 3(1): 23. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0029-5.PMID: 28894789. | Impact Statement
Being weightless and floating in space causes changes to the shape of crew members’ eyes during and after space flight. Further studies of this issue require detailed monitoring of the health of the crew's eyes during space missions. Optical Coherence Tomography Technology Demonstration (OCT Tech Demo) tests a commercially available state-of-the-art device that uses reflected light to examine the eye. Optical coherence tomography produces detailed three-dimensional images of the retina, retinal nerve fibers and other eye structures and layers.
Publications
Makarov IA, Voronkov YI, Bogomolov VV, Alferova IV. Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome: Clinical features and classification. Human Physiology. 2021 November 1; 47(6): 612-618. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119721040101. | Impact Statement
Optical Communication and Sensor Demonstration (OCSD) tests specific functions of laser-based communications using automated CubeSats deployed from the International Space Station (ISS). Optical communication (communication using lasers) is a next generation technology that improves distance, accuracy and speed of communication in space and in space to ground applications. OCSD readies a compact version of this technology for space by demonstrating accurate high-speed optical communication between two small satellites working closely together in low-Earth orbit.
The Optical Disc Space Exposure Experiment Project (ExHAM-ODSEEP) demonstrates the durability of an optical disc when exposed to the space environment. An archival disc, containing image and video data, is exposed on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS) and then returned to Earth for verification that the data can still be read.
The Optical Fiber Production in Microgravity (Made In Space Fiber Optics) investigation demonstrates the merits of manufacturing fiber optic filaments in microgravity. The fiber optic material chosen for this demonstration is ZBLAN. Research indicates this material has the potential for better optical qualities than the silica used in most fiber optic cable. This demonstration of the scientific and commercial merits of manufacturing exotic optical fiber in microgravity could set the stage for large scale manufacture of high-quality fiber optic fiber in orbit.
Thermal bubbles generated by heat detach from a surface due to interaction of surface tension, capillarity, and buoyancy. Optical Imaging of Bubble Dynamics on Nanostructured Surfaces focuses on the roles of capillarity and surface tension on bubble dynamics as microgravity removes the influence of buoyancy. Results could help improve bio-sensors that use bubble formation to concentrate biomarkers and other substances.
The Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science tests the potential for using a laser to transmit data to Earth from space. Instead of being broadcast on radio waves, data is packaged onto beams of laser light and hardware on the International Space Station will point the laser to a receiver station on the ground. Radio waves transmission is limited by the speed that it can transfer data, but beaming information packages with lasers can greatly increase the amount of information transmitted over the same period of time.
Publications
Wright MW, Morris JF, Kovalik JM, Andrews KS, Abrahamson MJ, Biswas A. Adaptive optics correction into single mode fiber for a low Earth orbiting space to ground optical communication link using the OPALS downlink. Optics Express. 2015 December 28; 23(26): 33705-33712. DOI: 10.1364/OE.23.033705.PMID: 26832033. | Impact Statement
Optical Reference Calibration Satellite (Nanoracks-ORCASat) demonstrates new technologies for calibrating Earth-based telescopes using an orbiting light source. Properly calibrated telescopes can take more accurate measurements of astronomical objects. Most of the space and ground segments are built by students, providing unique and valuable hands-on experience in space science and technology for undergraduate and graduate students in Canada.
Optical Sensors based on CARbon materials: QUantum BElgium (Ice Cube #8 - OSCAR QUBE) is an investigation designed and built by a student team as part of the European Space Agency’s Orbit Your Thesis! programme. The investigation uses quantum technology to produce high-resolution, high-precision measurements of the local magnetic field. The data will be used to create a high-resolution map of the Earth’s magnetic field from low-Earth orbit.
OPTIMAL-1 is a 3-Unit (3U) CubeSat with multiple mission objectives that consist of Earth Observation, Store and Forward communications, a propulsion system demonstration, and the demonstration of novel satellite components. OPTIMAL-1 is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-24 (J-SSOD-24) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-26 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
Optimization of Protein Crystal Growth for Determination of Enzyme Mechanisms through Advanced Diffraction Techniques (Protein Crystal Optimization) produces large, high-quality protein crystals that can be used to study how enzymes work. Neutron diffraction crystallography can distinguish individual protons and atoms, but it requires large perfect crystals, which are difficult or impossible to make under the influence of gravity on Earth. The International Space Station's microgravity environment is ideal for testing how well scientists can crystallize certain proteins that are important for medical science.
The Optimizing Heterologous Expression in Saccharomyces Yeast in Microgravity based on the Example of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Synthesis (Antigen) investigation comparatively studies the specifics of the heterologous expression of the HbsAg gene of the Hepatitis B virus in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in microgravity and Earth. This investigation establishes methods for optimizing synthesis in order to obtain high-quality strains of producer yeasts of the Hbs antigen to create an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B.
The Konyugatsiya biotechnology experiment is devoted to the development of methods for constructing new recombinant strains producing biologically active substances (BAS) via the transmission of plasmid and chromosome DNA using bacterial conjugation. This experiment calls for the combination, in a reactor vessel, of liquid donor and recipient strain cultures under space flight conditions with subsequent genetic analysis of obtained cultures and selection of stable hybrids on the ground. The research enables scientists to develop methods of obtaining hybrid strains producing BAS via the transmission of plasmid and chromosome DNA using bacterial conjugation.
The Konyugatsiya biotechnology experiment is devoted to the development of methods for constructing new recombinant strains producing biologically active substances (BAS) via the transmission of plasmid and chromosome DNA using bacterial conjugation. This experiment calls for the combination, in a reactor vessel, of liquid donor and recipient strain cultures under space flight conditions with subsequent genetic analysis of obtained cultures and selection of stable hybrids on the ground. The research enables scientists to develop methods of obtaining hybrid strains producing BAS via the transmission of plasmid and chromosome DNA using bacterial conjugation.
Orbital Factory 2 (OF-2) uses additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, to print a circuit board with electrically conductive ink and verifies its conductivity once the ink has cured. This ink potentially could be used to repair solar cells in space. The investigation, carried by a small satellite, is the first effort to conduct 3D printing in the exposed space environment.
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3), to be installed on the Japanese Experiment Module-Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) of the International Space Station (ISS), observes the complex dynamics of the Earth’s atmospheric carbon cycle. The OCO-3 payload is designed to collect the space-based measurements needed to quantify variations in the column-averaged atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) dry-air mole fraction, XCO2, with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to improve the understanding of surface CO2 sources and sinks (fluxes) on regional scales (≥1000 km), and the processes controlling their variability over the seasonal cycle.
Publications
Stavros EN, Schimel D, Pavlick R, Serbin S, Swann A, Duncansaon L, Fisher JB, Fassnacht F, Ustin S, Dubayah R, Schweiger A, Wennberg P. ISS observations offer insights into plant function. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2017 June 22; 10194. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0194. | Impact Statement
Kiel M, Roten DD, Lin JC, Feng S, Lei R, Lauvaux TC, Oda T, Roehl CM, Blavier J, Iraci LT. Urban-focused satellite CO2 observations from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3: A first look at the Los Angeles megacity. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2021 June 1; 258112314. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112314. | Impact Statement
Orbiting High-energy Monitor Alert Network (OHMAN) connects two external payloads for coordinated scientific observations. MAXI is a JAXA facility that continuously monitors the sky for X-ray sources and NICER is a NASA facility that studies neutron stars. When MAXI detects a suddenly brightening object, OHMAN communicates that information to NICER, which can quickly respond with closer observation to determine more about what the object is and what physics govern it. This investigation could enable new discoveries about the physics of neutron stars, black holes, and other energetic events in the X-ray sky.
Organ Dose Measurement Using the Phantom Torso (Torso) measures the amount of radiation that a human received during an extended space flight. The measurements are taken using an anatomical model of a male head and torso that contains different types of radiation sensors. This experiment is important for future human long-duration space exploration.
Publications
Kolomensky AV, Kuznetsov VG, Laiko IA, Bengin V, Shurshakov VA. The model of radiation sheilding of the service module of the International Space Station. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2001 35(6): 39-43.
Cucinotta FA, Kim MY, Willingham V, George KA. Physical and Biological Organ Dosimetry Analysis for International Space Station Astronauts. Radiation Research. 2008 July; 170(1): 127-138. DOI: 10.1667/RR1330.1.PMID: 18582161. | Impact Statement
Badhwar GD, Atwell W, Badavi FF, Yang TC, Cleghorn TF. Space radiation absorbed dose distribution in a human phantom. Radiation Research. 2002 January; 1571(1): 76-91. PMID: 11754645.
Badhwar GD. Shuttle radiation dose measurements in the international space station orbits. Radiation Research. 2002 157(1): 69-75.
Badhwar GD, O'Neill PM. Response of silicon-based linear energy transfer spectrometers: implication for radiation risk assessment in space flights. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2001 466(3): 464-474.
Edwards AA. RBE of radiations in space and the implications for space travel. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17 Suppl 1147-152.
Berger T, Hajek M, Schoner W, Fugger M, Vana N, Noll M, Ebner R, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Arkhangelsky VV. Measurement of the depth distribution of average LET and absorbed dose inside a water-filled phantom on board space station Mir. Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics. 2001 17 Suppl 1128-130.
Wilson JW, Shinn JL, Tripathi RK, Singleterry Jr. RC, Clowdsley MS, Thibeault SA, Cheatwood FM, Schimmerling W, Cucinotta FA, Badhwar GD, Noor AK, Kim MY, Badavi FF, Heinbockel JH, Miller J, Zeitlin C, Heilbronn L. Issues in deep space radiation protection. Acta Astronautica. 2001 49(3-10): 289-312.
Yasuda H. Effective Dose Measured with a Life Size Human Phantom in a Low Earth Orbit Mission. Journal of Radiation Research. 2009
Organ-Chips as a Platform for Studying Effects of Space on Human Enteric Physiology (Gut on Chip) examines the effect of microgravity and other space-related stress factors on Emulate’s human innervated Intestine-Chip (hiIC). This Organ-Chip device enables the study of organ physiology and diseases in a laboratory setting and allows for automated imaging, sampling and storage. The investigation could identify the mechanisms that underlie development of intestinal diseases as well as possible targets for therapies to treat them.
Organoid Formation from Human Stem Cells (3DOiS) cultivates human stem cells in microgravity to test their ability to develop and differentiate into organ-like structures or organoids. Physical forces such as gravity appear critical in cell differentiation and organization of tissue formation and regeneration. Because cells exhibit spatially unrestricted growth and can assemble into complex 3D aggregates in microgravity, low-Earth orbit may make it possible to manufacture human tissue structures.
Organs-On-Chips as a Platform for Studying Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology analyzes the effect of microgravity and other space-related stressors on the brain blood barrier. It uses fully automated tissue chip technology, a Brain-Chip, consisting of living neuronal and vascular endothelial cells in a micro-engineered environment. Results may provide insight into the relationship between inflammation and brain function and a better understanding of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Publications
Low LA, Giulianotti MA. Tissue chips in space: Modeling human diseases in microgravity. Pharmaceutical Research. 2020 January; 37(1): 8. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2742-0.PMID: 31848830. | Impact Statement
The Osaka Prefecture University Satelite-II (OPUSAT-II) is a 2-Unit (2U) CubeSat that deploys during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-16 (J-SSOD-16) micro-satellite deployment mission and is handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). OPUSAT-II, developed by the Osaka Prefecture University, launches to the International Space Station aboard the NG-15 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
OSIRIS-3U is an integrated CubeSat that conducts measurements of the Earth’s ionosphere, in coordination with a ground-based astronomy observatory. The ionosphere is a zone of the upper atmosphere comprised of charged particles that influences communications, radiation levels, and other atmospheric effects. OSIRIS-3U improves understanding of this region by making close-range observations of pulses sent into specific areas of the ionosphere by the ground-based Arecibo Observatory.
Osteocytes and Mechanomechano-transduction (Osteo-4) studies the effects of microgravity on the function of osteocytes, which are the most common cells in bone. These cells reside within the mineralized bone and can sense mechanical forces, or the lack of them, but researchers do not know how. Osteo-4 allows scientists to analyze changes in the physical appearance and genetic expression of mouse bone cells in microgravity.
Publications
Uda Y, Spatz JM, Hussein A, Garcia JH, Lai F, Dedic C, Fulzele K, Dougherty S, Eberle M, Adamson C, Misener L, Gerstenfeld LC, Pajevic PD. Global transcriptomic analysis of a murine osteocytic cell line subjected to spaceflight. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2021 May; 35(5): e21578. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100059R.PMID: 33835498. | Impact Statement
Otolith Assessment During Postflight Re-adaptation (Otolith) assesses otolith (small bones of the inner ear) function in crewmembers preflight and postflight.
Publications
von Brevern M, Schmidt T, Schonfeld U, Lempert T, Clarke AH. Utricular dysfunction in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otology and Neurotology. 2006 January; 27(1): 92-96. PMID: 16371853.
Helling K, Schonfeld U, Scherer H, Clarke AH. Testing utricular function by means of on-axis rotation. Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2006 June; 126(6): 587-593. DOI: 10.1080/00016480500450008.PMID: 16720442.
Diamond SG, Markham CH, Clarke AH. Dynamic pitch rotation affects eye torsion. Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2006 March; 126(3): 248-253. DOI: 10.1080/00016480500280090.PMID: 16618649.
Clarke AH, Grigull J, Mueller R, Scherer H. The three-dimensional vestibulo-ocular reflex during prolonged microgravity. Experimental Brain Research. 2000 October; 134(3): 322-334. DOI: 10.1007/s002210000476.PMID: 11045357.
Clarke AH. Perspectives for the comprehensive examination of semicircular canal and otolith function. Biological Sciences in Space. 2001 December; 15(4): 393-400. DOI: 10.2187/bss.15.393.PMID: 12101365.
Clarke AH, Kornilova LN. Ocular torsion response to active head-roll movement under one-g and zero-g conditions. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2007 17(2-3): 99-111. PMID: 18413903. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH. Listing's plane and the otolith-mediated gravity vector. Progress in Brain Research (2008). 2008 171291-294. DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00642-0.PMID: 18718316. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH, Just K, Krzok W, Schonfeld U. Listing's plane and the 3D-VOR in microgravity--the role of the otolith afferences. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2013 January 1; 23(2): 61-70. DOI: 10.3233/VES-130476.PMID: 23788133. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH, Haslwanter T. The orientation of Listing’s Plane in microgravity. Vision Research. 2007 November; 47(25): 3132-3140. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.09.001. | Impact Statement
Clarke AH. Listing's Plane and the 3D-VOR in microgravity. 2008 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Angers, France. 2008 June 22-27; 2 pp. Also: AH. Clarke, (2008) Listing’s Plane and the 3D VOR in microgravity. J Gravit. Physiol, , Vol 15:1, 29-30.. | Impact Statement
Hallgren E, Migeotte PF, Kornilova LN, Deliere Q, Fransen E, Glukhikh DO, Moore ST, Clement GR, Diedrich A, MacDougall HG, Wuyts FL. Dysfunctional vestibular system causes a blood pressure drop in astronauts returning from space. Scientific Reports. 2015 December 15; 58 pp. DOI: 10.1038/srep17627.PMID: 26671177.
Hallgren E, Kornilova LN, Fransen E, Glukhikh DO, Moore ST, Clement GR, Van Ombergen A, MacDougall HG, Naumov IA, Wuyts FL. Decreased otolith-mediated vestibular response in 25 astronauts induced by long duration spaceflight. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2016 June 1; 115(6): 3045-3051. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00065.2016.PMID: 27009158.
Clarke AH, Schonfeld U, Wood SJ. The OTOLITH Experiment - Assessment of Otolith Function During Postflight Re-adaption. ESA Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium (Trieste, Italy)(June 13-18, 2010). 2010 June 13; 2 pp. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN, Naumov IA, Makarova SM. Static Torsional Otolith-Cervical-Ocular Reflex After Prolonged Exposure to Weightlessness and a 7-day Immersion. Acta Astronautica. 2011 May - Jun; 68(9-10): 1462-1468. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.04.016.
Glukhikh DO, Naumov IA, Schoenmaekers C, Kornilova LN, Wuyts FL. The role of different afferent systems in the modulation of the otolith-ocular reflex after long-term space flights. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022 1310pp. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.743855.PMID: 35360236. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN, Naumov IA, Azarov KA, Sagalovitch VN. Gaze control and vestibular-cervical-ocular responses after prolonged exposure to microgravity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 December 1; 83(12): 1123-1134. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3106.2012. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN, Sagalovitch SV, Temnikova VV, Yakushev AG. Static and dynamic vestibulo-cervico-ocular responses after prolonged exposure to microgravity. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2007 17(5-6): 217-226. DOI: 10.3233/VES-2007-175-603.PMID: 18626133. | Impact Statement
Kornilova LN, Temnikova VV, Sagalovitch SV, Aleksandrov VV, Yakushev AG. [Effect of otoliths upon function of the semicircular canals after long-term stay under conditions of microgravitation]. Russian Journal of Physiology (Rossiĭskii Fiziologicheskiĭ Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova / Rossiĭskaia Akademiia Nauk). 2007 February; 93(2): 128-140. PMID: 17461016. Russian.
Schoenmaekers C, De Laet C, Kornilova LN, Glukhikh DO, Moore ST, MacDougall HG, Naumov IA, Fransen E, Wille L, Jillings S, Wuyts FL. Ocular counter-roll is less affected in experienced versus novice space crew after long-duration spaceflight. npj Microgravity. 2022 July 20; 8(1): 27. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00208-5.PMID: 35858981.
Clarke AH, Schonfeld U. Modification of unilateral otolith responses following spaceflight. Experimental Brain Research. 2015 September 10; 233(12): 3613-3624. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4428-0.PMID: 26358122.
P&G Telescience Investigation of Detergent Experiments (PGTIDE) studies the effectiveness of stain removal ingredients in Tide To Go Pens and Tide To Go Wipes in microgravity. The investigation also examines any changes in physical appearance of detergent and in stability and performance of enzymes in detergent formulations caused by exposure to microgravity. Results could support development of detergent systems for Artemis, Mars, and other future space missions where crews need the ability to launder clothing.
The current foam used to protect the hardware/instruments launched to the International Space Station (ISS) mainly uses products manufactured from fuel resources. The Packaging and Protecting Using Edible Products (Edible Foam) project tests a packaging foam using edible products.
The current foam used to protect the hardware/instruments launched to the International Space Station (ISS) mainly uses products manufactured from fuel resources. The Packaging and Protecting Using Renewable Products (Renewable Foam) project is intended to change it and to test foams using products manufactured with renewable resources (or eco-friendly). Furthermore, foams used on board the ISS constitute a huge embedded volume, therefore their reuse would be an optimization of their function.
The Packed Bed Reactor Experiment (PBRE) studies the behavior of gases and liquids when they flow simultaneously through a column filled with fixed porous media. The porous media or “packing” can be made of different shapes and materials and are used widely in chemical engineering as a means to enhance the contact between two immiscible fluid phases (e.g., liquid-gas, water-oil, etc.). Packed columns can serve as reactors, scrubbers, strippers, etc. in systems where efficient interphase contact is desired, both on Earth and in space.
Publications
Motil BJ, Balakotaiah V, Kamotani Y. Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows Through Packed Beds in Microgravity. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal. 2003 Mar; 49(3): 557-565. DOI: 10.1002/aic.690490303.
Revankar ST, Olenik DJ, Jo D, Motil BJ. Local Instrumentation for the Investigation of Multi-Phase Parameters in a Packed Bed. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. 2007 November 1; 221(4): 187-199. DOI: 10.1243/09544089JPME142.
Motil BJ, Rame E, Salgi P, Taghavi M, Balakotaiah V. Gas–liquid flows through porous media in microgravity: The International Space Station Packed Bed Reactor Experiment. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal. 2021 January; 67(1): e17031. DOI: 10.1002/aic.17031. | Impact Statement
Taghavi M, Motil BJ, Nahra HK, Balakotaiah V. Gas–liquid flows through porous media in microgravity: Packed Bed Reactor Experiment-2. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal. 2022 April 19; epube17727. DOI: 10.1002/aic.17727. | Impact Statement
Taghavi M, Balakotaiah V. Gas hold‐up and bubble behavior in an upflow packed bed column in the limit of low flow rate. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal. 2019 August; 65(8): 5pp. DOI: 10.1002/aic.16624.
The Packed Bed Reactor Experiment-2 (PBRE-2) investigates the forces acting on and created by a gas and a liquid flowing simultaneously through a column filled with glass spheres in microgravity. Known as two-phase flow, this side-by-side movement of a gas and liquid is used in a variety of space-based systems and equipment. Results could help improve the design of future mass and heat transfer equipment used in space.
Publications
Taghavi M, Motil BJ, Nahra HK, Balakotaiah V. Gas–liquid flows through porous media in microgravity: Packed Bed Reactor Experiment-2. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal. 2022 April 19; epube17727. DOI: 10.1002/aic.17727. | Impact Statement
Taghavi M, Balakotaiah V. Gas hold‐up and bubble behavior in an upflow packed bed column in the limit of low flow rate. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal. 2019 August; 65(8): 5pp. DOI: 10.1002/aic.16624.
Packed Bed Reactor Experiment-Water Recovery (PBRE-WR) examines flow rates of gas and liquid through a filtering substrate in the space station water processor, replacing oxygen with nitrogen. This investigation could help identify optimum conditions and enhance accuracy of models that predict simultaneous flow of gas and liquid (two-phase flow) in microgravity.
Astronauts can experience musculoskeletal pain during or after flight, perhaps because the integrity and function of the musculoskeletal system requires the loading provided by gravity. Pain in Space [Microgravity Pain Sensation (Ax-1)] assesses how short-term exposure to microgravity affects pain sensation, biomechanics, bone physiology, and the musculoskeletal system during the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). Results could contribute to improved health and well-being for crews on future missions. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
The Panasonic 3D Camera (3DA1 Camcorder) can record three-dimensional high-definition video onto secure digital memory cards, like the type used in many consumer cameras. The camera experiment compares the quality of file-based camcorders as opposed to videotape recorders, and examines how well the camera’s sensors perform in space. The video also provides a unique virtual view of the International Space Station in 3-D.
The Particle Flux Demonstrator (Particle Flux) is a handheld, battery operated cosmic ray (charged particle) detector.
The Wet Lab RNA SmartCycler is a research platform for conducting real-time quantitative gene expression analysis aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The Passive Debubbler for the WetLab-2 Facility to Decrease Needed Crew Time (WetLab-2 Parra) investigation tests the functionality of a passive method to remove air bubbles from a liquid sample (e.g., extracted ribonucleic acid [RNA]) for dispensing. Excessive air bubbles in the sample chamber introduces noise in the data acquired during SmartCycler analysis.
This experiment will evaluate how exposure to space leads to genetic changes and variation using model microbe cultures.
Publications
Roberts MS, Reed DW, Rodriguez JI. Passive Observatories for Experimental Microbial Systems (POEMS): Microbes Return to Flight. 34th International Conference On Environmental Systems, Colorado, Springs, CO. 2005 July; SAE 05ICES-214DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2984.
Roberts MS, Garland JL, Mills AL. Microbial astronauts: Assembling microbial communities for advanced life support systems. Microbial Ecology. 2004 February; 47(2): 137-149. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-1060-5. | Impact Statement
PAssive Thermal Coating Observatory Operating in Low earth orbit (PATCOOL) uses a CubeSat to demonstrate an advanced coating designed to reflect significantly more of the Sun’s energy than coatings in current use. This technology could provide more efficient thermal management for spacecraft, satellites, and launch vehicles. It also could enable storage in space of cryogenic propellant and other passive cooling applications.
The Advanced Passive Thermal eXperiment (APTx) tests three advanced thermal management technologies. It demonstrates the in-space performance of each, an important step toward improving these technologies for use on future space exploration missions. This investigation leverages the fluid cooling capabilities of another space station experiment, the Phase Change Heat eXchanger (PCHX).
Publications
Tarau C, Ababneh MT, Anderson WG, Alvarez-Hernandez AR, Ortega S, Farmer JT, Hawkins R. Advanced Passive Thermal eXperiment (APTx) for warm reservoir hybrid wick variable conductance heat pipes on the International Space Station. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-30212. | Impact Statement
Wikramanayake E, Hale R, Elam J, Shahriari A, Bahadur V, Alvarez-Hernandez AR, Howard N. Characterizing microfluidic operations underlying an electrowetting heat pipe on the International Space Station. ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2018 November 9; 7V007T09A019. DOI: 10.1115/IMECE2018-86223. | Impact Statement
Ababneh MT, Tarau C, Anderson WG, Alvarez-Hernandez AR, Ortega S, Farmer JT, Hawkins R. Demonstration of copper-water heat pipes embedded in high conductivity (HiK™) plates in the Advanced Passive Thermal eXperiment (APTx) on the International Space Station. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-3019. | Impact Statement
Ababneh MT, Tarau C, Anderson WG, Farmer JT, Alvarez-Hernandez AR, Ortega S. Advanced Passive Thermal Experiment for hybrid variable conductance heat pipes and HiK™ plates on the International Space Station. 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, South Carolina. 2017 July 16-20; ICES-2017-27216pp.
PAthway DIfferent Activators (PADIAC) plans to improve the knowledge of the immune system by studying T-cell (mature white blood cells from the thymus) activation in microgravity.
The Pattern Formation during Ice Crystal Growth (Ice Crystal) investigation examines the effect of microgravity on the pattern formation of ice crystals by a method of in-situ observation.
Publications
Adachi S, Yoshizaki I, Ishikawa T, Shimaoka T. Stable growth of ice crystals under microgravity. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2014 12(ists29): Ph_1-Ph_5. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.12.Ph_1.
Adachi S, Yoshizaki I, Ishikawa T, Yokoyama E, Furukawa Y, Shimaoka T. Stable growth mechanisms of ice disk crystals in heavy water. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2011 November; 84(5): 051605. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.051605.PMID: 22181428.
Yokoyama E, Sekerka R, Furukawa Y. Growth of an ice disk: dependence of critical thickness for disk instability on supercooling of water. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2009 April 9; 113(14): 4733-4738. DOI: 10.1021/jp809808r.PMID: 19275135.
Yoshizaki I, Ishikawa T, Adachi S, Yokoyama E, Furukawa Y. Precise Measurements of Dendrite Growth of Ice Crystals in Microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 24(4): 245-253. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9306-9.
Yokoyama E, Yoshizaki I, Shimaoka T, Sone T, Kiyota T, Furukawa Y. Measurements of Growth Rates of an Ice Crystal from Supercooled Heavy Water Under Microgravity Conditions: Basal Face Growth Rate and Tip Velocity of a Dendrite. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2011 115(27): 8739-8745. DOI: 10.1021/jp110634t.PMID: 21631108. | Impact Statement
Furukawa Y, Nagashima K, Yokoyama E, Nakatsubo S, Zepeda S, Yoshizaki I, Tamaru H, Shimaoka T, Sone T, Maki T, Yamamoto A, Tomobe T, Murata K, Sazaki G. Ice crystal growth experiments conducted in the Kibo of International Space Station. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2021 January 31; 38(1): 380101. DOI: 10.15011/ijmsa.38.1.380101. | Impact Statement
The Patterns investigation is designed to quantify the normal patterns of head and body accelerations experienced by astronauts during adaptation to microgravity, and to examine their navigation strategies inside the International Space Station (ISS). Comparison between preflight, in-flight- and postflight daily activities helps researchers to evaluate the magnitude, direction, and frequency of exposure to linear and angular acceleration in astronauts and analyze quantitatively the impact of exercise during flight.
Perceptual Motor Deficits in Space (PMDIS) will investigate why astronauts experience difficulty with hand-eye coordination while on orbit. These measurements will be used to distinguish between three possible explanations: the brain not adapting to the near weightlessness of space; the difficulty of performing fine movements when floating in space; and stress due to factors such as space sickness and sleep deprivation. This experiment is a cooperative effort with the Canadian Space Agency.
Publications
Fowler B, Manzey D. Summary of research issues in monitoring of mental and perceptual-motor performance and stress in space. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2000 71 Suppl 9A76-77.
Fowler B, Bock O, Comfort D. Is dual-task performance necessarily impaired in space?. Human Factors. 2000 42318-326.
Fowler B, Comfort D, Bock O. A review of cognitive and perceptual-motor performance in space. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2000 71(Suppl 9): A66-68.
Fowler B, Meehan S, Singhal A. Perceptual-Motor Performance and Associated Kinematics in Space. Human Factors. 2008 Dec; 50(6): 879-892. DOI: 10.1518/001872008X374965.
Sturm T, von Richter A. Design and completion of the PMDIS/TRAC table. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 Sept 29 to Oct 3; IAC-03-T.P.042 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-03-T.P.04.
The Periodic Fitness Evaluation with Oxygen Uptake Measurement (PFE-OUM) will demonstrate the capability of crewmembers to perform periodic fitness evaluations (PFE) with continuous oxygen consumption measurements within 14 days after arrival on ISS, and once monthly during routine PFEs. Once the capability of the pulmonary function system (PFS) to perform PFEs is verified, crewmembers will be able to integrate their monthly PFE with oxygen consumption measurements to fulfill the requirement for cardiovascular fitness evaluations during long-duration space flight.
Publications
McCleary FA, Moore Jr. AD, Hagan RD. Validation of the Pulmonary Function System for Use on the International Space Station. NASA Technical Publication. 2007 Jul 11; 20070021570
Peritectic Alloy Rapid Solidification with Electromagnetic Convection (EML Batch 3 - PARSEC) focuses on the influence of melt convection on phase selection in technically important peritectic alloys. Different levels of electromagnetically induced convection is applied in order to study the effect of fluid flow on growth kinetics, and the incubation time between the formation of the metastable and the stable phase. The viscosity is also measured in order to obtain input data for modelling of fluid flow.
Humans produce CO2 through the natural breathing process, but too much CO2 in the air can cause headaches, dizziness, increased blood pressure, and much more severe symptoms. All human spacecraft must be designed with environmental control systems that remove CO2 from the air that their crews breathe, but the space environment can still lead to "pockets" of CO2 that are difficult to detect and remove. The Personal CO2 Monitor demonstrates a new capability to continuously monitor the astronauts' immediate surroundings on the International Space Station (ISS).
Publications
Simon CL, Bautista JR, Moses H, Morency RM, Misek WT, Macatangay AV. Personal CO2 Monitor (PCO2M) - In-flight Evaluation of the 2x2015 Technology Demonstration. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July; ICES-2018-309 | Impact Statement
PErsonal Radiation Shielding for intErplanetary missiOns (PERSEO) proposes the use of water as a material for developing a radiation-safe suit for the high-radiation environment in space. A suit prototype is tested aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Space missions, especially those travelling outside the Earth’s magnetic field, experience higher radiation levels during flight, including radiation from an occasional solar storm which can cause damage to bone marrow and organs. PERSEO takes the first steps of creating a wearable, radiation-safe suit by testing if a water-filled suit can be comfortably worn by the astronaut, and later drained without wasting water, a precious resource in space.
Publications
Baiocco G, Giraudo M, Bocchini L, Barbieri S, Locantore I, Brussolo E, Giacosa D, Meucci L, Steffenino S, Ballario A, Barresi B, Barresi R, Benassai M, Ravagnolo L, Narici L, Rizzo A, Carrubba E, Carubia F, Neri G, Crisconio M, Piccirillo S, Valentini G, Barbero S, Giacci M, Lobascio C, Ottolenghi A. A water-filled garment to protect astronauts during interplanetary missions tested on board the ISS. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2018 April 26; 18(200000): 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.04.002.PMID: 30100142. | Impact Statement
Baiocco G, Bocchini L, Giraudo M, Barbieri S, Narici L, Lobascio C, Ottolenghi A. INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR PERSONAL RADIATION SHIELDING IN SPACE. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2019 May; 183(1-2): 228-323. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy216.PMID: 30521032. | Impact Statement
Baiocco G, Giraudo M, Bocchini L, Barbieri S, Locantore I, Brussolo E, Giacosa D, Meucci L, Steffenino S, Ballario A, Barresi B, Barresi R, Benassai M, Ravagnolo L, Narici L, Rizzo A, Carrubba E, Carubia F, Neri G, Crisconio M, Piccirillo S, Valentini G, Barbero S, Giacci M, Lobascio C, Ottolenghi A. The PERSEO experience: A water-filled garment prototype for personal radiation protection of astronauts successfully tested on board the International Space Station. Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio. 2020 June 1; 99(2): 111-114. DOI: 10.1007/s42496-020-00048-0. | Impact Statement
Lobascio C, Giraudo M, Bocchini L, Baiocco G, Ottolenghi A, Crisconio M, Piccirillo S. PERSEO: Personal radiation shielding in space, a multifunctional approach. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-22310pp.
The Perspective Reversible Figures in Microgravity (Reversible Figures) experiment is improving our knowledge of how astronaut perception is altered in space, where gravity cannot help with orientation. This could help in finding/developing countermeasures alleviating any disorientation experienced by astronauts especially during key activities such as spacewalks and docking/undocking of spacecraft.
Publications
Clement GR, Allaway HC, Demel M, Golemis A, Kindrat AN, Melinyshyn A, Merali T, Thirsk RB. Long-duration spaceflight increases depth ambiguity of reversible perspective figures. PLOS ONE. 2015 July 6; 10(7): e0132317. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132317.PMID: 26146839.
Clement GR, Bukley A. Mach square-or-diamond phenomenon in microgravity during parabolic flight. Neuroscience Letters. 2008 447(2-3): 179-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.012.
Clement GR, Demel M. Perceptual reversal of bi-stable figures in microgravity and hypergravity during parabolic flight. Neuroscience Letters. 2012 507(2): 143-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.006.
Clement GR, Skinner A, Richard G, Lathan CE. Geometric illusions in astronauts during long-duration spaceflight. NeuroReport. 2012 23(15): 894-899. DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283594705.PMID: 22955144. | Impact Statement
In order to precisely control their body movements using voluntary muscles, astronauts’ brains must adapt to the disorienting effects of the microgravity environment of space. To study these changes in cognitive function, it is often necessary to use an immersive, virtual-reality environment to master the visual information received by the subject and quantify her/his reactions. The equipment for the PERSPECTIVES investigation is an adaptive platform for virtual reality (based on commercial equipment) used for conducting neurosciences experiments on board the International Space Station (ISS).
The space environment is stressful for all living organisms. Understanding how plants respond will help crews on future missions successfully grow plants for food and oxygen generation. The PH-01: An Integrated Omics Guided Approach to Lignification and Gravitational Responses: The Final Frontier (Plant Habitat-01) investigation comprehensively compares differences in genetics, metabolism, photosynthesis, and gravity sensing between plants grown in space and on Earth. Results from this investigation provide key insights on major changes occurring in plants exposed to microgravity.
The Pharmacokinetics and Contributing Physiologic Changes During Spaceflight, DSO 632B (Pharmacokinetics) is a detailed science objective (DSO) to determine changes in the gastrointestinal function and physiology by examining the pharmacokinetics (process by which a substance is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body) of acetaminophen (common pain reliever and fever reducer).
Maintaining safe temperatures is difficult in space, where there is no atmosphere to provide warmth in the shade or protection from the sun’s heat. Phase-change material heat exchangers can help by freezing or thawing a material to maintain critical temperatures inside a spacecraft, protecting crew members and equipment. Phase Change Heat Exchanger Project (Phase Change HX) tests a new type of heat exchanger that could help offset heat on future spacecraft, enabling future missions to better regulate temperatures. The test bed brings a new capability to the International Space Station (ISS) where test articles, requiring sub-zero fluid temperatures, can be tested on ISS. The Phase Change HX Payload includes a plug and play design allowing common interfaces for future payloads that require fluid temperature between -10°C to 30°C with flow rates between 50-300 lb/hr.
Phase II Real-time Protein Crystal Growth on Board the International Space Station (RTPCG-2) demonstrates new methods for producing high-quality protein crystals in microgravity. Previous work has shown that microgravity can sometimes produce high-quality protein crystals that can be analyzed to identify possible targets for drugs to treat disease. RTPCG-2 tests high-quality proteins crystals for detailed analysis back on Earth.
Publications
Quirk S, Lieberman RL. Improved resolution crystal structure of Acanthamoeba actophorin reveals structural plasticity not induced by microgravity. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology Communications. 2021 December 1; 77(Pt 12): 452-458. DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X21011419.PMID: 34866600.
Phoenix CubeSat takes thermal images of cities in the U.S. to examine the Urban Heat Island Effect, which is when developed areas become much warmer than the environment around them. Thermal images show how heat moves through cities based on surface materials and the structure of the specific city. These images can support development of ways to mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect and make cities more sustainable as they continue to grow.
Today the life support systems that sustain astronauts in space are based on physicochemical processes. The Photobioreactor investigation aims at demonstrating that microalgae (i.e. biological processes) can be used together with existing systems to improve recycling of resources, creating a hybrid life support system. This hybrid approach could be helpful in future long-duration exploration missions, as it could reduce the amount of consumables required from Earth, and will first be tested in space on the International Space Station (ISS).
Publications
Helisch H, Belz S, Keppler J, Detrell G, Henn N, Fasoulas S, Ewald R, Angerer O. Non-axenic microalgae cultivation in space – Challenges for the membrane µgPBR of the ISS experiment PBR@LSR. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-18616 pp. | Impact Statement
Helisch H, Keppler J, Detrell G, Belz S, Ewald R, Fasoulas S, Heyer AG. High density long-term cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris SAG 211-12 in a novel microgravity-capable membrane raceway photobioreactor for future bioregenerative life support in SPACE. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2020 February; 2491-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.08.001.PMID: 31987484. | Impact Statement
Photocatalyst Material Test (PMT) will verify material performance of a Photocatalyst. As the photocatalyst reacts with the fluorescent lamp on board the ISS, organic matter present in the air will be deodorized and decomposed.
The Photochemical Processing of Amino Acids and Other Organic Compounds in Earth Orbit (EXPOSE-R AMINO) experiment studies the evolution of organic molecules subjected to solar UV radiation. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Cottin H, Saiagh K, Guan YY, Cloix M, Khalaf D, Macari F, Jerome M, Polienor J, Benilan Y, Coll P, Fray N, Gazeau M, Raulin F, Stalport F, Carrasco N, Szopa C, Bertrand M, Chabin A, Westall F, Vergne J, Da Silva LA, Maurel MC, Chaput D, Demets R, Brack A. The AMINO experiment: a laboratory for astrochemistry and astrobiology on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 67-77. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000500. | Impact Statement
Carrasco N, Cottin H, Cloix M, Jerome M, Benilan Y, Coll P, Gazeau M, Raulin F, Saiagh K, Chaput D, Szopa C. The AMINO experiment: methane photolysis under Solar VUV irradiation on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 79-87. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000238. | Impact Statement
Bertrand M, Chabin A, Colas C, Cadene M, Chaput D, Brack A, Cottin H, Westall F. The AMINO experiment: exposure of amino acids in the EXPOSE-R experiment on the International Space Station and in laboratory. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 89-97. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000354. | Impact Statement
Vergne J, Cottin H, Da Silva LA, Brack A, Chaput D, Maurel MC. The AMINO experiment: RNA stability under solar radiation studied on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 99-103. DOI: 10.1017/S147355041400024X. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Not everyone can be an astronaut — but with special image-processing software, anyone can virtually visit the International Space Station. A partnership between NASA and Microsoft Labs creates new 3-D models of the inside and outside of the ISS, stitching together images using Microsoft’s Photosynth software. PhotosynthTM Three-Dimensional Modeling of ISS Interior and Exterior (Photosynth) analyzes individual photographs and detects similarities among them, joining them together to produce a three-dimensional image of a scene.
Studied the photosynthetic response of plant tissues grown in microgravity. Results can lead to the development of regenerative life support systems on future missions to the Moon or Mars.
Publications
Frazier CM, Simpson JB, Roberts MS, Stutte GW, Fields ND, Melendez-Andrade J, Morrow RC. Bacterial and fungal communities in BPS chambers and root modules. SAE Technical Paper. 2003 2003-01-2528DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2528. | Impact Statement
Paul AL, Levine HG, McLamb W, Norwood KL, Reed DW, Stutte GW, Wells HW, Ferl RJ. Plant molecular biology in the space station era: Utilization of KSC fixation tubes with RNAlater. Acta Astronautica. 2005 56623-628. PMID: 15736319.
Morrow RC, Stadler JJ. Analysis of Crew Interaction with Long-Duration Plant Growth Experiment. SAE Technical Paper. 2003 2003-01-2482DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2482.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Porterfield DM, Goins GD, Bingham GE. Farming in Space: Environmental and Biophysical Concerns. Advances in Space Research. 2003 January; 31(1): 151-167. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00751-2.
Monje OA, Stutte GW, Chapman DK. Microgravity does not alter plant stand gas exchange of wheat at moderate light levels and saturating CO2 concentration. Planta. 2005 222(2): 336-345. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1529-1. | Impact Statement
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Anderson S. Wheat (Triticum Aesativum L. cv. USU Apogee) Growth Onboard the International Space Station (ISS): Germination and Early Development. Plant Growth Regulation Society of America, Miami Beach, FL. 2003 3064-69.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Goins GD, Tripathy BC. Microgravity effects on thylakoid, single leaf, and whole canopy photosynthesis on dwarf wheat. Planta. 2005 September; 223(1): 46-56. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0066-2.PMID: 16160842.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Hatfield RD, Paul AL, Ferl RJ, Simone CG. Microgravity effects on leaf morphology, cell structure, carbon metabolism and mRNA expression of dwarf wheat. Planta. 2006 224(5): 1038-1049. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0290-4.
Liao J, Liu G, Monje OA, Stutte GW, Porterfield DM. Induction of hypoxic root metabolism results from physical limitations in O2 bioavailability in microgravity. Advances in Space Research. 2004 341579-1584.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Goins GD, Chapman DK. Measurement of Gas Exchnage Characteristics of Developing Wheat in the Biomass Production System. SAE Technical Paper. 2000 July; 2000-01-22928. DOI: 10.4271/2000-01-2292.
Stutte GW, Monje OA, Goins GD, Ruffe LM. Evapotranspiration and Photosynthesis Characteristics of Two Wheat Cultivars Measured in the Biomass Production System. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 July; 2001-01-21807. DOI: 10.4271/2001-01-2180.
Monje OA, Garland JL, Stutte GW. Factors Controlling Oxygen Delivery in ALS Hydroponic Systems. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 July 9; 2001-01-24256 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2001-01-2425. | Impact Statement
Eraso I, Stutte GW. Cultivar effects on radish sensitivity: resistance to chronic ethylene exposure. 30th Annual Plant Growth Regulation Society of America held jointly with the Japanese Society for Chemical Regulation of Plants, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2003 149-145.
Monje OA, Stutte GW, Wang HT, Kelly CJ. NDS water pressures affect growth rate by changing leaf area, not single leaf photosynthesis. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 July; 2001-01-22777pp. DOI: 10.4271/2001-01-2277. | Impact Statement
Monje OA, Anderson S, Stutte GW. The effects of elevated root zone temperature on the development and carbon partitioning of spring wheat. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2007 March; 132(2): 178-184. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.132.2.178. | Impact Statement
Stryjewski EC, Peterson BV, Stutte GW, Wells HW. Long-term storage of wheat plants for light microscopy. SAE Technical Paper. 2000 July; 2000-01-22317. DOI: 10.4271/2000-01-2231.
The Physiological Factors Contributing to Postflight Changes in Functional Performance (Functional Task Test) payload tests crew members on an integrated suite of functional and physiological tests before and after long-duration space flight. The study identifies critical mission tasks that may be impacted, maps physiological changes to alterations in physical performance and aids in the design of countermeasures that specifically target the physiological systems responsible for impaired functional performance.
Publications
Arzeno NM, Stenger MB, Bloomberg JJ, Platts SH. Spaceflight-induced cardiovascular changes and recovery during NASA's Functional Task Test. Acta Astronautica. 2013 November; 92(1): 10-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.05.023. | Impact Statement
Miller CA, Peters BT, Kofman IS, Brady RR, Phillips TR, Batson CD, Mulavara AP, Feiveson AH, Reschke MF, Bloomberg JJ. A comparison of torso stability between bed rest subjects and astronauts during tandem walk:Preliminary findings. 37th American Society of Biomechanics, Omaha, NE. 2013 September 4-7; 2 pp. | Impact Statement
Miller CA, Peters BT, Kofman IS, Phillips TR, Batson CD, Cerisano JM, Fisher E, Mulavara AP, Feiveson AH, Reschke MF, Bloomberg JJ. A comparison of tandem walk performance between bed rest subjects and astronauts. 39th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Columbus OH. 2015 August 5-8; JSC-CN-331183 pp. | Impact Statement
Madansingh S, Bloomberg JJ. Understanding the effects of spaceflight on head–trunk coordination during walking and obstacle avoidance. Acta Astronautica. 2015 October; 115165-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.05.022. | Impact Statement
Laughlin MS, Guilliams ME, Nieschwitz BA, Hoellen D. Functional Fitness Testing results following long-duration ISS missions. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 December 1; 86(12): 87-91. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.EC11.2015. | Impact Statement
Lee SM, Feiveson AH, Stein S, Stenger MB, Platts SH. Orthostatic intolerance after ISS and Space Shuttle missions. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 December 1; 86(12): DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.EC08.2015.PMID: 26630196. | Impact Statement
Mulavara AP, Peters BT, Miller CA, Kofman IS, Reschke MF, Taylor LC, Lawrence EL, Wood SJ, Laurie SS, Lee SM, Buxton RE, May-Phillips TR, Stenger MB, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Ryder JW, Feiveson AH, Bloomberg JJ. Physiological and functional alterations after spaceflight and bed rest. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2018 April 3; epubDOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001615.PMID: 29620686. | Impact Statement
Miller CA, Kofman IS, Brady RR, May-Phillips TR, Batson CD, Lawrence EL, Taylor LC, Peters BT, Mulavara AP, Feiveson AH, Reschke MF, Bloomberg JJ. Functional task and balance performance in bed rest subjects and astronauts. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2018 September; 89(9): 805-815. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5039.2018.PMID: 30126513. | Impact Statement
Deshpande N, Laurie SS, Lee SM, Miller CA, Mulavara AP, Peters BT, Reschke MF, Stenger MB, Taylor LC, Wood SJ, Clement GR, Bloomberg JJ. Vestibular and cardiovascular responses after long-duration spaceflight. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2020 August 1; 91(8): 621-627. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5502.2020.PMID: 32693869. | Impact Statement
Spiering BA, Lee SM, Mulavara AP, Bentley JR, Buxton RE, Lawrence EL, Sinka J, Guilliams ME, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Bloomberg JJ. Test battery designed to quickly and safely assess diverse indices of neuromuscular function after unweighting. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2011 February; 25(2): 545-555. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f56780.PMID: 21217531.
Content Pending
Publications
Berecki-Gisolf J, Immink RV, Van Lieshout JJ, Stok WJ, Karemaker JM. Orthostatic blood pressure control before and after spaceflight, determined by time-domain baroreflex method. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005 May; 98(5): 1682-1690. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01219.2004.PMID: 15649869. | Impact Statement
Karemaker JM, Berecki-Gisolf J, Stok WJ, van Montfrans GA. 24-hr blood pressure in HDT-bed rest and short-lasting space flight. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2007 July; 14(1): p49-50. PMID: 18372694. | Impact Statement
van Heusden K, Berecki-Gisolf J, Stok WJ, Dijkstra S, Karemaker JM. Mathematical modeling of gravitational effects on the circulation: importance of the time course of venous pooling and blood volume changes in the lungs. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006 July 7; 291(5): H2152-H2165. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01268.2004.PMID: 16632542. | Impact Statement
Karemaker JM, Berecki-Gisolf J. 24-h Blood Pressure in Space: The Dark Side of Being an Astronaut. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 2009 October; 169 SupplS55-S58. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.05.006.PMID: 19481180. | Impact Statement
The Pick-and-Eat Salad-Crop Productivity, Nutritional Value, and Acceptability to Supplement the ISS Food System (Veg-05) investigation is the next step in efforts to address the need for a continuous fresh-food production system in space. A healthy, nutritious diet is essential for long-duration exploration missions, which means that the typical pre-packaged astronaut diet may need to be supplemented by fresh foods during flight; the Veggie Vegetable Production System (Veggie) has begun testing aboard the International Space Station to help meet this need, and leafy greens have successfully been grown in spaceflight. The research of Veg-05 expands crop variety to dwarf tomatoes and focuses on the impact of light quality and fertilizer on fruit production, microbial food safety, nutritional value, taste acceptability by the crew, and the overall behavioral health benefits of having plants and fresh food in space.
The Pick-and-Eat Salad-Crop Productivity, Nutritional Value, and Acceptability to Supplement the ISS Food System (Veg-0404A, Veg-04B, and Veg-05) investigation is a phased research project to address the need for a continuous fresh-food production system in space. A healthy, nutritious diet is essential for long-duration exploration missions, which means that the typical pre-packaged astronaut diet needs to be supplemented by fresh foods during flight; the Veggie Vegetable Production System (Veggie) has begun testing aboard the space station to help meet this need, and validation tests have demonstrated that leafy greens can be grown in spaceflight. The research of Veg-04B focuses on the impact of light quality and fertilizer on leafy crop growth for a 56-day grow-out, microbial food safety, nutritional value, taste acceptability by the crew, and the overall behavioral health benefits of having plants and fresh food in space.
The Pick-and-Eat Salad-Crop Productivity, Nutritional Value, and Acceptability to Supplement the ISS Food System (Veg-04A, Veg-04B, and Veg-05) investigation is a phased research project to address the need for a continuous fresh-food production system in space. A healthy, nutritious diet is essential for long-duration exploration missions, which means that the typical pre-packaged astronaut diet needs to be supplemented by fresh foods during flight; the Veggie Vegetable Production System (Veggie) has begun testing aboard the space station to help meet this need, and validation tests have demonstrated that leafy greens can be grown in spaceflight. The research of Veg-04A focuses on the impact of light quality and fertilizer on leafy crop growth for a 28-day grow-out, microbial food safety, nutritional value, taste acceptability by the crew, and the overall behavioral health benefits of having plants and fresh food in space.
The Pick-and-Eat Salad-Crop Productivity, Nutritional Value, and Acceptability to Supplement the ISS Food System investigation is a phased research project that includes Veg-04A, Veg-04B, Veg-05, and HRF Veg. This work addresses the need for a system to produce healthy, fresh food on future long-duration exploration missions to supplement the standard pre-packaged astronaut diet. HRF Veg uses psychological surveys and crew evaluations of the flavor and appeal of plants grown for other investigations on the ISS to focus on the overall behavioral health benefits to crew members of having various plants and fresh food in space.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-2 (J-SSOD-2) mission deploys the PicoDragon CubeSat. PicoDragon was developed by a team of engineers and young researchers at the University of Tokyo, the Vietnam National Satellite Center (VNSC), and the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST). PicoDragon is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-4.
The PSSC is a picosatellite designed to test the space environment by providing a testbed to gather data on new solar cell technologies.
Content Pending
Publications
Mitrikas VG, Khorosheva EG. [Long-term operation of dosimetry facility Pille onboard the ISS]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2021 55(4): 86-90. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-4-86-90.
Apathy I, Akatov YA, Arkhangelsky VV, Bodnar L, Deme S, Feher I, Kaleri AY, Padalka GI, Pazmandi T, Reitz G, Sharipov S. TL dose measurements on board the Russian segment of the ISS by the 'Pille' system during Expedition-8, -9 and -10. Acta Astronautica. 2007 Feb - Apr; 60(4-7): 322-328. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.037.
The Pilot Study with the Crew Interacitve MObile companioN (Cimon) is a technology demonstration project, and an observational study, that aims to obtain the first insights into the effects on crew support by an artificial intelligence (AI), in terms of efficiency and acceptance during long-term missions in space. Spaceflight missions put the crew under a substantial amount of stress and workload, and it is thought that AI could provide operational support to crew members.
In order to test the ergonomics of a multisensory interface for controlling robotic arms and spacecraft, it is necessary to perform the trials in microgravity. Performing the test on Earth would lead to a design of a work station using terrestrial ergonomic principles that do not correspond to conditions experienced on a spacecraft in orbit. The Pilote investigation tests the effectiveness of novel control schemes for the remote operation of robotic arms and space vehicles, using virtual reality and a new class of user-machine interfaces based on haptics.
Plasma crystals are a new kind of matter, rediscovered in 1994. They form under certain conditions in a complex (dusty) plasma. There, the electrically charged dust particles arrange in a regular macroscopic crystal lattice. This structure allows for an investigation of the properties of condensed matter on the kinetic level. This means that basic processes, such as melting, can be followed by observing the motion of individual particles. PK-3 will give investigators a better understanding of plasma in space and will determine the critical points for the plasma.
Publications
Zhukhovitskii DI, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Naumkin VN, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE. Study of the projectile motion in a dust crystal under microgravity conditions. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2014 October; 42(10): 2678-2679. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2014.2321097.
Tsytovich V, Suetterlin R, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV. Note on Mechanism for Formation of Bulbs (Structures) in Complex Plasmas with Grains of Different Size: Note on Mechanism for Formation of Bulbs (Structures) in Complex Plasmas with Grains of Different Size. Contributions to Plasma Physics. 2015 April 1; epubDOI: 10.1002/ctpp.201500012.
Hofmann P, Seurig R, Stettner A, Burfeindt J, Morfill GE, Thomas HM, Thoma MH, Hofner H, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Lipaev AM. Complex plasma research on ISS: PK-3 Plus, PK-4 and impact/plasmalab. Acta Astronautica. 2008 July; 63(1-4): 53-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.12.038.
Fortov VE, Ivlev AV, Khrapak SA, Khrapak AG, Morfill GE. Complex (dusty) plasmas: Current status, open issues, perspectives. Physics Reports - Review Section of Physics Letters. 2005 December; 421(1-2): 1-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2005.08.007.
Khrapak SA, Morfill GE, Ivlev AV, Thomas HM, Beysens DA, Zappoli B, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI. Critical Point in Complex Plasmas. Physical Review Letters. 2006 January; 96(1): 015001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.015001.
Zhukhovitskii DI, Ivlev AV, Fortov VE, Morfill GE. Onset of cavity deformation upon subsonic motion of a projectile in a fluid complex plasma. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2013 June; 87(6): 063108. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.87.063108.
Annaratone BM, Antonova T, Arnas C, Bandyopadhyay, Chaudhuri M, Du C, Elskens Y, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Nosenko V, Sutterlin KR, Schwabe M, Thomas HM. Collective effects in complex plasma. Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2010 December 1; 19(6): 065026. DOI: 10.1088/0963-0252/19/6/065026.This paper was presented as an invited talk at the 29th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (ICPIG XXIX) held in Cancun, Mexico on 12–17 July 2009. See stacks.iop.org/PSST/19/3..
Morfill GE, Ivlev AV. Complex plasmas: An interdisciplinary research field. Reviews of Modern Physics. 2009 October; 81(4): 1353-1404. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1353.
Brandt PC, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE. Solid phases in electro- and magnetorheological systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2009 130(20): 204513. DOI: 10.1063/1.3143682.PMID: 19485463.
Zhukhovitskii DI, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Naumkin VN, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Schwabe M. Measurement of the speed of sound by observation of the Mach cones in a complex plasma under microgravity conditions. Physics of Plasmas. 2015 February; 22(2): 023701. DOI: 10.1063/1.4907221.
Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF. Complex Plasma Research on the International Space Station ISS. Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research. 2011 87(2): 82-84. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aae468.Japanese.
Schwabe M, Zhdanov SK, Rath C, Graves DB, Thomas HM, Morfill GE. Collective Effects in Vortex Movements in Complex Plasmas. Physical Review Letters. 2014 March 19; 112(11): 115002. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.115002.
Takahashi K, Thomas HM, Molotkov VI, Morfill GE, Adachi S. Estimation of plasma parameters in dusty plasmas for microgravity experiments. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2015 32(4): 320409. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.32.320409.
Zhukhovitskii DI, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Naumkin VN, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE. Subsonic motion of a projectile in a fluid complex plasma under microgravity conditions. Ukrainian Journal of Physics. 2014 59(4): 385-395.
Khrapak AG, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Zhukhovitskii DI, Naumkin VN, Fortov VE, Petrov OF, Thomas HM, Khrapak SA, Huber P, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE. Complex plasma research under microgravity conditions: PK-3 Plus Laboratory on the International Space Station. Contributions to Plasma Physics. 2016 April; 56(3-4): 253-262. DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.201500102.
Worner L, Ivlev AV, Couëdel L, Huber P, Schwabe M, Hagl T, Mikikian M, Boufendi L, Skvortsov A, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Thomas HM, Morfill GE. The effect of a direct current field on the microparticle charge in the plasma afterglow. Physics of Plasmas. 2013 20(12): 123702. DOI: 10.1063/1.4843855.
Yang L, Schwabe M, Zhdanov SK, Thomas HM, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Fortov VE, Du C. Density waves at the interface of a binary complex plasma. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2017 March 6; 117(2): 6 pp. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/117/25001.
Naumkin VN, Zhukhovitskii DI, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Fortov VE, Thomas HM, Huber P, Morfill GE. Density distribution of a dust cloud in three-dimensional complex plasmas. Physical Review E. 2016 September 7; 94(3): 033204. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.033204.PMID: 27739834.
Schwabe M, Zhdanov SK, Rath C. Instability onset and scaling laws of an autooscillating turbulent flow in a complex (dusty) plasma. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2017 April 10; 95(4): 5 pp. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.95.041201.
Petrov OF, Fortov VE. Collective phenomena in strongly coupled dissipative systems of charged dust: From ground to microgravity experiments. Contributions to Plasma Physics. 2013 December; 53(10): 767-777. DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.201310052.
Thomas HM, Morfill GE, Fortov VE, Ivlev AV, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Hagl T, Rothermel H, Khrapak SA, Sutterlin KR, Rubin-Zuzic M, Petrov OF, Tokarev VI, Krikalev SK. Complex plasma laboratory PK-3 plus on the international space station. New Journal of Physics. 2008 March 27; 10033036. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/10/3/033036.
Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Thomas HM, Rath C, Joyce G, Huber P, Kompaneets R, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Reiter T, Turin MV, Vinogradov PV. First Observation of Electrorheological Plasmas. Physical Review Letters. 2008 March; 100(9): 095003. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.095003.
Sutterlin KR, Wysocki A, Rath C, Ivlev AV, Thomas HM, Khrapak SA, Zhdanov SK, Rubin-Zuzic M, Goedheer WJ, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Morfill GE, Lowen H. Non-equilibrium phase transitions in complex plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2010 December 1; 52(12): 124042. DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/52/12/124042.
Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Naumkin VN, Fortov VE, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Khrapak SA, Morfill GE, Schwabe M. Phase transitions in dust plasma in microgravity. Conference on Low Temperature Plasma Physics, Petrozavodsk, Russia. 2011 June 21-27; 2146-151.
Takahashi K, Lin J, Henault M, Boufendi L. Measurements of ion density and electron temperature around voids in dusty plasmas. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2017 October 3; PP(99): 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2017.2752209.
Molotkov VI, Naumkin VN, Lipaev AM, Zhukhovitskii DI, Usachev AD, Fortov VE, Thomas HM. Experiments on phase transitions in three-dimensional dusty plasma under microgravity conditions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2017 November; 927012037. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/927/1/012037. | Impact Statement
Naumkin VN, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Zhukhovitskii DI, Usachev AD, Thomas HM. Crystal–liquid phase transitions in three-dimensional complex plasma under microgravity conditions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2018 January; 946012144. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012144. | Impact Statement
Liu B, Goree JA, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Morfill GE, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV. Dusty plasma diagnostics methods for charge, electron temperature, and ion density. Physics of Plasmas. 2010 17(5): 053701. DOI: 10.1063/1.3400225.
Ivlev AV, Brandt PC, Morfill GE, Rath C, Thomas HM, Joyce G, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF. Electrorheological Complex Plasmas. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010 April; 38(4): 733-740. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2009.2037716.
Sutterlin KR, Wysocki A, Ivlev AV, Rath C, Thomas HM, Rubin-Zuzic M, Goedheer WJ, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Morfill GE, Lowen H. Dynamics of Lane Formation in Driven Binary Complex Plasmas. Physical Review Letters. 2009 February; 102(8): 085003. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.085003.
Liu B, Goree JA, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Morfill GE, Thomas HM, Rothermel H, Ivlev AV. Transverse oscillations in a single-layer dusty plasma under microgravity. Physics of Plasmas. 2009 16(8): 083703. DOI: 10.1063/1.3204638.
Thomas HM, Schwabe M, Pustylnik MY, Knapek CA, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Khrapak SA. Complex plasma research on the International Space Station. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2019 January 1; 61(1): 014004. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aae468.Also PKE-Nefedov results.. | Impact Statement
Klumov BA, Huber P, Vladimirov S, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI. Structural properties of 3D complex plasmas: experiments versus simulations. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2009 December 1; 51(12): 124028. DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124028.
Schwabe M, Zhdanov SK, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Rubin-Zuzic M, Morfill GE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Fortov VE, Reiter T. Nonlinear waves externally excited in a complex plasma under microgravity conditions. New Journal of Physics. 2008 March 27; 10(3): 033037. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/10/3/033037.
Sutterlin KR, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Wysocki A, Lowen H. Lane Formation in Driven Binary Complex Plasmas on the International Space Station. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010 April; 38(4): 861-868. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2009.2035504.
Wysocki A, Rath C, Ivlev AV, Sutterlin KR, Thomas HM, Khrapak SA, Zhdanov SK, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Lowen H, Morfill GE. Kinetics of Fluid Demixing in Complex Plasmas: Role of Two-Scale Interactions. Physical Review Letters. 2010 July; 105(4): 045001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.045001.
Zhdanov SK, Schwabe M, Heidemann RJ, Sutterlin KR, Thomas HM, Rubin-Zuzic M, Rothermel H, Hagl T, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Reiter T. Auto-oscillations in complex plasmas. New Journal of Physics. 2010 April 1; 12(4): 043006. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/12/4/043006.
Sun W, Schwabe M, Thomas HM, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Fortov VE, Feng Y, Lin Y, Zhang J, Du C. Dissipative solitary wave at the interface of a binary complex plasma. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2018 July; 122(5): 6 pp. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/122/55001. | Impact Statement
Kretschmer M, Konopka U, Zhdanov SK, Thomas HM, Morfill GE, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Petrov OF. Particles Inside the Void of a Complex Plasma. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2011 November; 39(11): 2758-2759. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2011.2135383.
Totsuji H, Takahashi K, Adachi S, Hayashi Y, Takayanagi M. Strongly Coupled Plasmas under Microgravity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2011 28(2): s27-s30. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.28.2.27.8th Japan-China-Korea Workshop on Microgravity Sciences for Asian Microgravity Pre-Symposium.
Schwabe M, Jiang K, Zhdanov SK, Hagl T, Huber P, Ivlev AV, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Naumkin VN, Sutterlin KR, Thomas HM, Fortov VE, Morfill GE, Skvortsov A, Volkov S. Direct measurement of the speed of sound in a complex plasma under microgravity conditions. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2011 December; 96(5): 55001. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/96/55001.
Ivlev AV, Zhdanov SK, Thomas HM, Morfill GE. Fluid phase separation in binary complex plasmas. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2009 February; 85(4): 45001. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/85/45001.
Takahashi K, Thomas HM, Morfill GE, Ivlev AV, Hayashi Y, Adachi S. Diagnosis in Complex Plasmas for Microgravity Experiments (PK-3 plus). Fifth International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas, Ponta Degada, Azores, Portugal. 2008 May 18-23; 1041329-330. DOI: 10.1063/1.2997239.
Jiang K, Nosenko V, LI YF, Schwabe M, Konopka U, Ivlev AV, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Petrov OF, Turin MV, Thomas HM, Morfill GE. Mach cones in a three-dimensional complex plasma. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2009 February; 85(4): 45002. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/85/45002.
Klumov BA, Joyce G, Rath C, Huber P, Thomas HM, Morfill GE, Molotkov VI, Fortov VE. Structural properties of 3D complex plasmas under microgravity conditions. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2010 October; 92(1): 15003. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/92/15003.
Khrapak SA, Huber P, Thomas HM, Naumkin VN, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM. Theory of a cavity around a large floating sphere in complex (dusty) plasma. Physical Review E. 2019 May; 99(5-1): 053210. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.99.053210.PMID: 31212511. | Impact Statement
Zhukhovitskii DI, Naumkin VN, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Thomas HM. New approach to measurement of the three-dimensional crystallization front propagation velocity in strongly coupled complex plasma. Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2019 June; 28(6): 065014. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/ab27a9. | Impact Statement
Thomas HM, Morfill GE, Ivlev AV, Hagl T, Rothermel H, Khrapak SA, Sutterlin KR, Rubin-Zuzic M, Schwabe M, Zhdanov SK, Rath C, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Petrov OF, Tokarev VI, Malenchenko YI, Turin MV, Vinogradov PV, Yurchikhin FN, Krikalev SK, Reiter T. New Directions of Research in Complex Plasmas on the International Space Station. Fifth International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas, Ponta Degada, Azores, Portugal. 2008 May 18-23; 104141-44. DOI: 10.1063/1.2997269.
Worner L, Nosenko V, Ivlev AV, Zhdanov SK, Thomas HM, Morfill GE, Kroll M, Schablinski J, Block D. Effect of rotating electric field on 3D complex (dusty) plasma. Physics of Plasmas. 2011 18(6): 063706. DOI: 10.1063/1.3601341.
Heidemann RJ, Couëdel L, Zhdanov SK, Sutterlin KR, Schwabe M, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Hagl T, Morfill GE, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Lipaev AM, Tokarev VI, Reiter T, Vinogradov PV. Comprehensive experimental study of heartbeat oscillations observed under microgravity conditions in the PK-3 Plus laboratory on board the International Space Station. Physics of Plasmas. 2011 May 16; 18053701. DOI: 10.1063/1.3574905.
Zhukhovitskii DI, Fortov VE, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Naumkin VN, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Schwabe M, Morfill GE. Nonviscous motion of a slow particle in a dust crystal under microgravity conditions. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2012 86(1-2): 016401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.86.016401.PMID: 23005544.
Du C, Sutterlin KR, Jiang K, Rath C, Ivlev AV, Khrapak SA, Schwabe M, Thomas HM, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Malenchenko YI, Yurtschichin F, Lonchakov YV, Morfill GE. Experimental investigation on lane formation in complex plasmas under microgravity conditions. New Journal of Physics. 2012 July 31; 14(7): 073058. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/14/7/073058. | Impact Statement
Morfill GE, Ivlev AV, Thomas HM. Complex (dusty) plasmas—kinetic studies of strong coupling phenomena. Physics of Plasmas. 2012 19(5): 055402. DOI: 10.1063/1.4717979.
Khrapak SA, Klumov BA, Huber P, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Naumkin VN, Thomas HM, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Malenchenko YI, Volkov S. Freezing and Melting of 3D Complex Plasma Structures under Microgravity Conditions Driven by Neutral Gas Pressure Manipulation. Physical Review Letters. 2011 May; 106(20): 205001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.205001.
Jiang K, Du C, Sutterlin KR, Ivlev AV, Morfill GE. Lane formation in binary complex plasmas: Role of non-additive interactions and initial configurations. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2011 December; 92(6): 65002. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/92/65002.
Chaudhuri M, Ivlev AV, Khrapak SA, Thomas HM, Morfill GE. Complex plasma—the plasma state of soft matter. Soft Matter. 2011 7(4): 1287-1298. DOI: 10.1039/c0sm00813c.
Jiang K, Hou LJ, Ivlev AV, LI YF, Du C, Thomas HM, Morfill GE, Sutterlin KR. Initial stages in phase separation of binary complex plasmas: Numerical experiments. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2011 March; 93(5): 55001. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/93/55001.Also: Jiang, K., Hou, L.-J., Ivlev, A.V., Li, Y.-F., Du, C.-R., Thomas, H.M., Morfill, G.E., Sutterlin, K.R., Initial stages in phase separation of binary complex plasmas: Numerical experiments, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1397, 10.1063/1.3659821, 01 2011, 2011.
Yaroshenko VV, Thoma MH, Thomas HM, Morfill GE. Generation of a Double Layer at the Interface of Strongly Coupled Complex Plasmas. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010 Apr 9; 38(4): 869-873. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2009.2036852.
Fortov VE, Morfill GE. Strongly coupled dusty plasmas on ISS: experimental results and theoretical explanation. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2012 12/01/2012; 54(12): 124040. DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/54/12/124040.
Samsonov D, Zhdanov SK, Quinn RA, Popel SI, Morfill GE. Shock Melting of a Two-Dimensional Complex (Dusty) Plasma. Physical Review Letters. 2004 92255004.
Zhukhovitskii DI, Naumkin VN, Khusnulgatin AI, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM. Propagation of the 3D crystallization front in a strongly nonideal dusty plasma. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. 2020 April 1; 130(4): 616-625. DOI: 10.1134/S1063776120020090.Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Zhurnal Eksperimental’noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, 2020, Vol. 157, No. 4, pp. 734–744.. | Impact Statement
Morfill GE, Thomas HM, Nefedov AP, Fortov VE, Rothermel H, Ivlev AV, Rubin-Zuzic M, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF. The Physics of Complex Plasmas and the Microgravity Programme on Plasma Crystal (PK) Research. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 IAC-04-T.4.03 and J.3.02.
Huang H, Schwabe M, Du C. Identification of the interface in a binary complex plasma using machine learning. Journal of Imaging. 2019 March; 5(3): 36. DOI: 10.3390/jimaging5030036. | Impact Statement
Zhdanov SK, Schwabe M, Rath C, Thomas HM, Morfill GE. Wave turbulence observed in an auto-oscillating complex (dusty) plasma. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2015 May 1; 110(3): 35001. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/110/35001. | Impact Statement
Du C, Nosenko V, Thomas HM, Muller A, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Fortov VE, Ivlev AV. Photophoretic force on microparticles in complex plasmas. New Journal of Physics. 2017 July; 19(7): 073015. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa724f. | Impact Statement
Harris BJ, Matthews LS, Hyde TW. Dusty plasma cavities: Probe-induced and natural. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2015 June; 91(6-1): 063105. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.91.063105.PMID: 26172806.
Molotkov VI, Thomas HM, Lipaev AM, Naumkin VN, Ivlev AV, Khrapak SA. Complex (dusty) plasma research under microgravity conditions: PK-3 Plus laboratory on the International Space Station. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2015 April 31; 35(2): 320302. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.32.320302.
Morfill GE, Ivlev AV, Rubin-Zuzic M, Knapek CA, Pompl R, Antonova T, Thomas HM. Complex plasmas - new discoveries in strong coupling physics. Applied Physics B - Lasers and Optics. 2007 89527-534. DOI: 10.1007/s00340-007-2872-7.
Zhukhovitskii DI, Molotkov VI, Fortov VE. A scaling law for the dust cloud in radio frequency discharge under microgravity conditions. Physics of Plasmas. 2014 21(6): 063701. DOI: 10.1063/1.4881473.
Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Zhukhovitskii DI, Naumkin VN, Thomas HM, Khrapak SA, Huber P. Phenomena in complex (dusty) plasma studied under microgravity conditions. Plasma Physics and Technology. 2015 5(1): 54-57. DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.201500102.
Many species of climbing plants grow upward in a spiraling shape, a process known as circumnutation. Plant organs, such as stems, leaves, and roots also grow in a spiraling, helical shape. This spiraling process can take many forms, including very tight loops and broad curves. Plant circumnutation and its dependence on the gravity response (Plant Rotation) verifies the hypothesis that this type of plant growth requires gravity. Scientists on the ground study images of rice and morning glory plants growing in microgravity and simulated gravity conditions on the International Space Station.
Publications
Kobayashi A, Kim H, Tomita Y, Miyazawa Y, Fujii N, Yano S, Yamazaki C, Kamada M, Kasahara H, Miyabayashi S, Shimazu T, Fusejima Y, Takahashi H. Circumnutational movement in rice coleoptiles involves the gravitropic response: analysis of an agravitropic mutant and space-grown seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum. 2019 March; 165464-475. DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12824.PMID: 30159898. | Impact Statement
Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (PGBA) monitored and maintained light, temperature, humidity and oxygen levels to study lignin production changes in Arabidopsis thaliana (a fast growing plant) grown in microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS).PGBA is capable of maintaining the light, temperature, humidity and oxygen levels for a wide variety of plants. Several different types of plants have been grown inside PGBA, including wheat, tomatoes, loblolly pine, spinach, periwinkle, white clover, pepper, sage, and purple cone flower.
Publications
Heyenga AG, Stodieck LS, Hoehn A, Kliss M, Blackford C. Approaches in the Design of a Space Plant Cultivation Facility for Arabidopsis thaliana. 34th International Conference On Environmental Systems, Colorado, Springs, CO. 2004 SAE Paper 2004-01-2459New designs influenced by lessons learned.
Heyenga AG, Kliss M, Blackford C. The Performance of a Miniature Plant Cultivation System Designed for Space Flight Application. 35th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Rome, Italy. 2005 July; SAE 2005-01-2844DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2844.New designs influenced by lessons learned..
The Plant Germination and Growth Module Evaluation (Space Tango Payload Card Plant Germination and Growth) investigation features multiple plant species in a variety of growth stages and growth chambers. Plant species for this flight include Arabidopsis thaliana, Hordeum vulgare L., and Brachypodium distachyon. The different modules have different growth phases: some investigate the germination process from dry seed to active seedling, and some investigate the growth to mature plant. All modules provide growth lighting, thermal control, environmental data collection and imaging throughout the growth process. This investigation – led by Space Tango – will provide important scientific and technical data for many future plant growth investigations.
Plant RNA Regulation Redux in Multi-use Variable-gravity Platform (MVP-Plant-01) profiles and monitors the shoot and root development in plants in microgravity, in order to understand the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks behind how plants sense and adapt to changes in their environment. This understanding could contribute to the design of plants better able to withstand adverse environmental conditions, including long-duration spaceflight.
The Plant Signaling experiment studies the effects of microgravity on the growth of plants. The experiment is performed on board the International Space Station (ISS) in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA). Images of the plants are captured and down-linked to Earth. Samples of the plants are harvested and returned to Earth for scientific analysis. The results of this experiment can lead to information that will aid in food production during future long duration space missions, as well as data to enhance crop production on Earth.
Publications
Perera IY, Hung C, Moore CD, Stevenson-Paulik J, Boss WF. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the Type 1 inositol 5-phosphatase exhibit increased drought tolerance and altered abscisic acid signaling. The Plant Cell. 2008 202876-2893.
Perera IY, Heilmann I, Boss WF. Transient and sustained increases in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate precede the differential growth response in gravistimulated maize pulvini. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999 96(10): 5838-5843.
Perera IY, Heilmann I, Chang SC, Boss WF, Kaufman PB. A role for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in gravitropic signaling and the retention of cold-perceived gravistimulation of oat shoot pulvini. Plant Physiology. 2001 1251499-1507.
Perera IY, Hung C, Brady S, Muday GK, Boss WF. A universal role for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated signaling in plant gravitropism. Plant Physiology. 2006 140746-760.
Smith CM, Desai M, Land ES, Perera IY. A role for lipid-mediated signaling in plant gravitropism. American Journal of Botany. 2013 January; 100(1): 153-160. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200355.PMID: 23258369. | Impact Statement
Sheppard J, Land ES, Toennisson TA, Doherty CJ, Perera IY. Uncovering transcriptional responses to fractional gravity in Arabidopsis roots. Life. 2021 October; 11(10): 1010. DOI: 10.3390/life11101010. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Previous research demonstrates that it is possible to grow plants in space, but providing sufficient hydration and aeration to the plant root zone has proven challenging. Plant Water Management demonstrates a hydroponic method for ensuring adequate hydration and aeration to the root zone in order to sustain plants from germination through harvest. Low-gravity capillary fluidics deliver water in single and multiple plant production chambers, and researchers compare growth of individual plants in microgravity and normal gravity.
Publications
Mungin RM, Weislogel MM, Hatch T, McQuillen JB. Omni-gravity Hydroponics for Space Exploration. 49th International Conference on Environmental Systems (Boston, Massachusetts). 2019 July 7-11; ICES-2019-24210. | Impact Statement
The Plant Water Management 3 and 4 investigation demonstrates passive measures for controlling fluid delivery and uptake in plant growth systems. Reduced gravity creates challenges in providing adequate fluid and nutrition for plant growth. This investigation examines using other physical properties such as surface tension, wetting and system geometry to replace the role of gravity.
Plasma Kristall-4 (PK-4) is a scientific collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), performing research in the field of "Complex Plasmas": low temperature gaseous mixtures composed of ionized gas, neutral gas, and micron-sized particles. The micro-particles become highly charged in the plasma and interact strongly with each other, which can lead to a self-organized structure of the micro-particles: so-called plasma crystals. Experiments in the facility aim to study Transport Properties, Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Statistical Physics, and Non-linear waves and Instabilities in the plasmas.
Publications
Zhukhovitskii DI. The dust acoustic waves in three dimensional scalable complex plasma. Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology. 2015 August; 92(2): 023108. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.023108.
Takahashi K, Tonouchi M, Adachi S, Totsuji H. Study of cylindrical dusty plasmas in PK-4J; experiments. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2014 31(2): 62-65.
Totsuji H, Totsuji C, Takahashi K, Adachi S. Study of cylindrical dusty plasmas in PK-4J; Theory and simulations. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2014 31(2): 55-61.
Kretschmer M, Antonova T, Zhdanov SK, Thoma MH. Wave phenomena in a stratified complex plasma. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2015 PP(99): 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2501831.
Zobnin AV, Usachev AD, Lipaev AM, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Fink MA, Thoma MH, Padalka GI. Transverse ionization instability of the elongated dust cloud in the gas discharge uniform positive column under microgravity conditions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016 774(1): 012174. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012174.
Khrapak SA, Thoma MH, Chaudhuri M, Morfill GE, Zobnin AV, Usachev AD, Petrov OF, Fortov VE. Particle flows in a dc discharge in laboratory and microgravity conditions. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2013 June; 87(6): 063109. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.87.063109.
Pustylnik MY, Fink MA, Nosenko V, Antonova T, Hagl T, Thomas HM, Zobnin AV, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Rau C, Deysenroth C, Albrecht S, Kretschmer M, Thoma MH, Morfill GE, Seurig R, Stettner A, Alyamovskaya VA, Orr A, Kufner E, Lavrenko EG, Padalka GI, Serova EO, Samokutyayev AM, Christoforetti S. Plasmakristall-4: New complex (dusty) plasma laboratory on board the International Space Station. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2016 September 1; 87(9): 093505. DOI: 10.1063/1.4962696.PMID: 27782568.
Goree JA, Liu B, Feng Y. Diagnostics for transport phenomena in strongly coupled dusty plasmas. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2013 epub17 pp.
Dietz C, Kretschmer M, Steinmüller B, Thoma MH. Recent microgravity experiments with complex direct current plasmas. Contributions to Plasma Physics. 2017 October 6; epubDOI: 10.1002/ctpp.201700055. | Impact Statement
Liu B, Goree JA, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Thoma MH. Particle velocity distribution in a three-dimensional dusty plasma under microgravity conditions. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings. 2018 1925020005. DOI: 10.1063/1.5020393. | Impact Statement
Usachev AD, Zobnin AV, Shonenkov AV, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Pustylnik MY, Fink MA, Thoma MH, Thomas HM, Padalka GI. Influence of dust particles on the neon spectral line intensities at the uniform positive column of dc discharge at the space apparatus "Plasma Kristall-4". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2018 January; 946012143. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012143. | Impact Statement
Jaiswal S, Pustylnik MY, Zhdanov SK, Thomas HM, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Molotkov VI, Fortov VE, Thoma MH, Novitskii OV. Dust density waves in a dc flowing complex plasma with discharge polarity reversal. Physics of Plasmas. 2018 August; 25(8): 083705. DOI: 10.1063/1.5040417. | Impact Statement
Zobnin AV, Usachev AD, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Thoma MH, Fink MA. Two-dimensional positive column structure with dust cloud: Experiment and nonlocal kinetic simulation. Physics of Plasmas. 2018 March 1; 25(3): 033702. DOI: 10.1063/1.5023297. | Impact Statement
Wei Z, Liu B, Goree JA, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Molotkov VI, Petrov OF, Thoma MH. Diffusive motion in a 3-D cluster in PK-4. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2019 January 31; epub7 pp. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2893155. | Impact Statement
Thomas HM, Schwabe M, Pustylnik MY, Knapek CA, Molotkov VI, Lipaev AM, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Khrapak SA. Complex plasma research on the International Space Station. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2019 January 1; 61(1): 014004. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aae468.Also PKE-Nefedov results.. | Impact Statement
Schwabe M, Rubin-Zuzic M, Rath C, Pustylnik MY. Image registration with particles, examplified with the complex plasma laboratory PK-4 on board the International Space Station. Journal of Imaging. 2019 March; 5(3): 39. DOI: 10.3390/jimaging5030039. | Impact Statement
Yaroshenko VV. Charge-gradient instability of compressional dust lattice waves in electrorheological plasmas. Physics of Plasmas. 2019 August 1; 26(8): 083701. DOI: 10.1063/1.5115346. | Impact Statement
Schwabe M, Khrapak SA, Zhdanov SK, Pustylnik MY, Rath C, Fink MA, Kretschmer M, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Schmitz AS, Thoma MH, Usachev AD, Zobnin AV, Padalka GI, Fortov VE, Petrov OF, Thomas HM. Slowing of acoustic waves in electrorheological and string-fluid complex plasmas. New Journal of Physics. 2020 July 24; epub29 pp. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/aba91b. | Impact Statement
Schmidt J, Hyde TW. Discharge parameters of PlasmaKristall-4BU: A modifiable dusty plasma experiment. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2020 August 1; 91(8): 083506. DOI: 10.1063/5.0005325.PMID: 32872968. | Impact Statement
Pustylnik MY, Klumov BA, Rubin-Zuzic M, Lipaev AM, Nosenko V, Erdle D, Usachev AD, Zobnin AV, Molotkov VI, Joyce G, Thomas HM, Thoma MH, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Kononenko OD. Three-dimensional structure of a string-fluid complex plasma. Physical Review Research. 2020 August 26; 2(3): 033314. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.033314. | Impact Statement
Nosenko V, Pustylnik MY, Rubin-Zuzic M, Lipaev AM, Zobnin AV, Usachev AD, Thomas HM, Thoma MH, Fortov VE, Kononenko OD, Ovchinin A. Shear flow in a three-dimensional complex plasma in microgravity conditions. Physical Review Research. 2020 September 14; 2(3): 033404. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.033404. | Impact Statement
Goree JA, Liu B, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Molotkov VI, Usachev AD, Petrov OF, Thoma MH, Thomas E, Konopka U, Prokopiev S. Correlation and spectrum of dust acoustic waves in a radio-frequency plasma using PK-4 on the International Space Station. Physics of Plasmas. 2020 December 1; 27(12): 123701. DOI: 10.1063/5.0024500. | Impact Statement
Yaroshenko VV, Pustylnik MY. Possible mechanisms of string formation in complex plasmas at elevated pressures. Molecules. 2021 January 9; 26(2): 11pp. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020308.PMID: 33435498. | Impact Statement
Mitic S, Pustylnik MY, Erdle D, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Zobnin AV, Thoma MH, Thomas HM, Petrov OF, Fortov VE, Kononenko OD. Long-term evolution of the three-dimensional structure of string-fluid complex plasmas in the PK-4 experiment. Physical Review E. 2021 June; 103(6-1): 063212. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.103.063212.PMID: 34271636. | Impact Statement
Liu B, Goree JA, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Petrov OF, Zobnin AV, Thoma MH. Time-dependent shear motion in a strongly coupled dusty plasma in PK-4 on the International Space Station (ISS). IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2021 August 4; epub1-7. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2021.3100300. | Impact Statement
Totsuji H. Behavior of dust particles in cylindrical discharges: Structure formation, mixture and void, effect of gravity. Journal of Plasma Physics. 2014 July 21; 1-6. DOI: 10.1017/S0022377814000294.
Naumkin VN, Zhukhovitskii DI, Lipaev AM, Zobnin AV, Usachev AD, Petrov OF, Thomas HM, Thoma MH, Skripochka OI, Ivanishin AA. Excitation of progressing dust ionization waves on PK-4 facility. Physics of Plasmas. 2021 October 1; 28(10): 103704. DOI: 10.1063/5.0064497. | Impact Statement
Hartmann P, Rosenberg M, Juhasz Z, Matthews LS, Sanford DL, Vermillion K, Carmona-Reyes J, Hyde TW. Ionization waves in the PK-4 direct current neon discharge. Plasma Sources Science and Technology. 2020 September; 29(11): 115014. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/abb955. | Impact Statement
Liu B, Goree JA, Schutt S, Melzer A, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Fortov VE, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Petrov OF, Zobnin AV, Thoma MH. Nonlinear wave synchronization in a dusty plasma under microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS). IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2021 December; 49(12): 3958-3962. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2021.3123556. | Impact Statement
Nosenko V, Zhdanov SK, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Lipaev AM, Novitskii OV. Heat transport in a flowing complex plasma in microgravity conditions. Physics of Plasmas. 2021 November 1; 28(11): 113701. DOI: 10.1063/5.0069672. | Impact Statement
Matthews LS, Vermillion K, Hartmann P, Rosenberg M, Rostami S, Kostadinova EG, Hyde TW, Pustylnik MY, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Zobnin AV, Thoma MH, Petrov OF, Thomas HM, Novitskii OV. Effect of ionization waves on dust chain formation in a DC discharge. Journal of Plasma Physics. 2021 December 15; 87(6): DOI: 10.1017/S0022377821001215. | Impact Statement
Vermillion K, Sanford DL, Matthews LS, Hartmann P, Rosenberg M, Kostadinova EG, Carmona-Reyes J, Hyde TW, Lipaev AM, Usachev AD, Zobnin AV, Petrov OF, Thoma MH, Pustylnik MY, Thomas HM, Ovchinin A. Influence of temporal variations in plasma conditions on the electric potential near self-organized dust chains. Physics of Plasmas. 2022 February; 29(2): 023701. DOI: 10.1063/5.0075261. | Impact Statement
Zhukhovitskii DI. Dispersion relation for the dust ionization and dust acoustic waves in the gas discharge complex plasma. Physics of Plasmas. 2022 July; 29(7): 073701. DOI: 10.1063/5.0094038.
Zhukhovitskii DI. Dust acoustic waves in three-dimensional complex plasmas with a similarity property. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2015 August 28; 92(2): 11 pp. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.023108.
Plasma-MKS (Plasma-ISS) examines the effects of plasma on ISS systems with dosimeters.
Publications
Gabdullin FF, Korsun AG, Tverdokhlebova EM. The Plasma Plume Emitted Onboard the International Space Station Under the Effect of the Geomagnetic Field. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2008 October; 36(5): 2207-2213. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2008.2004236.
Gabdullin FF, Korsun AG, Lavrenko EG, Mitroshin AS, Tverdokhlebova EM. The Plasma Plume of the ISS Plasma Contactor Unit under the Effect of the Geomagnetic Field. 30th International Electric Propulsion Conference, Florence, Italy. 2007 September 17-20; IEPC-2007-0497 pp.
In V-C Reflex, the vestibular system plays an important role in controlling arterial pressure upon posture change (vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex), although this system is highly plastic, i.e., the sensitivity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex is altered if subjects are exposed to a different gravitational environment. Thus, it is possible that the sensitivity of vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex is diminished after spaceflight, and then orthostatic hypotension is induced. To test this hypothesis, the role of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex in maintaining arterial pressure upon posture change is examined before and after spaceflight.
Publications
Morita H, Abe C, Tanaka K. Long-term exposure to microgravity impairs vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex. Scientific Reports. 2016 September 16; 633405. DOI: 10.1038/srep33405.PMID: 27634181.
Tanaka K, Nishimura N, Kawai Y. Adaptation to microgravity, deconditioning, and countermeasures. Journal of Physiological Sciences. 2017 March 1; 67(2): 271-281. DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0514-8.
Polymer Convection examines the effect of gravity on formation and crystallization of Broadband Angular Selective Material (BASM). An optical material with the ability to control the reflection and absorption of light, BASM has applications in polymer packaging, optical films, solar power, and electronic displays. Improved fabrication methods could produce BASM films that are more durable and have better optical and mechanical properties.
Polymicrobial Biofilm Growth and Control during Spaceflight (Bacterial Adhesion and Corrosion) explores the formation under microgravity conditions of multi-species biofilms, which may behave differently from single-species biofilms. This investigation identifies the bacterial genes used during biofilm growth, examines whether these biofilms can corrode stainless steel, and evaluates the effectiveness of a silver-based disinfectant. The microorganisms in biofilms can become resistant to traditional cleaning chemicals, leading to contamination of water treatment systems, damage to equipment, and potential health risks to astronauts.
The Popularizing Achievements in Russian Manned Space Exploration (Velikoye Nachalo (Great Start)) investigation popularizes achievements of the Russian manned space exploration and presents the results of research applying them in universities and business activity using educational and Internet technologies. Methodological materials on popularizing achievements in space exploration, scientific and educational video footage from on board the International Space Station, and the use of the results of space research and investigation for educational and business purposes were developed and tested using Internet technologies.
Additive manufacturing, also known as 3-D printing, is a fast and reliable way to manufacture small plastic pieces of any shape, which can be used for a variety of tasks. Portable On Board Printer 3D demonstrates an automated 3-D printer that produces plastic objects on board the International Space Station (ISS). Results from this experiment may pave the way for the installation of a full-sized 3-D printer on board the ISS in the future.
Publications
Musso G, Lentini G, Enrietti L, Volpe C, Ambrosio EP, Lorusso M, Mascetti G, Valentini G. Portable on orbit printer 3D: 1st European additive manufacturing machine on International Space Station. Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors. 2016 643-655. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41694-6_62. | Impact Statement
Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment - 2 (PACE-2) characterizes the resolution of the high magnification colloid experiments with the Light Microscopy Module (LMM) to determine the minimum size of the particles that can be resolved by the Advanced Colloids Experiment (ACE). There is a direct relationship between magnification, particle size, test duration and on-orbit vibration that is quantified.
Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment - Light Microscopy Module: Biological Samples (PACE-LMM-Bio) is a NASA Rapid Turn Around (RTA) engineering proof-of-concept proposal in preparation for the Advanced Colloids Experiment (ACE). In Bio, crewmembers image three-dimensional biological sample particles, tissue samples and live organisms. The goal of this experiment is to indicate the microscope’s capabilities for viewing biological specimens.
Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment (PACE) is a technology demonstration, which sets the stage for the Advanced Colloid Experiment (ACE), by testing the Light Microscopy Module (LMM) in the International Space Station (ISS) environment. PACE establishes the capabilities of the LMM that are used for high resolution image magnification in ACE.
Preparing Nanosatellite and Launching it from the Russian Segment of the International Space Station (Nanosputnik) inserts a nanosatellite into low-Earth orbit and controls it to blaze a trail for future reduction of expenditures on the development and use of space systems based on small spacecraft.
Publications
Ovchinnikov MY, Ivanov DS, Pantsyrnyi OA, Sergeev AS, Fedorov IO, Selivanov AS, Khromov OY, Yudanov NA. Technological NanoSatellite TNS-0 #2 connected via global communication system. Acta Astronautica. 2020 May 1; 1701-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.01.027.Also: Ovchinnikov, Michael, Danil Ivanov, Oleg Pansyrnyi, Igor Fedorov, Arnold Selivanov, Oleg Khromov, and others, ‘Flight Results of the Mission of TNS-0 #2 Nanosatellite Connected via Global Communication System’, in 69 Th International Astronautical Congress (IAC) (Bremen, Germany: International Astronautical Federation, 2018), IAC-18-B4.6B.3, 14pp <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Danil-Ivanov-2/publication/328102767_Flight_Results_of_the_Mission_of_TNS-0_2_Nanosatellite_Connected_via_Global_Communication_System/links/5bb77619a6fdcc9552d454c3/Flight-Results-of-the-Mission-of-TNS-0-2-Nanosatellite-Connected-via-Global-Communication-System.pdf>. | Impact Statement
Ivanov DS, Ovchinnikov MY, Pantsyrnyi OA, Selivanov AS, Sergeev AS, Fedorov IO, Khromov OY, Yudanov NA. Angular motion of the TNS-0 # 2 Nanosatellite after launch from the International Space Station. Cosmic Research. 2019 July 1; 57(4): 272-288. DOI: 10.1134/S0010952519040038.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2019, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 290–307..
Ovchinnikov MY, Ilyin AA, Kupriyanova NV, Penkov VI, Selivanov AS. Attitude dynamics of the first Russian nanosatellite TNS-0. Acta Astronautica. 2007 June 1; 61(1): 277-285. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.01.006. | Impact Statement
Ivanov DS, Roldugin D, Tkachev S, Mashtakov Y, Shestakov S, Ovchinnikov MY, Fedorov IO, Yudanov NA, Sergeev AS. Transient attitude motion of TNS-0#2 Nanosatellite during atmosphere re-entry. Applied Sciences. 2021 January; 11(15): 6784. DOI: 10.3390/app11156784. | Impact Statement
Pankratov V, Litun S. Aerodynamic parameters identification of the Nanosatellite TNS-0 No 2 to enhance ballistic calculations precision for low-flying satellites. 2019 Twelfth International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD), Moscow, Russia. 2019 October; 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/MLSD.2019.8911071.
Selivanov AS, Urlichich YM, Tuchin YM, Khromov OY, Nikushkin IV. Minimal-Assembly Technological Nanosatellite [ТНС]-0. 3rd Conference on Microtechnology in Aviation and Space Exploration, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2004 June 8-9; 7-8.
Kupriyanova NV, Ovchinnikov MY, Penkov VI, Selivanov AS. Passive Magnetic Attitude-Control System for the First Russian Nanosatellite, [ТНС]-0. RAS M. V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics. 2005 23.
Ovchinnikov MY, Ilyin AA, Penkov VI, Kupriyanova NV, Selivanov AS. Altitude Dynamics of the First Russian Nanosatellite TNS-0. 57th Joint Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 October 2-6; 76. Journal version of this conference paper attached. Also Original Russian Text © S.O. Karpenko, N.V. Kupriyanova, M.Yu. Ovchinnikov, V.I. Penkov, A.S. Selivanov, O.E. Khromov, 2010, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2010, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 532–540.. | Impact Statement
PRISMSpace-1 is an educational mission which includes two experiments. One experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of a low-cost precision clock able to measure the effect of time dilation, a phenomenon of Einstein’s theories of relativity. The second experiment tests the effect of extended exposure to the space environment on isolated plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Study on modification of the Earth atmosphere and ionosphere under impact of powerful radiofrequency emission from the Earth.
Study on global electromagnetic processes in the Earth’s upper atmosphere (thunderstorms, sprites, etc) in the UV portion of the spectrum.
Publications
Plastinin YA, Karabadzhak GF, Khmelinin BA. Remote Measurement of the atomic oxygen distribution in Earth atmosphere from International Space Station. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 AIAA 2008-459
Anfimov NA, Zemlyanskiy BA, Karabadzhak GF, Plastinin YA. Study of Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere from the ISS. Polyot. 2007 (12): 3-10.
Zemlyanskiy BA, Karabadzhak GF, Plastinin YA. The Relaxation Space Experiments: Scientific Objectives, Instruments and Results of the Studies at the International Space Station Russian Segment. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2007 49(4): 33-40.
Karabadzhak GF. Revelation of the effective cross-section of the O + H2O = OH (A) + OH (X) reaction during hypervelocity collisions of components by measuring the intensity of hydroxyl glow in the course of space experiments. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2004 36(3): 123-130.
Karabadzhak GF, Krasotkin VS, Manzhaley AI, Plastinin YA, Khmelinin BA. ISS-based observation of a European ATV cargo vehicle entering the Earth's atmosphere with the Fialka–MV-Kosmo multispectral system. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2010 59(2):
Karabadzhak GF, Komrakov GP, Kuznetsov VD, Plastinin YA, Ruzhin YY, Frolov VL, Khmelinin BA. ISS-based study of global spatiotemporal glowing of the Earth`s upper atmosphere and ionosphere under radiofrequency emission im~pact on them. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2009 57(4): 88-94.
Karabadzhak GF, Plastinin YA, Szhenov EY, Khmelinin BA. Specification of oxygen atom concentration profiles in Earth`s upper atmosphere basing on experimental data received from manned space stations. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2007 46(1): 38-43.
Hyperspectral monitoring of the Earth’s atmosphere and the “atmosphere-surface of the Earth” system in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared portions of the spectrum.
Study on spatio-temporal structure of gas-flame formations during spacecraft entry into the Earth atmosphere and their fragmentation.
Study on interaction between spacecraft’s rocket engines exhaust and the ionosphere and the own International Space Station (ISS) external atmosphere.
The Production of High Performance Nanomaterials in Microgravity (Nanoskeleton) investigation aims to clarify the effect of gravity on oil flotation, sedimentation and convection on crystals generated in microgravity.
Publications
Dai S, Wu Y, Sakai T, Du Z, Sakai H, Abe M. Preparation of highly crystalline TiO2 nanostructures by acid-assisted hydrothermal treatment of hexagonal-structured nanocrystalline titania/cetyltrimethyammonium bromide nanoskeleton. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2010 August 11; 5(11): 1829-1835. DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9720-0.
Sakai T, Yano H, Shibata H, Endo T, Sakamoto K, Fukui H, Koshikawa N, Sakai H, Abe M. Pore-size expansion of hexagonal-structured nanocrystalline titania/CTAB Nanoskeleton using cosolvent organic molecules. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2010 November; 371(1-3): 29-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.08.054.
Onodera M, Nagumo R, Miura R, Suzuki A, Tsuboi H, Hatakeyama N, Endou A, Takaba H, Kubo M, Miyamoto A. Multiscale simulation of dye-sensitized solar cells considering Schottky barrier effect at photoelectrode. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2011 April 20; 50(4): 04DP06. DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.50.04DP06.
Shibata H, Ohshika S, Ogura T, Watanabe S, Nishio K, Sakai H, Abe M, Hashimoto K, Matsumoto M. Preparation and photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation of mesostructured titania particles modified with phthalocyanine in the pores. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 2011 January; 217(1): 136-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.09.029.
Content Pending
Production of Two Dimensional NanoTemplate in Microgravity (2D-NanoTemplate) fabricates large and highly oriented nano-scale two-dimensional arranged peptide arrays by suppressing convection and sedimentation.
Publications
Nonoyama T, Tanaka M, Kinoshita T, Nagata F, Sato K, Kato K. Morphology control of calcium phosphate by mineralization on the β-sheet peptide template. Chemical Communications. 2010 46(37): 6983-6985. DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02012e.PMID: 20730201. | Impact Statement
Cai R, Zhao Y, Ogura K, Tanaka M, Kinoshita T, Cai Q. Self-assembled gels of amphiphilic sequential peptide in water and organic solvents. Chemistry Letters. 2011 40(6): 617-619. DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.617. | Impact Statement
Tanaka M, Abiko S, Himeiwa T, Nakamura M, Koshikawa N, Kinoshita T. Two-dimensional self-assembly of amphiphilic peptide at the solid/water interface toward a facile method for metal nanoparticle alignment. Chemistry Letters. 2012 41(10): 1221-1222. DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.1221. | Impact Statement
Nonoyama T, Tanaka M, Inai Y, Higuchi M, Kinoshita T. Ordered nanopattern arrangement of gold nanoparticles on β-Sheet peptide templates through nucleobase pairing. ACS Nano. 2011 August 23; 5(8): 6174-6183. DOI: 10.1021/nn200711x. | Impact Statement
Project BeaverCube (BeaverCube) uses multiple cameras in a 3U CubeSat to take color images of Earth’s oceans and detect the temperature of cloud tops and the ocean surface. Collected data can improve understanding of the concentration of phytoplankton, a significant factor in the generation of atmospheric oxygen and for Earth’s climate and weather systems. The investigation also demonstrates a new electric propulsion technology, Tiled Ionic Liquid Electrospray (TILE) 2 by Accion Systems Inc., to maneuver the satellite.
Promoting Sensorimotor Response to Generalizability: A Countermeasure to Mitigate Locomotor Dysfunction After Long-duration Spaceflight (Mobility) studies changes in posture and gait after long-duration spaceflight. Anticipated results may help in the development of an in-flight treadmill training program for International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers, which could facilitate rapid recovery of functional mobility after long duration space flight.
Publications
Miller CA, Peters BT, Brady RR, Richards JT, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ. Changes in Toe Clearance During Treadmill Walking After Long-Duration Spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2010 81(10): 919-928. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2680.2010. | Impact Statement
Mulavara AP, Feiveson AH, Fiedler J, Cohen HS, Peters BT, Miller CA, Brady RR, Bloomberg JJ. Locomotor function after long-duration space flight: effects and motor learning during recovery. Experimental Brain Research. 2010 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2171-0. | Impact Statement
Peters BT, Miller CA, Brady RR, Richards JT, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ. Dynamic visual acuity during walking after long-duration spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2011 April 1; 82(4): 463-466. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2928.2011. | Impact Statement
Roller CA, Cohen HS, Kimball KT, Bloomberg JJ. Variable practice with lenses improves visuo-motor plasticity. Cognitive Brain Research. 2001 12(2): 341-352.
Layne CS, Mulavara AP, McDonald PV, Pruett CJ, Kozlovskaya IB, Bloomberg JJ. The effects of long-duration spaceflight during self-generated perturbations. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 90997-1006. | Impact Statement
Moore ST, MacDougall HG, Peters BT, Bloomberg JJ, Curthoys IS, Cohen HS. Modeling locomotor dysfunction following spaceflight with Galvanic vestibular stimulation. Experimental Brain Research. 2006 June 9; 174(4): 647-659. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0528-1.PMID: 16763834. | Impact Statement
Miller CA, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ. A quasi-static method for determining the characteristics of a motion capture camera system in a split-volume configuration. Gait and Posture. 2002 16(3): 288-7.
Layne CS, Lange GW, Pruett CJ, McDonald PV, Merkle LA, Mulavara AP, Smith SL, Kozlovskaya IB, Bloomberg JJ. Adaptation of neuromuscular activation patterns during treadmill walking after long-duration space flight. Acta Astronautica. 1998 43(3-6): 107-119. DOI: 10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00148-9.
Layne CS, Mulavara AP, McDonald PV, Pruett CJ, Kozlovskaya IB, Bloomberg JJ. Alterations in human neuromuscular activation during overground locomotion after long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 11(3): 1-15.
Newman DJ, Jackson DK, Bloomberg JJ. Altered astronaut lower-limb and mass center kinematics in downward jumping following space flight. Experimental Brain Research. 1997 11730-42.
Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP. Changes in walking strategies after spaceflight. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 2003 March; 22(2): 58-62. DOI: 10.1109/MEMB.2003.1195697. | Impact Statement
Bock O, Schneider SM, Bloomberg JJ. Conditions for interference versus facilitation during sequential sensorimotor adaptation. Experimental Brain Research. 2001 138(3): 359-365.
Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Cohen HS. Developing sensorimotor countermeasures to mitigate postflight locomotor dysfunction. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA-20014941.
Reschke MF, Bloomberg JJ, Huebner WP, McDonald PV, Peters BT, Layne CS, Berthoz A, Glasauer S, Newman DJ, Jackson DK. Effects of Spaceflight on Locomotor Control, published in Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project. NASA Special Publication. 1999 NASA SP-1999534.
Bloomberg JJ, Peters BT, Smith SL, Huebner WP, Reschke MF. Locomotor head-trunk coordination strategies following space flight. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 1997 7161-177.
McDonald PV, Basdogan C, Bloomberg JJ, Layne CS. Lower limb kinematics during treadmill walking after space flight: Implications for gaze stabilization. Experimental Brain Research. 1996 112325-334.
Mulavara AP, Verstraete MC, Bloomberg JJ. Modulation of head movement control in humans during treadmill walking. Gait and Posture. 2002 16(3): 271-282.
Layne CS, McDonald PV, Bloomberg JJ. Neuromuscular activation patterns during locomotion after space flight. Experimental Brain Research. 1997 113104-116.
Seidler RD, Bloomberg JJ, Stelmach GE. Patterns of transfer of adaptation among body segments. Behavioral Brain Research. 2001 122(2): 145-157.
Richards JT, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ. Postural stability during treadmill locomotion as a function of the visual polarity and rotation of a three-dimensional virtual environment. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 2004 13(3): 371-384.
Reschke MF, Bloomberg JJ, Harm DL, Paloski WH, Layne CS, McDonald PV. Posture, locomotion, spatial orientation, and motion sickness as a function of space flight. Brain Research Reviews. 1998 28102-117.
Cavanagh PR, Licata AA, Rice AJ. Exercise and Pharmocological Countermeasures for Bone Loss During Long-Duration Space Flight. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 39-58. PMID: 16038092.
Cohen HS, Kimball KT, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ, Paloski WH. Posturography and locomotor tests of dynamic balance after long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2012 January 1; 22(4): 191-196. DOI: 10.3233/VES-2012-0456.PMID: 23142833. | Impact Statement
Proof-of-Concept for Gene-RADAR® Predictive Pathogen Mutation Study (Nanobiosym Genes) evaluates the feasibility of one day using this device from Nanobiosym® to identify bacterial mutations in space. The X Prize-winning device can accurately detect any disease that has a genetic fingerprint, in real time and at the point-of-care. Microgravity may accelerate the rate of bacterial mutations and this pilot investigation analyzes this process in two strains aboard the International Space Station, which may provide insight into how deadly bacteria become drug-resistant. The data can help refine models of drug resistance and support development of better medicines to counter it.
PROPCUBE-Fauna uses a CubeSat platform to collect critical data for improving communication systems. Both Earth- and space-based communications systems uses the outer electrical field of the Earth’s atmosphere to transmit, bend or bounce message signals. PROPCUBE-Fauna performs high-resolution measurements on the exact position, density and potential vibration of this field to transmit signals in a more effective manner.
Crew members' bodies change in a variety of ways during space flight, and some experience impaired vision. The Prospective Observational Study of Ocular Health in ISS Crews (Ocular Health) protocol gathers data on crew members' visual health during and after long-duration space station missions. Tests monitor microgravity-induced visual impairment, as well as changes believed to arise from elevated intracranial pressure, to characterize how living in microgravity can affect the visual, vascular and central nervous systems. The investigation also measures how long it takes for crew members to return to normal after they return to Earth.
Publications
Marshall-Bowman K, Barratt MR, Gibson CR. Ophthalmic Changes and Increased Intracranial Pressure Associated with Long Duration Spaceflight: An Emerging Understanding. Acta Astronautica. 2013 June-July; 8777-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.01.014.
Kramer LA, Hasan KM, Sargsyan AE, Wolinsky JS, Hamilton DR, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Carson WK, Heimbigner J, Patel VS, Romo S, Otto CA. Mr-derived cerebral spinal fluid hydrodynamics as a marker and a risk factor for intracranial hypertension in astronauts exposed to microgravity. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2015 eoubDOI: 10.1002/jmri.24923.PMID: 25920095.
Michael AP, Marshall-Bowman K. Spaceflight-induced intracranial hypertension. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 June; 86(6): 557-562. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4284.2015.
Hasan KM, Mwangi B, Keser Z, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Sargsyan AE, Kramer LA. Brain quantitative MRI metrics in astronauts as a unique professional group. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2018 February 20; epub13 pp. DOI: 10.1111/jon.12501.PMID: 29460455. | Impact Statement
Kramer LA, Hasan KM, Stenger MB, Sargsyan AE, Laurie SS, Otto CA, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Marshall-Goebel K, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Macias BR. Intracranial effects of microgravity: A prospective longitudinal MRI study. Radiology. 2020 April 14; epub191413. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020191413. | Impact Statement
Macias BR, Patel NB, Gibson CR, Samuels BC, Laurie SS, Otto CA, Ferguson CR, Lee SM, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Kramer LA, Mader TH, Brunstetter TJ, Stenger MB. Association of long-duration spaceflight with anterior and posterior ocular structure changes in astronauts and their recovery. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2020 April 2; 138(5): 553-559. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.0673.PMID: 32239198. | Impact Statement
Rohr JJ, Sater SH, Sass AM, Marshall-Goebel K, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Ethier CR, Stenger MB, Martin BA, Macias BR. Quantitative magnetic resonance image assessment of the optic nerve and surrounding sheath after spaceflight. npj Microgravity. 2020 October 8; 6(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00119-3.PMID: 33083526. | Impact Statement
Sater SH, Sass AM, Rohr JJ, Marshall-Goebel K, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Ethier CR, Stenger MB, Kramer LA, Martin BA, Macias BR. Automated MRI-based quantification of posterior ocular globe flattening and recovery after long-duration spaceflight. Eye. 2021 January 29; epub10pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01408-1.PMID: 33514895. | Impact Statement
Macias BR, Ferguson CR, Patel NB, Gibson CR, Samuels BC, Laurie SS, Lee SM, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Kramer LA, Mader TH, Brunstetter TJ, Alferova IV, Hargens AR, Ebert DJ, Dulchavsky SA, Stenger MB. Changes in the optic nerve head and choroid over 1 year of spaceflight. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2021 April 29; epub8pp. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0931.PMID: 33914020. This paper was presented at the 2019 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’Workshop; January 22, 2019; Galveston, Texas; at the 2020 NASA Human Research Program Investigators’Workshop; January 27, 2020; Galveston, Texas; at the 2017 Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology; May 7, 2017; Baltimore, Maryland; and at the 2018 Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology; April 29, 2018; Honolulu, Hawaii.. | Impact Statement
Marshall-Goebel K, Macias BR, Kramer LA, Hasan KM, Ferguson CR, Patel NB, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Lee SM, Ebert DJ, Sargsyan AE, Dulchavsky SA, Hargens AR, Stenger MB, Laurie SS. Association of structural changes in the brain and retina after long-duration spaceflight. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2021 May 20; epub4pp. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1400.PMID: 34014272. | Impact Statement
Makarov IA, Bogomolov VV, Voronkov YI, Alferova IV, Krivolapov VV, Khorosheva EG, Anikeev DA. [ОCT-diagnostics of the ocular nerve edema in space flight: Analysis of the peripapillary retinal thickness]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2021 55(4): 36-44. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-4-36-44.
Makarov IA, Voronkov YI, Aslanjan MG. Ophthalmic changes associated with long-term exposure to microgravity. Human Physiology. 2017 January 1; 43(1): 105-113. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119717010078.Also: Original Russian Text © I.A. Makarov, Y.I. Voronkov, M.G. Aslanjan, 2017, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2017, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 111–120..
Inherent to the genesis of several pathological conditions on Earth (among which are Parkinson’s and Chron’s diseases), oxidative stress is also the mechanism at the base of many deleterious effects of spaceflight, resulting in cognitive and behavioral impairments in astronauts. The PROtection MEdiated by antioxidant nanoTEchnOlogy against neuronal damage in space (PROMETEO) (Antioxidant Protection) investigation proposes the use of biocompatible and biodegradable polydopamine-based nanoparticles to provide antioxidant protection to neurons undergoing exposure to altered gravity and cosmic radiation. The focus is on neuronal cells involved into the cognitive and motor functions both in space, where any behavioral impairment poses significant risks to the crew, but also on Earth, where dopaminergic neuron loss underlying Parkinson’s disease progression still requires effective contrast.
Content Pending
Publications
Maes D, Evrard C, Gavira JA, Sleutel M, Van de Weerdt C, Otalora Munoz F, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Nicolis G, Martial J, Decanniere K. Toward a definition of x-ray crystal quality. Crystal Growth and Design. 2008 December 3; 8(12): 4284-4290. DOI: 10.1021/cg800699e. | Impact Statement
Dubois F, Requena MN, Minetti C, Monnom O, Istasse E. Partial spatial coherence effects in digital holographic microscopy with a laser source. Applied Optics. 2004 February 10; 43(5): 1131-1139. DOI: 10.1364/AO.43.001131.PMID: 15008493. | Impact Statement
Dubois F, Minetti C, Monnom O, Yourassowsky C, Legros J, Kischel P. Pattern recognition with a digital holographic microscope working in partially coherent illumination. Applied Optics. 2002 July 10; 41(20): 4108-4119. DOI: 10.1364/AO.41.004108.PMID: 12141510. | Impact Statement
Evrard C, Maes D, Zegers I, Declercq J, Vanhee C, Martial J, Wyns L, Van de Weerdt C. TIM Crystals Grown by Capillary Counterdiffusion: Statistical Evidence of Quality Improvement in Microgravity. Crystal Growth and Design. 2007 November; 7(11): 2161-2166. DOI: 10.1021/cg700687t.
Zegers I, Carotenuto L, Evrard C, Garcia-Ruiz JM, De Gieter P, Gonzales-Ramires L, Istasse E, Legros J, Martial J, Minetti C, Otalora Munoz F, Queeckers P, Cedric S, Van de Weerdt C, Willaert R, Wyns L, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Counterdiffusion protein crystallisation in microgravity and its observation with PromISS (Protein Microscope for the International Space Station). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 18-3/4165-169.
Content Pending
Publications
Dubois F, Requena MN, Minetti C, Monnom O, Istasse E. Partial spatial coherence effects in digital holographic microscopy with a laser source. Applied Optics. 2004 February 10; 43(5): 1131-1139. DOI: 10.1364/AO.43.001131.PMID: 15008493. | Impact Statement
Dubois F, Minetti C, Monnom O, Yourassowsky C, Legros J, Kischel P. Pattern recognition with a digital holographic microscope working in partially coherent illumination. Applied Optics. 2002 July 10; 41(20): 4108-4119. DOI: 10.1364/AO.41.004108.PMID: 12141510. | Impact Statement
Zegers I, Carotenuto L, Evrard C, Garcia-Ruiz JM, De Gieter P, Gonzales-Ramires L, Istasse E, Legros J, Martial J, Minetti C, Otalora Munoz F, Queeckers P, Cedric S, Van de Weerdt C, Willaert R, Wyns L, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Counterdiffusion protein crystallisation in microgravity and its observation with PromISS (Protein Microscope for the International Space Station). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 18-3/4165-169.
The PromISS-3 investigation includes a microscope that will allow for the visualization of the protein crystal growth process. Protein crystals are grown in microgravity to visualize proteins to aid in the development of new drugs to fight diseases. Studying the processes by which these crystals grow in microgravity will help scientist better understand the role of the proteins in diseases.
Publications
Dubois F, Requena MN, Minetti C, Monnom O, Istasse E. Partial spatial coherence effects in digital holographic microscopy with a laser source. Applied Optics. 2004 February 10; 43(5): 1131-1139. DOI: 10.1364/AO.43.001131.PMID: 15008493. | Impact Statement
Dubois F, Minetti C, Monnom O, Yourassowsky C, Legros J, Kischel P. Pattern recognition with a digital holographic microscope working in partially coherent illumination. Applied Optics. 2002 July 10; 41(20): 4108-4119. DOI: 10.1364/AO.41.004108.PMID: 12141510. | Impact Statement
Zegers I, Carotenuto L, Evrard C, Garcia-Ruiz JM, De Gieter P, Gonzales-Ramires L, Istasse E, Legros J, Martial J, Minetti C, Otalora Munoz F, Queeckers P, Cedric S, Van de Weerdt C, Willaert R, Wyns L, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Counterdiffusion protein crystallisation in microgravity and its observation with PromISS (Protein Microscope for the International Space Station). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 18-3/4165-169.
Content Pending
Publications
Dubois F, Requena MN, Minetti C, Monnom O, Istasse E. Partial spatial coherence effects in digital holographic microscopy with a laser source. Applied Optics. 2004 February 10; 43(5): 1131-1139. DOI: 10.1364/AO.43.001131.PMID: 15008493. | Impact Statement
Dubois F, Minetti C, Monnom O, Yourassowsky C, Legros J, Kischel P. Pattern recognition with a digital holographic microscope working in partially coherent illumination. Applied Optics. 2002 July 10; 41(20): 4108-4119. DOI: 10.1364/AO.41.004108.PMID: 12141510. | Impact Statement
Zegers I, Carotenuto L, Evrard C, Garcia-Ruiz JM, De Gieter P, Gonzales-Ramires L, Istasse E, Legros J, Martial J, Minetti C, Otalora Munoz F, Queeckers P, Cedric S, Van de Weerdt C, Willaert R, Wyns L, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Counterdiffusion protein crystallisation in microgravity and its observation with PromISS (Protein Microscope for the International Space Station). Microgravity Science and Technology. 2006 18-3/4165-169.
Tested proteins and protein solutions that could tolerate the freeze-thaw mechanism used to initiate protein crystal experiments. Understanding these results lead to a better selection process for later protein crystal experiments on ISS.
Publications
Barnes CL, Snell EH, Kundrot CE. Thaumatin crystallization aboard the International Space Station using liquid-liquid diffusion in the Enhanced Gaseous Nitrogen Dewar (EGN). Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2002 58(Pt 5): 751-760. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902002767.
Ciszak E, Hammons AS, Hong YS. Use of Capillaries for Macromolecular Crystallization in a Cryogenic Dewar. Crystal Growth and Design. 2002 2(3): 235-238. DOI: 10.1021/cg0155671.
Zörb C, Weisert A, Stapelmann J, Smolik G, Carter DC, Wright BS, Brunner-Joos KD, Wagner G. Bacteriorhodopsin crystal growth in reduced gravity--results under the conditions, given in CPCF on board of a Space Shuttle, versus the conditions, given in DCAM on board of the Space Station Mir. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 13(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872073.PMID: 12206160.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Sigler PB, Stein GS, Boskey AL, Jones ND, Kuriyan J, Miller WM, Shuler ML, Wang BC. Cell science and protein crystal growth research for the International Space Station. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2000 Dec; 79(4): 662-671. | Impact Statement
Koszelak S, McPherson A. Long duration protein crystal growth experiments using the EGN dewar apparatus. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 October 15; AIAA 2001-507510pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2001-5075. | Impact Statement
Protein crystals were grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation grew high quality crystals for ground-based research, which examined two proteins, one used in the food industry and the other which is used in gene expression.
Publications
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Protein crystals were grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation's primary objective was to grow high quality crystals for ground-based research which were to be used in understanding the structure of transporter proteins within cells.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Zörb C, Weisert A, Stapelmann J, Smolik G, Carter DC, Wright BS, Brunner-Joos KD, Wagner G. Bacteriorhodopsin crystal growth in reduced gravity--results under the conditions, given in CPCF on board of a Space Shuttle, versus the conditions, given in DCAM on board of the Space Station Mir. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 13(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872073.PMID: 12206160.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Carter DC, Wright BS, Miller T, Chapman J, Twigg P, Keeling K, Moody K, White M, Click J, Ruble JR, Ho JX, Adcock-Downey L, Dowling T, Chang C, Ala P, Rose J, Wang BC, Declercq J, Evrard C, Rosenberg J, Wery J, Clawson D, Wardell M, Stallings W, Stevens A. PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196610-622. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00858-6.
Protein crystals were grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation grew high quality crystals for ground-based research, which examined the proteins that are used in transporting carbon into cells.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Zörb C, Weisert A, Stapelmann J, Smolik G, Carter DC, Wright BS, Brunner-Joos KD, Wagner G. Bacteriorhodopsin crystal growth in reduced gravity--results under the conditions, given in CPCF on board of a Space Shuttle, versus the conditions, given in DCAM on board of the Space Station Mir. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 13(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872073.PMID: 12206160.
Vahedi-Faridi A, Porta J, Borgstahl GE. Improved three-dimensional growth of manganese superoxide dismutase crystals on the International Space Station. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2003 59(Pt 2): 385-388. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902020310.PMID: 12554961.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Carter DC, Wright BS, Miller T, Chapman J, Twigg P, Keeling K, Moody K, White M, Click J, Ruble JR, Ho JX, Adcock-Downey L, Dowling T, Chang C, Ala P, Rose J, Wang BC, Declercq J, Evrard C, Rosenberg J, Wery J, Clawson D, Wardell M, Stallings W, Stevens A. PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196610-622. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00858-6.
Eriks LR, Mayor JA, Kaplan RS. A strategy for identification and quantification of detergents frequently used in the purification of membrane proteins. Analytical Biochemistry. 2003 December; 323(2): 234-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.002.PMID: v.
Protein crystals were grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation's primary objective was to grow high quality crystals for ground-based research which were to be used in x-ray crystallography of the active site of ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Zörb C, Weisert A, Stapelmann J, Smolik G, Carter DC, Wright BS, Brunner-Joos KD, Wagner G. Bacteriorhodopsin crystal growth in reduced gravity--results under the conditions, given in CPCF on board of a Space Shuttle, versus the conditions, given in DCAM on board of the Space Station Mir. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 13(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872073.PMID: 12206160.
Golden BL, Kim H, Chase E. Crystal structure of a phage Twort group I ribozyme-product complex. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 2005 January; 12(1): 82-89. DOI: 10.1038/nsmb868.PMID: 15580277. | Impact Statement
Golden BL, Chase E. Crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of a group I ribozyme from bacteriophage twort. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 2005 January 1; 61(1): 71-74. DOI: 10.1107/S1744309104028337.PMID: 16508095. | Impact Statement
Fang XW, Srividya N, Golden BL, Sosnick TR, Pan T. Stepwise conversion of a mesophilic to a thermophilic ribozyme. Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 330(2): 177-183. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00582-5.PMID: 12823959.
Golden BL, Kundrot CE. RNA crystallization. Journal of Structural Biology. 2003 142(1): 98-107. PMID: 12718923.
Linger BR, Kunovska L, Kuhn RJ, Golden BL. Sindbis virus nucleocapsid assembly: RNA folding promotes capsid protein dimerization. RNA. 2004 10(1): 128-138. DOI: 10.1261/rna.5127104.PMID: 14681591.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Carter DC, Wright BS, Miller T, Chapman J, Twigg P, Keeling K, Moody K, White M, Click J, Ruble JR, Ho JX, Adcock-Downey L, Dowling T, Chang C, Ala P, Rose J, Wang BC, Declercq J, Evrard C, Rosenberg J, Wery J, Clawson D, Wardell M, Stallings W, Stevens A. PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196610-622. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00858-6.
Paukstelis PJ, Chen J, Chase E, Lambowitz AM, Golden BL. Structure of a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase splicing factor bound to a group I intron RNA. Nature. 2008 January 3; 451(7174): 94-97. DOI: 10.1038/nature06413.PMID: 18172503. | Impact Statement
Protein crystals are grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation will obtain high quality crystal for ground-based research. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Carter DC, Wright BS, Miller T, Chapman J, Twigg P, Keeling K, Moody K, White M, Click J, Ruble JR, Ho JX, Adcock-Downey L, Dowling T, Chang C, Ala P, Rose J, Wang BC, Declercq J, Evrard C, Rosenberg J, Wery J, Clawson D, Wardell M, Stallings W, Stevens A. PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196610-622. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00858-6.
Protein crystals were grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation grew high quality crystals for ground-based research, which examined two proteins, one used in the food industry and the other which is used in gene expression.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Zörb C, Weisert A, Stapelmann J, Smolik G, Carter DC, Wright BS, Brunner-Joos KD, Wagner G. Bacteriorhodopsin crystal growth in reduced gravity--results under the conditions, given in CPCF on board of a Space Shuttle, versus the conditions, given in DCAM on board of the Space Station Mir. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 13(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872073.PMID: 12206160.
Vahedi-Faridi A, Porta J, Borgstahl GE. Improved three-dimensional growth of manganese superoxide dismutase crystals on the International Space Station. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2003 59(Pt 2): 385-388. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902020310.PMID: 12554961.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Carter DC, Wright BS, Miller T, Chapman J, Twigg P, Keeling K, Moody K, White M, Click J, Ruble JR, Ho JX, Adcock-Downey L, Dowling T, Chang C, Ala P, Rose J, Wang BC, Declercq J, Evrard C, Rosenberg J, Wery J, Clawson D, Wardell M, Stallings W, Stevens A. PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196610-622. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00858-6.
Protein crystals were grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation focused on the PCG-STES hardware and its ability to provide an environment to produce high-quality crystals.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Zörb C, Weisert A, Stapelmann J, Smolik G, Carter DC, Wright BS, Brunner-Joos KD, Wagner G. Bacteriorhodopsin crystal growth in reduced gravity--results under the conditions, given in CPCF on board of a Space Shuttle, versus the conditions, given in DCAM on board of the Space Station Mir. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 13(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872073.PMID: 12206160.
Golden BL, Kim H, Chase E. Crystal structure of a phage Twort group I ribozyme-product complex. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 2005 January; 12(1): 82-89. DOI: 10.1038/nsmb868.PMID: 15580277. | Impact Statement
Vahedi-Faridi A, Porta J, Borgstahl GE. Improved three-dimensional growth of manganese superoxide dismutase crystals on the International Space Station. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2003 59(Pt 2): 385-388. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902020310.PMID: 12554961.
Fang XW, Srividya N, Golden BL, Sosnick TR, Pan T. Stepwise conversion of a mesophilic to a thermophilic ribozyme. Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 330(2): 177-183. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00582-5.PMID: 12823959.
Golden BL, Kundrot CE. RNA crystallization. Journal of Structural Biology. 2003 142(1): 98-107. PMID: 12718923.
Linger BR, Kunovska L, Kuhn RJ, Golden BL. Sindbis virus nucleocapsid assembly: RNA folding promotes capsid protein dimerization. RNA. 2004 10(1): 128-138. DOI: 10.1261/rna.5127104.PMID: 14681591.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Carter DC, Wright BS, Miller T, Chapman J, Twigg P, Keeling K, Moody K, White M, Click J, Ruble JR, Ho JX, Adcock-Downey L, Dowling T, Chang C, Ala P, Rose J, Wang BC, Declercq J, Evrard C, Rosenberg J, Wery J, Clawson D, Wardell M, Stallings W, Stevens A. PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196610-622. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00858-6.
Protein crystals were grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation's primary objective was to grow high quality, large crystals for ground-based research which were used in X-ray diffraction studies to discern the function and structure of the proteins.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Zörb C, Weisert A, Stapelmann J, Smolik G, Carter DC, Wright BS, Brunner-Joos KD, Wagner G. Bacteriorhodopsin crystal growth in reduced gravity--results under the conditions, given in CPCF on board of a Space Shuttle, versus the conditions, given in DCAM on board of the Space Station Mir. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2002 13(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872073.PMID: 12206160.
Golden BL, Kim H, Chase E. Crystal structure of a phage Twort group I ribozyme-product complex. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 2005 January; 12(1): 82-89. DOI: 10.1038/nsmb868.PMID: 15580277. | Impact Statement
Vahedi-Faridi A, Porta J, Borgstahl GE. Improved three-dimensional growth of manganese superoxide dismutase crystals on the International Space Station. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2003 59(Pt 2): 385-388. DOI: 10.1107/S0907444902020310.PMID: 12554961.
Fang XW, Srividya N, Golden BL, Sosnick TR, Pan T. Stepwise conversion of a mesophilic to a thermophilic ribozyme. Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 330(2): 177-183. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00582-5.PMID: 12823959.
Golden BL, Kundrot CE. RNA crystallization. Journal of Structural Biology. 2003 142(1): 98-107. PMID: 12718923.
Linger BR, Kunovska L, Kuhn RJ, Golden BL. Sindbis virus nucleocapsid assembly: RNA folding promotes capsid protein dimerization. RNA. 2004 10(1): 128-138. DOI: 10.1261/rna.5127104.PMID: 14681591.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
Carter DC, Wright BS, Miller T, Chapman J, Twigg P, Keeling K, Moody K, White M, Click J, Ruble JR, Ho JX, Adcock-Downey L, Dowling T, Chang C, Ala P, Rose J, Wang BC, Declercq J, Evrard C, Rosenberg J, Wery J, Clawson D, Wardell M, Stallings W, Stevens A. PCAM: a multi-user facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196610-622. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00858-6.
Protein crystals are grown in a temperature controlled environment. This investigation will obtain high quality crystal for ground-based research. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Publications
Declercq J, Evrard C, Carter DC, Wright BS, Etienne G, Parello J. A crystal of a typical EF-hand protein grown under microgravity diffracts X-rays beyond 0.9 Å resolution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 196(2-4): 595-601. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00829-X.
Ho JX, Declercq J, Myles DA, Wright BS, Ruble JR, Carter DC. Neutron structure of monoclinic lysozyme crystals produced in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2001 232(1-4): 317-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01077-6.
The Protein Crystallization Diagnostics Facility (PCDF) is a multi-user facility for the investigation of protein crystal growth and other biological macromolecules under microgravity. Crystallization experiments using the dialysis or the batch method can be performed. PCDF is designed for accommodation in the European Drawer Rack (EDR) on the International Space Station (ISS).
Publications
Maes D, Evrard C, Gavira JA, Sleutel M, Van de Weerdt C, Otalora Munoz F, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Nicolis G, Martial J, Decanniere K. Toward a definition of x-ray crystal quality. Crystal Growth and Design. 2008 December 3; 8(12): 4284-4290. DOI: 10.1021/cg800699e. | Impact Statement
Patiño-Lopez LD, Decanniere K, Gavira JA, Maes D, Otalora Munoz F. Protein Experiment: Scientific Data Processing Platform for On-Flight Experiment Tuning. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 November 1; 24(5): 327-334. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9320-y.
De Smet L, Klai S, Decanniere K, Haumont E. Successful PCDF PROTEIN mission in ISS after meticulous preparation and on-the-fly flexibility. SpaceOps 2010, Huntsville, Alabama. 2010 April 25-30; AIAA 2010-235510 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2010-2355. | Impact Statement
Pletser V, Bosch R, Potthast L, Lautenschlager P, Kassel R. The Protein Crystallisation Diagnostics Facility (PCDF) on Board ESA Columbus Laboratory. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 September 3; 21(3): 269-277. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-008-9093-5. | Impact Statement
Joannes L, Dupont O, Dewandel J, Ligot R, Algrain H. Optical system for the protein crystallisation diagnostics facility (PCDF) of board the ISS. International Conference on Space Optics, Toulouse, France. 2018 April 13; 10568105682T. DOI: 10.1117/12.2500120. | Impact Statement
All molecules have a unique shape and structure, and understanding how they are physically arranged helps scientists determine not only how they work, but how other molecules interact with them. Scientists use three-dimensional crystals to study these structures in greater detail, but large molecules are difficult to crystallize on Earth, where gravity and shear forces interfere with their formation. Protein Crystallography to Enable Structure-Based Drug Design (CASIS PCG 4-1) crystallizes a specific class of proteins in microgravity, allowing chemists to study how specific modifications affect the protein’s interactions.
Enzymes play a critical role in many biological processes, but the way they operate is not well understood. Protein Crystals for Neutron Crystallography (PC4NC) studies an enzyme called inorganic pyrophosphatase (IPPase) to determine how it functions. By studying the diffraction of neutrons in the crystal, researchers can locate the positions of hydrogen bonds in the enzyme, which will help determine how the molecule works in a cell. In order to do so, large enzyme crystals must be grown, but this is only possible in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station.
Protein Manufacturing demonstrates bioreactor technology for converting inedible plant materials and other wastes into high-protein, edible fungal biomats in microgravity. The ability to produce fresh food in space reduces the amount of prepackaged food that must be taken along on missions, reducing launch mass and storage needs. This technology could contribute to the success of future human space exploration missions.
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station for one year while his twin remains on Earth. Proteomic Assessment of Fluid Shifts and Association with Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure in Twin Astronauts (Twins Study – Rana) explores the protein and gene changes associated with the headward shift of fluid that occurs while in space, which is related to symptoms of visual impairment and intracranial pressure (VIIP) reported by some crew members; it also looks at how these changes relate to the various genomic changes noted by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
The Prototype InfraRed Payload (PIRPL) explores the atmosphere by collecting infrared (IR) scenes in various bands of interest while in low-Earth orbit, berthed to the International Space Station. Collection under a range of conditions could validate generation of synthetic IR scenes and algorithms used to detect specific targets. Use of commercial off-the-shelf components, and the availability of the Cygnus spacecraft, support lower cost and more streamlined development of these capabilities.
Reaction Self Test is a portable, five-minute task that enables astronauts to monitor the daily effects of fatigue on performance while in space. Sleep restrictions and residual effects from sleep medications, slam shifts that change the sleep/wake cycle, and effects from spacewalks can cause fatigue and degrade astronaut performance. Periodically during the mission, and in association with major events, an astronaut performs a reaction-time test on a computer to measure changes in responses.
Publications
Basner M, Dinges DF. Maximizing sensitivity of the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) to sleep loss. Sleep. 2011 May; 34(5): 581-591. PMID: 21532951.
Basner M, Mollicone D, Dinges DF. Validity and sensitivity of a brief psychomotor vigilance test (PVT-B) to total and partial sleep deprivation. Acta Astronautica. 2011 December 1; 69(11-12): 949-959. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.07.015.PMID: 22025811.
Basner M, Dinges DF. An adaptive-duration version of the PVT accurately tracks changes in psychomotor vigilance induced by sleep restriction. Sleep. 2012 February; 35(2): 193-202. DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1620.PMID: 22294809.
Lim J, Dinges DF. Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008 1129305-322. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1417.002.PMID: 18591490.
Lim J, Dinges DF. A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables. Psychological Bulletin. 2010 May; 136(3): 375-389. DOI: 10.1037/a0018883.PMID: 20438143.
Lim J, Wu W, Wang J, Detre JA, Dinges DF, Rao H. Imaging brain fatigue from sustained mental workload: an ASL perfusion study of the time-on-task effect. NeuroImage. 2010 February 15; 49(4): 3426-3435. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.020.PMID: 19925871.
Lim J, Tan JC, Parimal S, Dinges DF, Chee MW. Sleep deprivation impairs object-selective attention: a view from the ventral visual cortex. PLOS ONE. 2010 5(2): e9087. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009087.PMID: 20140099.
Jones CW, Basner M, Mollicone D, Mott CM, Dinges DF. Sleep deficiency in spaceflight is associated with degraded neurobehavioral functions and elevated stress in astronauts on six-month missions aboard the International Space Station. Sleep. 2022 January 12; epubzsac006. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac006.PMID: 35023565. | Impact Statement
Tu D, Basner M, Smith MG, Williams ES, Ryder VE, Romoser AA, Ecker AJ, Aeschbach D, Stahn AC, Jones CW, Howard K, Kaizi-Lutu M, Dinges DF, Shou H. Dynamic ensemble prediction of cognitive performance in spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2022 June 30; 12(1): 11032. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14456-8.PMID: 35773291. | Impact Statement
Puerto Rico CubeSat NanoRocks 2 (PRCuNaR2) explores low-energy particle collisions using a CubeSat containing particles mechanically shaken to induce collisions. Video of the collisions can help scientists determine the mass, density, and composition of particles and collision velocities that lead to behaviors such as sticking and fragmentation of aggregates. Collisions of small objects and aggregates of dust play a role in formation of protoplanetary disks – gaseous masses believed to give rise to planets – and planetary ring systems such as Saturn’s.
Pushing the Limits of Silica Fillers for Tire Applications (Goodyear Tire) evaluates creation of novel silica forms and structures, or morphologies, using traditional techniques to form silica fillers in microgravity. The space environment may yield results not possible in ground-based environments. Better understanding of silica morphology and the relationship between silica structure and properties may improve the silica design process as well as silica rubber formulation and tire manufacturing and performance on the ground.
Currently, NASA does not have sufficient in-flight anthropometric data (body measurements) gathered to assess the impact of physical body shape and size changes on suit sizing. This study (for which data collection is now complete) involves collecting anthropometric data (body measurements) using digital still and video imagery and a tape measure to measure segmental length, height, depth, and circumference data for all body segments (i.e., chest, waist, hip, arms, legs, etc.) from astronauts for pre-, post-, and in-flight conditions.
Publications
Kim KH, Young KS, Rajulu SL. Neutral Body Posture in Spaceflight. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 2019 November 1; 63(1): 992-996. DOI: 10.1177/1071181319631129. | Impact Statement
Young KS, Rajulu SL. Changes in seated height in microgravity. Applied Ergonomics. 2020 February 1; 83102995. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102995. | Impact Statement
Quantifying Cohesive Sediment Dynamics for Advanced Environmental Modeling (BCAT-CS) focuses on the study of forces between particles that cluster together by studying sediments of quartz and clay particles. By conducting the research aboard the International Space Station (ISS), it is possible to separate the forces acting on the particles over a short range (adhesive forces) versus those acting over a long range (cohesive forces). The quartz/clay system is commonly found in a wide variety of environmental settings (such as rivers, lakes, and oceans) and plays an important role in technological efforts related to deep sea hydrocarbon drilling and carbon dioxide sequestration.
The Quantifying Selection for Pathogenicity and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Fungi on the ISS – a Microbial Tracking Study (Microbial Tracking-3 or MT-3) investigation continues a series focused on ongoing monitoring of pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) and antibiotic resistance in potentially disease-causing bacteria and fungi present on the International Space Station (ISS). The investigation aims to identify, analyze, and characterize pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and genomics to augment the NASA GeneLab with the statistical confidence to characterize microbes associated with closed habitation and predict those that may pose a threat to crew health.
The Quantitative CT and MRI-based Modeling Assessment of Dynamic Vertebral Strength and Injury Risk Following Long-Duration Spaceflight (Vertebral Strength) investigation aboard the International Space Station (ISS) performs musculoskeletal measurements before and after spaceflight to measure the vertebral strength changes that may occur during spaceflight. Astronauts on long-duration space missions can experience degradation of the bones and muscles supporting the vertebral column, increasing the risk of injury to these tissues. These measurements are integrated and applied to simulations of varying forces that determine overall musculoskeletal strength and injury risk on future space missions.
Publications
McNamara KP, Greene KA, Tooze JA, Dang J, Khattab K, Lenchik L, Weaver AA. Neck Muscle Changes Following Long-Duration Spaceflight. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019 September 13; 1011 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01115. | Impact Statement
McNamara KP, Greene KA, Moore AM, Lenchik L, Weaver AA. Lumbopelvic muscle changes following long-duration spaceflight. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019 May 21; 10627. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00627.PMID: 31164840. | Impact Statement
Greene KA, Withers SS, Lenchik L, Tooze JA, Weaver AA. Trunk skeletal muscle changes on CT with long-duration spaceflight. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2021 February 18; epub10pp. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02745-8.PMID: 33604800. | Impact Statement
Greene KA, Tooze JA, Lenchik L, Weaver AA. Change in lumbar muscle size and composition on MRI with long-duration spaceflight. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2022 April 22; epubDOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02968-3.PMID: 35459964.
Quasi-Crystalline Undercooled Alloys for Space Investigation (EML Batch 3 - QUASI) focuses on nucleation and supercooling of glass- and quasicrystal-forming alloys as a function of stirring to test a new model for nucleation in solute partitioning systems. Thermophysical properties, such as specific heat, total hemispherical emissivity, viscosity, and electrical conductivity are also measured as a function of temperature with post-flight microstructural analysis included as well. These data are required for modelling of nucleation and growth, and to complement ground-based studies that have experimentally established a temperature for the onset of cooperative dynamics, and a correlation between liquid structure (from x-ray- and elastic neutron-scattering studies) and liquid dynamics.
Qubesat for Aerothermodynamic Research and Measurements on AblatioN (QARMAN) uses a CubeSat to test a thermal protection system for re-entry to Earth’s atmosphere. The investigation collects data such as pressure and temperature during re-entry to assess the behavior of the system and re-entry phenomena. Future exploration missions must be able to safely enter the atmospheres of other celestial bodies and that of Earth when they return home.
Qucopartex 22 tests how exposure to the space environment affects various materials, including their rate of deterioration and stability. The materials include high quality beryl and volcanic glass pebbles. Researchers plan to conduct a variety of physical, chemical, and biological tests upon return of the samples to Earth. Results may contribute to improvements in materials for use in harsh environments.
Grains of dust formed in the stellar ejecta of dying stars fills the interstellar space, or the space between stars, in a galaxy by being affected by various astrophysical events. Scientists have been unable to identify the precise nature of the carbon-containing compounds included in interstellar dust, which makes for an incomplete picture of the cycling of matters in galaxies. The Quest for the Compositional identification and Chemical evolutional understanding of the Interstellar Dust (Ex-Ham Interstellar Carbonaceous Solids) investigation takes dust-like particles that have been created in the laboratory and exposes them to space, providing new information about the chemical and physical processes that bridge over the laboratory dust and the cosmic dust grains.
Quest Institute Multi-Experiment, Educational Investigation – NextGen-2 (Quest NextGen-2) is an experimental platform carrying five individual experiments exploring the scientific principles and space applications of magnetism. Students who designed the investigations have the opportunity to interact and customize various activities related to magnetism in space and to run similar tests on the ground.
Quest Institute-NanoLab Unit 3 contains 15 Nano-Lab experiments from students in the United States and Singapore. They include experiments on crystal formation, the effect of rust on metal conductivity in microgravity, examination of various microbiomes, proof of concept for several electronic processing systems and the effects of microgravity on several different organisms. Student-developed spaceflight experiments empower students with real-world science experience.
Quest Multi Experiment Module #4 consists of nine experiments from students in the United States and Singapore, ranging from studies of different materials and structures to the effects of microgravity on various organisms, including those with potential as food sources. These student-developed experiments provide participants real-world experience with spaceflight research.
Quest Multi Experiment Module 5 consists of fourteen experiments designed by students at schools in the United States and Singapore. The experiments range from studies of materials and structures to investigations into the effects of microgravity on various organisms, including those with potential as food sources. These experiments provide students direct experience with spaceflight research.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-13 (J-SSOD-13) is a CubeSat deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). J-SSOD-13 deploys Guatemala’s Quetzal-1 CubeSat. This CubeSat is launched to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-20 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
The Radiation Environment Monitor could become the basis for the first space radiation dosimeters. Dosimeters measure how much radiation a person absorbs, and they are frequently used in nuclear power facilities, cancer treatment centers and other locations where people are exposed to radiation. The experiment tests technology that can continuously and quickly measure space radiation exposure.
Publications
Kroupa M, Bahadori A, Campbell-Ricketts T, Empl A, Hoang SM, Idarraga-Munoz J, Rios R, Semones E, Stoffle NN, Tlustos L, Turecek D, Pinsky LS. A semiconductor radiation imaging pixel detector for space radiation dosimetry. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2015 July; 669-78. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.06.006.PMID: 26256630. Also related for Battery-operated Independent radiation Detector (BIRD) and Hybrid Electronic Radiation Assessor (HERA).. | Impact Statement
Kroupa M, Bahadori A, Campbell-Ricketts T, George SP, Stoffle NN, Zeitlin C. Light ion isotope identification in space using a pixel detector based single layer telescope. Applied Physics Letters. 2018 October 22; 113(17): 174101. DOI: 10.1063/1.5052907. | Impact Statement
Radiation can harm computers by energizing their circuits, erasing data and causing glitches that can affect a spacecraft’s ability to work properly. Single event effects, which result from highly energized charged particles traveling through space, cause most space-based computer failures. The Radiation Tolerant Computer Mission on the ISS (RTcMISS) tests a new computer system designed to withstand the harmful effects of space radiation, proving it works in the real space environment.
(RaDI-N) will measure neutron radiation levels while onboard the International Space Station (ISS). RaDI-N uses bubble detectors as neutron monitors which have been designed to only detect neutrons and ignore all other radiation.
Publications
Smith MB, Akatov YA, Andrews HR, Arkhangelsky VV, Chernykh IV, Ing H, Khoshooniy N, Lewis BJ, Machrafi R, Nikolaev IV, Romanenko RY, Shurshakov VA, Thirsk RB, Tomi L. Measurments of the Neutron Dose and Energy Spectrum on the International Space Station During Expeditions ISS-16 to ISS-21. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2013 153(4): 509-533. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs129.PMID: 22826353. | Impact Statement
El-Jaby S, Lewis BJ, Tomi L. A model for predicting the radiation exposure for mission planning aboard the international space station. Advances in Space Research. 2014 April; 53(7): 1125-1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.10.006. | Impact Statement
Lewis BJ, Smith MB, Ing H, Andrews HR, Machrafi R, Tomi L, Matthews TJ, Veloce L, Shurshakov VA, Chernykh IV, Khoshooniy N. Review of Bubble Detector Response Characteristics and Results from Space. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2012 June; 150(1): 1-21. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr358.PMID: 21890528. | Impact Statement
Hallil A, Brown M, Akatov YA, Arkhangelsky VV, Chernykh IV, Mitrikas VG, Petrov VP, Shurshakov VA, Tomi L, Kartsev IS, Lyagushin VI. MOSFET dosimetry mission inside the ISS as part of the Matroshka-R experiment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2010 November 22; 138(4): 295-309. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp265.PMID: 19933696. | Impact Statement
Machrafi R, Garrow K, Ing H, Smith MB, Andrews HR, Akatov YA, Arkhangelsky VV, Chernykh IV, Mitrikas VG, Petrov VP, Shurshakov VA, Tomi L, Kartsev IS, Lyagushin VI. Neutron Dose Study with Bubble Detectors Aboard the International Space Station as Part of the Matroshka-R Experiment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2009 February 1; 133(4): 200-207. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp039. | Impact Statement
El-Jaby S, Tomi L, Sihver L, Saito T, Richardson RB, Lewis BJ. Method for the prediction of the effective dose equivalent to the crew of the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2014 March; 53(5): 810-817. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.12.022. | Impact Statement
Chernykh IV, Liagushin VI, Akatov IA, Arkhangelsky VV, Petrov VM, Shurshakov VA, Mashrafi R, Garrow H, Ing M, Smith MB, Tomi L. Results of measuring neutron dose inside the Russian segment of the International Space Station using bubble detectors in experiment Matreshka-R. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2010 May - June; 44(3): 12-17. PMID: 21033392. Russian.
Smith MB, Khulapko S, Andrews HR, Arkhangelsky VV, Ing H, Lewis BJ, Machrafi R, Nikolaev IV, Shurshakov VA. Bubble-detector measurements in the Russian segment of the International Space Station during 2009-12. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2015 163(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu053. | Impact Statement
Radi-N2 Neutron Field Study (Radi-N2) is a follow on investigation designed to characterize the neutron radiation environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Eight neutron “bubble detectors” produced by the Canadian company Bubble Technology Industries are attached to fixed locations inside the ISS, including one carried by a crew member. The objective of this investigation is to better characterize the ISS neutron environment and define the risk posed to the crew members’ health and provide the data necessary to develop advanced protective measures for future spaceflight.
Publications
Smith MB, Khulapko S, Andrews HR, Arkhangelsky VV, Ing H, Koslowsky MR, Lewis BJ, Machrafi R, Nikolaev IV, Shurshakov VA. Bubble-detection measurements of neutron radiation in the International Space Station: ISS-34 to ISS-37. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2016 March; 168(2): 154-166. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv181.PMID: 25899609. | Impact Statement
El-Jaby S, Lewis BJ, Tomi L. A model for predicting the radiation exposure for mission planning aboard the international space station. Advances in Space Research. 2014 April; 53(7): 1125-1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.10.006. | Impact Statement
El-Jaby S, Tomi L, Sihver L, Saito T, Richardson RB, Lewis BJ. Method for the prediction of the effective dose equivalent to the crew of the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2014 March; 53(5): 810-817. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.12.022. | Impact Statement
Radix demonstrates technology for an optical data relay system. The CubeSat downlinks data to the ground using laser communication. Such optical communication downlinks increase the timeliness and amount of data that is sent between satellites and the ground.
Electronics and power systems in spacecraft must operate in a harsh radiation environment that can cause system failures. Performance Characterization of Integratable AI Modules Processed on a Radiation Tolerant Computer System (RadPC-AI) assesses the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to detect and diagnose potential failures before they become critical. One challenge is that, in space, algorithms run on computing platforms that are also susceptible to faults caused by radiation, so this investigation uses radiation-tolerant computing technology called “RadPC.”
Computers operating in space must withstand a harsh radiation environment, which may sometimes cause system failures. Designed to detect and withstand the harmful effects of space radiation, RadSat-g houses and tests a novel computer investigation while orbiting in low-Earth orbit.
RadSat-u tests the performance of a computer designed to detect and withstand the harmful effects of space radiation. This radiation is one of the primary reasons for system failures in modern integrated circuits used in space. These failures are hard to reproduce on Earth and are infrequent even in low-Earth orbit, so the investigation collects data for six months.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-1 (J-SSOD-1) mission deploys the RAIKO CubeSat. RAIKO is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-3. J-SSOD-1 is the first small satellite deployment mission from Kibo on the International Space Station (ISS).
Climate and weather models depend on measurements from space-borne satellites to complete model validation and improvements. RainCube is a technology demonstration mission enabling precipitation radar technologies on a low-cost, quick-turnaround platform, demonstrating a small radar and ultra-compact deployable antenna and providing a profile of the Earth’s vertically falling precipitation, such as rain and snow. The RainCube mission enables future Earth science missions to improve weather and climate models.
Publications
Sy OO, Tanelli S, Durden SL, Peral E, Sacco G, Chahat NE, Hristova-Veleva S, Heymsfield AJ, Bansemer A, Knosp B, Dobrowalski G, Li PP, Vu Q. Scientific products from the first Radar in a CubeSat (RainCube): Deconvolution, cross-validation, and retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2021 May 5; 1-20. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2021.3073990. | Impact Statement
Elevated stress can affect essential functions controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) such as memory, ability to concentrate, sleep, and fine-motor skills. Evaluating Stress Levels Among Space Travelers by Monitoring Changes In Their Central Nervous System Functions [Monitoring Stress (Ax-1)] on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) examines whether the development of emotional distress can be detected by continuous monitoring of basic CNS functions. Results could support development of tools for early intervention to help maintain the well-being and performance of crew members on future long-duration missions. The work also could have applications for hospitalized or quarantined individuals on Earth. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to outreach, commercial research, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Ram Burn Observations (RAMBO) is an experiment in which the Department of Defense uses a satellite to observe space shuttle orbital maneuvering system engine burns. Its purpose is to improve plume models, which predict the direction the plume, or rising column of exhaust, will move as the shuttle maneuvers on orbit. Understanding the direction in which the spacecraft engine plume, or exhaust flows could be significant to the safe arrival and departure of spacecraft on current and future exploration missions.
Publications
Bernstein LS, Chiu Y, Gardner JA, Broadfoot AL, Lester MI, Tsiouris M, Dressler RA, Murad E. Molecular Beams in Space: Sources of OH (A yields X) emission in the Space Shuttle environment. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2003 107(49): 10695-10705. DOI: 10.1021/jp035143x. | Impact Statement
Viereck RA, Murad E, Knecht DJ, Pike CP. The Interaction of the Atmosphere with the Space Shuttle Thruster Plume: the NH(A-X) 336 nm Emission. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1996 101(A3): 5371-5380. DOI: 10.1029/95JA03635.
Broadfoot AL, Anderson EE, Sherard P, Knecht DJ, Vierek RA, Pike CP, Murad E, Elgin JE, Bernstein LS, Kofsky IL, Rall DL, Blaha J, Culbertson FL. Spectrographic Observation at Wavelengths Near 630 nm of the Interaction Between the Atmosphere and the Space Shuttle Exhaust. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1992 97(A12): 19501-19508.
Duff JW, Braunstein M. Electronic Structure and Dynamics of O(3P) + CO(1S+) Collisions. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2000 112(6): 2736-2745.
Dimpfl WL, Light GC, Bernstein LS. Molecular Dynamics From Remote Observation of CO(a) from Space Shuttle Plumes. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2005 42(2): 352-362. Also: AIAA Space 2003, Sept 23-25, 2003, Long Beach CA, 2003-6204.. | Impact Statement
Ram Burn Observations - 2 (RAMBO-2) is an experiment in which the Department of Defense uses a satellite to observe space shuttle orbital maneuvering system engine burns. Its purpose is to improve plume models, which predict the direction the plume, or rising column of exhaust, will move as the shuttle maneuvers on orbit. Understanding the direction in which the spacecraft engine plume, or exhaust flows could be significant to the safe arrival and departure of spacecraft on current and future exploration missions.
RamSat: An Educational CubeSat Mission Examining Forest Disturbances (RamSat) uses satellite-mounted multispectral and near-infrared cameras to examine the effects of large-scale disturbances such as fires on forests. The project seeks to engage as many middle school students as possible in learning experiences directly tied to the mission. Students can collect and analyze remotely sensed scientific data, develop an overall understanding of the CubeSat systems and work as a member of a multidisciplinary scientific team.
Future robotic spacecraft operating thousands of miles from Earth need advanced autopilot systems to help them safely navigate and rendezvous with other objects. The Raven investigation studies a real-time spacecraft navigation system that provides the eyes and intelligence to see a target and steer toward it safely. The investigation enables future exploration missions near Earth and beyond, including satellite servicing and repair, asteroid exploration and redirect missions, and the Orion program.
Publications
Lewis A, Drajeske D, Raiti J, Berens A, Rosen J, Hannaford B. RAVEN-S: Design and simulation of a robot for teleoperated microgravity rodent dissection under time delay. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Paris, France. 2020 May; 11332-11337. DOI: 10.1109/ICRA40945.2020.9196691. | Impact Statement
Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) evaluates the ability of the space flight platform to accelerate recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine development against pneumococcal pneumonia, which causes life-threatening diseases (pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia) that kill over 10 million people annually, particularly children and elderly who are less responsive to current anti-pneumococcal vaccines. The overall goal of the RASV experiment is to use space flight as an innovative platform to facilitate the design and development of next generation vaccines with improved efficacy and protective immune responses while minimizing unwanted side effects by 1) providing novel gene targets for vaccine improvement and development, and 2) re-formulating existing vaccines. The experiment is a joint collaboration between Arizona State University researchers, Dr. Cheryl Nickerson and Dr. Roy Curtiss III.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Quick L, Davis RR, Honer zu Bentrup K, Crabbe A, Richter E, Sarker SF, Barrila J, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Shah M, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Bober R, Devich J, Ruggles AD, CdeBaca A, Narayan S, Benjamin J, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Porter MD, Pierson DL, Smith SM, Mergeay M, Leys N, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Gorie D, Nickerson CA. Media Ion Composition Controls Regulatory and Virulence Response of Salmonella in Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2008 3(12): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003923.
Crabbe A, Schurr MJ, Monsieurs P, Morici L, Schurr J, Wilson JW, Ott CM, Tsaprailis G, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Nickerson CA. Transcriptional and Proteomic Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to Spaceflight Conditions Involve Hfq Regulation and Reveal a Role for Oxygen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2011 77(4): 1221-1230. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01582-10.PMID: 21169425. | Impact Statement
Nauman EA, Ott CM, Sander E, Tucker DL, Pierson DL, Wilson JW, Nickerson CA. A Novel Quantitative Biosystem to Model Physiological Fluid Shear Stress on Cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2007 Feb; 73(3): 699-705. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02428-06. | Impact Statement
Barrila J, Radtke AL, Crabbe A, Sarker SF, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Ott CM, Nickerson CA. Organotypic 3-D cell culture models: Applying the rotating wall vessel to study host-pathogen interactions. (Invited Review). Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2010 8(11): 791-801.
Crabbe A, Pycke B, Van Houdt R, Monsieurs P, Nickerson CA, Leys N, Cornelis P. Response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to low shear modeled microgravity involves AlgU regulation. Environmental Microbiology. 2010 12(6): 1545-1564. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02184.x. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Low-Shear modeled microgravity alters the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stress response in an RpoS-independent manner. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 68(11): 5408-5416. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5408-5416.2002. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Hammond TG, Allen PL, Ott CM, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Microarray Analysis Identifies Salmonella Genes Belonging to Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity Regulon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 99(21): 13807-11382. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212387899.PMID: 12370447.
Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Mister SJ, Morrow BJ, Burns-Keliher L, Pierson DL. Microgravity as a Novel Environmental Signal Affecting Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence. Infection and Immunity. 2000 68(6): 3147-3152.
Radtke AL, Wilson JW, Sarker SF, Nickerson CA. Analysis of Interactions of Salmonella Type Three Secretion Mutants with 3-D Intestinal Epithelial Cells. PLOS ONE. 2010 12/29/2010; 5(12): e15750. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015750.
Recording Micrometeoroid and Technogenic Particle on the External Surface of the ISS Russian Segment Service Module (Meteoroid) continuously monitors the meteoric and space debris environment in the proximity of the orbit of ISS operations. This is determined on one hand, by the continuous increase of the pollution level in the space environment, and on the other hand, by the ISS design life. The Meteoroid experiment is one component of a system being developed to monitor the meteoroid and technogenic elements of the space environment, covering the full range of the particle sizes.
Astronauts and cosmonauts that live in space for six months to a year experience physical changes that have noticeable effects once they return to Earth’s gravity, including changes to vision, balance, coordination, blood pressure, and the ability to walk, which impact their ability to perform basic tasks. Current crews land on Earth with immediate access to medical assistance and rehabilitation facilities, but future crews traveling to Mars, or other destinations won’t have these resources or much time to recover from the changes upon arrival. The Field Test investigation, for which data collection is now complete, includes several studies designed by scientists from NASA and Russia to investigate the complexity, severity, and duration of these changes, with an aim toward improving recovery time and developing injury prevention methods for future missions.
Publications
Stenger MB, Lee SM, Westby CM, Ribeiro LC, Phillips TR, Martin DS, Platts SH. Abdomen-high elastic gradient compression garments during post-spaceflight stand tests. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2013 May; 84(5): 459-466. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3528.2013.PMID: 23713210. | Impact Statement
Fomina EV, Lysova NY, Kukoba TB, Grishin AP, Kornienko MB. One-year mission on ISS Is a step towards interplanetary missions. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2017 December 1; 88(12): 1094-1099. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4847.2017.PMID: 29157338. | Impact Statement
Fomina EV, Grushevskaya UA, Lysova NY, Shatov DS. Optimization of training in weightlessness with respect to personal preferences. Proceedings of the School-Seminar on Optimization Problems and their Applications, Omsk, Russia. 2018 July 8; Vol-2098134-140. | Impact Statement
Lee SM, Ribeiro LC, Laurie SS, Feiveson AH, Kitov VV, Kofman IS, Macias BR, Rosenberg MJ, Rukavishnikov IV, Tomilovskaya ES, Bloomberg JJ, Kozlovskaya IB, Reschke MF, Stenger MB. Efficacy of gradient compression garments in the hours after long-duration spaceflight. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020 July 17; 11784. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00784.PMID: 32765292. | Impact Statement
Reschke MF, Kozlovskaya IB, Lysova NY, Kitov VV, Rukavishnikov IV, Kofman IS, Tomilovskaya ES, Rosenberg MJ, Osetsky N, Fomina EV, Grishin AP, Wood SJ. Joint Russian-Usa Field Test: Implications for deconditioned crew following long duration spaceflight. Aviacosmic and Ecological Medicine. 2020 54(6): 94-100. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-94-100. | Impact Statement
The RED-EYE program develops and demonstrates technologies which increase the utility of low-cost microsatellites.
REducing Arthritis Dependent Inflammation First Phase (READI FP) evaluates how microgravity and space radiation affect the generation of bone tissue. It also examines the potential protective effects of bio-collagen and bioactive metabolites such as antioxidants during spaceflight. The source of these metabolites are vegetal extracts produced as waste products in wine production.
The Redwire Cardiac Bioprinting Investigation (BFF Cardiac) uses the Redwire BioFabrication Facility (BFF) to print and process cardiac tissue samples for study and eventual use on Earth. Microgravity enables printing of tissue samples of higher quality than those printed on the ground. Results could advance technologies for producing organs and tissues in lieu of donated organs for transplant and improve 3D printing so that crews on future long-duration space missions could print foods and medicines on demand.
The Redwire Regolith Print (RRP) demonstrates 3D printing with regolith feedstock material in microgravity using the Made In Space Manufacturing Device currently aboard the International Space Station. This demonstration could help determine the feasibility of using resources available on planetary bodies as the raw materials for on-demand construction of housing and other structures. This capability reduces the amount of materials needed on future exploration missions, thus reducing launch mass.
The Reentry Breakup Recorder (REBR) tests a cost-effective system that rides a reentering space vehicle, records data during the reentry and breakup of the vehicle, and returns the data for analysis. Understanding how vehicles behave during atmospheric reentry gives future spacecraft developers unique information that can enhance design efficiencies and safety.
Publications
Weaver MA, Ailor W. Reentry Breakup Recorder: concept, testing, moving forward. AIAA Space 2012 Conference & Exposition, Pasadena, CA. 2012 September 11-13; AIAA 2012-5271DOI: 10.2514/6.2012-5271. | Impact Statement
Ailor W, Weaver MA. Reentry Breakup Recorder: An innovative device for collecting data during breakup of reentering objects. 5th IAASS Conference, Versailles, France. 2011 October 17-19; | Impact Statement
Wada K, Yamanaka K, Uematsu H, Suzuki Y, Sasaki H. Evaluation results of the htv atmospheric reentry trajectory. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 October 3-7; IAC-11.B6.1.3 | Impact Statement
Feistel AS, Weaver MA, Ailor W. Comparison of reentry breakup measurements for three atmospheric reentries. 6th IAASS Conference, Montreal, Canada. 2013 May 21-23; 8 pp. | Impact Statement
Ailor W, Weaver MA, Feistel AS, Sorge ME. Reentry breakup recorder: Summary of data for HTV3 and ATV-3 reentries and future directions. 6th European Conference on Space Debris, Darmstadt, Germany. 2013 April 22-25; 7 pp. | Impact Statement
When aging satellites or space stations succumb to atmospheric drag and gravity and fall back down to Earth, passage through the denser atmosphere breaks them up into several pieces that can be hazardous to life on the ground. The Reentry Breakup Recorder with Wireless Sensors (REBR-W) tests a device that can ride along inside a vehicle re-entering Earth’s atmosphere to record data about when and how the craft breaks apart in the atmosphere. This information can be used for reentry hazard prediction studies, reducing risks, and improving planning for spacecraft that eventually must deorbit.
The I BALL investigation consists of a spherical sensor assembly that acquires continuous position, acceleration, temperature, and imagery data during the HTV reentry phase. I BALL is launched onboard the HTV3 vehicle and is installed, prior to hatch closure, onto a surface panel of an HTV Resupply Rack (HRR). During and after HTV3 atmospheric reentry, I BALL automatically collects data and sends it to the ground for processing in order to more thoroughly understand the processes and characteristics regarding spacecraft reentry.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-6 (J-SSOD-6) deployed the re-Entry satellite with Gossamer aeroshell and GPS/Iridium (EGG) CubeSat. EGG is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-6.
Refabricator demonstrates the first integrated 3D Printer and Recycler on board the International Space Station (ISS). Refabricator recycles waste plastic materials into high quality 3D-printer filament, providing the potential for sustainable fabrication, repair, and recycling capabilities on long-duration space missions. This hardware represents a key component of NASA's In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) technology development roadmap.
Publications
Prater TJ, Werkheiser N, Ledbetter III FE, Morgan K. In-Space Manufacturing at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center: A portfolio of fabrication and recycling technology development for the International Space Station. 2018 AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition, Orlando, FL. 2018 September 17-19; 14 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2018-5364. | Impact Statement
Prater TJ, Edmunsson J, Fiske M, Ledbetter III FE, Hill C, Meyyappan M, Roberts C, Huebner L, Hall P, Werkheiser N. NASA’s In-Space Manufacturing Project: Update on Manufacturing Technologies and Materials to Enable More Sustainable and Safer Exploration. 70th International Astronautical Congress 2019, Washington, DC. 2019 October 21-25; IAC-19.D3.2B.514 pp. | Impact Statement
Ferulate tests the hypothesis that microgravity modifies ferulic acid thereby decreasing the mechanical strength of cell walls.
Publications
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Kamisaka S, Hoson T. Increase in the level of arabinoxylan-hydroxycinnamate network in cell walls of wheat coleoptiles grown under continuous hypergravity conditions. Physiologia Plantarum. 2005 September; 125(1): 127-134. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2005.00544.x. | Impact Statement
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Kamisaka S, Hoson T. Changes in levels of cell wall constituents in wheat seedlings grown under continuous hypergravity conditions. Advances in Space Research. 2005 January; 36(7): 1292-1297. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.066. | Impact Statement
Wakabayashi K, Nakano S, Soga K, Hoson T. Cell wall-bound peroxidase activity and lignin formation in azuki bean epicotyls grown under hypergravity conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2009 June; 166(9): 947-954. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.12.006.PMID: 19195738. | Impact Statement
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T. Cell wall oxalate oxidase modifies the ferulate metabolism in cell walls of wheat shoots. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2011 November; 168(16): 1997-2000. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.05.010.PMID: 21684033. | Impact Statement
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cell wall peroxidase are cooperatively involved in the extensive formation of ferulate network in cell walls of developing rice shoots. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2012 February; 169(3): 262-267. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.10.002.PMID: 22118877. | Impact Statement
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T. Modification of cell wall architecture in gramineous plants under altered gravity condition. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(3): 137-142. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.137.
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T, Kotake T, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Yamazaki TQ, Higashibata A, Ishioka N, Shimazu T, Kamada M. Persistence of plant hormone levels in rice shoots grown under microgravity conditions in space: Its relationship to maintenance of shoot growth. Physiologia Plantarum. 2017 October; 161(2): 285-293. DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12591.PMID: 28573759. | Impact Statement
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T, Kotake T, Yamazaki TQ, Ishioka N, Shimazu T, Kamada M. Microgravity Affects the Level of Matrix Polysaccharide 1,3:1,4-b-Glucans in Cell Walls of Rice Shoots by Increasing the Expression Level of a Gene Involved in Their Breakdown. Astrobiology. 2020 March 24; 20(7): 10 pp. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2140.PMID: 32207981. | Impact Statement
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T, Kotake T, Yamazaki TQ, Higashibata A, Ishioka N, Shimazu T, Fukui K, Osada I, Kasahara H, Kamada M. Suppression of hydroxycinnamate network formation in cell walls of rice shoots grown under microgravity conditions in space. PLOS ONE. 2015 10(9): e0137992. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137992.PMID: 26378793. | Impact Statement
Relative Operations for Autonomous Maneuvers (ROAM) demonstrates processes for a robotic craft to rendezvous with debris in space. Space debris includes satellites that could be repaired or taken out of orbit, but many of these objects are tumbling, which makes rendezvous and docking challenging. ROAM uses the International Space Station’s Astrobee robots to observe and understand how targets tumble and uses this information to plan ways to safely reach them.
Publications
Oestreich CE, Espinoza AT, Todd J, Albee KE, Linares R. On-orbit inspection of an unknown, tumbling target using NASA's Astrobee robotic free-flyers. IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, 2021, Virtual Event. 2021 June 19-25; 2039–2047. | Impact Statement
RElative Satellite sWArming and Robotic Maneuvering (ReSWARM) uses the International Space Station’s free-flying Astrobees to demonstrate autonomous on-orbit robotic servicing such as assembly of structures and moving cargo. The investigation tests coordination among multiple robots, robots and cargo, and robots and the environment in which they operate. Future space missions could involve a variety of robotic operations including autonomous docking and repairs.
The Renal Stone experiment collects urine samples from crewmembers and tests a possible countermeasure for preventing kidney stone formation.
Publications
Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Morukov BV, Sams CF. The risk of renal stone formation during and after long duration space flight. Nephron. 2001 November; 89(3): 264-270. DOI: 10.1159/000046083.PMID: 11598387.
Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Jones JA, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hudson EK, Sams CF. Effect of Potassium Citrate Therapy on the Risk of Renal Stone Formation During Spaceflight. Journal of Urology. 2009 1822490-2496. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.010.
Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Sams CF. Space flight and the risk of renal stones. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 1999 6(1): P87-P88.
Jones JA, Jennings R, Pietrzyk RA, Ciftcioglu N, Stepaniak P. Genitourinary issues during spaceflight: a review. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2005 17S64-S67.
Pietrzyk RA, Jones JA, Sams CF, Whitson PA. Renal Stone Formation Among Astronauts. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2007 78(4 Suppl): A9-A13.
Hoyer JR, Pietrzyk RA, Whitson PA. Effects of microgravity on urinary osteopontin. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1999 10(Suppl 14): S389-S393.
Pietrzyk RA, Feiveson AH, Whitson PA. Mathematical model to estimate risk of calcium-containing renal stones. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism. 1999 25(3): 199-203.
Drinnan NR, Begougne de Juniac A. The effects of microgravity on the urological system: a review. Journal of Clinical Urology. 2013 November; 6(6): 391-394. DOI: 10.1177/2051415813500955.
Content Pending
Publications
Burdakin A, Gavrilov VR, Us EA, Bormashov VS. New fixed point for an in-orbit calibration scale developed on the basis of In–Bi eutectic alloy for use in new-generation highly stable onboard reference sources. Measurement Techniques. 2021 May 27; 64(1): 34-39. DOI: 10.1007/s11018-021-01892-7.[Also: Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 32–37, January, 2021.]. | Impact Statement
Metformin is a drug commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, which is often associated with obesity. Along with lowering blood sugar and cholesterol, metformin has been shown to protect diabetic patients against several forms of cancer. Repurposing Metformin as an anti-cancer agent: microgravity studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Drug Metabolism) studies yeast cells to understand how drugs act on tumors, and whether metformin can serve as an anti-cancer drug.
Bioemulsia (Bioemulsion) uses a thermally controlled bioreactor to produce a biomass of microorganisms.
Muscle atrophy that occurs in microgravity affects the quality of life of astronauts. Research on Inhibitory Effects of Novel Concept Biomaterials, an HSP Inducer and Ubiquitin Ligase Inhibitor, on Microgravity-induced Muscle Atrophy (Anti-Atrophy) tests the ability of these biomaterials to inhibit muscle atrophy in microgravity. The investigation examines cells cultured with and without biomaterials, including C14Cblin, a muscle atrophy inhibitor, and Celastrol, a muscle synthesis accelerator.
Research on the Particulars of Pharmacological Effects During Long-term Spaceflight (Pharma) provides information on absorption, distribution, and excretion of pharmaceuticals during spaceflight. The objective is to conduct an integrated study of the mechanism of change in the pharmacokinetics of drugs during long-term spaceflight.
Publications
Bogomolov VV, Kondratenko SN, Kovachevich IV. Testing stability of tableted acetaminophen and furosemide after 6-month storage in space flight. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2015 49(2): 12-15. PMID: 26087581. Russian..
Polyakov AV, Svistunov AA, Kondratenko SN, Kovachevich IV, Repenkova LG, Savelyeva MI, Shikh EV, Badriddinova L. Study of the pharmacokinetics of various drugs under conditions of antiorthostatic hypokinesia and the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions. Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy. 2022 June 1; 37(2): 163-175. DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0159.
Polyakov AV, Svistunov AA, Kondratenko SN, Kovachevich IV, Repenkova LG, Savelyeva MI, Shikh EV, Noskov VB. Evaluation of the stability of furosemide in tablet form during six-month storage in spaceflight and peculiarities of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics under conditions of anti-orthostatic hypokinesia. Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy. 2022 February 24; epub11pp. DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0149.PMID: 35218179.
Kovachevich IV, Goncharov IB, Repenkova LG. Particulars of pharmacokinetics of drugs during spaceflights on the ISS. Russian Journal of Physiology (Rossiĭskii Fiziologicheskiĭ Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova / Rossiĭskaia Akademiia Nauk). 2004 90(8): 335-336.
Residual Momentum and Tank Dynamics in Microgravity Environment (Furphy) tests the feasibility of transferring fluids in microgravity from a rigid tank to a flexible tank that launches collapsed and deploys as it is filled. By making it possible to fuel small satellites in orbit instead of prior to launch, potentially saving launch mass and volume, this capability supports future space exploration. This first microgravity test is performed aboard the space station to verify tank dynamics including slosh and retention of angular momentum.
The Resonance Induced Instability for Surface Tension determination (RIIST) (ELF-Resonance-induced Instability) investigation tests a method to accurately measure the surface tension of high temperature liquid metals/alloys. Surface tension is a property that is needed in the production of tools using a technique called additive manufacturing. The proposed method in this investigation uses the idea of oscillating a drop until it deforms with certain modes or patterns; the oscillating frequency and pattern is then correlated theoretically to surface tension.
The Response of Endolithic Organisms to Space Conditions (EXPOSE-R ENDO) experiment investigates the effects of space conditions on photosynthetic organisms. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Bryce CC, Horneck G, Rabbow E, Edwards HG, Cockell CS. Impact shocked rocks as protective habitats on an anoxic early Earth. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 115-122. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000123. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Horneck G, Wynn-Williams DD, Mancinelli RL, Cadet J, Munakata N, Ronto G, Edwards HG, Hock B, Wanke H, Reitz G, Dachev TP, Hader D, Brioullet C. Biological experiments on the Expose facility of the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1998 November 16-18; 10. | Impact Statement
The Phage and Uracil Response (EXPOSE-R PUR) experiment studies the effect of solar UV radiation on a type of virus and a RNA compound, to determine their effectiveness as biological dosimeters for measuring ultraviolet (UV) radiation doses in the space environment. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Berces A, Egyeki M, Fekete A, Horneck G, Kovacs G, Panitz C, Ronto G. The PUR Experiment on the EXPOSE-R facility: biological dosimetry of solar extraterrestrial UV radiation. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 47-53. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000287. | Impact Statement
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Fendrihan S, Berces A, Lammer H, Musso M, Ronto G, Polacsek TK, Holzinger A, Kolb C, Stan-Lotter H. Investigating the effects of simulated martian ultraviolet radiation on Halococcus dombrowskii and other extremely halophilic archaebacteria. Astrobiology. 2009 January; 9(1): 104-112. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0234.
Brack A, Horneck G, Cockell CS, Berces A, Belisheva NK, Eiroa C, Henning T, Herbst T, Kaltenegger L, Leger A, Liseau R, Lammer H, Selsis F, Beichman C, Danchi W, Fridlund M, Lunine J, Paresce F, Penny A, Quirrenbach A, Rottgering H, Schneider J, Stam D, Tinetti G, White G. Origin and evolution of life on terrestrial planets. Astrobiology. 2010 January; 10(1): 69-76. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0374.
Goldschmidt G, Kovaliczky E, Szabo J, Ronto G, Berces A. In situ biodosimetric experiment for space applications. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2012 June; 42(2-3): 247-252. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-012-9286-1.PMID: 22688853. Also Paper presented at the 11th European Workshop on Astrobiology - EANA 11, 11th-14th July 2011, Köln, Germany..
Berces A, Egyeki M, Fekete A, Kovacs G, Ronto G. Biological ultraviolet dosimetry in low Earth’s orbit. Journal of Astrobiology and Outreach. 2013 July 8; 1(1): 104. DOI: 10.4172/2332-2519.1000104.
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Horneck G, Wynn-Williams DD, Mancinelli RL, Cadet J, Munakata N, Ronto G, Edwards HG, Hock B, Wanke H, Reitz G, Dachev TP, Hader D, Brioullet C. Biological experiments on the Expose facility of the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1998 November 16-18; 10. | Impact Statement
The Reverse Genetic Approach to Exploring Genes Responsible for Cell Wall Dynamics in Supporting Tissues of Arabidopsis Under Microgravity Condition (Cell Wall) investigation will explore the molecular mechanism by which the cell wall (rigid outermost layer) construction in Arabidopsis thaliana (a small plant of the mustard family) is regulated by gravity. The results of this investigation support future plans to cultivate plants on long-duration exploration missions.
Publications
Koizumi K, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K. Mechanical load induces upregulation of transcripts for a set of genes implicated in secondary wall formation in the supporting tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Plant Research. 2009 July 7; 122(6): 651-659. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-009-0251-7.
Kamada M, Omori K, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Hoson T, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Preparation and Outline of Space-Based Studies on Gravity Responses and Cell Wall Formation in Plants. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(3): 115-120. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.115.
Rose JK, Braam J, Fry SC, Nishitani K. The XTH family of enzymes involved in xyloglucan endo-transglucosylation and endohydrolysis: current perspectives and a new unifying nomenclature. Plant and Cell Physiology. 2002 43(12): 1421-1435. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf171.
Hoson T, Soga K. New aspects of gravity responses in plant cells. International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology. 2003 229209-244. DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(03)29005-7.
Nedukha EM. Effects of microgravity on the structure and function of plant cell walls. International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology. 1997 17039-77. PMID: 11536785.
Kamada M, Omori K, Nishitani K, Hoson T, Takeoka H, Shimazu T, Yoda S, Ishioka N. Germination and growth test in four strains of Arabidopsis thaliana in the reference model of European Modular Cultivation System. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2009 26(3): 249-254. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.26.3.249.
Levine LH, Heyenga AG, Levine HG, Choi J, Davin LB, Krikorian AD, Lewis NG. Cell-wall architecture and lignin composition of wheat developed in a microgravity environment. Phytochemistry. 2001 57(6): 835-846.
Kamada M, Omori K, Nishitani K, Hoson T, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. JAXA Space Plant Research on the ISS with European Modular Cultivation System. Biological Sciences in Space. 2007 21(3): 62-66. DOI: 10.2187/bss.21.62.
Yokoyama R, Rose JK, Nishitani K. A surprising diversity and abundance of XTHs (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases) in rice: classification and expression analysis. Plant Physiology. 2004 134(3): 1088-1099. DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.035261.
Hyodo H, Yamakawa S, Takeda Y, Tsuduki M, Yokota A, Nishitani K, Kohchi T. Active gene expression of a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase gene, XTH9, in inflorescence apices is related to cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Molecular Biology. 2003 52(2): 473-482. PMID: 12856951.
Nishitani K, Yokoyama R, Koizumi K. Cell wall-related genes involved in supporting tissue formation and transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(3): 121-129. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.121.
Koizumi K, Yokoyama R, Kamada M, Omori K, Ishioka N, Takeoka H, Shimazu T, Nishitani K. Reverse genetic approach to exploring genes responsible for cell-wall dynamics in supporting tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana under microgravity conditions. Biological Sciences in Space. 2007 21(3): 48-55. DOI: 10.2187/bss.21.48.
RFID-Enabled Autonomous Logistics Management-2 (REALM-2) (RFID Recon) uses a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader and antennas attached to a robotic free-flyer named Astrobee to identify RFID-tagged cargo on the International Space Station to determine its presence and location in order to help the crew find items quickly and efficiently. RFID tags are similar to barcodes, except they are electronic, do not require line-of-sight, and are able to respond through wireless communication.
The rHEALTH ONE Microgravity Demonstration (rHEALTH) is intended to establish whether the technology used by this modified, commercial off-the-shelf device can identify and analyze biomarkers, cells, microorganisms, and proteins in the spaceflight environment. The device uses flow cytometry technology to sort and identify cells. This technology could be used to provide quick and accurate measurements of biological indicators related to disease, infection, or environmental exposure on future long-duration exploration missions.
A Novel Crystal Preservation Method for Biological Material (Rhodium Crystal Preservation) studies a technique using crystal formation to preserve biological material for research. Such preservation can present a challenge for research outside of standard laboratory settings. Crystals do not require special conditions such as cold stowage to maintain the material’s structure for future analysis and could provide a solution.
Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment (RIGEX) operates in the Space Shuttle Cargo Bay and is designed to test and collect data on inflated and rigid structures in space. Inflatable tubes will be heated and cooled to form structurally stiff tubes.
Publications
Moody DC, Raines RA, Cobb R, Palazotto AN. The Design and Analysis of a Space-Based Experiment for Inflatable Structures. Transactions of the AOC. 2004 1(1): 106-134.
Ruggiero E, Park G, Inman D. Smart Materials in Inflatable Structure Applications. 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Denver, CO. 2002 April 22-25; AIAA 2002-15638 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2002-1563. | Impact Statement
Lindemuth SN, Cobb R, Slater JC, Maddux MR. Development and Test of a Rigidizable Inflatable Structure Experiment. 45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Palm Springs, CA. 2004 0 | Impact Statement
Among many space-related health changes, crewmembers frequently report back pain while in orbit and when they return to Earth, which physicians believe is related to changes in the astronauts’ intervertebral discs. The discs create a cushion between vertebrae in a person’s spine, and changes to their shape and size can affect the spinal column and back. Crewmembers participating in the Intervertebral Disc Damage experiment (for which data collection is now complete) perform a battery of six tests before, and after spaceflight, so doctors can determine how the discs change, and whether this correlates to the pain those crewmembers experience.
Publications
Chang DG, Sayson JV, Chiang S, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Walker K, Lotz JC, Hargens AR. Risk of intervertebral disc damage after prolonged space flight. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014 April 1; 48(7): 578-579. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093494.51.PMID: 24620092.
Sayson JV, Lotz JC, Parazynski SE, Hargens AR. Back pain in space and post-flight spine injury: Mechanisms and countermeasure development. Acta Astronautica. 2013 May; 8624-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.05.016.
Hargens AR, Bhattacharya R, Schneider SM. Space physiology VI: exercise, artificial gravity, and countermeasure development for prolonged space flight. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 September; 113(9): 2183-2192. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2523-5.PMID: 11641383.
Macias BR, D'Lima DD, Cutuk A, Patil S, Steklov N, Neuschwander TB, Meuche S, Colwell CW, Hargens AR. Leg intramuscular pressures and in vivo knee forces during lower body positive and negative pressure treadmill exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 July; 113(1): 31-38. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01434.2011.PMID: 22539171.
Schlabs T, Rosales-Velderrain A, Ruckstuhl H, Stahn AC, Hargens AR. Comparison of cardiovascular and biomechanical parameters of supine lower body negative pressure and upright lower body positive pressure to simulate activity in 1/6 G and 3/8 G. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013 July 15; 115(2): 275-284. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00990.2012.PMID: 23640597.
Rodríguez-Soto AE, Jaworski R, Jensen A, Niederberger B, Hargens AR, Frank LR, Kelly KR, Ward SR. Effect of load carriage on lumbar spine kinematics. Spine. 2013 June 1; 38(13): E783-791. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182913e9f.PMID: 23524870.
Kim SH, Neuschwander TB, Macias BR, Bachman Jr. L, Hargens AR. Upper extremity hemodynamics and sensation with backpack loads. Applied Ergonomics. 2014 May; 45(3): 608-612. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.08.005.PMID: 24075289.
Shymon S, Yaszay B, Dwek JR, Proudfoot JA, Donohue M, Hargens AR. Altered disc compression in children with idiopathic low back pain: an upright magnetic resonance imaging backpack study. Spine. 2014 February 1; 39(3): 243-248. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000114.PMID: 24253789.
Sayson JV, Lotz JC, Parazynski SE, Chang DG, Healey RM, Hargens AR. Microgravity-induced back pain and intervertebral disc herniation: International Space Station results. 66th International Astronautical Congress, Jerusalem, Israel. 2015 October; 19 pp.
Chang DG, Healey RM, Snyder AJ, Sayson JV, Macias BR, Coughlin DG, Bailey JF, Parazynski SE, Lotz JC, Hargens AR. Lumbar spine paraspinal muscle and intervertebral disc height changes in astronauts after long-duration spaceflight on the International Space Station:. Spine. 2016 October; epub9 pp. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001873. | Impact Statement
Laws CJ, Berg-Johansen B, Hargens AR, Lotz JC. The effect of simulated microgravity on lumbar spine biomechanics: an in vitro study. European Spine Journal. 2015 September 24; 25(9): 2889-2897. DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4221-6.PMID: 26403291.
Bailey JF, Miller SL, Khieu K, O’Neill CW, Healey RM, Coughlin DG, Sayson JV, Chang DG, Hargens AR, Lotz JC. From the international space station to the clinic: How prolonged unloading may disrupt lumbar spine stability. Spine Journal. 2017 September 26; epub22 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.261.PMID: 28962911. | Impact Statement
Sayson JV, Hargens AR. Exercise Countermeasures for the Spine in Microgravity (Contramedidas de los ejercicios para la columna vertebral en condiciones de microgravedad). Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2019 September; 38(3): e252. | Impact Statement
Bailey JF, Nyayapati P, Johnson GT, Dziesinski L, Scheffler AW, Crawford R, Scheuring RA, O’Neill CW, Chang DG, Hargens AR, Lotz JC. Biomechanical changes in the lumbar spine following spaceflight and factors associated with postspaceflight disc herniation. Spine Journal. 2022 February; 22(2): 197-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.07.021.PMID: 34343665. | Impact Statement
Torres-Espin A, Keller A, Johnson GT, Fields AJ, Krug R, Ferguson AR, Hargens AR, O’Neill CW, Lotz JC, Bailey JF. Using hierarchical unsupervised learning to integrate and reduce multi-level and multi-paraspinal muscle MRI data in relation to low back pain. European Spine Journal. 2022 March 25; epub11pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07169-z.PMID: 35333958. | Impact Statement
Some crewmembers return from ISS missions with altered vision and other related ocular issues. Preliminary data suggests that there may be a predisposition for the crewmembers that had vision issues, evidenced by differences in blood chemistry, to have been more susceptible to these changes. This study is designed to look at specific genetic markers that could explain these blood chemistry differences, to see if or how that relates to the vision changes in astronauts.
Publications
Zwart SR, Gibson CR, Mader TH, Ericson K, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Heer MA, Smith SM. Vision Changes After Spaceflight Are Related to Alterations in Folate- and Vitamin B-12-Dependent One-Carbon Metabolism. Journal of Nutrition. 2012 Mar 1; 142(3): 427-431. DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.154245.PMID: 22298570.
Zwart SR, Gregory III JF, Zeisel SH, Gibson CR, Mader TH, Kinchen JM, Ueland PM, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Heer MA, Smith SM. Genotype, B-vitamin status, and androgens affect space flight-induced ophthalmic changes. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2016 January; 30(1): 141-148. DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-278457.PMID: 26316272.
Zwart SR, Gibson CR, Gregory III JF, Mader TH, Stover PJ, Zeisel SH, Smith SM. Astronaut ophthalmic syndrome. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2017 September; 31(9): 3746–3756. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700294.PMID: 28546443. | Impact Statement
RNA Interference and Protein Phosphorylation in Space Environment Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (CERISE) evaluates the effect of microgravity on RNA interference and studies how the space environment effects protein phosphorylation and signal transduction in the muscle fibers of Caenorhabditis elegans.
Publications
Etheridge T, Nemoto K, Hashizume T, Mori C, Sugimoto T, Suzuki HH, Fukui K, Yamazaki TQ, Higashibata A, Szewczyk NJ, Higashitani A. The next phase of life-sciences spaceflight research: Harnessing the power of functional genomics. Communicative and Integrative Biology. 2011 Dec; 4(6): 668-669. DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.6.16975.
Higashitani A, Hashizume T, Sugimoto T, Mori C, Nemoto K, Etheridge T, Higashitani N, Takanami T, Suzuki HH, Fukui K, Yamazaki TQ, Ishioka N, Szewczyk NJ, Higashibata A. C. elegans RNAi space experiment (CERISE) in Japanese Experiment Module KIBO. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(4): 183-187. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.183.
Etheridge T, Nemoto K, Hashizume T, Mori C, Sugimoto T, Suzuki HH, Fukui K, Yamazaki TQ, Higashibata A, Szewczyk NJ, Higashitani A. The Effectiveness of RNAi in Caenorhabditis Elegans Is Maintained During Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2011 June 1; 6(6): e20459. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020459.
Higashibata A, Hashizume T, Nemoto K, Higashitani N, Etheridge T, Mori C, Harada S, Sugimoto T, Szewczyk NJ, Baba S, Mogami Y, Fukui K, Higashitani A. Microgravity elicits reproducible alterations in cytoskeletal and metabolic gene and protein expression in space-flown Caenorhabditis elegans. npj Microgravity. 2016 January 21; 215022. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.22.
Harada S, Hashizume T, Nemoto K, Shao Z, Higashitani N, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Fukui K, Higashibata A, Higashitani A. Fluid dynamics alter Caenorhabditis elegans body length via TGF-β/DBL-1 neuromuscular signaling. npj Microgravity. 2016 April 7; 216006. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.6. | Impact Statement
Willis CR, Szewczyk NJ, Costes SV, Udranszky IA, Reinsch SS, Etheridge T, Conley CA. Comparative transcriptomics identifies neuronal and metabolic adaptations to hypergravity and microgravity in Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience. 2020 November 25; epub101734. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101734. | Impact Statement
Sudevan S, Muto K, Higashitani N, Hashizume T, Higashibata A, Ellwood RA, Deane CS, Rahman M, Vanapalli SA, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Higashitani A. Loss of physical contact in space alters the dopamine system in C. elegans. iScience. 2022 February 18; 25(2): 103762. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103762.PMID: 35141505. | Impact Statement
Robonaut is a humanoid robot designed with the versatility and dexterity to manipulate hardware, work in high risk environments, and respond safely to unexpected obstacles. Robonaut is comprised of a torso with two arms and a head, and two legs with end effectors that enable the robot to translate inside the International Space Station (ISS) by interfacing with handrails and seat track. The Robonaut Teleoperations System enables Robonaut to mimic the motions of a crew member wearing specialized gloves, a vest and a visor that provides a 3D view through Robonaut’s eyes.
Publications
Diftler MA, Ahlstrom TD, Ambrose RO, Radford NA, Joyce CA, De La Pena N, Parsons AH, Noblitt AL. Robonaut 2 - Initial Activities On-Board the ISS. 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2012 pp.1-12. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2012.6187268. | Impact Statement
Tzvetkova GV. ROBONAUT 2: Mission, technologies, perspectives. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. 2014 January 1; 44(1): 97-102. DOI: 10.2478/jtam-2014-0006. | Impact Statement
Abdallah ME, Platt RJ. In-vivo tension calibration in tendon-driven manipulators. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 April 2; 8,412,378
Abdallah ME, Hargrave B, Platt RJ. Applying workspace limitations in a velocity-controlled robotic mechanism. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2014 March 18; 8,676,382
Wampler CW, Platt RJ. Method and apparatus for calibrating multi-axis load cells in a dexterous robot. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 September 11; 8,265,792
Sanders AM, Platt RJ, Quillin N, Permenter FN, Pfeiffer J. Method and system for controlling a dexterous robot execution sequence using state classification. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2014 April 22; 8,706,299
Abdallah ME, Hargrave B, Yamokoski JD, Strawser D. Workspace safe operation of a force- or impedance-controlled robot. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 July 9; 8,483,877
Abdallah ME, Platt RJ, Reiland M, Hargrave B, Diftler MA, Strawser D, Ihrke CA. Robust operation of tendon-driven robot fingers using force and position-based control laws. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 July 16; 8,489,239
Reiland M, Diftler MA. System and method for tensioning a robotically actuated tendon. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 December 31; 8,618,762
Diftler MA, Mehling JS, Abdallah ME, Radford NA, Bridgwater LB, Sanders AM, Askew SR, Linn DM, Yamokoski JD, Permenter FN, Hargrave B, Platt RJ, Savely RT, Ambrose RO. Robonaut 2 - The first humanoid robot in space. 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Shanghai, China. 2011 May; 2178-2183. DOI: 10.1109/ICRA.2011.5979830. | Impact Statement
Ihrke CA, Bridgwater LB, Diftler MA, Linn DM, Platt RJ, Hargrave B, Askew SR, Valvo MC. Robotic finger assembly. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 October 22; 8,562,049
Ihrke CA, Bridgwater LB, Platt RJ. Tendon tension sensor. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 February 12; 8,371,177
Ihrke CA, Linn DM, Bridgwater LB. Bidirectional tendon terminator. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 October 2; 8,276,958
Abdallah ME, Bridgwater LB, Diftler MA, Linn DM, Wampler CW, Platt RJ. Sensing the tendon tension through the conduit reaction forces. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 November 15; 8,056,423
Reiland M, Platt RJ, Wampler CW, Abdallah ME, Hargrave B. Joint-space impedance control for tendon-driven manipulators. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 November 15; 8,060,250
Reiland M, Hargrave B, Platt RJ, Abdallah ME, Permenter FN. Architecture for robust force and impedance control of series elastic actuators. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 September 3; 8,525,460
Abdallah ME, Reiland M, Platt RJ, Wampler CW, Hargrave B. Multiple priority operational space impedance control. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 May 1; 8,170,718
Ihrke CA, Parsons AH, Mehling JS, Griffith BK. Planar torsion spring. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 May 15; 8,176,809
Abdallah ME, Ihrke CA, Reiland M, Wampler CW, Diftler MA, Platt RJ, Bridgwater LB. Torque control of underactuated tendon-driven robotic fingers. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 October 22; 8,565,918
Davis DR, Radford NA, Askew SR. Connector pin and method. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 October 11; 8,033,876
Davis DR, Radford NA, Permenter FN, Parsons AH, Mehling JS. Method and apparatus for electromagnetically braking a motor. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011 November 29; 8,067,909
Platt RJ, Permenter FN, Corcoran CM, Wampler CW. Contact state estimation for multi-finger robot hands using particle filters. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 October 2; 8,280,837
Abdallah ME, Platt RJ, Wampler CW. Tension distribution in a tendon-driven robotic finger. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 April 2; 8,412,376
Abdallah ME, Platt RJ, Wampler CW, Reiland M, Sanders AM. Method and apparatus for automatic control of a humanoid robot. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 January 29; 8,364,314
Abdallah ME, Platt RJ, Wampler CW. Hierarchical robot control system and method for controlling select degrees of freedom of an object using multiple manipulators. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 July 9; 8,483,882
Ihrke CA, Bridgwater LB, Platt RJ, Wampler CW, Goza MS. Robotic thumb assembly. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 April 23; 8,424,941
Ihrke CA, Bridgwater LB, Reich DM, Wampler CW, Askew SR, Diftler MA, Nguyen V. Dexterous humanoid robotic wrist. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 July 30; 8,498,741
Ihrke CA, Reich DM, Bridgwater LB, Linn DM, Askew SR, Diftler MA, Platt RJ, Hargrave B, Valvo MC, Abdallah ME, Permenter FN, Mehling JS. Tendon driven finger actuation system. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 June 18; 8,467,903
Linn DM, Ihrke CA, Diftler MA. Human grasp assist device and method of use. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 August 28; 8,255,079
Davis DR, Radford NA, Permenter FN, Valvo MC, Askew SR. Integrated high-speed torque control system for a robotic joint. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 May 14; 8,442,684
Davis DR, Permenter FN, Radford NA. System and method for calibrating a rotary absolute position sensor. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 August 28; 8,250,901
Sanders AM, Reiland M, Abdallah ME, Linn DM, Platt RJ. Interactive robot control system and method of use. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 September 4; 8,260,460
Wells JW, McKay DN, Chelian SE, Linn DM, Wampler CW, Bridgwater LB. Visual perception system and method for a humanoid robot. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 August 14; 8,244,402
Ihrke CA, Mehling JS, Parsons AH, Griffith BK, Radford NA, Permenter FN, Davis DR, Ambrose RO, Junkin LQ. Rotary series elastic actuator. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 May 21; 8,443,693
Ihrke CA, Mehling JS, Parsons AH, Griffith BK, Radford NA, Permenter FN, Davis DR, Ambrose RO, Junkin LQ. Rotary series elastic actuator. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 May 21; 8,443,694
Ihrke CA, Mehling JS, Parsons AH, Griffith BK, Radford NA, Permenter FN, Davis DR, Ambrose RO, Junkin LQ. Rotary series elastic actuator. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2012 October 23; 8,291,788
Ihrke CA, Bridgwater LB, Diftler MA, Reich DM, Askew SR. Actuator and electronics packaging for extrinsic humanoid hand. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 March 19; 8,401,700
Linn DM, Ambrose RO, Diftler MA, Askew SR, Platt RJ, Mehling JS, Radford NA, Strawser D, Bridgwater LB, Wampler CW, Abdallah ME, Ihrke CA, Reiland M, Sanders AM, Reich DM, Hargrave B, Parsons AH, Permenter FN, Davis DR. Humanoid robot. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 August 20; 8,511,964
Barajas LG, Sanders AM, Reiland M, Strawser D. Embedded diagnostic, prognostic, and health management system and method for a humanoid robot. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2013 February 5; 8,369,992
Linn DM, Ihrke CA, Ambrose RO, Mehling JS, Diftler MA, Parsons AH, Radford NA, Bridgwater LB, Bibby H. Robot. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2010 December 7; D628,609
Walker W, Yayathi S, Shaw J, Ardebili H. Thermo-electrochemical evaluation of lithium-ion batteries for space applications. Journal of Power Sources. 2015 December; 298217-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.08.054. | Impact Statement
Baker W, Kingston Z, Moll M, Badger J, Kavraki L. Robonaut 2 and you: Specifying and executing complex operations. 2017 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO), Austin TX. 2017 March 8-10; 8 pp. | Impact Statement
The Robotic Arm Repair Satellite (RSat) demonstrates a small satellite platform to survey and possibly repair larger conventional spacecraft on orbit. The CubeSat has robotic arms fitted with claws and cameras to obtain diagnostic information and is intended to operate in constant contact with a host spacecraft. Results could advance the use of robotic assistance on future space missions.
ROKVISS (Robotic Component Verification on the ISS) involves a 50 cm long robotic arm with two joints, one metallic finger, and two video cameras. The purpose of this experiment is to test and demonstrate various robotic technologies and operating procedures under actual space flight conditions. This arm was launched to the ISS in December 2004 and subsequently installed on the exterior of the Russian Service Module Zvezda. This experiment is mainly conducted under automatic control. However, whenever the ISS is in range of the German ground site in Southern Germany, this robotic demonstrator is also controlled via remote guidance by an operator in the DLR Institute for Robotics and Mechatronics using a direct S-band radio frequency link between ROKVISS and a DLR ground station.
The Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) investigation uses the International Space Station’s two-armed robotic handyman, Dextre, to show how future robots could service and refuel satellites in space. RRM tests NASA-developed technologies, tools and procedures to refuel and repair satellites that were not originally designed to be serviced. RRM is expected to pave the way for future robotic servicing missions in space.
Robotic Refueling Mission 3 (RRM3) demonstrates the first transfer and long term storage of liquid methane, a cryogenic fluid, in microgravity. The ability to replenish and store cryogenic fluids, which can function as a fuel or coolant, can help enable long duration journeys to destinations like the Moon and Mars.
Publications
Alberts SJ, Collicott SH. Modeling for Design of a Sub-orbital Payload Supporting Cryogenic Gauging Demonstration. AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum (Indianapolis, IN). 2019 August 19; 10 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-4356. | Impact Statement
Krenn A, Stewart M, Mitchell D, Dixon K, Mierzwa M, Breon S. Flight servicing of Robotic Refueling Mission 3. 28th Space Cryogenics Workshop, Southbury, CT. 2019 July 17; 8. | Impact Statement
Jhabvala M, Jennings D, Tucker C, La A, Keer B, Timmons E, Stone R, Flatley T, Cepollina F, Babu S, Lunsford A, Cassidy J, Parker D, Sundaram M, Bundas J, Squicciarini W, Finneran P, Orlowski I, Fetter C, Loose M. Strained-layer-superlattice-based compact thermal imager for the International Space Station. Applied Optics. 2019 July 10; 58(20): 5432-5442. DOI: 10.1364/AO.58.005432.PMID: 31504018.
What is the common thread to all of the activities going on during Robotic Refueling Mission-Phase 2 (RRM-P2) operations? The primary objective is servicing capabilities. These new technologies, tools and techniques could eventually give satellite owners resources to diagnose problems on orbit, fix anomalies, and keep certain spacecraft instruments performing longer in space.
The Rodent Research Hardware provides a platform aboard the International Space Station for long-duration rodent experiments in space. Such experiments will examine how microgravity affects the animals, providing information relevant to human spaceflight, discoveries in basic biology, and knowledge that will have direct impact toward human health on Earth. Rodent Research-1 is a test of the operational capabilities of the new hardware system, including the Transporter, Rodent Habitat, and Access Unit.
Publications
Ronca AE, Alwood JS, Globus RK, Souza KA. Mammalian reproduction and development on the International Space Station (ISS): Proceedings of the Rodent Mark III Habitat Workshop. Gravitational and Space Research. 2013 October; 1(1): 107-123.
Ward C, Rettig TA, Hlavacek S, Bye BA, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Effects of spaceflight on the immunoglobulin repertoire of unimmunized C57BL/6 mice. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2017 November 27; epub27pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.11.003. | Impact Statement
Ogneva IV, Loktev SS, Sychev VN. Cytoskeleton structure and total methylation of mouse cardiac and lung tissue during space flight. PLOS ONE. 2018 May 16; 13(5): e0192643. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192643.PMID: 29768411. | Impact Statement
Rettig TA, Ward C, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Validation of Methods to Assess the Immunoglobulin Gene Repertoire in Tissues Obtained from Mice on the International Space Station. Gravitational and Space Research. 2017 July; 5(1): 2-23. PMID: 29270444. GeneLab. | Impact Statement
Ronca AE, Moyer EL, Talyansky Y, Lowe M, Padmanabhan S, Choi SY, Gong CS, Cadena SM, Stodieck LS, Globus RK. Behavior of mice aboard the International Space Station. Scientific Reports. 2019 11 April; 914 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40789-y.PMID: 30976012. | Impact Statement
Cadena SM, Zhang Y, Fang J, Brachat S, Kuss P, Giorgetti E, Stodieck LS, Kneissel M, Glass DJ. Skeletal muscle in MuRF1 null mice is not spared in low-gravity conditions, indicating atrophy proceeds by unique mechanisms in space. Scientific Reports. 2019 June 28; 9(1): 9397. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45821-9.PMID: 31253821. | Impact Statement
Jiang P, Green SJ, Chlipala GE, Turek F, Vitaterna MH. Reproducible changes in the gut microbiome suggest a shift in microbial and host metabolism during spaceflight. Microbiome. 2019 August 9; 7(1): 113. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0724-4.PMID: 31399081. | Impact Statement
Choi SY, Saravia-Butler AM, Shirazi-Fard Y, Leveson-Gower D, Stodieck LS, Cadena SM, Beegle JE, Solis S, Ronca AE, Globus RK. Validation of a New Rodent Experimental System to Investigate Consequences of Long Duration Space Habitation. Scientific Reports. 2020 February 11; 10(1): 2336. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58898-4.PMID: 32047211. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
Rettig TA, Bye BA, Nishiyama NC, Hlavacek S, Ward C, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Effects of skeletal unloading on the antibody repertoire of tetanus toxoid and/or CpG treated C57BL/6J mice. PLOS ONE. 2019 January 17; 14(1): e0210284. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210284. | Impact Statement
Polo SL, Saravia-Butler AM, Boyko V, Dinh MT, Chen Y, Fogle H, Reinsch SS, Ray S, Chakravarty K, Marcu O, Chen RB, Costes SV, Galazka JM. RNAseq analysis of rodent spaceflight experiments Is confounded by sample collection techniques. iScience. 2020 November 25; 23(12): 101733. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101733.PMID: 33376967. | Impact Statement
da Silveira WA, Fazelinia H, Rosenthal SB, Laiakis EC, Kim MS, Meydan C, Kidane Y, Rathi K, Smith SM, Stear B, Ying Y, Zhang Y, Foox J, Zanello SB, Crucian BE, Wang D, Nugent A, Costa HA, Zwart SR, Schrepfer S, Elworth L, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, MacKay M, Gokhale NS, Horner SM, Singh LN, Wallace DC, Willey JS, Schisler JC, Meller R, McDonald JT, Fisch KM, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Mason CE, Costes SV, Beheshti A. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis reveals mitochondrial stress as a central biological hub for spaceflight impact. Cell. 2020 November 25; 183(5): 1185-1201.e20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.002.PMID: 33242417. | Impact Statement
Hong X, Ratri A, Choi SY, Tash JS, Ronca AE, Alwood JS, Christenson LK. Effects of spaceflight aboard the International Space Station on mouse estrous cycle and ovarian gene expression. npj Microgravity. 2021 March 12; 7(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00139-7.PMID: 33712627. | Impact Statement
Cahill T, Cope H, Bass JJ, Overbey EG, Gilbert R, da Silveira WA, Paul AM, Mishra T, Herranz R, Reinsch SS, Costes SV, Hardiman G, Szewczyk NJ, Tahimic CG. Mammalian and invertebrate models as complementary tools for gaining mechanistic insight on muscle responses to spaceflight. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 August 31; 22(17): 9470. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179470.PMID: 34502375.
Rettig TA, Nishiyama NC, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Effects of skeletal unloading on the bone marrow antibody repertoire of tetanus toxoid and/or CpG treated C57BL/6J mice. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2019 August 1; 2216-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.06.001.
Rodent Research-17 (RR-17) uses younger and older mice as model organisms to evaluate the physiological, cellular and molecular effects of the spaceflight environment. Some responses to spaceflight in humans and model organisms such as mice resemble accelerated aging. This investigation provides a better understanding of aging-related immune, bone, and muscle disease processes, which may lead to new therapies for use in space and on Earth.
Effects of Spaceflight on Tissue Regeneration (Rodent Research-22 [RR-22]) investigates the effects of spaceflight on systemic and local responses of skin healing using mice as a model organism. Researchers use multiple genetic and biological assessments to define the underlying biological changes and identify those that affect tissue regeneration, which could provide therapeutic targets for improved treatments.
The Rodent Research-6 (RR-6) mission uses mice flown aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and maintained on Earth to test drug delivery systems for combatting muscular breakdown in space or during disuse conditions. RR-6 includes several groups of mice selectively treated with a placebo or implanted with a nanochannel drug delivery chip that administers compounds meant to maintain muscle in low gravity/disuse conditions. Two groups of 20 mice live aboard the ISS in the rodent habitat for durations of one and two months. The first group of treated and control mice returns to Earth live after approximately 30 days. The second group of animals remains on the ISS for approximately 60 days. In both cases, animals are euthanized humanely, and tissue samples are harvested for subsequent study and comparison with Earth-based control groups.
Publications
Ballerini A, Chua CY, Rhudy J, Susnjar A, Trani ND, Jain PR, Laue G, Lubicka D, Shirazi-Fard Y, Ferrari M, Stodieck LS, Cadena SM, Grattoni A. Counteracting muscle atrophy on Earth and in space via nanofluidics delivery of f ormoterol. Advanced Therapeutics. 2020 May 10; epub2000014. DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000014. | Impact Statement
Nelson CA, Acuna AU, Paul AM, Scott RT, Butte AJ, Cekanaviciute E, Baranzini S, Costes SV. Knowledge network embedding of transcriptomic data from spaceflown mice uncovers signs and symptoms associated with terrestrial diseases. Life. 2021 January; 11(1): 42. DOI: 10.3390/life11010042. | Impact Statement
Rodent Research-8 (RR-8) is a Rodent Research Reference Mission that examines the physiology of aging and the effect of age on disease progression using groups of young and old mice flown in space and kept on Earth. Responses to spaceflight in humans and model organisms such as mice resemble certain aspects of accelerated aging. This investigation provides a better understanding of aging-related immune, bone, and muscle disease processes, which may lead to new therapies for use in space and on Earth.
Publications
Malkani S, Chin CR, Cekanaviciute E, Mortreux M, Okinula H, Tarbier M, Schreurs A, Shirazi-Fard Y, Tahimic CG, Rodriguez DN, Sexton BS, Butler DJ, Verma A, Bezdan D, Durmaz C, MacKay M, Melnick A, Meydan C, Li S, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Fromm B, Afshinnekoo E, Langhorst BW, Dimalanta ET, Cheng-Campbell M, Blaber EA, Schisler JC, Vanderburg C, Friedlander MR, McDonald JT, Costes SV, Rutkove SB, Grabham P, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Circulating miRNA spaceflight signature reveals targets for countermeasure development. Cell Reports. 2020 November 25; epub108448. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108448. | Impact Statement
Rodent Research-Demonstration 1 (RR-D1) validates equipment and procedures for surgical techniques related to the wound healing process. Normal skin function and wound healing are important for maintaining good health, but spaceflight may impair healing of wounds in astronauts. Results from this investigation are intended to support design of a subsequent study on the effects of spaceflight on wound healing.
Rogue-1 (Rogue-1/AC15) is a prototype satellite intended to demonstrate rapid development of a small Size, Weight And Power (SWAP) low cost optical sensor in low-Earth orbit. The payload consists of a custom-designed telescope combined with a commercially available camera core.
ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression (ROALD) will determine the role of programmed apoptosis (cell death) in loss of T-lymphocyte (white blood cells originating in the thymus) activity in microgravity.
Publications
Battista N, Rapino C, Gasperi V, Finazzi-Agro A, Maccarrone M. Effect of RNAlater on lipoxygenase activity and expression, and immune cell apoptosis: opening the gate to the 'ROALD' experiment aboard the space shuttle. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2007 July; 14(1): P131-132. PMID: 18372734.
Maccarrone M, Battista N, Meloni MA, Bari M, Galleri G, Pippia P, Cogoli A, Finazzi-Agro A. Creating conditions similar to those that occur during exposure of cells to microgravity induces apoptosis in human lymphocytes by 5-lipoxygenase-mediated mitochondrial uncoupling and cytochrome c release. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2003 73472-481.
Fava M, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Lipid signalling in human immune response and bone remodelling under microgravity. Applied Sciences. 2020 January; 10(12): 4309. DOI: 10.3390/app10124309. | Impact Statement
Battista N, Meloni MA, Bari M, Mastrangelo N, Galleri G, Rapino C, Dainese E, Finazzi-Agro A, Pippia P, Maccarrone M. 5-Lipoxygenase-dependent apoptosis of human lyphocytes in the International Space Station: data from the ROALD experiment. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2012 26(5): 1791-1798. DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-199406.PMID: 22253478.
The spaceflight environment (exposure to microgravity and cosmic radiation) provokes cellular mechanical stresses and perturbs cellular signaling; leading to reduction of muscle and bone density. To overcome these space stresses, one of the promising strategies is to activate Nrf2, a master regulator of antioxidant pathways. The Role of Environmental Stress-responsive Transcription Factor Nrf2 in Space Stress (Mouse Stress Defense) investigation sends two types of genetically modified mice, either with a loss or gain of Nrf2-function to space, to examine how Nrf2 contributes to effective prevention against space-originated stresses.
Publications
Afshinnekoo E, Scott RT, MacKay M, Pariset E, Cekanaviciute E, Barker RJ, Gilroy S, Hassane D, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Crucian BE, Ponomarev SA, Orlov OI, Shiba D, Muratani M, Yamamoto M, Richards SE, Vaishampayan PA, Meydan C, Foox J, Myrrhe J, Istasse E, Singh NK, Venkateswaran KJ, Keune JA, Ray HE, Basner M, Miller J, Vitaterna MH, Taylor D, Wallace DC, Rubins K, Bailey SM, Grabham P, Costes SV, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Fundamental biological features of spaceflight: Advancing the field to enable deep-space exploration. Cell. 2020 November 25; 183(5): 1162-1184. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.050.PMID: 33242416. | Impact Statement
Yumoto A, Kokubo T, Izumi R, Shimomura M, Funatsu O, Tada MN, Ota-Murakami N, Iino K, Shirakawa M, Mizuno H, Kudo T, Takahashi S, Uruno A, Yamamoto M, Shiba D. Novel method for evaluating the health condition of mice in space through a video downlink. Experimental Animals. 2021 January 22; 70(2): 236-244. DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0102. | Impact Statement
Hayashi T, Kudo T, Fujita R, Fujita S, Tsubouchi H, Fuseya S, Suzuki R, Hamada M, Okada R, Muratani M, Shiba D, Suzuki T, Warabi E, Yamamoto M, Takahashi S. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) deficiency accelerates fast fibre type transition in soleus muscle during space flight. Communications Biology. 2021 June 24; 4(1): 787. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02334-4.PMID: 34168270. | Impact Statement
Suzuki N, Iwamura Y, Nakai T, Kato K, Otsuki A, Uruno A, Saigusa D, Taguchi K, Suzuki M, Shimizu R, Yumoto A, Okada R, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Takahashi S, Suzuki T, Yamamoto M. Gene expression changes related to bone mineralization, blood pressure and lipid metabolism in mouse kidneys after space travel. Kidney International. 2022 January; 101(1): 92-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.031.PMID: 34767829. | Impact Statement
Uruno A, Saigusa D, Suzuki T, Yumoto A, Nakamura T, Matsukawa N, Yamazaki T, Saito R, Taguchi K, Suzuki M, Suzuki N, Otsuki A, Katsuoka F, Hishinuma E, Okada R, Koshiba S, Tomioka Y, Shimizu R, Shirakawa M, Kensler TW, Shiba D, Yamamoto M. Nrf2 plays a critical role in the metabolic response during and after spaceflight. Communications Biology. 2021 December 9; 4(1): 1-18. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02904-6.PMID: 34887485. | Impact Statement
Leukin-2 will study the signal transduction pathway of the activation of T-lymphocytes. This investigation will also determine if loss of Interleukin-2 receptor expression is the cause of inhibition. Microgravity will be used as an inhibitor of activation.
Publications
Hughes-Fulford M, Chang TT, Martinez EM, Li C. Spaceflight alters expression of microRNA during T-cell activation. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2015 August 14; 29(12): 4893-4900. DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277392.PMID: 26276131.
Sonnenfeld G. Editorial: Space flight modifies T cell activation--role of microgravity. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2012 December 1; 92(6): 1125-1126. DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0612314. | Impact Statement
Chang TT, Walther I, Li C, Boonyaratanakornkit JB, Galleri G, Meloni MA, Pippia P, Cogoli A, Hughes-Fulford M. The Rel/NF-κB pathway and transcription of immediate early genes in T cell activation are inhibited by microgravity. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2012 92(6): 1133-1145. DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0312157.PMID: 22750545.
The Role of Microtubule-Membrane-Cell Wall Continuum in Gravity Resistance in Plants (Resist Wall) investigation was conducted to determine the importance of the structural connections between microtubules, plasma membrane, and the cell wall as the mechanism of gravity resistance. The results of this investigation support future plans to cultivate plants on long-duration exploration missions.
Publications
Matsumoto S, Kumasaki S, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto T, Hoson T. Gravity-Induced Modifications to Development in Hypocotyls of Arabidopsis Tubulin Mutants. Plant Physiology. 2010 February 1; 152(2): 918-926. DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.147330.
Hoson T, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto T, Karahara I, Yano S, Tanigaki F, Shimazu T, Kasahara H, Masuda D, Kamisaka S. Growth stimulation in inflorescences of an Arabidopsis tubulin mutant under microgravity conditions in space. Plant Biology. 2013 October 22; epubDOI: 10.1111/plb.12099.PMID: 24148142.
Kamada M, Omori K, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Hoson T, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Preparation and Outline of Space-Based Studies on Gravity Responses and Cell Wall Formation in Plants. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(3): 115-120. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.115.
Hoson T, Soga K. New aspects of gravity responses in plant cells. International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology. 2003 229209-244. DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(03)29005-7.
Nedukha EM. Effects of microgravity on the structure and function of plant cell walls. International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology. 1997 17039-77. PMID: 11536785.
Kamada M, Omori K, Nishitani K, Hoson T, Takeoka H, Shimazu T, Yoda S, Ishioka N. Germination and growth test in four strains of Arabidopsis thaliana in the reference model of European Modular Cultivation System. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2009 26(3): 249-254. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.26.3.249.
Levine LH, Heyenga AG, Levine HG, Choi J, Davin LB, Krikorian AD, Lewis NG. Cell-wall architecture and lignin composition of wheat developed in a microgravity environment. Phytochemistry. 2001 57(6): 835-846.
Hoson T, Matsumoto S, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto T, Sonobe S, Muranaka T, Kamisaka S, Kamada M, Omori K, Ishioka N, Shimazu T. Growth and cell wall properties in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis tua6 mutant under microgravity conditions in space. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(4): 71-76. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.71.
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T. Modification of cell wall architecture in gramineous plants under altered gravity condition. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(3): 137-142. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.137.
Hoson T, Soga K, Wakabayashi K. Role of the cell wall-sustaining system in gravity resistance in plants. Biological Sciences in Space. 2009 23(3): 131-136. DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.131. | Impact Statement
Hoson T, Matsumoto S, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto T, Sonobe S, Muranaka T, Kamisaka S, Kamada M, Omori K, Ishioka N, Shimazu T. The outline and significance of the resist wall experiment: Role of microtubule-membrane-cell wall continuum gravity resistance in plants. Biological Sciences in Space. 2007 21(3): 56-61. DOI: 10.2187/bss.21.56.
Two previous missions documented the involvement of lipid signaling molecules called endocannabinoids in production of human immune cells. This Italian Space Agency investigation, Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Pluripotent Human Stem Cell Reprogramming under Microgravity Conditions (SERISM), evaluates the role of this system in bone metabolism changes seen in microgravity. Astronauts experience bone loss on extended missions and the identification of novel biomarkers that are involved during osteogenic differentiation in microgravity of an innovative stem cell model could contribute to ways of countering that loss.
Publications
Gambacurta A, Merlini G, Ruggiero C, Diedenhofen G, Battista N, Bari M, Balsamo M, Piccirillo S, Valentini G, Mascetti G, Maccarrone M. Human osteogenic differentiation in Space: proteomic and epigenetic clues to better understand osteoporosis. Scientific Reports. 2019 June 6; 9(1): 8343. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44593-6.PMID: 31171801. | Impact Statement
Fava M, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Lipid signalling in human immune response and bone remodelling under microgravity. Applied Sciences. 2020 January; 10(12): 4309. DOI: 10.3390/app10124309. | Impact Statement
Maccarrone M, Fava M, Battista N, Piccirillo S, Valentini G, Mascetti G, Gambacurta A, Bari M. Opening the gate to the Serism project: From Earth to space and back. Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio. 2020 May 9; 9987-91. DOI: 10.1007/s42496-020-00043-5. | Impact Statement
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in human Lymphocytes Exposed to Microgravity (ROALD2) investigates the function of endocannabinoids, substances produced within the body to activate cell membrane receptors, in the regulation of the immune processes and cell cycle under microgravity conditions.
Publications
Fava M, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Lipid signalling in human immune response and bone remodelling under microgravity. Applied Sciences. 2020 January; 10(12): 4309. DOI: 10.3390/app10124309. | Impact Statement
Battista N, Meloni MA, Bari M, Mastrangelo N, Galleri G, Rapino C, Dainese E, Finazzi-Agro A, Pippia P, Maccarrone M. 5-Lipoxygenase-dependent apoptosis of human lyphocytes in the International Space Station: data from the ROALD experiment. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2012 26(5): 1791-1798. DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-199406.PMID: 22253478.
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Publications
Moes MJ, Gielen JC, Bleichrodt R, van Loon JJ, Christianen PC, Boonstra J. Simulation of microgravity by magnetic levitation and random positioning: effect on human A431 cell morphology. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2010 March 17; 23249-261. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-010-9185-x. | Impact Statement
Moes MJ, Bijvelt JJ, Boonstra J. Actin dynamics in mouse fibroblasts in microgravity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 180-183. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919477. | Impact Statement
Rajulu SL, Crucian BE, Lipshits M, Zwart SR. fake test fake test. Space: A Journey of Discovery. 2021 May 1; 10(20): 30. DOI: 10.1016/fjdljfkaposd. | Impact Statement
Roles of cortical microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins in gravity-induced growth modification of plant stems (Aniso Tubule) is an investigation that seeks to understand the mechanisms that plants use in growing stems of the right thickness to support them against gravity. Microtubules, part of a plant cell's molecular skeleton, align themselves with the local gravity field and thus produce short, thick bodies in hypergravity. This research will germinate Arabidopsis hypocotyls (thale cress) in space and then use a fluorescence microscope in the Kibo module to analyze the directions taken by tubules in the stem just below the leaves of new seedlings.
Publications
Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hoson T. Growth and cortical microtubule dynamics in shoot organs under microgravity and hypergravity conditions. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 2018 January 16; 13(1): e1422468. DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1422468.PMID: 29286875. | Impact Statement
Soga K, Yamazaki C, Kamada M, Tanigawa N, Kasahara H, Yano S, Kojo KH, Kutsuna N, Kato T, Hashimoto T, Kotake T, Wakabayashi K, Hoson T. Modification of growth anisotropy and cortical microtubule dynamics in Arabidopsis hypocotyls grown under microgravity conditions in space. Physiologia Plantarum. 2018 January; 162(1): 135-144. DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12640.PMID: 28862767.
Hoson T, Wakabayashi K. Role of the plant cell wall in gravity resistance. Phytochemistry. 2015 April; 11284-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.022.
Solar panels are an efficient way to power satellites, but they are delicate and large, and must be unfolded when a satellite arrives in orbit. The Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA) is a new type of solar panel that rolls open in space like a party favor and is more compact than current rigid panel designs. The ROSA investigation tests deployment and retraction, shape changes when the Earth blocks the sun, and other physical challenges to determine the array’s strength and durability.
Publications
Chamberlain MK, Kiefer SH, Banik JA. On-orbit structural dynamics performance of the roll-out solar array. 2018 AIAA Spacecraft Structures Conference, Kissimmee, Florida. 2018 January 8-12; 22 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2018-1942. | Impact Statement
Chamberlain MK, Kiefer SH, Banik JA. Photogrammetry-based analysis of the on-orbit structural dynamics of the Roll-Out Solar Array. 2019 AIAA SciTech Forum, San Diego, CA. 2019 January 7-11; AIAA 2019-237516 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-2375. | Impact Statement
Chamberlain MK, Kiefer SH, Banik JA. Structural analysis methods for the Roll-Out Solar Array flight experiment. 2019 AIAA SciTech Forum, San Diego, CA. 2019 January 7-11; AIAA 2019-237615 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-2376. | Impact Statement
Chamberlain MK, Kiefer SH, LaPointe M, LaCorte P. On-orbit flight testing of the Roll-Out Solar Array. Acta Astronautica. 2020 October 15; epub14pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.10.024. | Impact Statement
Jones TW, Liddle DA, Banik JA, Shortis MR. On-orbit photogrammetry analysis of the Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA). AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, San Diego, CA & Virtual. 2022 January; AIAA 2022-1624DOI: 10.2514/6.2022-1624. | Impact Statement
The Rotifer-B1 investigation aims to explore the effects that spaceflight has on both the metabolism and genomic/genetic level of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga. This is achieved by culturing rotifers in Kubik, an on-orbit incubator facility. After exposing rotifers to space conditions inside the International Space Station (ISS), samples are frozen and returned to Earth for postflight analyses.
The Rotifer-B2 investigation aims to explore the effects that spaceflight has on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair mechanisms of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga. This is achieved by pre-exposing rotifers to high levels of radiation on Earth and then culturing them in Kubik, an on-orbit incubator facility. After exposing rotifers to space conditions inside the International Space Station (ISS), the samples are frozen and returned to Earth for postflight analyses.
The Round Robin - Thermophysical Property Measurement (Round Robin) investigation provides researchers with a better understanding of how to measure liquid metal properties to revolutionize how process modeling can support design, flight qualification and production of advanced spaceflight systems.
RSP-00 is a CubeSat deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-10 (J-SSOD-10) satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). RSP-00 was built by Ryman Sat Spaces General Incorporated Association, Tokyo, Japan. RSP-00 was launched to the International Space Station aboard HTV-7 on September 22, 2018, and deployed on October 26, 2018.
The RSP-01 satellite is a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat that deploys during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-16 (J-SSOD-16) micro-satellite deployment mission and is handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). RSP-01 is developed by Rymansat Spaces and launches to the International Space Station aboard the NG-15 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) components are integral to synthetic biology and bioengineering of organisms for a variety of applications, such as producing pharmaceuticals, improving consumer products, and developing clean plastics. Rugged Platforms for Synthetic Biological Component Transport (Rhodium Synthetic Cryptobiology) tests using specific bacterial strains to protect and preserve DNA through the stresses of launch, on-orbit stowage, and return to Earth. Results could help create more rugged biological components and advance these technologies for use in space and in extreme environments on Earth.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-12 (J-SSOD-12) is a CubeSat deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). J-SSOD-12 deploys the Rwandan 3-Unit RWanda Satellite-1 (RWASAT-1) CubeSat. This CubeSat was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle “KONOTORI8” (HTV8) on September 14, 2019.
Content Pending
Salivary Markers of Metabolic Changes during Space Missions (Check-Saliva) tests crewmembers' saliva, blood, and urine before, during and after spaceflight to study whether saliva tests can serve as reliable health monitors. Long-term exposure to the microgravity environment results in reduced bone and muscle mass, which is related to changes in certain substances in the bloodstream and urine. Some of these changes can also be detected in saliva samples, so tests using Check-Saliva can validate whether saliva and/or urine can be used as simple, non-invasive tools to monitor crewmembers' bone and muscle status during a space mission.
Publications
Bilancio G, Cavallo P, Lombardi C, Guarino E, Cozza V, Giordano F, Cirillo M. Urea and minerals monitoring in Space Missions by Spot Samples of Saliva and Urine. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2019 January 1; 90(1): 43-47. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5200.2019.PMID: 30579377. | Impact Statement
Krieger SS, Zwart SR, Mehta SK, Wu H, Simpson RJ, Smith SM, Crucian BE. Alterations in saliva and plasma cytokine concentrations during long-duration spaceflight. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021 August 24; 12725748. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725748.PMID: 34504500. | Impact Statement
Not everyone can go to space, but everyone can see Earth from an astronaut’s perspective with the Sally Ride Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students (Sally Ride EarthKAM) program. Thousands of students can remotely control a digital camera mounted on the International Space Station, and use it to take photographs of coastlines, mountain ranges and other interesting features and phenomena. The EarthKAM team posts the students’ images on the Internet, where the public and participating classrooms can view Earth from a unique vantage point.
Publications
Hurwicz M. Case Study: Attack Of The Space Data -- Down To Earth Data Management At ISS EarthKAM. New Architect. 2002 38
Buckley D. Science and Technology: A Workshop. Tech and Learning. 2003 15-SEP-2003; 27
The Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR) studies aerodynamics and gas-surface interactions, measures wind in the thermosphere and demonstrates aerodynamic attitude and control of satellites in low altitude orbits. Understanding the interaction between the upper atmosphere and spacecraft could help identify new low-drag materials for design of more sustainable low-altitude spacecraft. Such satellites could be smaller, lighter and less expensive to launch while still achieving equal or better resolution and data.
Scaling Body-Related Actions in the Absence of Gravity (Passages) tests how astronauts interpret visual information in microgravity.
Publications
Marcilly R, Luyat M. The role of eye height in judgment of an affordance of passage under a barrier. Current Psychology Letters. 2008 24(1): 14 pp.
Luyat M, McIntyre J. Scaling body-related actions in weightlessness. 9th European Workshop on Ecological Perception, Gronigen, Netherlands. 2006 July 5-8;
Luyat M, Regia-Corte T. Affordances: James Jerome Gibson recent formalization of the concept = The affordances: from James Jerome Gibson to the recent formal models of the concept. Psychological Year (ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE). 2009 109(2): 297-332. French.
Bourrelly A, McIntyre J, Luyat M. Perception of affordances during long-term exposure to weightlessness in the International Space Station. Cognitive Processing. 2015 September; 16(1): 171-174. DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0692-y.PMID: 26224263.
Don Pettit, Expedition 6 NASA ISS Science Officer, used his free time, usually Saturday mornings, while living aboard the International Space Station to shed the light of science on a variety of subjects for students of all ages. These demonstrations were chronicled and dubbed "Saturday Morning Science".
Publications
DeLombard R, Kelly EM, Hrovat K, Nelson ES, Pettit DR. Motion of Air Bubbles in Water Subjected to Microgravity Accelerations. 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2005 AIAA 2005-722
Love SG, Pettit DR. Fast, Repeatable Clumping of Solid Particles in Microgravity. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX. 2004 1119
Grunsfeld JM. Shooting the Heavens from Space. Sky and Telescope. 2003 128-132.
Yamamoto T, Takagi Y, Okano Y, Dost S. Numerical investigation for the effect of the liquid film volume on thermocapillary flow direction in a thin circular liquid film. Physics of Fluids. 2013 25(8): 082108. DOI: 10.1063/1.4818160.
Love SG, Pettit DR, Messenger SR. Particle aggregation in microgravity: Informal experiments on the International Space Station. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 2014 March; epub8 pp. DOI: 10.1111/maps.12286.
Yamamoto T, Takagi Y, Okano Y, Dost S. Numerical investigation of oscillatory thermocapillary flows under zero gravity in a circular liquid film with concave free surfaces. Physics of Fluids. 2016 March 1; 28(3): 032106. DOI: 10.1063/1.4943246.
Science off the Sphere is a collaborative effort between Astronaut Dr. Don Pettit and the American Physical Society demonstrating unique physical properties that occur on the International Space Station.
Publications
Chand SP. Effect of Centrifugal Force on the Characteristic Orientations in Antibubbles under Microgravity Environmental Conditions. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2014 9(11): 1315–1324.
Stevenson D, Schaub H, Pettit DR. Electrostatic model applied to ISS charged water droplet experiment. ESA Annual Meeting on Electrostatics, Pomona, CA. 2015 June 16-18; 11 pp.
Fontana P, Schefer J, Pettit DR. Characterization of sodium chloride crystals grown in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2011 June; 324(1): 207-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.04.001.
Fontana P, Pettit DR, Cristoferetti S. Sodium chloride crystallization from thin liquid sheets, thick layers, and sessile drops in microgravity. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2015 October 15; 42880-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.07.026.
Fei L, Ikebukuro K, Katsuta T, Kaneko T, Ueno I, Pettit DR. Effect of static deformation on basic flow patterns in thermocapillary-driven free liquid film. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2017 February; 29(1): 29-36. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-016-9523-8. | Impact Statement
Elele EO, Shen Y, Pettit DR, Khusid B. Detection of a dynamic cone-shaped meniscus on the surface of fluids in electric fields. Physical Review Letters. 2015 February 5; 114(5): 054501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.054501. | Impact Statement
Pettit DR, Fontana P. Comparison of sodium chloride hopper cubes grown under microgravity and terrestrial conditions. npj Microgravity. 2019 November 11; 5(1): 25. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0085-0.PMID: 31728406. | Impact Statement
Scientific and Educational Demonstration of Physical Laws and Phenomena in Microgravity (Fizika-Obrazovaniye, Fizika-Faza) studies and demonstrates various physical processes in microgravity for educational purposes in physics. This program is geared toward high school students in elective courses involving the in-depth study of physics, mathematics, and information technology. Fizika-Faza studies the complete gas-liquid phase separation of a fine dispersion system in microgravity with the effects of diffusion and the surface tension of liquid.
Scientific and Educational Demonstration of Physical Laws and Phenomena in Microgravity (Fizika-Obrazovaniye, Fizika-LT) studies and demonstrates various physical processes in microgravity for educational purposes in physics. This program is geared toward high school students in elective courses involving the in-depth study of physics, mathematics, and information technology. Fizika-LT demonstrates the effects of the physical laws of motion with a spinning geometrically symmetrical body (much like a flying saucer), in microgravity.
Scientific and Educational Demonstration of Physical Laws and Phenomena in Microgravity (Fizika-Obrazovaniye, Fizika-Otolit) studies and demonstrates various physical processes in microgravity for educational purposes in physics. This program is geared toward high school students in elective courses involving the in-depth study of physics, mathematics, and information technology. Fizika-Otolit demonstrates the simulation processes for the transfer of motion and the effects on the human vestibular system in microgravity.
Scintillation Observations & Response of The Ionosphere to Electrodynamics (SORTIE) studies wave-like plasma disturbances in Earth’s upper atmosphere and the roles of various factors in their formation. A better understanding of these phenomena may improve the ability to predict the location of such disturbances and their effect on radio signals.
The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task (SPORT) investigates the conditions that lead to the formation of plasma bubbles in the ionosphere using a 6U CubeSat. These plasma irregularities at satellite altitudes may be related to disruption of radio signals. Results could improve understanding of how plasma bubbles form the conditions that lead to interference with radio signals and identify ways to improve the ability to predict occurrence of those conditions.
Content Pending
Publications
Borisov VV, Deshevaya EA, Grachov E, Grigoryan OP, Tchurilo I, Tsetlin VV. The " Scorpion" experiment onboard the International Space Station. Preliminary results. Advances in Space Research. 2003 Dec; 32(1): 2373-2378. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90568-0. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Publications
Novikov LS, Baranov DG, Gagarin YF, Dergachev VA, Samokhina MS, Voronina EN. Measurements of microparticle fluxes on orbital space stations from 1978 until 2011. Advances in Space Research. 2017 epub8 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2017.03.020.Also results for KOMPLAST..
Baranov DG, Dergachev VA, Gagarin YF, Lyagushin VI, Nymmik RA, Panasyuk MI, Solov'ev AV, Yakubovsky EA. The high-energy heavy particle fluences in the orbits of manned space station. Radiation Measurements. 2002 35423-431. DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00073-2.
Baranov DG, Dergachev VA, Nymmik RA, Yakubovsky EA, Gagarin YF. The cosmic ray heavy nucleus recording inside the Earth’s magnetosphere: Experiment Platan. Geomagnetizm I Aeronomiya (Geomagnetism and Aeronomy). 2004 44(6): 1-8, 771.
Study of the anomalous component of cosmic rays (energy spectra of argon ions in the magnetosphere and assessing their charged state with increasing energy).
Publications
Baranov DG, Gagarin YF, Dergachev VA, Nymmik RA. Evidence for existence of multiply charged argon ions in anomalous cosmic rays. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2007 July; 71(7): 980-983. DOI: 10.3103/S106287380707026X.Also: Original Russian Text © D.G. Baranov, Yu.F. Gagarin, V.A. Dergachev, R.A. Nymmik, 2007, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2007, Vol. 71, No. 7, pp. 1011–1014..
Study of the energy spectra of galactic cosmic ray iron nuclei in the energy range 30-160 MeV/nucleon at various phases of the solar activity cycle
Publications
Baranov DG, Gagarin YF, Dergachev VA, Nymmik RA, Panasyuk MI. Energy spectra of low-energy solar iron particles measured in the orbit of the international space station in the period 2002–2004. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2015 May 1; 79(5): 577-579. DOI: 10.3103/S1062873815050111.Original Russian Text © D.G. Baranov, Yu.F. Gagarin, V.A. Dergachev, R.A. Nymmik, M.I. Panasyuk, 2015, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2015, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 631–633..
Measuring microparticle streams in the environment surrounding the International Space Station (ISS) according to damage, in the form of through-and-through holes in heat shielding placed above a nuclei detector.
Publications
Baranov DG, Gagarin YF, Dergachev VA, Nymmik RA, Solov'ev AV, Yakubovsky EA. Statute of the Platan experiments on the manned space stations. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2003 67(4): 527-529.
Baranov DG, Gagarin YF, Dergachev VA, Nymmik RA, Solov'ev AV, Yakubovsky EA. Statute of the Platan experiments on the manned space stations. 27th All-Russian Conference on Space Radiation. 2002
Study of the energy spectra of the iron ions of solar cosmic rays from the most powerful flares in the energy range 30-160 MeV/nucleon.
Determining the transmission function of particles from Earth’s orbit into the magnetosphere and comparing it with simulation calculations.
Publications
Baranov DG, Dergachev VA, Nymmik RA, Panasyuk MI. Spectra of Fe ions in powerful SCR events. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2017 February 1; 81(2): 128-131. DOI: 10.3103/S1062873817020058.Also: Original Russian Text © D.G. Baranov, V.A. Dergachev, R.A. Nymmik, M.I. Panasyuk, 2017, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2017, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 147–150..
Space Tango Payload Card SEED-1 and -2 (SEED-1 and SEED-2) led by the Chappell Lab within the University of Kentucky, uncovers new chemistries provided through medicinal plants in a microgravity environment. Specifically, the research goal is to unlock novel genetic expressions of chemical capabilities of two plant types, valerian (valeriana officinalis) and periwinkle (catharanthus roseus). This experiment establishes a baseline genetic guideline for medicinal plant seeds (non-germinated), germinates medicinal plants in microgravity, and examines multi-generational plant growth in microgravity that may encourage new gene expression.
Plants play an important role in future planning for long-term space missions as they serve as a source of food and generate breathable air for crew members. The Seedling Growth-1 investigation focuses on the effects of gravity and light on plant growth, development, and cell division. In the long-term, this research is relevant to improving the characteristics of crop plants to benefit human agriculture on Earth.
Publications
Kiss JZ, Aanes G, Schiefloe M, Coelho LH, Millar KD, Edelmann RE. Changes in operational procedures to improve spaceflight experiments in plant biology in the European Modular Cultivation System. Advances in Space Research. 2014 March 1; 53(5): 818-827. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2013.12.024.
Herranz R, Vandenbrink JP, Villacampa A, Manzano A, Poehlman WL, Feltus FA, Kiss JZ, Medina F. RNAseq Analysis of the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Fractional Gravity Under Blue-Light Stimulation During Spaceflight. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019 November 26; 1011 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01529. | Impact Statement
Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Poehlman WL, Feltus FA, Villacampa A, Ciska M, Medina F, Kiss JZ. RNA-seq analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after exposure to blue-light phototropic stimuli in microgravity. American Journal of Botany. 2019 November 10; 106(11): 1466-1476. DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1384.PMID: 31709515. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Villacampa A, Saez-Vasquez J, Kiss JZ, Medina F, Herranz R. The importance of Earth reference controls in spaceflight -omics research: Characterization of nucleolin mutants from the Seedling Growth experiments. iScience. 2020 November 20; 23(11): 101686. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101686.PMID: 33163940. | Impact Statement
Shymanovich T, Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Medina F, Kiss JZ. Spaceflight studies identify a gene encoding an intermediate filament involved in tropism pathways. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2022 January 15; 171191-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.039.PMID: 35007950. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Plants play a central role in the future planning of long-term manned space missions, as they serve as a source of food and generate breathable air for crew members. Seedling Growth-2 is the second part of a series of investigations that uses the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to help determine the effects of microgravity and light on plant growth, development, and cell proliferation/cell cycle. The plants are grown in different wavelengths of light (red and blue), and both the plant growth and the expression of selected genes are compared to plants grown on Earth (as well as to the 1-g control on the International Space Station) under the same lighting conditions.
Publications
Millar KD, Kumar P, Correll MJ, Mullen JL, Hangarter RP, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. A novel phototropic response to red light is revealed in microgravity. New Phytologist. 2010 186(3): 648-656. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03211.x.
Kiss JZ, Millar KD, Kumar P, Edelmann RE, Correll MJ. Improvements in the re-flight of spaceflight experiments on plant tropisms. Advances in Space Research. 2011 47(3): 545-552. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.09.024.
Kiss JZ, Millar KD, Edelmann RE. Phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana in microgravity and fractional gravity on the International Space Station. Planta. 2012 236(2): 635-645. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1633-y.PMID: 22481136.
Kiss JZ, Kumar P, Millar KD, Edelmann RE, Correll MJ. Operations of a spaceflight experiment to investigate plant tropisms. Advances in Space Research. 2009 44(8): 879-886. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.06.007.
Vandenbrink JP, Kiss JZ. Spaceflight Procedures and Operations Utilized During the Seedling Growth Experiments. Gravitational and Space Research. 2016 December 19; 4(2): 38-46. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2016-0011. | Impact Statement
Herranz R, Vandenbrink JP, Villacampa A, Manzano A, Poehlman WL, Feltus FA, Kiss JZ, Medina F. RNAseq Analysis of the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Fractional Gravity Under Blue-Light Stimulation During Spaceflight. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019 November 26; 1011 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01529. | Impact Statement
Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Poehlman WL, Feltus FA, Villacampa A, Ciska M, Medina F, Kiss JZ. RNA-seq analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after exposure to blue-light phototropic stimuli in microgravity. American Journal of Botany. 2019 November 10; 106(11): 1466-1476. DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1384.PMID: 31709515. | Impact Statement
Matia I, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Herranz R, Kiss JZ, Gasset G, van Loon JJ, Marco R, Medina F. Plant Cell Proliferation and Growth Are Altered by Microgravity Conditions in Spaceflight. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2010 167(3): 184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.08.012.PMID: 19864040.
Manzano A, Villacampa A, Saez-Vasquez J, Kiss JZ, Medina F, Herranz R. The importance of Earth reference controls in spaceflight -omics research: Characterization of nucleolin mutants from the Seedling Growth experiments. iScience. 2020 November 20; 23(11): 101686. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101686.PMID: 33163940. | Impact Statement
Villacampa A, Ciska M, Manzano A, Vandenbrink JP, Kiss JZ, Herranz R, Medina F. From spaceflight to Mars g-levels: Adaptive response of A. thaliana seedlings in a reduced gravity environment Is enhanced by red-light photostimulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 January; 22(2): 899. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020899.PMID: 33477454. | Impact Statement
Shymanovich T, Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Medina F, Kiss JZ. Spaceflight studies identify a gene encoding an intermediate filament involved in tropism pathways. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2022 January 15; 171191-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.039.PMID: 35007950. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Seedling Growth-3 is the third part of the Seedling Growth Experiment series, using the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the effects of gravity on the cellular signaling mechanisms of light sensing in plants (phototropism), and to investigate cell growth and proliferation responses to light stimulation under microgravity conditions. The investigation also seeks to determine: (1) the red light effect on blue-light-based phototropism and its effects, (2) the alterations in red-light-based phototropism of plants defective in essential components of auxin transport or lacking essential factors of cell growth and proliferation, and (3) the effects of a red light photostimulation on cell growth and proliferation under conditions of gravitational stress.
Publications
Valbuena MA, Manzano A, Vandenbrink JP, Pereda-Loth V, Carnero-Diaz E, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ, Herranz R, Medina F. The combined effects of real or simulated microgravity and red-light photoactivation on plant root meristematic cells. Planta. 2018 September 1; 248(3): 691-704. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2930-x.PMID: 29948124. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Villacampa A, Saez-Vasquez J, Kiss JZ, Medina F, Herranz R. The importance of Earth reference controls in spaceflight -omics research: Characterization of nucleolin mutants from the Seedling Growth experiments. iScience. 2020 November 20; 23(11): 101686. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101686.PMID: 33163940. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Creus E, Tomas A, Valbuena MA, Villacampa A, Ciska M, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ, Medina F, Herranz R. The FixBox: Hardware to provide on-orbit fixation capabilities to the EMCS on the ISS. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2020 October 6; 321105–1120. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-020-09837-5. | Impact Statement
Villacampa A, Ciska M, Manzano A, Vandenbrink JP, Kiss JZ, Herranz R, Medina F. From spaceflight to Mars g-levels: Adaptive response of A. thaliana seedlings in a reduced gravity environment Is enhanced by red-light photostimulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 January; 22(2): 899. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020899.PMID: 33477454. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
In the Seeds II and MYST: Seed Packages (Seeds and Martian Yeast) project, a 2 kg collection of European wildflower seeds, containing 10 different species, are flown to the International Space Station. The seeds are carefully chosen for having a fast growth rate so that the results can be seen more quickly. After upload, the seeds are to remain stowed for a minimum of 1 to 3 months to accumulate the effects of spaceflight. The seeds are then returned to Earth, unpacked, and distributed to schools as a part of the DLR Space Administration’s school project “Space Seeds 2” for primary school classes (grades 3 and above) where they are germinated, and various aspects (i.e. growth and flowering percentage compared to the ground sample) are studied.
Content Pending
Publications
Weterings KA, Wamsteker JA, van Loon JJ. Seeds-in-space education experiment during the Dutch soyuz mission DELTA. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 244-248. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919491.
van Loon JJ, Wamsteker JA, Weterings KA. Seeds-in-Space education experiment during the Dutch Soyuz mission, DELTA. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2005 12(1): 213-2124. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919491.
Tepfer D, Zalar A, Leach S. Survival of Plant Seeds, Their UV Screens, and nptII DNA for 18 Months Outside the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2012 12(5): 517-528. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0744.PMID: 22680697. | Impact Statement
Kimoto Y, Yamagata I, Ishizawa J, Miyazaki E, Baba N, Kato M. Japanese Space Materials Exposure Experiment Utilizing International Space Station. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 IAC-06-B4.3.08
Colla G, Battistelli A, Proietti S, Moscatello S, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Casucci M. Rocket seedling production on the International Space Station: Growth and Nutritional properties. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 XIX(5/6): 118-121. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919465.
Seeker Robotic External CubeSat Inspection Vehicle Developmental Test Objective (DTO), or Seeker, tests flying a robot prototype outside spacecraft, initially non-crewed vehicles, to perform inspections. Such inspections are critical to maintaining safe spacecraft, but current methods using robotic arms or extra-vehicular activity require significant crew time, cannot inspect all parts of a craft, and can be dangerous. This investigation flies the robot on basic maneuvers to take high-resolution images of the Cygnus resupply vehicle after it leaves the space station.
Content Pending
Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Aggregation of Colloidal Suspensions (SODI-Colloid) will study the aggregation, or mass, phenomena of colloids in the microgravity environment onboard the International Space Station.
Publications
Mazzoni S, Potenza MA, Alaimo MD, Veen SJ, Dielissen M, Leussink E, Dewandel J, Minster O, Kufner E, Wegdam GH, Schall P. SODI-COLLOID: A combination of static and dynamic light scattering on board the International Space Station. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2013 84(4): 043704. DOI: 10.1063/1.4801852.PMID: 23635200.
Potenza MA, Manca A, Veen SJ, Weber B, Mazzoni S, Schall P, Wegdam GH. Dynamics of colloidal aggregation in microgravity by critical Casimir forces. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2014 June 23; 106(6): DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/106/68005.
Potenza MA, Veen SJ, Schall P, Wegdam GH. Nucleation of weakly attractive aggregates in microgravity. EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2018 November 23; 124(2): 28002. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/124/28002. | Impact Statement
Veen SJ, Antoniuk O, Weber B, Potenza MA, Mazzoni S, Schall P, Wegdam GH. Colloidal aggregation in microgravity by critical Casimir forces. Physical Review Letters. 2012 December 14; 109(24): 248302. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.248302.PMID: 23368395. Also: Potenza, Marco A C, Andrea Manca, Sandra J. Veen, Bart Weber, Stefano Mazzoni, Peter Schall, and others, ‘Dynamics of Colloidal Aggregation in Microgravity by Critical Casimir Forces’, 2013 <http://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.7077.pdf> [accessed 7 May 2013].
The Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Diffusion and Soret Coefficient (SODI-DSC) experiment will study diffusion in six different liquids over time in the absence of convection induced by the gravity field.
Publications
Galand Q, Van Vaerenbergh S. Contribution to the benchmark for ternary mixtures: Measurement of diffusion and Soret coefficients of ternary system tetrahydronaphtalene-isobutylbenzene-n-dodecane with mass fractions 80-10-10 at 25 °C. European Physical Journal E. 2015 April 27; 38(4): 10 pp. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15026-3.
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. An Extensive Heat Transfer Analysis using Mach Zehnder Interferometry during Thermodiffusion Experiment on board the International Space Station. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2014 January 25; 62(2): 351-364. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.09.048.
Ahadi A, Van Varenbergh S, Saghir MZ. Measurement of the Soret coefficients for a ternary hydrocarbon mixture in low gravity environment. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2013 138(20): 204201. DOI: 10.1063/1.4802984.PMID: 23742467.
The Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Influence of VIbrations on DIffusion of Liquids (SODI-IVIDIL) investigation studies the influence of controlled vibrations on diffusion in liquids in the absence of buoyant convection (transfer of heat by movement) in microgravity. These studies represent part of a series of investigations on the International Space Station (ISS) studying how heat and particles move through liquids in microgravity. This investigation provides additional data for applications to fields in mineralogy and geophysics for predictions about the locations of natural resources beneath the Earth's surface.
Publications
Shevtsova V, Gaponenko YA, Sechenyh V, Melnikov DE, Lyubimova TP, Mialdun A. Dynamics of a binary mixture subjected to a temperature gradient and oscillatory forcing. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2015 March; 767290-322. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2015.50.
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. An Extensive Heat Transfer Analysis using Mach Zehnder Interferometry during Thermodiffusion Experiment on board the International Space Station. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2014 January 25; 62(2): 351-364. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.09.048.
Gaponenko YA, Mialdun A, Shevtsova V. Experimental and numerical analysis of mass transfer in a binary mixture with Soret effect in the presence of weak convection. European Physical Journal E. 2014 October; 37(10): 90. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2014-14090-5.
Saez N, Gavalda J, Ruiz X, Shevtsova V. Detecting accelerometric nonlinearities in the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2014 October-November; 10316-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.06.025.
Khoshnevis A, Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. On the influence of g-jitter and prevailing residual accelerations onboard International Space Station on a thermodiffusion experiment. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2014 July; 68(1-2): 36-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.04.001.
Shevtsova V, Sechenyh V, Nepomnyashchy A, Legros J. Analysis of the application of optical two-wavelength techniques to measurement of the Soret coefficients in ternary mixtures. Philosophical Magazine. 2011 September 11; 91(26): 3498-3518. DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2011.586376.
Saez N, Ruiz X, Gavalda J, Shevtsova V. Comparative analyses of ESA, NASA and JAXA signals of acceleration during the SODI-IVIDIL experiment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2014 July; 26(1): 57-64. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-014-9376-y.
Sechenyh V, Legros J, Shevtsova V. Measurements of optical properties in binary and ternary mixtures containing cyclohexane, toluene, and methanol. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. 2012 April 12; 57(4): 1036-1043. DOI: 10.1021/je201277d.
Saez N, Ruiz X, Gavalda J, Pallares J, Shevtsova V. Comparative ISS accelerometric analyses. Acta Astronautica. 2014 February; 94(2): 681-689. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.09.005.Also: presented during the 63rd IAC in Naples..
Mialdun A, Yasnou V, Shevtsova V, Koniger A, Kohler W, de Mezquia DA, Bou-Ali MM. A comprehensive study of diffusion, thermodiffusion, and Soret coefficients of water-isopropanol mixtures. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2012 June 28; 136(24): 244512. DOI: 10.1063/1.4730306.PMID: 22755592.
Shevtsova V, Mialdun A, Melnikov DE, Ryzhkov II, Gaponenko YA, Saghir MZ, Lyubimova TP, Legros J. The IVIDIL experiment onboard the ISS: Thermodiffusion in the presence of controlled vibrations. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics. 2011 May; 339310-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.crme.2011.03.007.
Braibanti M, Artola PA, Baaske P, Bataller H, Bou-Ali MM, Cannell DS, Carpineti M, Cerbino R, Croccolo F, Diaz J, Donev A, Errarte A, Ezquerro Navarro JM, Frutos-Pastor A, Galand Q, Galliero G, Gaponenko YA, Garcia-Fernandez L, Gavalda J, Giavazzi F, Giglio M, Giraudet C, Hoang H, Kufner E, Kohler W, Lapeira E, Laveron-Simavilla A, Legros J, Lizarraga I, Lyubimova TP, Mazzoni S, Melville N, Mialdun A, Minster O, Montel F, Molster FJ, Ortiz de Zarate JM, Rodriguez J, Rousseau B, Ruiz X, Ryzhkov II, Schraml M, Shevtsova V, Takacs CJ, Triller T, Van Vaerenbergh S, Vailati A, Verga A, Vermorel R, Vesovic V, Yasnou V, Xu S, Zapf D, Zhang K. European Space Agency experiments on thermodiffusion of fluid mixtures in space. European Physical Journal E. 2019 July 11; 42(7): 86. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11849-0.PMID: 31289962. | Impact Statement
Dubert DC, Marin-Genesca M, Simon MJ, Gavalda J, Ruiz X. Complementary techniques for the accelerometric environment characterization of thermodiffusion experiments on the ISS. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 November 11; 11673-683. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-09739-1. | Impact Statement
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. Transient Effect of Micro Vibration from Two Space Vehicles on Mixture During Thermodiffusion Experiment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2013 April; 25(2): 127-139. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-013-9338-9.
Mazzoni S, Shevtsova V, Mialdun A, Melnikov DE, Gaponenko YA, Lyubimova TP, Saghir MZ. Vibrating liquids in space. Europhysics News. 2010 December 17; 41(6): 14-16. DOI: 10.1051/epn/2010601.
Shevtsova V, Mialdun A, Melnikov DE, Ryzhkov II, Gaponenko YA, Saghir MZ, Lyubimova TP, Legros J. IVIDIL experiment onboard ISS: thermodiffusion in presence of controlled vibrations. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics. 2011 339310-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.crme.2011.03.007.
Shevtsova V, Lyubimova TP, Saghir MZ, Melnikov DE, Gaponenko YA, Sechenyh V, Legros J, Mialdun A. IVIDIL: on-board g-jitters and diffusion controlled phenomena. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 6; 327012031. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012031.
Shevtsova V, Melnikov DE, Legros J, Yan Y, Saghir MZ, Lyubimova TP, Sedelnikov G, Roux B. Influence of vibrations on thermodiffusion in binary mixture: A benchmark of numerical solutions. Physics of Fluids. 2007 19(1): 017111. DOI: 10.1063/1.2409622.
Shevtsova V, Melnikov DE, Gaponenko YA, Mialdun A. G-jitter, vibrations, diffusion: The IVIDIL experiment. Preparation of Space Experiments. 2020 September 2; 23pp. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93468. | Impact Statement
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. Experimental study of the impacts of forced vibration on thermodiffusion phenomenon in microgravity environment. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2013 October; 60(1-2): 348-358. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.07.015. | Impact Statement
Ahadi A, Kianian A, Saghir MZ. Heat and mass transport phenomena under the influence of vibration using a new aided image processing approach. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2014 January; 75233-248. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2013.05.011. | Impact Statement
The Selecting and Testing Procedures and Equipment for Detecting Locations of Module Depressurization on the International Space Station - 1 (Bar-1) investigation supports International Space Station (ISS) safety by developing means and methods to detect the location of leaks. One of the causes of leakage can be micro-destruction of the ISS pressure hull. The goal of the Bar-1 investigation is the experimental verification of the performance and ergonomic properties of the Bar scientific equipment set, as well as the methods of leak locations in full-scale conditions using the database of the background conditions. This set of the Bar scientific equipment is designed to detect leak locations in the ISS Russian Segment (RS) modules, investigate the inner environment, and identify and control potentially hazardous zones of microdestructive growth in the ISS RS module pressure hull.
Publications
Deshevaya EA, Shubralova EV, Novikova ND, Borisov VV, Kononenko OD, Polikarpov NA. Testing and evaluation of a method for locating potentially hazardous sites of eventual microdestruction and detecting marks of ISS RS hull leakage. Acta Astronautica. 2011 May-Jun; 68(9-10): 1555-1559. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.10.006. | Impact Statement
Deshevaya EA, Novikova ND, Polikarpov NA, Borisov VV, Shubralova EV, Burlakova AA, Kononenko OD, Neznamova LO. Results analysis of space experiments 'Bar' and 'Expert' conducted on-board ISS Russian segment: Perspectives of 'Bar' equipment kit application for detection of potentially dangerous areas for ISS pressure body microdistruction processes extention. 6th International Aerospace Congress, Moscow, Russia. 2010
Deshevaya EA, Borisov VV, Kononenko OD, Shubralova EV. Verification of the method for revealing of potentially dangerous zones of possible development of micro- destruction of the PS ISS pressurized structure ( based on the results of the 17-ISS mission). 17th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Moscow, Russia. 2009 June 7-11; 32.
Deshevaya EA, Shubralova EV, Novikova ND, Polikarpov NA. Results of intravehicular environment influence on pressure body state studies conducted in space experiments 'Bar' and 'Expert' on-board ISS in 2008-2011. Space Forum 2011 Dedicated on 50th Anniversary for Yu. A. Gagarin Flight, Moscow, Russia. 2011 October 18-21;
Makov YN, Bychkov VB, Kononenko OD, Shubralova EV. Low-Frequency Background Ultrasonic Problematics Applied to Measurement Necessity Study of Low-Frequency Background Ultrasonic Influence on Cosmonauts during Long-Term Presence on Space Vehicles. 35th Academic Readings on Cosmonautics, Moscow, Russia. 2011 577-579.
Deshevaya EA, Shubralova EV, Borisov VV, Kononenko OD, Novikova ND, Polikarpov NA, Kotov OV. Main Outcomes of Space Experiments 'Bar' and 'Expert' Implementation On-Board ISS. 35th Academic Readings on Cosmonautics, Moscow, Russia. 2011 January; 577.
Anfimov NA, Borisov VV, Lukjaschenko VI, Shubralova EV, Scherbakov EV, Novikova ND, Deshevaya EA. Perspectives of Bar Telemetric Means Utilization for Leakage Detection and Monitoring of the ISS Construction Conditions. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 October 4-8; IAC-04-T.3.08
The Selecting and Testing Procedures and Equipment for Detecting Locations of Module Depressurization on the International Space Station - 2 (Bar-2) investigation supports International Space Station (ISS) safety by developing means and methods to detect the location of leaks. One of the causes of leakage can be micro-destruction of the ISS pressure hull. The goal of the Bar-2 investigation is the formation of a database of the background conditions based on the results of monitoring the physical environment parameters and the pressure hull surface microconditions in zones of potential leaks.
The Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis in Space - 1 (SVS-1) suite of investigations establish a mechanism for combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems under conditions of weightlessness. SVS consists of 6 distinct investigations. Study the effect of weightlessness on the mechanism of combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems (powder mixtures and compressed samples).
Publications
Sanin VN, Yukhvid VI, Sytschev AE, Sachkova NV, Shiryaeva MY. The effect of microgravity on the composition of SHS products of the mixture NiO + Ni + Al + WC. Inorganic Materials. 2009 Jun 7; 45(6): 635-344. DOI: 10.1134/S0020168509060119.Original Russian Text © V.N. Sanin, V. I. Yukhvid, A.E. Sychev, N.V. Sachkova, M. Yu. Shiryaeva, 2009, published in Neorganicheskie Materialy, 2009, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 694-703..
Vadchenko SG, Sytschev AE. SHS in microgravity: The Ti-Si-Al-C system. International Journal of Self-Propogating High Temperature Synthesis. 2008 Aug 12; 17(2): 149-153. DOI: 10.3103/S1061386208020118.
Shcherbakov VA, Sytschev AE, Sachkova NV. Interaction of SHS-produced melt with Ti surface in microgravity conditions. International Journal of Self-Propogating High Temperature Synthesis. 2010 Jul 2; 19(2): 141-149. DOI: 10.3103/S106138621002010X.
The Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis in Space - 2 (SVS-2) suite of investigations establish a mechanism for combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems under conditions of weightlessness. SVS consists of 6 distinct investigations. Continue studying the effect of weightlessness on the mechanism of combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems (compressed samples and powder mixtures) and to obtain materials with a foam structure and granular frameworks during the experiment based on new samples.
The Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis in Space - 3 (SVS-3) suite of investigations establish a mechanism for combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems under conditions of weightlessness. SVS consists of 6 distinct investigations. Obtain porous foam materials and to weld and seal under space conditions.
The Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis in Space - 4 (SVS-4) suite of investigations establish a mechanism for combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems under conditions of weightlessness. SVS consists of 6 distinct investigations. Study the effect of microgravity on the processes of self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis welds (weld of 2 layers of titanium foil using an exothermic combustion reaction of a powder mixture of titanium and carbon black) and the synthesis of porous functional gradient materials (with porosity or chemical component gradients).
The Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis in Space - 5 (SVS-5) suite of investigations establish a mechanism for combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems under conditions of weightlessness. SVS consists of 6 distinct investigations. Study the effect of long-term microgravity throughout the processes of self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis reactions, to create self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis coatings, and to obtain porous functional materials in long-term microgravity. Also, study the effect of long-term weightlessness on the interaction between melted self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis products and metal bases.
The Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis in Space - 6 (SVS-6) suite of investigations establish a mechanism for combustion and structural formation in self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis systems under conditions of weightlessness. SVS consists of 6 distinct investigations. Study the mechanism of combustion and formation of macro and microstructures in condensed reaction products, the structure of pore volumes, and transitional areas at joints (welds) in samples with varying porosity and chemical composition, the mechanism and kinetics of the formation of intermetallics and high-melting inorganic compounds at the borders of metals with self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis system components. Completing these tasks will make it possible to develop technologies for the formation of materials and compounds with given properties necessary for further space exploration.
Content Pending
The SEOPS-Compact Infrared Radiometer in Space (SEOPS-CIRiS) demonstrates radiometric imaging of Earth in the thermal infrared band from constellations of CubeSats. This capability greatly increases the value of image data for many scienctific and management applications in space and on the ground. The instrument is small, lightweight, and energy efficient.
SEOPS-EDGECUBE uses a student-built satellite to map the "Red Edge" of the Earth’s surface, a near-infrared transition in the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll that shows seasonal changes in vegetation and stress on ecosystems. The EDGECUBE does not have high angular resolution, and plans are to map areas approximately 200 km in size or larger. Investigators estimate there are five to ten suitable regions across the globe.
SEOPS-Gunsmoke is a Joint Capability Technology Demonstration executed by the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, sponsored by both the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering) and the U.S. Army. This science and technology effort will demonstrate an entry-level capability in a 3U form factor relevant to Army needs. The effort will also help inform future acquisition decisions.
SEOPS-HFVarisat demonstrates a technology for using extremely small, low-power satellites deployed from the space station to provide high frequency (HF) data communication worldwide. This technology could be the basis for a satellite system to supplant current HF marine communications. The system also has the potential to provide low-power emergency communications after a natural disaster.
SEOPS-MakerSat is the first additive manufactured spacecraft designed to be 3D printed on orbit. The 1-Unit (1U) proof-of-concept structural frame was printed on orbit in 2017 and returned to Earth. Then, a similar 3D-printed polymer frame was assembled with circuit boards and batteries to complete SEOPS-MakerSat for deployment on the Cygnus spacecraft as part of the SlingShot-3 mission.
Publications
Campbell B, Nogales C, Grim B, Kamstra M, Griffin J, Parke S. On-orbit polymer degradation results from MakerSat-1: First satellite designed to be additively manufactured in space. 2020 - Space Mission Architectures: Infinite Possibilities, Logan, UT. 2020 August 1; SSC20-WKVII-049 pp. | Impact Statement
Nogales C, Grim B, Kamstra M, Campbell B, Ewing A, Hance R, Griffin J, Parke S. MakerSat-0: 3D-printed polymer degradation first data from orbit. 32nd Annual Small Satellite Conference, Logan, UT. 2018 August; SSC18-WKIII-016 pp. | Impact Statement
Grim B, Kamstra M, Ewing A, Nogales C, Griffin J, Parke S. MakerSat: A CubeSat designed for in-space assembly. 30th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, UT. 2016 August; SSC16-WK-299 pp. | Impact Statement
SEOPS-Minicarb is a 6-unit (6U) CubeSat designed to observe the atmosphere between the upper and lower tropospheres – between 9.6 and 29 km above the Earth’s surface. This satellite houses a one-of-a-kind instrument called a heterodyne radiometer that measures methane, carbon dioxide, and water in this area of the atmosphere to determine levels of greenhouse gas concentrations over time.
SEOPS-National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (SEOPS-NARSS) is a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat from the Egyptian Space Agency’s remote sensing program. SEOPS-NARSS is developed by SEOPS, a U.S.-based satellite deployment and services provider. It uses the satellite to take images, temperatures of different subsystems, magnetic field measurements, and power supply values during different orbital positions to support civilian science.
SEOPS-ORCA uses a 6-Unit (6U) satellite to demonstrate satellite technologies including radio frequency (RF) for communication between spacecraft and from space to ground. This technology supports increased satellite applications that increase the need for automated ground control. SEOPS-ORCA is a Department of Defense payload sponsored through Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
The SEOPS-Quantum Radar investigation launches passive Quantum Radar satellites covered with optical reflectors. Student-operated ground stations utilize a collimated laser telescope to illuminate and perform tracking of the satellites. This science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) program can also use other, currently orbiting, retroreflector satellites for tracking experiments.
SEOPS-Radio Frequency Tag Satellite (SEOPS-RFTSat) uses a 3-Unit (3U) CubeSat to demonstrate radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting and backscatter communication to solve the problem of distributed sensing or continuous real-time monitoring in space. An RF tag containing various sensors is mounted at the end of a boom extended from the satellite and powered by energy emitted from an RF reader onboard the satellite. The tag wirelessly transmits data to the reader via backscatter communication or existing wireless signals.
The SEOPS-UbiquitiLink investigation demonstrates two-way connectivity between small satellite communications payload technology and low-power devices on Earth. This investigation aims to validate the use of this technology in space, and is intended to be deployed as a backbone for future commercial communication services.
SEOPS-VPM uses a 6-Unit (6U) CubeSat satellite to perform very low frequency (VLF) radio frequency (RF) propagation measurements to detect natural and artificial sources of VLF radio waves in low-Earth orbit. These types of radio waves are used for a variety of purposes on the ground for simplified long range applications; naturally-occurring signals in this range are used by geophysicists for long range lightning location and for research into atmospheric phenomena such as the aurora. SEOPS-VPM is sponsored by the Air Force Research Lab.
SEOPS-WIDAR is a proprietary investigation designed to advance the science of radar mapping the Earth using new high-resolution radar imaging technology. The technology enables use of extremely small and low power satellites to provide high resolution imaging. Investigation hardware remains attached to the Cygnus resupply vehicle for the duration of its mission.
The Serial Network Flow Monitor (SNFM) uses commercial off-the-shelf software to study the International Space Station’s computer network, checking the speed of data transfers and the electronic equivalent of “traffic jams.” The SNFM team monitors data transmission between the ISS and the ground, checks for delays caused by heavy use of the computer network, and troubleshoots problems.
The Sextant Navigation for Exploration Missions (Sextant Navigation) investigation focuses on stability and star sighting opportunities in microgravity. Astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) tests a hand-held sextant that is intended for use on future Orion exploration missions. The results from this investigation can aid in the development of emergency navigation methods for future manned spacecraft.
Publications
Holt GN, Wood BA. Sextant Navigation on the International Space Station: A human space exploration demo. 42nd Annual AAS Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Breckenridge, CO. 2019 February 3; AAS 19-06415 pp. | Impact Statement
Spacecraft now require much higher-performance computers than those currently available. SG100 Cloud Computing Payload (SG100 Cloud Computer) tests a space-rated, single-board computer designed to allow engineers, scientists and researchers to perform significant amounts of onboard analysis prior to downlink. This allows use of modern scientific instruments aboard the space station with minimal downlink requirements. The two-year test fully vets the system to confirm its long-duration operation in the low-Earth orbit radiation environment.
Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment (SHERE) is designed to investigate the effect of preshearing (rotation) on the stress and strain response of a polymer fluid (a complex fluid containing long chains of polymer molecules) being stretched in microgravity. The fundamental understanding and measurement of the extensional rheology of complex fluids is important for understanding containerless processing, an important operation for fabrication of parts (such as adhesives or fillers) using elastomeric materials on future exploration missions. This knowledge can be applied to controlling and improving Earth-based manufacturing processes, as well.
Publications
Hall NR, McKinley GH, Erni P, Soulages J, Magee KS. Preliminary Findings from the SHERE ISS Experiment. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 AIAA-2009-0618
Soulages J, McKinley GH, Hall NR, Magee KS, Chamitoff GE, Fincke EM. Extensional Properties of a Dilute Polymer Solution Following Preshear in Microgravity. 48th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2010 AIAA 2010-1107
Hall NR, Logsdon KA, Magee KS. Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment: A Proposed ISS Experiment. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2007 ,November;AIAA-20060524.
McKinley GH, Sridhar T. Filament Stretching Rheometry of Complex Fluids. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2002 34375-415. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.34.083001.125207.
The Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment - II (SHERE-II) investigation involves a non-Newtonian fluid that will undergo preshearing (rotation) for a specified period of time, followed by stretching. This combination of shearing and extensional deformations is common in many earth-based polymer processing and manufacturing operations such as extrusion, blow-molding and fiber spinning. However, in order to accurately predict the flow behaviour of polymeric fluids under such deformation histories, an accurate knowledge of the extensional viscosity of a polymer system and its variation with strain rate is critical and will be measured during this experiment. The fundamental understanding and measurement of these complex fluids is important for containerless processing, a key operation for fabrication of parts, such as adhesives or fillers, using elastomeric materials on future exploration missions.
Shooting for the Intravehicular Activity Space Suit of Astronauts (Shooting for the IVA Space Suit) tests consumer clothing currently worn on Earth for comfort and performance in space. Astronaut feedback can verify improvements that could be made to existing clothing designs for use by people living in space in the future.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-4 (J-SSOD-4) mission deploys the CubeSat Shootingstar Sensing Satellite (S-CUBE). S-CUBE is a 3 Unit (3U) CubeSat (10 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm) and is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-5.
Short Term Anatomical and Biomechanical Changes of the Eye in Microgravity on Axiom-1 Mission (Sansori Ax-1) assesses eye and vision changes in crew members on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). Many but not all astronauts experience changes in eye anatomy and visual acuity known as Space Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS), and a better understanding of the condition could support development of countermeasures. PAMs are privately funded flights to the International Space Station.
Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments (SEITE) uses space-based sensors to detect the ionospheric turbulence inferred from the radar observations from a previous Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) burn experiment using ground-based radar.
Publications
Bernhardt PA, Ballenthin JO, Baumgardner JL, Bhatt A, Boyd ID, Burt JM, Caton RG, Coster AJ, Erickson PJ, Huba JD, Earle GD, Kaplan CR, Foster JC, Groves KM, Haaser RA, Heelis RA, Hunton DE, Hysell DL, Klenzing JH, Larsen MF, Lind FD, Pedersen TR, Pfaff RF, Stoneback RA, Roddy PA, Rodriquez SP, San Antonio GS, Schuck PW, Siefring CL, Selcher CA, Smith SM, Talaat ER, Thomason JF, Tsunoda RT, Varney RH. Ground and Space-Based Measurement of Rocket Engine Burns in the Ionosphere. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2012 May; 40(5): 1267-1286. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2012.2185814. | Impact Statement
The Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust Experiments (SIMPLEX) investigates plasma turbulence driven by rocket exhaust in the ionosphere using ground-based radars.
Publications
Bernhardt PA, Ganguli G, Kelley MC, Swartz WE. Enhanced radar backscatter from space shuttle exhaust in the ionsphere. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1995 10023811-23818. | Impact Statement
Bernhardt PA, Ballenthin JO, Baumgardner JL, Bhatt A, Boyd ID, Burt JM, Caton RG, Coster AJ, Erickson PJ, Huba JD, Earle GD, Kaplan CR, Foster JC, Groves KM, Haaser RA, Heelis RA, Hunton DE, Hysell DL, Klenzing JH, Larsen MF, Lind FD, Pedersen TR, Pfaff RF, Stoneback RA, Roddy PA, Rodriquez SP, San Antonio GS, Schuck PW, Siefring CL, Selcher CA, Smith SM, Talaat ER, Thomason JF, Tsunoda RT, Varney RH. Ground and Space-Based Measurement of Rocket Engine Burns in the Ionosphere. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2012 May; 40(5): 1267-1286. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2012.2185814. | Impact Statement
Kaplan CR, Bernhardt PA. Effect of an Altitude-Dependent Background Atmosphere on Shuttle Plumes. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2010 July - August; 47(4): 700-703. DOI: 10.2514/1.47339. | Impact Statement
Crew members on the International Space Station (ISS) have plenty of devices and reference guides to help them complete tasks, but none is as immersive and simple to use as the new Sidekick tool. Sidekick: Investigating Immersive Visualization Capabilities (Sidekick) is a hands-free, wearable remote assistance system that enables high-definition 3-D holograms mixed with real-time views, enabling new ways to communicate and work. Sidekick improves efficiency for crew tasks such as science experiments, maintenance and operations on the ISS.
Signal of Opportunity Cubesat for Ranging and Timing Experiments (SOCRATES) develops new techniques for navigation in deep space and studies solar weather. Its sensor, Cesium Iodide Thallium-doped Incident Energy Spectrometer (CITIES), allows a spacecraft to navigate by measuring X-ray signals emitted by astrophysical bodies, improving the accuracy and efficiency of navigation far from Earth. The sensor also improves our understanding of solar weather events that affect Earth and spacecraft.
Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow under Microgravity - 2 (Geoflow-2) studies heat and fluid flow currents within the Earth's mantle. Geoflow-2 aims to improve computational methods that scientists and engineers use to understand and predict the processes in the Earth's mantle that lead to volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics and earthquakes.
Publications
Ezquerro Navarro JM, Fernandez JJ, Rodriguez J, Laveron-Simavilla A, Lapuerta V. Results and experiences from the execution of the GeoFlow experiments on the ISS. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2015 February; 27(1): 61-74. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-015-9413-5.
Futterer B, Krebs A, Plesa A, Zaussinger F, Hollerbach R, Breuer D, Egbers C. Sheet-like and plume-like thermal flow in a spherical convection experiment performed under microgravity. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2013 October 29; 735647-683. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2013.507.
Zaussinger F, Haun P, Neben M, Seelig T, Travnikov V, Egbers C, Yoshikawa H, Mutabazi I. Dielectrically driven convection in spherical gap geometry. Physical Review Fluids. 2018 September 5; 3(9): 093501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.093501. | Impact Statement
Futterer B, Dahley N, Koch S, Scurtu N, Egbers C. From isoviscous convective experiment ‘GeoFlow I’ to temperature-dependent viscosity in ‘GeoFlow II’—Fluid physics experiments on-board ISS for the capture of convection phenomena in Earth's outer core and mantle. Acta Astronautica. 2012 7111-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.08.005.
Zaussinger F, Haun P, Szabo PS, Travnikov V, Al Kawwas M, Egbers C. Rotating spherical gap convection in the GeoFlow International Space Station (ISS) experiment. Physical Review Fluids. 2020 June 19; 5(6): 063502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.063502. | Impact Statement
Travnikov V, Zaussinger F, Haun P, Egbers C. Influence of dielectrical heating on convective flow in a radial force field. Physical Review E. 2020 May; 101(5-1): 053106. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.101.053106.PMID: 32575176. | Impact Statement
Zaussinger F, Krebs A, Travnikov V, Egbers C. Recognition and tracking of convective flow patterns using Wollaston shearing interferometry. Advances in Space Research. 2017 September 15; 60(6): 1327-1344. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2017.06.028. | Impact Statement
Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow under Microgravity (Geoflow) is an ESA investigation planned for the Fluid Science Laboratory (FSL) on the ISS. Geoflow will study thermal convection in the gap between two concentric rotating spheres to model Earth's liquid core.
Publications
Ezquerro Navarro JM, Fernandez JJ, Rodriguez J, Laveron-Simavilla A, Lapuerta V. Results and experiences from the execution of the GeoFlow experiments on the ISS. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2015 February; 27(1): 61-74. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-015-9413-5.
Futterer B, Koch S, Egbers C. Traveling waves in low and intermediate rotating spherical shell convection. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2011 December 22; 318(3): 032006. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/318/3/032006.
Beltrame P, Travnikov V, Gellert M, Egbers C. GEOFLOW: simulation of convection in a spherical shell under central force field. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. 2006 13413-423. DOI: 10.5194/npg-13-413-2006.
Futterer B, Egbers C. Quasi-stationary and chaotic convection in low rotating spherical shells. Advances in Turbulence XII. 2009 13297-101. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03085-7_23.
Futterer B, Krebs A, Plesa A, Zaussinger F, Hollerbach R, Breuer D, Egbers C. Sheet-like and plume-like thermal flow in a spherical convection experiment performed under microgravity. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2013 October 29; 735647-683. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2013.507.
Travnikov V, Zaussinger F, Beltrame P, Egbers C. Influence of the temperature-dependent viscosity on convective flow in the radial force field. Physical Review E. 2017 August 29; 96(2-1): 023108-1 - 023108-11. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.96.023108.PMID: 28950511. | Impact Statement
Feudel F, Bergemann K, Tuckerman LS, Egbers C, Futterer B, Gellert M, Hollerbach R. Convection patterns in a spherical fluid shell. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter. 2011 83(4 pt 2): 046304. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.83.046304.PMID: 21599292. | Impact Statement
Futterer B, Egbers C, Dahley N, Koch S, Jehring L. First identification of sub- and supercritical convection patterns from ‘GeoFlow’, the geophysical flow simulation experiment integrated in Fluid Science Laboratory. Acta Astronautica. 2010 66(1-2): 193-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.05.027.
Futterer B, Dahley N, Koch S, Scurtu N, Egbers C. From isoviscous convective experiment ‘GeoFlow I’ to temperature-dependent viscosity in ‘GeoFlow II’—Fluid physics experiments on-board ISS for the capture of convection phenomena in Earth's outer core and mantle. Acta Astronautica. 2012 7111-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.08.005.
Zaussinger F, Haun P, Szabo PS, Travnikov V, Al Kawwas M, Egbers C. Rotating spherical gap convection in the GeoFlow International Space Station (ISS) experiment. Physical Review Fluids. 2020 June 19; 5(6): 063502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.063502. | Impact Statement
Travnikov V, Zaussinger F, Haun P, Egbers C. Influence of dielectrical heating on convective flow in a radial force field. Physical Review E. 2020 May; 101(5-1): 053106. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.101.053106.PMID: 32575176. | Impact Statement
Travnikov V, Egbers C, Hollerbach R. The Geoflow-experiment on ISS (Part II): Numerical simulation. Advances in Space Research. 2003 Jul; 32(2): 181-189. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90249-3.
Beltrame P, Egbers C, Hollerbach R. The Geoflow-experiment on ISS (Part III): Bifurcation analysis. Advances in Space Research. 2003 Jul; 32(2): 191-197. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90250-X.
Futterer B, Gellert M, Von Larcher TH, Egbers C. Thermal Convection In Rotating Spherical Shells: An Experimental And Numerical Approach Within Geoflow. Acta Astronautica. 2008 Feb-Mar; 62(4-5): 300-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.11.006.
Egbers C, Beyer W, Bonhage A, Hollerbach R, Beltrame P. The Geoflow-experiment on ISS (Part I): Experimental preparation and design of laboratory testing hardware. Advances in Space Research. 2003 July; 32(2): 171-180. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90248-1.
Futterer B, Brucks A, Hollerbach R, Egbers C. Thermal blob convection in spherical shells. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2007 Sep; 50(19-20): 4079-4088. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.12.036. | Impact Statement
Jehring L, Egbers C, Beltrame P, Chossat P, Feudel F, Hollerbach R, Mutabazi I, Tuckerman LS. Geoflow: First Results from Geophysical Motivated Experiments inside the Fluid Science Laboratory of Columbus. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 AIAA-2009-0960
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-4 (J-SSOD-4) mission deploys the Sistema Espacial para Realização de Pesquisa e Experimentos con Nanossatélites (SERPENS) CubeSat. SERPENS is a 3 Unit (3U) CubeSat (10 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm) and is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-5.
The Skin-B investigation improves our understanding of skin aging which is slow on Earth, but very much accelerated in space. This also provides insight into the aging process in other (similar) bodily tissues in general. This could help in determining impact on astronauts on future missions to the Moon and Mars, for example, where environmental conditions are more challenging.
Publications
Konig K, Weinigel M, Pietruszka A, Buckle R, Gerlach N, Heinrich U. Multiphoton tomography of astronauts. Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XV, San Francisco, California. 2015 March 5; SPIE 932993290Q. DOI: 10.1117/12.2078823.
Braun N, Thomas S, Tronnier H, Heinrich U. Self-reported skin changes by a selected number of astronauts after long-duration mission on ISS as part of the Skin B project. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 2018 November 28; 32(1): 52-57. DOI: 10.1159/000494689.PMID: 30485842. | Impact Statement
Braun N, Binder S, Grosch H, Theek C, Ulker J, Tronnier H, Heinrich U. Current data on effects of long-term missions on the International Space Station on skin physiological parameters. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 2018 November 28; 31(1): 43-51. DOI: 10.1159/000494688.PMID: 30485843. | Impact Statement
Theek C, Tronnier H, Heinrich U, Braun N. Surface Evaluation of Living Skin (SELS) parameter correlation analysis using data taken from astronauts working under extreme conditions of microgravity. Skin Research and Technology. 2020 January; 26(1): 105-111. DOI: 10.1111/srt.12771.PMID: 31541489. | Impact Statement
Braun N, Hunsdieck B, Theek C, Ickstadt K, Heinrich U. Exercises and skin physiology during International Space Station expeditions. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2021 March 1; 92(3): 160-166. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5717.2021.PMID: 33754973. | Impact Statement
Farkas A, Farkas G. Effects of spaceflight on human skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 2021 May 31; 1-7. DOI: 10.1159/000515963.PMID: 34058745. | Impact Statement
Astronauts experience changes in their skin during spaceflight. SkinCare is designed to examine these changes and use the data collected to create a model for skin aging. This model can be used to create countermeasures to protect skin on Earth and in space.
Publications
Tronnier H, Wiebusch M, Heinrich U. Change in Skin Physiological Parameters in Space - Report on and Results of the First Study on Man. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 2008 21(5): 283-292. DOI: 10.1159/000148045. | Impact Statement
Farkas A, Farkas G. Effects of spaceflight on human skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 2021 May 31; 1-7. DOI: 10.1159/000515963.PMID: 34058745. | Impact Statement
Sleep plays a major role in human health and well-being. Insufficient sleep, or sleep disorders can increase the risk of developing medical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, and can impair task performance. The Sleep Monitoring in Space with Dry-EEG Headband (Dreams) is a technology demonstration investigation that utilizes the Dry-EEG Headband: an effective, affordable, and comfortable solution to monitor astronaut sleep quality during long-duration spaceflight aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Long (Sleep-Long) examines the effects of space flight and ambient light exposure on the sleep-wake cycles of crew members during long-duration stays on board the International Space Station.
Publications
Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Billy BD, DeGrazia JM. Using nine 2-h delays to achieve a 6-h advance disrupts sleep, alertness, and circadian rhythm. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2004 751049-1057.
Mallis MM, DeRoshia CW. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Performance in Space. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2005 June; 76(6 Suppl): B94-107.
Dijk D, Neri DF, Wyatt JK, Ronda JM, Riel E, Ritz-De Cecco A, Hughes RJ, Elliott AR, Prisk GK, West JB, Czeisler CA. Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2001 281(5): R1647-1664. PMID: 11641138.
Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Billy BD. Using daily 30-min phase advances to achieve a 6-hour advance: Circadian rhythm, sleep, and alertness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2006 Jul; 77(7): 677-686. PMID: 16856351.
Barger LK, Flynn-Evans EE, Kubey AA, Walsh L, Ronda JM, Wang W, Wright Jr. KP, Czeisler CA. Prevalence of sleep deficiency and use of hypnotic drugs in astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight: an observational study. Lancet Neurology. 2014 September; 13(9): 904-912. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70122-X.PMID: 25127232.
Basner M, Dinges DF. Lost in space: sleep. Lancet Neurology. 2014 September; 13(9): 860-862. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70176-0.
Flynn-Evans EE, Barger LK, Kubey AA, Sullivan JP, Czeisler CA. Circadian misalignment affects sleep and medication use before and during spaceflight. npj Microgravity. 2016 January 7; 215019. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.19.
Callini G, Essig SM, Heher DM, Young LR. Effectiveness of an expert system for astronaut assistance on a sleep experiment. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2000 October; 71(10): 1023-1032. PMID: 11051309.
Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Short (Sleep-Short) examines how space flight affects astronauts’ sleep patterns during Space Shuttle missions. Advancing state-of-the-art technology for monitoring, diagnosing and assessing treatment of sleep patterns is vital to treating insomnia on Earth and in space.
Publications
Mallis MM, DeRoshia CW. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Performance in Space. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2005 June; 76(6 Suppl): B94-107.
Dijk D, Neri DF, Wyatt JK, Ronda JM, Riel E, Ritz-De Cecco A, Hughes RJ, Elliott AR, Prisk GK, West JB, Czeisler CA. Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2001 281(5): R1647-1664. PMID: 11641138.
Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Billy BD. Using daily 30-min phase advances to achieve a 6-hour advance: Circadian rhythm, sleep, and alertness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2006 Jul; 77(7): 677-686. PMID: 16856351.
Barger LK, Flynn-Evans EE, Kubey AA, Walsh L, Ronda JM, Wang W, Wright Jr. KP, Czeisler CA. Prevalence of sleep deficiency and use of hypnotic drugs in astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight: an observational study. Lancet Neurology. 2014 September; 13(9): 904-912. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70122-X.PMID: 25127232.
Basner M, Dinges DF. Lost in space: sleep. Lancet Neurology. 2014 September; 13(9): 860-862. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70176-0.
Callini G, Essig SM, Heher DM, Young LR. Effectiveness of an expert system for astronaut assistance on a sleep experiment. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2000 October; 71(10): 1023-1032. PMID: 11051309.
"Dim" or inappropriately timed lighting, or changes to sleep-wake timing (i.e., sleep shifting) may result in circadian misalignment. Previous research demonstrated that crew members experience circadian misalignment and widespread sleep deficiency during spaceflight on 6-month missions. The Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure on ISS-12 (Sleep ISS-12) experiment monitors ambient light exposure and crew member activity, and collects subjective evaluations of sleep and alertness, to examine the effects of spaceflight and ambient light exposure on sleep during a year-long mission on the International Space Station (ISS).
The MOVE SB (Movement in Orbital Vehicle Experiments Short and Blind) and SHRINK (Space Height Reference In Non-gravitational Kinetics) Investigations, collectively known as Blind and Imagined, are a series of tests crewmembers perform on the International Space Station to test their physical senses. Crewmembers move their arms and hands, and then imagine themselves throwing a ball on Earth and in microgravity, while cameras record their movement. The results will help scientists study the sensory and motor changes that take place in the unique environment of space.
Publications
Lacquaniti F, Bosco G, Gravano S, Indovina I, La Scaleia B, Maffei V, Zago M. Gravity in the brain as a reference for space and time perception. Multisensory Research. 2015 July 31; 28(5-6): 397-426. DOI: 10.1163/22134808-00002471. | Impact Statement
Bosco G, Monache SD, Gravano S, Indovina I, La Scaleia B, Maffei V, Zago M, Lacquaniti F. Filling gaps in visual motion for target capture. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 2015 February 23; 917 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00013. | Impact Statement
Lacquaniti F, Bosco G, Gravano S, Indovina I, La Scaleia B, Maffei V, Zago M. Multisensory integration and internal models for sensing gravity effects in primates. BioMed Research International. 2014 July; 2014DOI: 10.1155/2014/615854.PMID: 25061610. | Impact Statement
Mijatovic A, La Scaleia B, Mercuri N, Lacquaniti F, Zago M. Familiar trajectories facilitate the interpretation of physical forces when intercepting a moving target. Experimental Brain Research. 2014 August 21; 232(12): 3803-3811. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4050-6. | Impact Statement
Casellato C, Pedrocchi AL, Ferrigno G. Whole-body movements in long-term weightlessness: Hierarchies of the controlled variables are gravity-dependent. Journal of Motor Behavior. 2016 December 27; 49(5): 568-579. DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1247032.PMID: 28027021. | Impact Statement
Gravano S, Lacquaniti F, Zago M. Mental imagery of object motion in weightlessness. npj Microgravity. 2021 December 3; 7(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00179-z. | Impact Statement
JAXA provides the new device, called JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD), which is capable of launching small satellites from the JEM Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). In this mission, “Small Sat Deploy-Demo”, the JEMRMS grapples and retrieves the Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP), on which the J-SSOD is installed, from the JEM Airlock and then position it for a safe deploy of the small satellites.
The objective of the Smart Optical Fibers for Passive Dosimetry in Space (SOFPADS) or Fiber Dosimeter investigation is to evaluate the use of fabricated optical fibers as space radiation passive dosimeters to monitor the radiation environment inside and outside of the International Space Station (ISS). While astronauts spend most of their time inside ISS, during Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) the radiation protection is provided by a spacesuit, instead. Thus radiation monitoring inside and outside of the ISS is required to estimate the radiation dosage that astronauts receive during their time in space.
Smartphone Video Guidance Sensor (SVGS) demonstrates the use of a photogrammetric vision-based technology for guidance, navigation, and control of a small spacecraft. Developed by NASA, the vision-based sensor computes the position and orientation vector of a target relative to a coordinate system attached to a camera in the host platform, in this case the International Space Station free-flying robot Astrobee. This demonstration consists of five maneuvers involving motion control and data capture for one, two, and three Astrobee robots.
Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment (SAME) measures smoke properties, or particle size distribution, of typical particles from spacecraft fire smokes to provide data to support requirements for smoke detection in space and identify ways to improve smoke detectors on future spacecraft.
Publications
Urban DL, Ruff GA, Yuan Z, Cleary T, Griffin DW, Yang J, Mulholland G. Detection of Smoke from Microgravity Fires. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 2005-01-293010 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2930. | Impact Statement
Ruff GA, Urban DL, King MK. A Research Plan for Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression in Crewed Exploration Systems. 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2005 2005-341 | Impact Statement
Urban DL, Ruff GA, Brooker JE, Cleary T, Yang J, Mulholland G, Yuan Z. Spacecraft Fire Detection: Smoke Properties and Transport in Low-Gravity. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 AIAA 2008-806
Urban DL, Ruff GA, Sheredy WA, Cleary T, Yang J, Mulholland G, Yuan Z. Properties of Smoke from Overheated Spacecraft Materials in Low-Gravity. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2009 January 5-8; AIAA-2009-0956
O'Malley TF, Sheredy WA, Stocker DP. Combustion Research on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC08-A2.1.07. | Impact Statement
Urban DL, Ruff GA, Mulholland G, Cleary T, Yang J, Yuan Z. Measurement of Smoke Particle Size under Low-Gravity Conditions. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2008 June 29; 1(1): 317-324. DOI: 10.4271/2008-01-2089.report number 2008-01-2089.
Mulholland G, Meyer ME, Urban DL, Ruff GA, Yuan Z, Bryg V, Cleary T, Yang J. Pyrolysis smoke generated under low-gravity conditions. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2015 March 6; 49(5): 310-321. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1025125.
Meyer ME, Mulholland G, Bryg V, Urban DL, Yuan Z, Ruff GA, Cleary T, Yang J. Smoke characterization and feasibility of the moment method for spacecraft fire detection. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2015 May 4; 49(5): 299-309. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1025124. | Impact Statement
Meyer ME, Urban DL, Mulholland G, Bryg V, Yuan Z, Ruff GA, Cleary T, Yang J. Evaluation of spacecraft smoke detector performance in the low-gravity environment. Fire Safety Journal. 2018 June 1; 9874-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.04.004. | Impact Statement
The Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment (SPICE) determines the point at which gas-jet flames (similar to a butane-lighter flame) begin to emit soot (dark carbonaceous particulate formed inside the flame) in microgravity. Studying a soot emitting flame is important in understanding the ability of fires to spread and in control of soot in practical combustion systems space.
Publications
Dotson KT, Sunderland PB, Yuan Z, Urban DL. Laminar Smoke Points in Coflow Measured Aboard the International Space Station. 48th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL. 2010 AIAA 2010-1105
Urban DL, Yuan Z, Sunderland PB, Lin KC, Dai Z, Faeth GM. Smoke-Point Properties of Nonbuoyant Round Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2000 281965-1972.
Aalburg C, Diez FJ, Faeth GM, Sunderland PB, Urban DL, Yuan Z. Shapes of nonbuoyant round hydrocarbon-fueled laminar-jet diffusion flames in still air. Combustion and Flame. 2005 1421-16.
Lin KC, Faeth GM, Sunderland PB, Urban DL, Yuan Z. Shapes of Nonbuoyant Round Luminous Hydrocarbon/Air Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames. Combustion and Flame. 1999 116415-431.
Sunderland PB, Mendelson BJ, Yuan Z, Urban DL. Shapes of Buoyant and Nonbuoyant Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames. Combustion and Flame. 1999 116376-386.
Sunderland PB, Mortazavi S, Faeth GM, Urban DL. Laminar Smoke Points of Nonbuoyant Jet Diffusion Flames. Combustion and Flame. 1994 9697-103.
Urban DL, Yuan Z, Sunderland PB, Linteris GT, Voss JE, Lin KC, Dai Z, Sun K, Faeth GM. Structure and Soot Properties of Nonbuoyant Ethylene/Air Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames. 38th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Orlando, FL. 1998 DOI: 10.2514/6.1998-568.
Dotson KT, Sunderland PB, Yuan Z, Urban DL. Laminar smoke points of coflowing flames in microgravity. Fire Safety Journal. 2011 November; 46(8): 550-555. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.08.002.
Dotson KT. Smoke Points of Microgravity and Normal Gravity Coflow Diffusion Flames. Master's Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. 2009
The Space Tango Payload Card Smooth Muscle Cell Culture (Smooth Muscle Cell Culture) flight experiment is led by the Craft Academy, in collaboration with its scientific partner, Morehead St. University, and its implementation partner Space Tango. Smooth Muscle Cell Culture evaluates the involuntary cell contractions of rat aortic smooth muscle cells that show expression and promoter activity of several highly restricted smooth muscle cell markers. The theory of contraction being proposed is that the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, might explain some of the unique properties of smooth muscle tissue, and could have an impact on the treatment of diseases.
Smoothing-Based Relative Navigation (SmoothNav) develops an algorithm to collect measurements of distances between multiple small spacecraft, including those operating with different instruments. The algorithm estimates the most probable relative positions and velocities between spacecraft using available sensor information and past measurements. It can be used with different satellite platforms and different onboard sensors, making it adaptable in case one or more satellites become inoperable, and it can use delayed measurements or measurements received at different frequencies.
The Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Aggregation of Colloidal Suspensions (SODI-Colloid) investigation studies the growth, mixing, and ordering effects during microgravity aggregation from solutions of colloids (i.e., mixtures of particles made of materials and which have the characteristic of remaining evenly distributed within a material medium without settling out). The primary focus is on the use of binary fluid solvent mixture as a growth medium, which may enable the developlent of fine scale tunable crystals resulting in an optically purer product. By examining the three dimensional ordering and crystallization of colloids, this study intends to directly examine the mechanisms that could advance the development of photonic materials, which are useful in developing devices that confine and direct the optical propagation of electromagnetic waves and signals.
The main objective of the Selective Optical Diagnostics Instrument (SODI-DCMIX) is the measurement of the diffusion coefficients of selected ternary mixtures, taking advantage of the reduced gravity environment available on board the International Space Station (ISS). A combination of different and complementary techniques are used to characterize flight candidate samples among water-based and hydrocarbon mixtures. Experimental results from space experiments, performed in the Selectable Optical Diagnostic Instrument, are used to test thermodiffusion theories and develop physical and mathematical models for the estimation of (thermo)diffusion coefficients.
Publications
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. Contribution to the benchmark for ternary mixtures: Transient analysis in microgravity conditions. European Physical Journal E. 2015 April 27; 38(4): 10 pp. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15025-4.PMID: 25916230.
Galand Q, Van Vaerenbergh S. Contribution to the benchmark for ternary mixtures: Measurement of diffusion and Soret coefficients of ternary system tetrahydronaphtalene-isobutylbenzene-n-dodecane with mass fractions 80-10-10 at 25 °C. European Physical Journal E. 2015 April 27; 38(4): 10 pp. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15026-3.
Khlybov OA, Ryzhkov II, Lyubimova TP. Contribution to the benchmark for ternary mixtures: Measurement of diffusion and Soret coefficients in 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, isobutylbenzene, and dodecane onboard the ISS. European Physical Journal E. 2015 April 27; 38(4): 16 pp. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15029-0.
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. New experimental method to measure pure and cross diffusion coefficients of transparent ternary mixtures using Mach–Zehnder interferometry. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2014 August; 5972-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2014.03.009.
Ahadi A, Van Varenbergh S, Saghir MZ. Measurement of the Soret coefficients for a ternary hydrocarbon mixture in low gravity environment. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2013 138(20): 204201. DOI: 10.1063/1.4802984.PMID: 23742467.
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. The microgravity DSC-DCMIX1 mission onboard ISS: Experiment description and results on the measurement of the Soret coefficients for isobutylbenzene, dodecane, tetralin ternary hydrocarbons mixtures. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2016 June; 74296-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.12.020.
Mialdun A, Shevtsova V. Temperature dependence of Soret and diffusion coefficients for toluene–cyclohexane mixture measured in convection-free environment. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2015 December 14; 463(22): 224902. DOI: 10.1063/1.4936778.PMID: 26671399.
Larabi MA, Mutschler D, Mojtabi A. Thermal gravitational separation of ternary mixture n-dodecane/isobutylbenzene/tetralin components in a porous medium. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2016 June 28; 144(24): 244902. DOI: 10.1063/1.4954244.PMID: 27369539.
Jurado R, Gavalda J, Simon MJ, Pallares J, Laveron-Simavilla A, Ruiz X, Shevtsova V. Some considerations on the vibrational environment of the DSC-DCMIX1 experiment onboard ISS. Acta Astronautica. 2016 October 6; epub31 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.09.033.
Santos CI, Shevtsova V, Ribeiro CF. Isothermal molecular diffusion in mixtures containing toluene, cyclohexane and methanol. European Physical Journal E. 2017 April; 40(4): 40. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2017-11526-4.PMID: 28382586. | Impact Statement
Olle J, Dubert DC, Gavalda J, Laveron-Simavilla A, Ruiz X, Shevtsova V. Onsite vibrational characterization of DCMIX2/3 experiments. Acta Astronautica. 2017 November; 140409-419. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.09.007. | Impact Statement
Mialdun A, Ryzhkov II, Khlybov OA, Lyubimova TP, Shevtsova V. Measurement of Soret coefficients in a ternary mixture of toluene-methanol-cyclohexane in convection-free environment. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2018 January 28; 148(4): 044506. DOI: 10.1063/1.5017716.PMID: 29390843. | Impact Statement
Mialdun A, Minetti C, Gaponenko YA, Shevtsova V, Dubois F. Analysis of the thermal performance of SODI instrument for DCMIX configuration. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2013 February 6; 25(1): 83-94. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-012-9337-2.
Mozaffari SH, Srinivasan S, Saghir MZ. A study on thermodiffusion in ternary liquid mixtures using enhanced molecular dynamics algorithm with experimental validation. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2018 March 23; epub28 pp. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23199. | Impact Statement
Triller T, Bataller H, Bou-Ali MM, Braibanti M, Croccolo F, Ezquerro Navarro JM, Galand Q, Gavalda J, Lapeira E, Laveron-Simavilla A, Lyubimova TP, Mialdun A, Ortiz de Zarate JM, Rodriguez J, Ruiz X, Ryzhkov II, Shevtsova V, Van Vaerenbergh S, Kohler W. Thermodiffusion in ternary mixtures of water/ethanol/triethylene glycol: First report on the DCMIX3-experiments performed on the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 February 15; epub14 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9598-5. | Impact Statement
Dubert DC, Olle J, Jurado R, Gavalda J, Laveron-Simavilla A, Ruiz X, Shevtsova V. Characterization of the accelerometric environment of DCMIX2/3 experiments. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 October; 30(5): 683-697. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9640-7. | Impact Statement
Lyubimova TP, Zubova N, Shevtsova V. Effects of non-uniform temperature of the walls on the Soret experiment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 February; 31(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9666-x. | Impact Statement
Sommermann D, Triller T, Kohler W. A Robust Data Evaluation Method for the DCMIX Microgravity Experiments. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 July 5; epub10 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-09722-w. | Impact Statement
Braibanti M, Artola PA, Baaske P, Bataller H, Bou-Ali MM, Cannell DS, Carpineti M, Cerbino R, Croccolo F, Diaz J, Donev A, Errarte A, Ezquerro Navarro JM, Frutos-Pastor A, Galand Q, Galliero G, Gaponenko YA, Garcia-Fernandez L, Gavalda J, Giavazzi F, Giglio M, Giraudet C, Hoang H, Kufner E, Kohler W, Lapeira E, Laveron-Simavilla A, Legros J, Lizarraga I, Lyubimova TP, Mazzoni S, Melville N, Mialdun A, Minster O, Montel F, Molster FJ, Ortiz de Zarate JM, Rodriguez J, Rousseau B, Ruiz X, Ryzhkov II, Schraml M, Shevtsova V, Takacs CJ, Triller T, Van Vaerenbergh S, Vailati A, Verga A, Vermorel R, Vesovic V, Yasnou V, Xu S, Zapf D, Zhang K. European Space Agency experiments on thermodiffusion of fluid mixtures in space. European Physical Journal E. 2019 July 11; 42(7): 86. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11849-0.PMID: 31289962. | Impact Statement
Bou-Ali MM, Errarte A, Mialdun A, Shevtsova V, Schraml M, Kohler W. Ground measurements of DCMIX 4 project Fullerene based nanofluid. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2019 28608011. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201928608011. | Impact Statement
Galand Q, Van Vaerenbergh S, Kohler W, Khlybov OA, Lyubimova TP, Mialdun A, Ryzhkov II, Shevtsova V, Triller T. Results of the DCMIX1 experiment on measurement of Soret coefficients in ternary mixtures of hydrocarbons under microgravity conditions on the ISS. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2019 October 7; 151(13): 134502. DOI: 10.1063/1.5100595.PMID: 31594322. | Impact Statement
Jurado R, Pallares J, Gavalda J, Ruiz X. Effect of reboosting manoeuvres on the determination of the Soret coefficients of DCMIX ternary systems. International Journal of Thermophysics. 2019 August 1; 142205-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.04.025. | Impact Statement
Mialdun A, Bataller H, Bou-Ali A, Braibanti M, Croccolo F, Errarte A, Ezquerro Navarro JM, Gaponenko YA, Garcia-Fernandez L, Rodriguez J, Shevtsova V. Preliminary analysis of Diffusion Coefficient Measurements in ternary mIXtures 4 (DCMIX4) experiment on board the International Space Station. European Physical Journal E. 2019 July 11; 42(7): 87. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11851-6.PMID: 31290028. | Impact Statement
Dubert DC, Marin-Genesca M, Simon MJ, Gavalda J, Ruiz X. Complementary techniques for the accelerometric environment characterization of thermodiffusion experiments on the ISS. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 November 11; 11673-683. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-09739-1. | Impact Statement
Mialdun A, Bou-Ali MM, Braibanti M, Croccolo F, Errarte A, Ezquerro Navarro JM, Fernandez JJ, Garcia-Fernandez L, Galand Q, Gaponenko YA, Gavalda J, Kohler W, Lyubimova TP, Ortiz de Zarate JM, Rodriguez J, Ruiz X, Ryzhkov II, Schraml M, Shevtsova V, Van Vaerenbergh S, Yasnou V, Bataller H. Data quality assessment of Diffusion Coefficient Measurements in ternary mIXtures 4 (DCMIX4) experiment. Acta Astronautica. 2020 June 17; 176204-215. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.020. | Impact Statement
Errarte A, Bou-Ali MM, Aginagalde M, Santamaria C. Thermodiffusion coefficients of nanofluid binary mixtures. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2019 July 16; 31877-882. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-019-09725-7. | Impact Statement
Dubert DC, Marin-Genesca M, Simon MJ, Ezquerro Navarro JM, Massons J, Gavalda J, Ruiz X, Shevtsova V. On the monitoring of the vibratory environment of DCMIX4 campaign. Preliminary results. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2020 June 15; epub14 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-020-09797-w. | Impact Statement
Khlybov OA, Matveenko VP, Trusov PV, Yants AY, Faerman VA. Reconstruction of refractive index field of optically inhomogeneous medium by 2D Fourier filtering method. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020 April 1; 2216(1): 050004. DOI: 10.1063/5.0003543. | Impact Statement
Schraml M, Triller T, Sommermann D, Kohler W. The DCMIX project: Measurement of thermodiffusion processes in ternary mixtures on ground and in space. Acta Astronautica. 2019 July 1; 160251-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.04.027. | Impact Statement
Seta B, Lapeira E, Dubert DC, Gavalda J, Bou-Ali MM, Ruiz X. Separation under thermogravitational effects in binary mixtures. European Physical Journal E. 2019 May 16; 42(5): 58. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11818-7.PMID: 31089829. | Impact Statement
Triller T, Sommermann D, Schraml M, Sommer F, Lapeira E, Bou-Ali MM, Kohler W. The Soret effect in ternary mixtures of water+ethanol+triethylene glycol of equal mass fractions: Ground and microgravity experiments. European Physical Journal E. 2019 March 7; 42(3): 27. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11789-7.PMID: 30835000. | Impact Statement
Seta B, Lapeira E, Gavalda J, Bou-Ali MM, Ruiz X. Steady-state measurements of ternary mixtures in thermogravitational microcolumn Using Optical Digital Interferometry. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2021 February 8; 33(1): 18. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-020-09861-5. | Impact Statement
Jurado R, Pallares J, Gavalda J, Ruiz X. On the impact of the ISS reboosting maneuvers during thermodiffusion experiments of ternary liquid systems: Pure diffusion. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2018 October 1; 132186-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.05.040.
Lapeira E, Gebhardt M, Triller T, Mialdun A, Kohler W, Shevtsova V, Bou-Ali MM. Transport properties of the binary mixtures of the three organic liquids toluene, methanol, and cyclohexane. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2017 March 7; 146(9): 094507. DOI: 10.1063/1.4977078. | Impact Statement
Gligor D, Salgado Sanchez P, Porter J, Ezquerro Navarro JM. Thermocapillary-driven dynamics of a free surface in microgravity: Control of sloshing. Physics of Fluids. 2022 July; 34(7): 072109. DOI: 10.1063/5.0097954.
Bou-Ali A, Ahadi A, de Mezquia DA, Galand Q, Gebhardt M, Khlybov OA, Kohler W, Larranaga M, Legros J, Lyubimova TP, Mialdun A, Ryzhkov II, Saghir MZ, Shevtsova V, Van Vaerenbergh S. Benchmark values for the Soret, thermodiffusion and molecular diffusion coefficients of the ternary mixture tetralin+isobutylbenzene+n-dodecane with 0.8-0.1-0.1 mass fraction. European Physical Journal E. 2015 38(30): DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15030-7.
Ahadi A, Saghir MZ. Determination of the glass wall effect in optical measurement of temperature in liquid using Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Applied Optics. 2015 May; 54(13): D74-D81. DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.000d74.
Ryzhkov II, Shevtsova V. On thermal diffusion and convection in multicomponent mixtures with application to the thermogravitational column. Physics of Fluids. 2007 19(2): 027101. DOI: 10.1063/1.2435619.
Srinivasan S, Saghir MZ. Experimental approaches to study thermodiffusion – A review. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2011 July; 50(7): 1125-1137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.02.022.
Ryzhkov II, Shevtsova V. On the cross-diffusion and soret effect in multicomponent mixtures. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2009 January; 21(1-2): 37-40. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-008-9081-9.
Koniger A, Wunderlich H, Kohler W. Measurement of diffusion and thermal diffusion in ternary fluid mixtures using a two-color optical beam deflection technique. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2010 132(17): 174506. DOI: 10.1063/1.3421547.PMID: 20459173.
Blanco P, Bou-Ali MM, Platten JK, de Mezquia DA, Madariaga JA, Santamaria C. Thermodiffusion coefficients of binary and ternary hydrocarbon mixtures. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2010 132(11): 114506. DOI: 10.1063/1.3354114.PMID: 20331304.
Mialdun A, Legros J, Yasnou V, Sechenyh V, Shevtsova V. Contribution to the benchmark for ternary mixtures: Measurement of the Soret, diffusion and thermodiffusion coefficients in the ternary mixture THN/IBB/nC12 with 0.8/0.1/0.1 mass fractions in ground and orbital laboratories. European Physical Journal E. 2015 April; 38(4): 112. DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15027-2.PMID: 25916232.
SOdium LOading in Microgravity (SOLO) studies the mechanisms of fluid and salt retention in the body during space flight.
Publications
Heer MA, Frings-Meuthen P, Titze J, Boschmann M, Frisch S, Baecker N, Beck L. Increasing sodium intake from a previous low or high intake affects water, electrolyte and acid-base balance differently. British Journal of Nutrition. 2009 May; 101(9): 1286-1294. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508088041.PMID: 19173770. | Impact Statement
Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer MA. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2008 April; 23(4): 517-524. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.071118.PMID: 18052757. | Impact Statement
Frings-Meuthen P, Luchitskaya ES, Jordan J, Tank J, Lichtinghagen R, Smith SM, Heer MA. Natriuretic peptide resetting in astronauts. Circulation. 2020 May 12; 141(19): 1593-1595. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044203.PMID: 16077253. | Impact Statement
Soil Health in Space: Determination of Gravitational Effects on Soil Stability for Controlled Environment Agriculture (Rhodium Space Rhizosphere) examines the effects of spaceflight on the soil aggregates formed by fungi and bacteria. Recent studies have shown a connection between biological activity, aggregation formation, and the overall capacity of soils to sustainably produce nutritious food crops. A better understanding of fungal and bacterial structures and functions in soil could improve food production on Earth and in space.
The Soldering in Reduced Gravity Experiment (SoRGE) will examine solder joints created in microgravity. Recent simulated microgravity (aboard the KC-135 and C-9B reduced gravity aircraft) testing has shown that, on average, solder joints produced in microgravity (space) exhibit approximately 3-times more voids (defects) compared with those produced in normal gravity (Earth). Without gravity, gas bubbles (from solder flux or water vapor) form pores or void defects in solder joints and can reduce their strength. For SoRGE operations, crewmembers will be soldering small electronic components using the ISS soldering iron to validate the results observed in C-9B aircraft testing, including potential mitigation techniques for reducing solder joint voids.
Publications
Easton JW, Struk PM, Rotella A. Imaging and Analysis of Void-Defects in Solder Joints Formed in Reduced Gravity Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2008 2008-824 | Impact Statement
Pettegrew RD, Struk PM, Watson JK, Haylett DR, Downs RS. Gravitational Effects on Solder Joints. Welding Journal. 2003 82(10): 44-48. | Impact Statement
The Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction - Growth and Extinction Limit (SoFIE-GEL) investigation studies burning in microgravity, measuring the amount of heating in a fuel sample to determine how fuel temperature affects material flammability. Results could improve understanding of early fire growth behavior and help determine optimal fire suppression techniques, improving crew safety in future space facilities.
Publications
Endo M, Tien JS, Ferkul PV, Olson SL, Johnston MC. Flame growth around a spherical solid fuel in low speed forced flow in microgravity. Fire Technology. 2020 January 1; 56(1): 5-32. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-019-00848-2. | Impact Statement
The Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction - Material Ignition and Suppression Test (SoFIE-MIST) investigation examines thermally-assisted burning in microgravity, by varying parameters including air flow speed, oxygen concentration, pressure, and level of external radiation. Results could improve understanding of early fire growth behavior and validate models for material flammability, helping to inform selection of safer materials for future space facilities and determine the best methods for extinguishing fires in space.
Publications
Thomsen M, Carmignani L, Rodriguez A, Scudiere C, Liveretou C, Fernandez-Pello AC, Gollner M, Olson SL, Ferkul PV. Downward flame spread rate over PMMA rods under external radiant heating. Fire Technology. 2022 April 30; 22pp. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-022-01245-y.
The Solid-State Lighting Module (SSLM), SDTO 15008U is a Station Development Test Objective (SDTO) sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to demonstrate the advantages of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lighting systems within the spacecraft environment.
Publications
Brainard GC, Coyle W, Ayers M, Kemp J, Warfield B, Maida JC, Bowen C, Bernecker C, Lockley SW, Hanifin JP. Solid-state Lighting for the International Space Station: Tests of Visual Performance and Melatonin Regulation. Acta Astronautica. 2012 November; 92(1): 21-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.019. | Impact Statement
The aim of the Solidification along a Eutectic Path in Ternary Alloys Experiment (Transparent Alloys - SETA Experiment) is to study the pattern formation during univariant eutectic reaction in directional solidification in transparent ternary alloys. Unlike on Earth, the pattern formation process will not be affected by wall effects, or by convective contributions to the heat and mass transport during the phase formation. By using a sample cross-section of 1mm × 6mm, at least 10x larger in the smaller dimension than the eutectic cells which are expected to form, the space experiments under microgravity shall enable the observation of the dynamics of the pattern formation in an univariant two-phase eutectic alloy.
Publications
Frick J, Senesky D. Metal alloy synthesis in microgravity. In-Space Manufacturing and Resources. 2022 269-284. DOI: 10.1002/9783527830909.ch14.
Solidification along a Eutectic path in Ternary Alloys-2 (SETA-2) studies the process of solidification in various alloy materials in microgravity. The study focuses on the microscale structural patterns formed in these materials when they transition from liquids to solids.
Experimental methods of crystallizing melts in microgravity are expected to result in reduced fluid motion in the melt, leading to better distribution of subcomponents and the potential for improved technology used in producing semiconductor crystals.
Publications
Churilov AV, Ostrogorsky AG. Solidification of Te and Zn doped InSb in space. 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2004 AIAA 2004-1388DOI: 10.2514/6.2004-1388.Also published in the Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 19(4);547-547, 2005..
Ostrogorsky AG, Churilov AV. Model of Tellurium- and Zinc-Doped Indium Antimonide Solidification in Space. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 2005 19(4): 542-547. DOI: 10.2514/1.8463.Also published at the 42nd AIAA Meeting, 2004-1388, 2004..
Ostrogorsky AG, Marin C, Churilov AV, Volz MP, Bonner WA, Spivey RA, Smith GP. Solidification Using the Baffle in Sealed Ampoules. 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2003 January 6-9; AIAA 2003-1309DOI: 10.2514/6.2003-1309.
Spivey RA, Gilley S, Ostrogorsky AG, Grugel RN, Smith GP, Luz PL. SUBSA and PFMI Transparent Furnace Systems Currently in use in the International Space Station Microgravity Science Glovebox. 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2003 AIAA 2003-1362DOI: 10.2514/6.2003-1362.
Flinn ED. Glovebox Fits Astronauts to a 'T'. Aerospace America. 2002 4018-19.
Churilov AV, Ostrogorsky AG, Volz MP. Solidification using a baffle in sealed ampoules: Ground-based experiments. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2006 September 15; 295(1): 20-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.07.024. | Impact Statement
Ostrogorsky AG, Marin C, Churilov AV, Volz MP, Bonner WA, Duffar T. Reproducible Te-doped InSb experiments in Microgravity Science Glovebox at the International Space Station. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2008 January 15; 310(2): 364-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.10.079. | Impact Statement
Ostrogorsky AG. Disk-driven flows and interface shape in vertical Bridgman growth with a baffle. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials. 2021 February 1; 67(1): 100512. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100512. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
Solution Convection and the Nucleation Precursors in Protein Crystallization (LMM Biophysics 5) tests whether solution convection – movement of molecules through the fluid – enhances or suppresses formation of the dense liquid clusters from which crystals form. The investigation uses images from the Light Microscopy Module (LMM) to characterize these clusters at different rates of convection in order to identify cluster formation mechanisms. This helps determine why protein crystallization investigations in microgravity often generate unexpectedly low or high numbers of crystals.
Sonographic Astronaut Vertebral Examination (Spinal Ultrasound) aims to use ground and space-based studies to characterize spinal changes during and after spaceflight. Ground based pre- and post-flight MRI and high fidelity ultrasound, combined with in-flight ultrasound will be used to characterize and assign a mission health risk to microgravity-associated spinal alterations for back pain and potential injury. This research will determine the accuracy of MRI and musculoskeletal ultrasound in characterizing the anatomy of the vertebral unit and develop novel imaging and training methodologies.
Publications
Marshburn TH, Hadfield CA, Sargsyan AE, Garcia KM, Ebert DJ, Dulchavsky SA. New Heights in Ultrasound: First Report of Spinal Ultrasound from the International Space Station. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2013 October 14; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.001.PMID: 24135505.
Garcia KM, Harrison MF, Sargsyan AE, Ebert DJ, Dulchavsky SA. Real-time ultrasound assessment of astronaut spinal anatomy and disorders on the International Space Station. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2017 September 29; epubDOI: 10.1002/jum.14438.PMID: 28960477. | Impact Statement
Harrison MF, Garcia KM, Sargsyan AE, Ebert DJ, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Dulchavsky SA. Preflight, in-flight, and postflight imaging of the cervical and lumbar spine in astronauts. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2018 January 1; 89(1): 32-40. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4878.2018.PMID: 29233242. | Impact Statement
The Soyuz Occupant Risk Characterization (Soyuz Occupant Risk) investigation analyzes the true number and types of injuries experienced by crew members during Soyuz landings, and determines the factors that contributed to those injuries. More injuries have been occurring on Soyuz landings than initially anticipated; however, a study directed at examining the Soyuz landing impacts and resulting injuries has not yet been performed. The information obtained from this study is intended to refine the injury metrics used for the current occupant protection standards, and allow for better crew protection in future spacecraft designs.
Space Cells-01 examines gene expression changes and genetic mutations in hemp and coffee plant cells in microgravity. Cell cultures spend approximately one month on the space station then return to Earth for analysis of their physical structure and gene expression and are compared to preflight parameters. Results could help identify new varieties or chemical expressions in the plants and improve understanding of how plants manage the stress of space travel.
The Space Communications and Navigation Testbed (SCAN Testbed) contains Software Defined Radios that can be reconfigured with new software, which would allow mission planners to change how the radios function after they are in orbit. Software Defined Radios typically have vendor-specific designs that require specific software, but SCaN Testbed radios conform to a common, non-proprietary, NASA standard to allow NASA to change the software and the way they are used. Changing a radio’s software after launch would allow mission operators to adapt to increased data flow, possibly resolve problems with the communications system, and other opportunities.
Publications
Briones JC, Handler LM, Hall SC, Reinhart RC, Kacpura TJ. Case Study: Using the OMG SWRADIO Profile and SDR Forum Input for NASA's Space Telecommunications Radio System. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2009 | Impact Statement
Reinhart RC, Johnson SK, Kacpura TJ, Hall CS, Smith CR, Liebetreu J. Open Architecture Standard for NASA's Software-Defined Space Telecommunications Radio Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2007 95(10): 1986-1993. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2007.905071. | Impact Statement
Johnson SK, Reinhart RC, Kacpura TJ. CoNNeCT’s Approach for the Development of Three Software Defined Radios for Space Application. 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2012 March 3-10; 1-13. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2012.6187147. | Impact Statement
Space Debris Sensor is a calibrated impact sensor mounted on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS) that monitors impacts caused by small-scale space debris for a period of two to three years. The sensor records the time and scale of impacts from relatively small space particles using dual-layer thin films, an acoustic sensor system, a resistive grid sensor system, and a sensored-embedded backstop. Data provided by the Space Debris Sensor improves ISS safety by monitoring the risks and generating more accurate estimates of how much small-scale debris exists in space.
Space Demonstration for All Solid-state Lithium Ion Battery (Space AS-Lib) demonstrates operation of a Lithium-ion secondary battery capable of safe, stable operation under extreme temperatures and in a vacuum environment. The battery uses solid, inorganic and flame-retardant materials and does not leak liquid, making it safer and more reliable. A successful demonstration of this new technology could expand its use in space as well as in the automotive and aerospace markets on the ground.
The goal of Space Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix System (SpaceDRUMS) is to provide a suite of hardware capable of facilitating containerless advanced materials science, including combustion synthesis and fluid physics. That is, inside SpaceDRUMS® samples of experimental materials can be processed without ever touching a container wall.
Publications
Hart D, Rowsell G. SPACE-DRUMS - Challenges Involved in Quad Locker Integration. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA-20015041.
The environment surrounding the International Space Station is exposed to ionizing radiation, micro-particles, and other hazards. The Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment - Attached Payload (SEDA-AP) investigation consists of eight small instruments designed to measure the space environment. Five radiation and particle monitors, an electronic device performance monitor, a micro-particle capture , and a space environment exposure device will provide data to help researchers characterize the environment around space vehicles in low-Earth orbit, which will be used to develop shielding to ensure future spacecraft are safe.
Publications
Muraki Y, Koga K, Goka T, Matsumoto H, Obara T, Okudaira O, Shibata S, Yamamoto T. Measurement by FIB on the ISS: Two emissions of solar neutrons detected?. Advances in Astronomy. 2012 201214 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2012/379304.
Koga K, Goka T, Matsumoto H, Obara T, Muraki Y, Yamamoto T. Energy Determination of Solar Neutrons by the SEDA-AP on-board JEM of ISS. Proceedings of the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, Lodz, Poland. 2009 SH1.6 ID#831
Obara T, Koga K, Kimoto Y, Matsumoto H, Sasaki S, Yamada N, Muraki S, Doke T, Goka T. Space Environment Data Acquisition with the Kibo Exposed Facility on the International Space Station (ISS). Data Science Journal. 2010 March 4; 8IGY76-IGY84. DOI: 10.2481/dsj.SS_IGY-007.
Obara T. Space environment data acquisition with Kibo exposed facility on the International Space Station (ISS). Electronics and Communications in Japan. 2012 95(9): 10-16. DOI: 10.1002/ecj.11418.
Koga K, Goka T, Matsumoto H, Obara T, Muraki Y, Yamamoto T. Measurement of high-energy neutrons at ISS by SEDA-AP. Astrophysics and Space Science Transactions. 2011 September 20; 7(3): 411-416. DOI: 10.5194/astra-7-411-2011.
Obara T, Matsumoto H, Koga K. Space environment measurements by JAXA satellites and ISS/JEM. Acta Astronautica. 2012 February; 711-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.08.009.
Koga K, Muraki Y, Masuda S, Shibata S, Matsumoto H, Kawano H. Measurement of Solar Neutrons on 05 March 2012, Using a Fiber-Type Neutron Monitor Onboard the Attached Payload to the ISS. Solar Physics. 2017 August; 292(8): 115. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-017-1135-y. | Impact Statement
Ueno H, Nakahira S, Kataoka R, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Ozawa S, Matsumoto H, Bruno A, de Nolfo GA, Collazuol G, Ricciarini SB. Radiation dose during relativistic electron precipitation events at the International Space Station. Space Weather. 2020 July; 18(7): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1029/2019SW002280. | Impact Statement
Kataoka R, Asaoka Y, Torii S, Nakahira S, Ueno H, Miyake S, Miyoshi Y, Kurita S, Shoji M, Kasahara Y, Ozaki M, Matsuda S, Matsuoka A, Kasaba Y, Shinohara I, Hosokawa K, Uchida HA, Murase K, Tanaka Y. Plasma waves causing relativistic electron precipitation events at International Space Station: Lessons from conjunction observations with Arase satellite. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2020 August 14; 125(9): e2020JA027875. DOI: 10.1029/2020JA027875. | Impact Statement
Space Environment Exposure Experiment of CNT Material for Space Application (Carbon Nanotube) tests an advanced carbon-based material for its ability to withstand the withering radiation of space. Carbon nanotubes are extraordinarily light, strong, and conductive materials that can help save time and money, but their reliability and space readiness has not been fully established. The Carbon Nanotube experiment involves the placement of samples of carbon nanotube “yarn” on the outside of the International Space Station, which are then retrieved and analyzed to determine whether the material breaks down, or changes structure, when exposed to the space environment.
Publications
Ishikawa Y, Fuchita Y, Hitomi T, Inoue Y, Karita M, Hayashi K, Nakano T, Baba N. Survivability of carbon nanotubes in space. Acta Astronautica. 2019 December 1; 165129-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.07.024. | Impact Statement
The Space Environment Exposure Experiment of CNT Material for Space Elevator (ExHAM-Space Elevator Sample) tests an advanced carbon-based material for its ability to withstand the withering radiation of space. Carbon nanotubes are extraordinarily light, strong, and conductive materials, but their reliability and space readiness has not been fully established. The Carbon Nanotube investigation involves the placement of samples of carbon nanotube “yarn” on the outside of the International Space Station, which are then retrieved and analyzed to determine whether the material breaks down, or changes structure, when exposed to the space environment.
The Space Environment Exposure Tests of Functional Thin-Film Devices for Solar Sail (ExHAM-Solar Sail) investigation examines how space radiation affects thin-film solar cells and other thin-film devices. These thin films could be used in a variety of ways in future space missions, including solar sails pushed by the solar wind from the sun to move a spacecraft. By exposing thin-film solar cells to space, scientists are able to study how they degrade or deform in order to make improved films.
The Space Environmental Testing of Lightweight and High-Precision Carbon Composite Mirrors (ExHAM-CFRP Mirror) studies the deterioration and the long-term effects on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) replicated mirrors when they are exposed to the space environment.
Publications
Kasai Y, Sagawa H, Kuroda T, Manabe T, Ochiai S, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Baron P, Mendrok J, Hartogh P, Murtagh DP, Urban J, von Scheele F, Frisk U. Overview of the Martian atmospheric submillimetre sounder FIRE. Planetary and Space Science. 2012 April; 63-6462-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2011.10.013.
Kikuchi K, Sagawa H, Kuroda T, Kasai Y, Ochiai S, Nishibori T, Manabe T, Hartogh P, Urban J, Murtagh DP. Introduction to the submillimeter receiver system for the atmospheric emission sounder MELOS/FIRE. Asia Oceania Geosciences Society - American Geophysical Union (WPGM) Joint Assembly, Singapore. 2012 August 13-17;
Spacecraft wiring and tubing must be able to withstand the extreme temperature fluctuations and radiation hazards of space, but the harsh environment of space can degrade these materials, potentially causing damage. Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism-polyetheretherketone (ExHAM-PEEK) tests two spacecraft wiring and tubing materials, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), to study the environment’s long-term effects on their performance.
The Space Experiment Module (SEM) introduces students to the concept of performing space based research on ISS. SEM provides students with the opportunity to conduct their own research on the effects of microgravity, radiation and space flight on various materials.
On-orbit videotape and photographic images were taken of plant germination and early growth. Imagery was converted to educational videos for the purpose of exciting and engaging students in science and technology and for motivating and providing professional development for educators.
Publications
Levine HG, Norwood KL, Tynes GK, Levine LH. Soybean and Corn Seed Germination in Space: The First Plant Study Conducted on Space Station Alpha. 38th Space Congress, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 April 30 - May 4; 181-187. | Impact Statement
Astronauts returning from space can experience eye problems, along with headaches and blurred vision. Scientists suspect environmental conditions during spaceflight lead to oxidative stress that adversely affects the eye structure and function. Space Flight Environment Induces Remodeling of Vascular Network and Glia-vascular Communication in Mouse Retina (Rodent Research-18) investigates how spaceflight affects visual function, examining changes in the vascular system of the retina, tissue remodeling and cell-cell interactions in mice.
The Space Flight-Induced Reactivation of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus (Epstein-Barr) experiment performs tests to study changes in the human immune function using blood and urine samples collected before and after space flight. The study will provide insight for possible countermeasures to prevent the potential development of infectious illness in crewmembers during flight.
Publications
Stowe RP, Kozlova EV, Sams CF, Pierson DL, Walling DM. Latent and lytic Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in the peripheral blood of astronauts. Journal of Medical Virology. 2011 83(6): 1071-1077. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22079.PMID: 21503923.
Stowe RP, Sams CF, Pierson DL. Adrenocortical and Immune Responses Following Short- and Long-Duration Spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2011 Jun; 82(6): 627-634. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2980.2011.PMID: 21702314.
Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Pierson DL, Sams CF. Immune System Dysregulation Following Short- Vs Long-Duration Spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2008 September; 79(9): 835-843. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2276.2008.PMID: 18785351.
Pierson DL, Stowe RP, Phillips TM, Lugg DJ, Mehta SK. Epstein-Barr Virus Shedding by Astronauts During Space Flight. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2005 19(3): 235-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.08.001.PMID: 15797312. | Impact Statement
Stowe RP, Pierson DL, Barrett AD. Elevated stress hormone levels relate to Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in astronauts. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 63(6): 891-895.
Stowe RP, Barrett AD, Pierson DL. Space flight-induced reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA-2001-4904DOI: 10.2514/6.2001-4904.
Stowe RP, Pierson DL, Feeback DL, Barrett AD. Stress-induced reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus in astronauts. NeuroImmunoModulation. 2000 8(2): 51-58.
Sonnenfeld G. The immune system in space and microgravity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002 34(12): 2021-2027.
Mehta SK, Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Simpson RJ, Ott CM, Sams CF, Pierson DL. Reactivation of latent viruses is associated with increased plasma cytokines in astronauts. Cytokine. 2013 January; 61(1): 205-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.09.019.PMID: 23107825. | Impact Statement
Barrila J, Ott CM, LeBlanc CL, Mehta SK, Crabbe A, Stafford P, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Spaceflight modulates gene expression in the whole blood of astronauts. npj Microgravity. 2016 December 8; 216039. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.39. | Impact Statement
Space Food and Crew Provisioning Items provides food and other provisions for Japanese astronauts in cooperation with Japanese food companies. Familiar foods can help relieve psychological stress and enhance the performance of crew members aboard the space station. Crew members post photos and videos of the items on the JAXA web page, which could encourage other Japanese companies to participate.
Astronauts experience major biological and physiological changes during spaceflight, including bone loss. Providing an appropriate selection of culturally-adapted, enjoyable, tasty, safe, and nutritious food is a priority to maintain astronaut health and ensure successful missions. Space Food for Bone Health: Vitamin D Fortified Camel Milk with Dates Smoothie (SmoothISS) tests microgravity’s effects on the sensory, nutritional, and microbial properties of a smoothie drink made from dehydrated camel’s milk, dates, and vitamin D.
Science Program Around Communications Engineering with High Achieving Undergraduate Cadres (SPACE HAUC) demonstrates communications from space to ground using an X-Band Phased Array Antenna. The antenna enables communication three to ten times faster than currently accomplished by CubeSats, making possible downloads of significantly more data.
Headaches can be a common complaint during spaceflight. The Space Headaches experiment improves our understanding of such conditions, which helps in the development of methods to alleviate associated symptoms, and improve the well-being and performance of crew members in orbit. This can also improve our knowledge of similar conditions on Earth.
Publications
Vein AA, Koppen H, Haan J, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD. Space headache: A new secondary headache. Cephalalgia. 2009 June 1; 29(6): 683-686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01775.x. | Impact Statement
Gazerani P. Space headaches. Future Neurology. 2017 March 30; 12(2): 4 pp. DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0002.
In the Ice Cubes #9 – Project Maleth (Space Omics Analysis of the Skin Microbiome of Diabetic Foot Ulcers, or SpaceOMIX) investigation, human skin microbiome samples from selected Type 2 Diabetic patients with diabetic foot ulcers resistant to treatment are studied as part of the first-ever Maltese space investigation on the International Space Station (ISS)—making it Malta’s first ever mission to space. The microbiome is co-cultured on both ground-based (analog) and space-based conditions to determine their adaptation and changes to the environment. All samples are analysed in a multi-omic manner using state-of-the-art molecular biology techniques, and all data is to be deposited as part of the NASA GeneLab database.
Free-Space Passive Dosimeter for Life-Science Experiment in Space (Free-Space PADLES) is an investigation that uses a Sealed Free-Space Dosimeter to measure radiation doses outside the International Space Station (ISS). The obtained results are used for verification of the ISS hull wall shielding contribution, and a benchmark study to develop existing simulation codes and space radiation models for present, and future, human space flight activities.
Content Pending
Publications
van Loon JJ, Medina F, Stenuit H, Istasse E, Heppener M, Marco R. The National - ESA Soyuz Missions Andromede, Marco Polo, Odissea, Cervantes, Delta and Eneide. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 9-32. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919448. | Impact Statement
Casolino M. Cosmic ray investigations during the marco polo and eneide missions with the sileye-3/alteino experiment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 49-53. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919452. | Impact Statement
Narici L, Berger T, Matthia D, Reitz G. Radiation measurements performed with active detectors relevant for human space exploration. Frontiers in Oncology. 2015 December 8; 5(273): 10 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00273.PMID: 26697408. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Minori M, Narici L, De Pascale MP, Picozza P, Reali E, Zaconte V, Fuglesang C, Vittori R, Sannita WG, Carlson P, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Kolmykov A, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Petrov VP, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Shurshakov VA, Trukhanov KA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa N, Zampa G, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P, Rantucci E, Scrimaglio R, Segreto E. Detector response and calibration of the cosmic-ray detector of the Sileye-3/Alteino experiment. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1691-1696. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.136. | Impact Statement
Casolino M. Cosmic ray measurements inside ISS with Sileye3/Alteino experiment. 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India. 2005 August 3-10; 2345-348. | Impact Statement
Casolino M. Observations of the Light Flash phenomenon in space. Advances in Space Research. 2006 January; 38(6): 1177-1181. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.110. | Impact Statement
Casolino M, Bidoli V, Minori M, Narici L, De Pascale MP, Picozza P, Reali E, Zaconte V, Fuglesang C, Vittori R, Carlson P, Galper A, Korotkov MP, Popov AN, Vavilov N, Avdeev S, Benghin VV, Petrov VP, Salnitskii VP, Shevchenko OI, Trukhanov KA, Shurshakov VA, Boezio M, Bonvicini W, Vacchi A, Zampa G, Zampa N, Mazzenga G, Ricci M, Spillantini P. Relative nuclear abundances inside ISS with Sileye-3/Alteino experiment. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1685-1690. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2006.02.050. | Impact Statement
Scrimaglio R, Rantucci E, Segreto E, Nurzia G, Finetti N, Di Gaetano A, Tassoni A, Picozza P, Narici L, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Rinaldi A, Zaconte V. Analysis of Sileye-3/Alteino data with a neural network technique: Particle discrimination and energy reconstruction. Advances in Space Research. 2006 37(9): 1697-1703. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.004. | Impact Statement
The BIRDS-2S project consists of the Maya-3 and Maya-4 CubeSats, the first Philippine university-built cube satellites developed by eight graduate students under the Space science education and Technology Proliferation through University Partnerships (STeP-UP) Project. The project is implemented by the University of the Philippines-Diliman (UPD) in collaboration with the Kyushu Institute of Technology, and supported by the Philippine Department of Science of Technology (DOST), its Science Education Institute (SEI), and the Philippine Space Agency. Through the development of Maya-3 and Maya-4 CubeSats, the project creates a path for making space education more accessible and inclusive in the country. The CubeSats launch as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-19 (J-SSOD-19) micro-satellite deployment mission and carry color red-green-blue (RGB) cameras for imaging the Earth, a magnetometer for magnetic field data acquisition, commercial GPS for in orbit location, and an APRS/Store-and-Forward payload that collects data from ground sensors and provides service to the amateur radio community.
Students in Asia compare plant growth in space and those on the ground to learn the importance of space biology research. This is a simple plant culture experiment for education, training and basic science. Azuki seeds will be packed and launched. Seeds will be watered and incubated under dark condition with light-shield bag in the JEM. Seedlings are monitored their germination, growing direction with JEM internal camera. High quality image will be down linked and to be distributed to the participating Asian countries.
Publications
Takaoki M, Yano S, Mathers N, Dwivany FM, Esyanti RR, Djamaluddin T, Asillam MF, Kamarudin F, bin Madom MS, Tantiphanwadi S, Giang NV. Space Seeds for Asian Future. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan. 2014 12(ists29): Tp_1-Tp_5. DOI: 10.2322/tastj.12.Tp_1.
Soga K, Kurita A, Yano S, Ichikawa T, Kamada M, Takaoki M. Growth and Morphogenesis of Azuki Bean Seedlings in Space during SSAF2013 Program. Biological Sciences in Space. 2014 286-11. DOI: 10.2187/bss.28.6.
Esyanti RR, Dwivany FM, Almeida M, Swandjaja L. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of space flown tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) seeds. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016 771(1): 012046. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/771/1/012046.
The Space Shields: The Inhibition of Gamma Rays via Passive Shielding (Space Tango Payload Card Radiation) investigation uses a Geiger counter to measure radiation levels within four passive casings, or shielding materials, aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Researchers will evaluate each material based on density, cost, and toxicity to determine the most effective material at shielding radiation relative to density. Improved radiation shielding materials for spacecraft could improve the safety of conditions during long term space travel. The Higher Orbits Foundation and the 2016 Andromeda Award Winning Team DASA from Deerfield High School in Deerfield, IL lead this investigation.
Space Tango - University of Kentucky Cubelab Satellite Demonstrator (Space Tango - Cubelab Satellite Demonstrator) tests a new attitude-control technology for small satellites, which is an integral part of future space missions. Conventional attitude control systems for large satellites are not suited for small satellites. The new technology is energy efficient, lightweight, and not subject to friction wear and could enhance the attitude maneuvering capabilities of small satellites. This project is supported by NASA (Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) and Kentucky EPSCoR to help advance Kentucky's expertise in small satellite technology.
Space Tango Payload Card MMARS-1 (MMARS-1) is a commercial experiment led by Airbus DS in collaboration with its scientific partners the International Space University and the University of Strasbourg. The purpose of this experiment is to study how a strain of methanogen (methane producing bacteria), Methanosarcina barkeri (M. barkeri), adapts to the stresses of the space environment. Specifically, MMARS-1 demonstrates the use of pressure measurements to estimate metabolic activity of M. barkeri. The overall experimental approach investigates the decoupling of metabolic activity from biomass production, and studies the growth of M. barkeri using liquid medium under microgravity conditions.
Space Tango-Atlanta International School-The Effect of Microgravity on the Functional Behavior of Physarum polycephalum (Space Tango-AIS-SLIMEMOLDS) investigates Physarum polycephalum, more commonly known as slime mold, to understand the effects of microgravity on the mold’s ability to navigate a maze. These microorganisms are excellent pathfinders capable of finding their way by gauging the resistance and flow rates of the cytoplasm to measure the length of its branches. The data collected from this investigation may reveal how microgravity affects the accuracy calculations made by slime molds.
The investigation Space Tango-Brethren Christian School-How Quartz and Microelectromechanical Clocks React in the Environment of Space (Space Tango-BCS-Clocks in Space) tests the performance of a quartz clock to determine the effects of the space environment. In addition, a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) clock is used to measure time dilation as one set of data to be used to prove the Theory of Relativity. Results are expected to provide insight into how to improve timekeeping on Earth and in space.
Space Tango-Carmel Christian School-Effect of Microgravity in the Rate of Flow of Water (Space Tango-CCS-Water Flow) investigates how long water flow continues in microgravity after turning off a pump compared with flow in a control apparatus on Earth. Understanding how microgravity affects fluid flow may enable the development of more efficient liquid transportation options in space.
Space Tango-Carmel Christian School-Effects of Microgravity on the Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids over Time (Space Tango-CCS-Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids) investigates the if magnetorheological fluids behave differently under the influence of electromagnetic fields by forming more complex structures or if the structures formed remain intact for a longer period of time.
Space Tango-Haileybury College and Swinburne University of Technology-Effects of Microgravity on Tooth Decay (Space Tango-HCandSWIN-Tooth Decay) investigates the growth of Streptococcus mutans, a common oral bacteria, on a human tooth and enamel disc in microgravity. Researchers look at differences in oral bacteria propagation, acid action, and overall tooth decay in microgravity and on Earth. This may help determine whether individuals in space should alter dental hygiene routines or pay more attention to specific regions of the mouth and the teeth during cleaning.
Space Tango-Minnehaha Academy-Different Copper Crystal Morphologies in Microgravity versus in Gravity (Space Tango-MA-Copper Crystallization in Microgravity) measures and monitors the growth pattern of copper crystals grown in microgravity and exposure to varying currents. When grown on Earth, these crystals exhibit cracks, grain boundaries, and inclusions, but without the interference of liquid convection, a force absent in microgravity, the crystals should have no growth defects. The purer crystals grown in microgravity can contribute to development of better medical treatments.
Space Tango-Singapore American School-The Effect of Microgravity on the Crystallization and Properties of Copper and Bronze via Electroplating (Space Tango-SAS-Electroplating) determines the properties of copper and bronze crystals grown in microgravity via electroplating. If these crystals produce different properties compared to those on Earth, they may contribute to the development of more efficient wiring.
Space Tango-Singapore American School-The Effects of Microgravity on Piezoelectric Crystal Growth (Space Tango-SAS-Piezoelectric) examines the solution growth of crystals using a slow evaporation method and determines whether these crystals produce different and useful properties compared to those grown on Earth under similar parameters.
Space Tango-Swinburne University and Haileybury College-Testing the Effects of Microgravity Magnetorheological Fluids (Space Tango-SUTHC-Magnetorheological Fluids), is a fluid that increases its apparent viscosity when exposed to a magnetic field. The investigation determines whether the magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid) may be controlled using varying magnetic fields, whether Earth’s magnetic field affects rotation and if the MR fluid degrades over time. If the MR fluid is easily controlled by small magnetic fields and does not degrade significantly in microgravity, it may replace other technology and improve mechanical operations in spacecraft.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School Dublin-Crystal Formation with Copper in Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS Dublin-Crystallization) is designed to explore the possibility of improved crystal formation with potassium aluminum sulfate in microgravity. The investigation is conducted within a rotating block in two separate chambers, one containing copper and one with no copper, and the results are compared with a ground unit with the same configuration under the influence of gravity. The investigation aims to determine how the presence of copper effects crystallization in microgravity for potential application in a variety of industrial materials.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-Creating a Robotic Control System in Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS-Robotics) tests using a robotic control system to stabilize a robot on one axis in microgravity. Insights from this investigation may help improve control systems used to navigate on larger-scale space missions such as trips to Mars. The investigation also helps determine the effect of microgravity and Earth’s magnetic field on the accuracy of sensors.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-Efficacy of BioSafe Antimicrobial in Prevention of E. Coli Growth in Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS-BioSafe Antimicrobial) tests the effectiveness of a silicon-based antimicrobial called BioSafe in preventing the growth of E. Coli bacteria in microgravity. BioSafe has the potential to reduce or eliminate the issue of bacterial contamination and growth aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-Hydrophobicity of Lotusan Paint in Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS-Lotus Paint) investigates the characteristic nanoarchitecture of Lotus paint in space, enabling discoveries regarding the role gravity plays in surface tension and adherence as well as test a potential coating surface with self-cleaning applications for future missions and microgravity endeavors.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-Prevention of Biofilm Formation in Microgravity Using an Antimicrobial Copper Paint (Space Tango-VCHS-Copper Paint) examines differences in Escherichia coli biofilm formation in microgravity and normal gravity, and investigates whether or not a special copper paint formulation reduces growth of E. coli biofilms in microgravity. Metallic copper has seldom been employed as an antimicrobial surface due to cost, weight, and safety concerns. The paint uses a copper powder and may provide a less-expensive way to prevent formation of undesirable biofilms on the space station.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-Testing the Ability of a Superhydrophobic Layer to Inhibit Corrosion of Iron in Microgravity (Space Tango-VCHS-Superhydrophobic Layer) investigates the effectiveness of a sprayed-on superhydrophobic layer in preventing rust in microgravity. It examines the differences in rates of corrosion on treated and untreated samples in microgravity and on Earth. Determining methods to inhibit oxidation by applying topical treatments on metal, provides options for extending the useful life of equipment for long-duration spaceflight.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-The Effects of Ethanol Production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Space Tango-VCHS-Ethanol Production) explores the effects of microgravity on the amount of ethanol produced by yeast. Development of an effective method of producing ethanol has the potential to benefit long-duration spaceflight by eliminating the need to bring fuel from Earth.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-The Effects of Microgravity on the Electrochemical Characteristics of a Microbial Fuel Cell (Space Tango-VCHS-Microbial Fuel Cell) measures the power output and electrical characteristics of a microbial fuel cell in microgravity. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts the chemical energy released when bacteria decompose organic matter into electrical energy. Because bacteria tend to grow faster in microgravity, power in the fuel cell is expected to achieve peak voltage faster than on Earth.
Space Tango-Valley Christian High School-The Effects of Microgravity on the Fermentation Rate of Lactococcus lactis (Space Tango-VCHS-Lactococcus Fermentation) compares the fermentation rates of Lactococcus lactis in space and on Earth. This bacterium is part of the human gut biome and is used in production of various foods, including dairy products. Observing its growth rate sheds light on the exponential growth of bacteria in microgravity and how the gut biome in particular reacts to microgravity.
Space Terroir: Exploration of Fermentation Processes for Space Food (Space Terroir) is an investigation from the MIT Media Lab Space Exploration Initiative using the NanoRacks Black Box platform. Space Terroir analyzes fermented food samples before and after exposure to the International Space Station environment along with a control on the ground. Categorizing bacterial colonies of the samples could help determine potential probiotics to contribute to astronaut gut health and identify tools to extend food shelf life for future long-duration space missions.
Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Canary (STP-H3-Canary) investigates the interaction of ions with the background plasma environment around the ISS.
Publications
Feldmesser HS, Darrin MA, Osiander R, Paxton LJ, Rogers AQ, Marks JA, McHarg MG, Balthazor RL, Krause LH, Fitzgerald JG. Canary: ion spectroscopy for ionospheric sensing. Proceedings of SPIE 7691 Space Missions and Technologies. Orlando, FL. 2010 May 8; DOI: 10.1117/12.850414. | Impact Statement
Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Digital Imaging Star Camera (STP-H3-DISC) captures images of star fields for analysis by ground algorithms to determine the attitude of the International Space Station (ISS). The goal of this investigation is the creation of more robust and capable satellites to be controlled by ground systems for Earth-bound communications.
Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Massive Heat Transfer Experiment (STP-H3-MHTEX) investigates the in space performance of capillary pumped loop (CPL) heat transfer equipment, which uses continuous fluid flow to transfer heat from multiple spacecraft sources to an external radiator surface. This investigation intends to improve the understanding of heat transfer transport phenomena and two-phase flow (i.e., liquid-vapour flow) performance in microgravity. This investigation is one of four on the STP-H3 platform and is located at EXPRESS Logistics Carrier site 3 (ELC-3).
Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Variable emissivity radiator aerogel insulation blanket dual zone thermal control experiment suite for responsive space (STP-H3-VADER) investigation tests a variable emissivity radiator and a new form of multilayer insulation that uses Aerogel as the thermal isolator in order to protect the spacecraft from the harsh extremes of the space environment. The Aerogel material provides a more durable, lighter and cheaper alternative to traditional spacecraft thermal blankets. The use of this material could reduce the costs related to spaceflight by reducing the required spacecraft mass and increasing design efficiency.
Space Test Program - Houston 4 - Global Awareness Data-Exfiltration International Satellite (STP-H4-GLADIS) demonstrates the performance of small, lightweight and low-power antennas. It includes dual-channel Ultra High Frequency (UHF) and Very High Frequency (VHF) antennas to provide two-way communications to an ocean-monitoring network of sensors. During a one-year mission, the investigation enables new types of data-collecting spacecraft, including networks of unattended sensors using small, low-cost satellites.
Launched from the International Space Station, Space Test Program Satellite-4 (STPSat-4) is a suite automated for robotic space tools and sensors that test new equipment configurations and monitor space conditions. STPSat-4 specifically includes space weather sensors, solar panels, an antenna array and devices for tracking location of both satellites and their astronomic surroundings. This project demonstrates how a range of new technologies can be integrated on nanosatellite platforms.
Two microsatellites launched from the Shuttle payload bay will measure the density and composition of the low Earth orbit (LEO) atmosphere while being tracked from the ground. The data will be used to better predict the movement of objects in orbit.
Publications
Nicholas AC, Budzien SA, Healy L, DeYoung J, Davis M. Results from the Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment Risk Reduction Mission. AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit, Honolulu, HI. 2008 August 18-21; AIAA-2008-6950DOI: 10.2514/6.2008-6950. | Impact Statement
Nicholas AC, Picone M, Emmert J, DeYoung J, Healy L, Wasiczko L, Davis M, Cox C. Preliminary Results from the Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment Risk Reduction Mission. Advances in the Astronautical Sciences. 2007 129(1): 243-254. | Impact Statement
Nicholas AC, Gilbreath C, Thonnard SE, Kessel RA, Lucke RL, Sillman CP. The atmospheric neutral density experiment (ANDE) and modulating retroreflector in space (MODRAS): combined flight experiments for the space test program. Proceedings of SPIE 5899, UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes: Innovative Technologies and Concepts II, San Diego, CA. 2003 March 20; DOI: 10.1117/12.462642. | Impact Statement
This experiment will demonstrate the use of tiny (the size of a coffee cup) low-power inspection satellites that can be sent out to observe larger spacecraft. The small inspection satellites are enabled by microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and will test the functioning of small camera systems and gyros.
The RAFT mission is a student experiment from the United Sates Naval Academy that uses picosatellites to test the Space Surveillance Radar Fence and experimental communications transponders.
Publications
Bruninga RE, Smith B, Boden D. PCsat Success! and follow-on payloads. 16th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, Utah. 2002 SSC02–I–5 | Impact Statement
Space Test Program-Houston 4-Miniature Array of Radiation Sensors (STP-H4-MARS) uses a network of 8 small radiation dosimeters to monitor the radiation experienced by a host spacecraft. The host is the STP-H4-GLADIS satellite. An STP-H4-MARS sensor includes a small circuit, which directly measures ionizing radiation from the sun and other cosmic sources.
Space is a vacuum, but it is far from empty, containing countless micrometeoroids and charged particles that interact with each other, and with scientific equipment. The International Space Station is constantly bombarded by these particles, as well as gases from cargo ships ferrying equipment to and from the station. The Space Test Program-H5 Automated Plume Sentry (STP-H5 APS) investigation studies how thrusters on approaching spacecraft interact with the station, including whether they can contaminate experiments housed on the station’s exterior.
Charged particles and ultraviolet light from the Sun constantly bombard the upper layers of Earth’s atmosphere, and these interactions cause space weather, which can affect communications and power on Earth and in space. The Space Test Progam-H5 GPS Radio Occultation and Ultraviolet Photometry Co-located (STP-H5 GROUP-C) investigation uses two sensors to measure Earth’s ionosphere, the uppermost region of the atmosphere. The sensors measure horizontal and vertical ion and electron density in the ionosphere, studying the ionosphere’s structure and variability.
The Space Test Program-H5-integrated Miniaturized Electrostatic Analyzer-Reflight (STP-H5 iMESA-R) is a space weather constellation, consisting of four inexpensive space weather instruments. The STP-H5 iMESA-R sensor mission is to measure plasma densities and energies to improve the forecast of the ionosphere, along with spacecraft charging effects in low-Earth orbit (LEO). The instruments have the potential to contribute to a capability of global observing systems, and are designed both to detect Space Weather disturbances in the magnetosphere and ionosphere, and for the diagnoses of satellite anomalies. STP-H5 iMESA-R observations include: low-energy and high-energy electrons, protons, and heavy ions; magnetic field; and electric field.
Space Test Program-Houston 6-integrated Miniature Electro-Static Analyzer (STP-H6- iMESA) characterizes natural disturbances in the local space environment. These disturbances can cause electrical arcing in spacecraft that destroy electronics and disrupt spacecraft radio communications, leading to loss of contact with the ground. The instrument creates a long-term dataset of the density and temperature of the ionosphere (upper atmosphere) and of electrical charging aboard the space station to improve understanding of these effects.
The Space Test Program-Houston 4-Small Wind and Temperature Spectrometer (STP-H4-SWATS) investigation demonstrates a lightweight, low-power space-based weather sensor. Every second, the instrument gathers detailed data on atmospheric density, composition, temperature and winds in the ionosphere, the uppermost layer of the atmosphere that includes the orbit of the International Space Station. The data is used to improve computer models that simulate Earth’s atmosphere.
Publications
McLean CH, Deininger WD, Marotta BM, Spores RA, Masse RB, Smith TA, Deans MC, Yim JT, Williams GJ, Sampson JW, Martinez J, Cardiff EH, Bacha CE. Green Propellant Infusion Mission Program Overview, Status, and Flight Operations. 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Orlando, FL. 2015 July 27-29; DOI: 10.2514/6.2015-375.
Nicholas AC, Herrero FA, Stephan AW, Finne T. WINCS on-orbit performance results. Proceedings of SPIE 9604, Defense and Security Symposium, Orlando, FL. 2015 September 21; DOI: 10.1117/12.2188403. | Impact Statement
Space Test Program-Houston 4-Active Thermal Tile (STP-H4-ATT) investigates variable conductance thermal tiles that serve as a quick-insert thermal management device for satellite components. The tiles contain thermoelectric devices capable of operating in heating, cooling and neutral or “off” modes. The tiles improve satellites’ thermal control systems, which protect instruments used to collect data and communicate with Earth.
Space Test Program-Houston 4-FireStation (STP-H4-FireStation) investigates how Earth’s upper atmosphere generates very brief, very intense flashes of gamma radiation. Since their discovery in 1994, the flashes have been linked to lightning, but researchers are not sure which types of lightning generate these gamma-ray flashes or how they form. STP-H4-FireStation measures the optical light and radio waves from lightning while also measuring the gamma ray and energetic radiation it produces. Results from the investigation will help researchers better understand the physics of lightning.
Space Test Program-Houston 4-ISS SpaceCube Experiment 2.0 (STP-H4-ISE 2.0) demonstrates SpaceCube computing systems in low Earth orbit. The investigation uses software techniques to guard against radiation upsets, which can interfere with electronic devices. The hardware also includes a prototype of a thermal plate filled with micro-channels, which uses fluids to disperse and distribute heat, as well as an instrument (the STP-H4-FireStation) to measure gamma-ray flashes from lightning on Earth.
Publications
Petrick D, Gill N, Hassouneh MA, Stone R, Winternitz LB, Davis M, Sparacino P, Flatley T. Adapting the SpaceCube v2.0 Data Processing System for Mission-Unique Application Requirements. 2015 NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems. 2015 DOI: 10.1109/AHS.2015.7231153.
The Space Test Program-Houston-6 Army Cost Efficient Spaceflight Research, Experiments, and Demonstrations (ACES RED) Attitude Determination and Control System (ADACS) Experiment 1 (STP-H6-ACES RED 1) is designed to improve nanosatellites position and attidude knowledge and control capabilities. Lifecycle testing of position and attitude subsystems are conducted for long duration space exposure. The experiment tests and compares multiple sensors of satellite position and attitude, individually and in various combinations, to support the development of algorithms to continuously and more precisely control spacecraft. This experiment also demonstrates the ability to upgrade, change, and reinstall modified or new flight software from the ground.
Space Test Program-Houston 6-Navy Interferometric Star Tracker Experiment (NISTEx II) (STP-H6-NISTEx II) demonstrates technology that increases by 100 times the accuracy of star detection and direction measurements (the equivalent of detecting and measuring the width of a human hair from 1,500 feet away). STP-H6-NISTEx II provides high accuracy attitude measurements and stellar locations and magnitudes of stars – enabling astrophysical science measurements on CubeSat class and larger orbiting platforms. These high performance astrometry measurements will help improve the US Naval Observatory star catalogs and provide future missions an alternative to European-built star trackers.
Space Test Program-Houston 6-Near InfraRed Airglow Camera (STP-H6-NIRAC) demonstrates using a near-infrared camera to make nighttime observations of airglow, the faint emission of light in the upper atmosphere. The airglow layer sits at the boundary between the Earth’s atmosphere and space, and these observations improve understanding of how the lower atmosphere affects the near-Earth space environment, including the effects of atmospheric processes on space weather. Night observations can show changes in the airglow layer and STP-H6-NIRAC can produce daytime images of ground features useful for weather and environmental applications.
The Space Test Program-Houston 6-Spacecraft PlasmA Diagnostic suitE (STP-H6-SPADE) investigation characterizes the space plasma environment and spacecraft charging. Its versatile plasma sensor sweeps across a range of frequencies and DC voltages to monitor the interaction between the space station and the environment along its orbit. Spacecraft charging can cause operational problems, so the measurements help more accurately predict how changes in the space environment affect satellite operations.
The Space Test Program-Houston 6-Spacecraft Supercomputing for Image and Video Processing (STP-H6-SSIVP) investigation evaluates new technology for space-based supercomputing. Its prototype investigation includes a cluster of radiation-tolerant and reconfigurable space computers to perform apps in image and video processing. This investigation will demonstrate that such clusters, constructed at low cost, size, weight, and power, can reliably conduct advanced processing in the harsh space environment.
Taking images and measurements of objects with the Sun in the field of view is challenging. Space Test Program-Houston 7-Local Area Space Surveillance Observations (STP-H7-LASSO) tests an optical sensor for detecting objects under these conditions using the dark background of space. This technology could provide additional options for surveillance of Earth from space.
Space Test Program-Houston 7-Configurable & Autonomous Sensor Processing Research (STP-H7-CASPR) evaluates novel imaging and computing technologies to perform autonomous sensor processing on small satellites and spacecraft. The imaging technology provides high-quality Earth observation images. One of the sensors measures movement and could provide situational awareness, such as object tracking or collision avoidance.
Lightning and sprites are related forms of electrical discharges in Earth’s atmosphere. Space Test Program-Houston 7-Falcon Neuro (STP-H7-Falcon Neuro) demonstrates using event-based sensors (EBSs) to detect lightning in cloud tops and electrical discharges in the middle atmosphere. EBSs provide the high-speed optical sensing needed to capture such brief phenomena and data rates fast enough for making these observations from space. This technology could improve understanding of atmospheric electrical phenomena.
Space Test Program-Houston 7-GAGG Radiation Instrument (STP-H7-GARI-1) demonstrates a gamma-ray detector that offers improved energy resolution, lower power consumption, and reduced size. Previous investigations have shown that such instruments can be sensitive to damage from radiation in space. The technology has applications for astrophysics research in space and security applications on the ground.
Space Test Program-Houston 7-Ocean Surface Vector Winds (STP-H7-OSVW) demonstrates a small sensor that uses Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites already in orbit to measure winds on the ocean surface. Original GPS signals can be used to derive wind speed and direction, which can contribute to improved weather forecasting.
Space Test Program-Houston 7-Phenomenology Imager and Nighttime Observer (STP-H7-PIANO) demonstrates a near-infrared camera designed to take images of Earth for remote weather sensing and upper atmospheric airglow studies. Airglow, the faint emission of light in Earth’s upper atmosphere, provides a source of illumination for nighttime imagery. This technology can be used to determine the height of clouds, information useful for weather modeling and forecasting storm development.
Space Test Program-Houston 8-Compact Ocean Wind Vector Radiometer (STP-H8-COWVR) demonstrates on-orbit use of a new terrestrial microwave meterological sensor. It is designed to deliver accurate sea surface wind direction and speed data that are critical to naval surface operations and forecasting and tracking hurricanes and typhoons.
Space Test Program-Houston 8-GAGG Radiation Instrument-2 (STP-H8-GARI-2) demonstrates the GAGG Radiation Instrument (GARI), a gamma-ray detector for space-based astrophysical and defense applications. GARI studies the on-orbit radiation background, which consists primarily of gamma rays and beta particles generated by charged particle reactions in low-Earth orbit. The detector can more accurately determine the energy of incoming radiation and is also smaller and uses less power than similar systems.
Space Test Program-Houston 8-Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems (STP-H8-TEMPEST) demonstrates technology for providing microwave imagery of ocean surface winds and data on tropical cyclone intensity. These measurements are a vital part of accurate weather prediction models used to forecast and track hurricanes and typhoons and protect U.S. Navy assets and naval surface operations.
The Space Tethered Autonomous Robotic Satellite-Elevator of CubeSat (STARS-EC) satellite is comprised of three 1-Unit (1U) CubeSats and is deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-16 (J-SSOD-16) micro-satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). RSP-01 is developed by Stars Space Service Inc., and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the NG-15 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
Space Tissue Loss - Microbial Immunity (STL-Microbial Immunity) is a Department of Defense Space Test Program payload examines how human cells respond to bacterial infections in space and if normal processes seen on Earth occur in the space environment. This experiment could yield valuable knowledge leading to advances in vaccine development and other therapeutics for treatment, prevention and control of infectious diseases on Earth.
Publications
Reece JS, Miller MJ, Arnold MA, Waterhouse C, Delaplaine T, Cohn L, Cannon TF. Continuous Oxygen Monitoring of Mammalian Cell Growth on Space Shuttle Mission STS-93 with a Novel Radioluminescent Oxygen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 104(1): 1-11.
Salmi ML, Bushart TJ, Stout SC, Roux SJ. Profile and Analysis of Gene Expression Changes during Early Development in Germinating Spores of Ceratopteris Richardii. Plant Physiology. 2005 1381734-1745.
Roux SJ, Chatterjee A, Hillier S, Cannon TF. Early Development of Fern Gametophytes in Microgravity. Advances in Space Research. 2003 31.1215-220.
Landis WJ, Hodgens KJ, Block D, Toma CD, Gerstenfeld LC. Spaceflight Effects on cultured embryonic chick bone cells. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2000 15(6): 99-112. PMID: 10841178.
Harris SA, Zhang M, Kidder LS, Evans GL, Spelsberg TC, Turner RT. Effects of Orbital Spaceflight on Human Osteoblastic Cell Physiology and Gene Expression. Bone. 2000 26(4): 325-331. PMID: 10719274.
Ikenaga M, Hirayama J, Kato T, Kitao H, Han Z, Ishizaki K, Nishizawa K, Suzuki F, Cannon TF, Fukui K, Shimazu T, Kamigaichi S, Ishioka N, Matsumiya H. Effect of Space Flight on the Frequency of Micronuclei and Expression of Stress-Responsive Proteins in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Journal of Radiation Research. 2002 43S141-S147. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.43.S141.PMID: 12793748.
Barrila J, Sarker SF, Hansmeier N, Yang S, Buss K, Briones N, Park J, Davis RR, Forsyth RJ, Ott CM, Sato KY, Kosnik C, Yang A, Shimoda C, Rayl NA, Ly D, Landenberger A, Wilson SD, Yamazaki N, Steel J, Montano C, Halden RU, Cannon TF, Castro-Wallace SL, Nickerson CA. Evaluating the effect of spaceflight on the host–pathogen interaction between human intestinal epithelial cells and Salmonella Typhimurium. npj Microgravity. 2021 March 9; 7(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00136-w. | Impact Statement
Space Tissue Loss - Stem Cell Regeneration (STL-Regeneration) is a Department of Defense Space Test Program payload studying stem cell regeneration in mouse cell culture in microgravity examining the effects of tissue regeneration in space. Cell culture in microgravity serves as a model system for understanding necrosis of tissue following severe injuries on Earth.
Publications
Reece JS, Miller MJ, Arnold MA, Waterhouse C, Delaplaine T, Cohn L, Cannon TF. Continuous Oxygen Monitoring of Mammalian Cell Growth on Space Shuttle Mission STS-93 with a Novel Radioluminescent Oxygen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 104(1): 1-11.
Landis WJ, Hodgens KJ, Block D, Toma CD, Gerstenfeld LC. Spaceflight Effects on cultured embryonic chick bone cells. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2000 15(6): 99-112. PMID: 10841178.
Harris SA, Zhang M, Kidder LS, Evans GL, Spelsberg TC, Turner RT. Effects of Orbital Spaceflight on Human Osteoblastic Cell Physiology and Gene Expression. Bone. 2000 26(4): 325-331. PMID: 10719274.
Ikenaga M, Hirayama J, Kato T, Kitao H, Han Z, Ishizaki K, Nishizawa K, Suzuki F, Cannon TF, Fukui K, Shimazu T, Kamigaichi S, Ishioka N, Matsumiya H. Effect of Space Flight on the Frequency of Micronuclei and Expression of Stress-Responsive Proteins in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Journal of Radiation Research. 2002 43S141-S147. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.43.S141.PMID: 12793748.
Blaber EA, Finkelstein H, Dvorochkin N, Sato KY, Yousuf R, Burns BP, Globus RK, Almeida EA. Microgravity reduces the differentiation and regenerative potential of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells and Development. 2015 November 10; 24(22): 2605-2621. DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0218.
Space Tissue Loss - The Effects of Microgravity on Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration: Keratinocyte Differentiation in Wound Healing (STL-Regeneration-Keratinocytes) is a Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program payload flying both NASA and DoD science that uses cell and tissue cultures in microgravity to study the effects of tissue regeneration and wound healing in space.
Publications
Chromiak JA, Shansky J, Perrone C, Vandenburgh HH. Bioreactor perfusion system for the long-term maintenance of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle organoids. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 1998 34(9): 694-703.
Reece JS, Miller MJ, Arnold MA, Waterhouse C, Delaplaine T, Cohn L, Cannon TF. Continuous Oxygen Monitoring of Mammalian Cell Growth on Space Shuttle Mission STS-93 with a Novel Radioluminescent Oxygen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 104(1): 1-11.
Doty SB, Stiner D, Telford WG. The Effect of Spaceflight on Cartilage Cell Cycle and Differentiation. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 1999 6(1): P89-P90.
Hammond TG, Lewis FC, Goodwin TJ, Linnehan RM, Wolf DA, Hire KP, Campbell WC, Benes E, O'Reilly KC, Globus RK, Kaysen JH. Gene Expression in Space. Nature Medicine. 1999 April; 5(4): 359. DOI: 10.1038/7331.
Davis TA, Wiesmann WP, Kidwell W, Cannon TF, Kerns L, Serke C, Delaplaine T, Pranger A, Lee KP. Effect of spaceflight on human stem cell hematopoiesis: suppression of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 1996 60(1): 69-76. PMID: 8699125.
Space Travel (ExHAM-Space Travel) exposes engraved plates to the harsh environment of space by attaching them to the Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) on the JEM Exposed Facility (JEF) outside the International Space Station (ISS). The engraving commemorates the 30th anniversary of a space exploration and development company. The plates remain for approximately one year and then are returned to Earth.
Spaceborne Computer-2 High Performance Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Computer System on the ISS (Spaceborne Computer-2) builds upon the successes of Spaceborne Computer, exploring how commercial off-the-shelf computer systems can advance exploration by processing data significantly faster in space with edge computing and artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. Spaceborne Computer-2 further tests additional techniques for recovering or mitigating errors in the extreme environment of unprotected solar radiation, galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and other events. Additionally, Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) works with the space community and the International Space Station-National Laboratory (ISS-NL) to test and demonstrate that current Earth-based data processing of ISS experimental data can be performed onboard during the anticipated 24 to 36 month mission of Spaceborne Computer-2.
SpaceChain explores the use of blockchain capabilities in space to support the developing space economy. The investigation validates the hardware and software needed for and verifies the relay and validation of transactions from a ground station to the blockchain-enabled payload and back again. Conducting complex transactions tests potential security threats.
SpaceChain 2.0 validates the hardware and software needed for blockchain transactions between hardware on the ground and the space station. Relaying transactions to the space station protects them from physical attack, while multi-signature technology and secure satellite transmission provide more security from cyberattacks. The investigation also actively explores what types of space payloads could use blockchain.
The Spacecraft and Modern Technologies for Personal Communications (MAI-75) educational experiment is dedicated to developing and validating the structural principles, an information and telecommunications system that offers real-time video information from space to a broad circle of users within the framework of the educational community. MAI-75 creates science-based methods and specialized software and hardware supporting the interaction of various categories of users with the International Space Station (ISS) crew via specialized communication channels through the use of remote user terminals.
Publications
Alifanov OM, Odelevskiy VK, Samburov SN, Spirin AI, Firsyuk SO, Khokhulin VS. SOVIK Satellite Educational Video Information Complex and Educational Experiments on the ISS. 8th International Forum on High Technologies of the 21st Century, Moscow, Russia. 2007 April 23-26; 43.
Alifanov OM, Biryukova MV, Odelevskiy VK, Firsyuk SO, Yurov AM, Samburov SN, Spirin AI, Shakhparonov VM. Main Results and Development Prospects for the Space Educational Experiment MAI-75 on Board the ISS Russian Segment. K. E. Tsiolkovskiy Memorial Scientific Lectures, Kaluga, Russia. 2010
Fire is extremely dangerous on a spacecraft, so most controlled flame growth experiments have been limited to small sizes. The Spacecraft Fire Experiment-I (Saffire-I) intentionally lights a large-scale fire inside an empty Cygnus resupply vehicle after it leaves the International Space Station (ISS) and before it re-enters Earth’s atmosphere. Instruments measure flame growth, oxygen use and more, improving understanding of fire growth in microgravity and safeguarding future space missions.
Publications
Ruff GA, Urban DL, Fernandez-Pello AC, T'ien JS, Torero JL, Legros G, Eigenbrod C, Smirnov N, Fujita O, Cowlard AJ, Rouvreau S, Minster O, Toth B, Jomaas G. Development of large-scale spacecraft fire safety experiments. 43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Vail, CO. 2013 July 14-18; AIAA 2013-341012 pp. | Impact Statement
Jomaas G, Torero JL, Eigenbrod C, Niehaus JE, Olson SL, Ferkul PV, Legros G, Fernandez-Pello AC, Cowlard AJ, Rouvreau S, Smirnov N, Fujita O, Tien JS, Ruff GA, Urban DL. Fire safety in space – beyond flammability testing of small samples. Acta Astronautica. 2014 November; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.11.025. | Impact Statement
Ruff GA, Urban DL, Fernandez-Pello AC, Tien JS, Torero JL, Legros G, Eigenbrod C, Smirnov N, Fujita O, Cowlard AJ, Rouvreau S, Minster O, Toth B, Jomaas G. Spacecraft fire experiment (Saffire) development status. 44th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Tucson, AZ. 2014 July 13-17; ICES-2014-2659 pp. | Impact Statement
Niehaus JE, Ferkul PV, Gokoglu SA, Ruff GA. Buoyant effects on the flammability of silicone samples planned for the Spacecraft Fire Safety Experiment (Saffire). 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Bellevue, Washington. 2015 July 12-16; ICES-2015-[293]12. | Impact Statement
Li C, Liao YT, Tien JS, Urban DL, Ferkul PV, Olson SL, Ruff GA, Easton JW. Transient flame growth and spread processes over a large solid fabric in concurrent low-speed flows in microgravity – Model versus experiment. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2018 June 23; epub(epub): 9 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.168. | Impact Statement
Thomsen M, Fernandez-Pello AC, Urban DL, Ruff GA, Olson SL. Upward flame spread over a thin composite fabric: The effect of pressure and microgravity. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-23111pp. | Impact Statement
Urban DL, Ferkul PV, Olson SL, Ruff GA, Easton JW, Tien JS, Liao YT, Li C, Fernandez-Pello AC, Torero JL, Legros G, Eigenbrod C, Smirnov N, Fujita O, Rouvreau S, Toth B, Jomaas G. Flame spread: Effects of microgravity and scale. Combustion and Flame. 2019 January 1; 199168-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.012. | Impact Statement
Wang X, Zhou H, Arnott WP, Meyer ME, Taylor S, Firouzkouhi H, Moosmuller H, Chow JC, Watson JG. Evaluation of gas and particle sensors for detecting spacecraft-relevant fire emissions. Fire Safety Journal. 2020 May 1; 113102977. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102977. | Impact Statement
Fires are difficult to study in space because the risk to crew members is too great, but understanding flammability in microgravity is crucial for the safety of future missions. The Spacecraft Fire Experiment-II (Saffire-II) investigation quantifies the flammability of several materials in microgravity, and compares them to flammability limits in normal Earth gravity. Nine experimental samples of varying materials burn inside an empty Cygnus resupply vehicle after it leaves the International Space Station (ISS) and before it re-enters Earth’s atmosphere.
Publications
Li C, Liao YT, Tien JS, Urban DL, Ferkul PV, Olson SL, Ruff GA, Easton JW. Transient flame growth and spread processes over a large solid fabric in concurrent low-speed flows in microgravity – Model versus experiment. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2018 June 23; epub(epub): 9 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.168. | Impact Statement
Thomsen M, Fernandez-Pello AC, Urban DL, Ruff GA, Olson SL. Upward flame spread over a thin composite fabric: The effect of pressure and microgravity. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2018 July 8; ICES-2018-23111pp. | Impact Statement
Thomsen M, Fernandez-Pello AC, Ruff GA, Urban DL. Buoyancy effects on concurrent flame spread over thick PMMA. Combustion and Flame. 2019 January 1; 199279-291. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.016. | Impact Statement
Urban DL, Ferkul PV, Olson SL, Ruff GA, Easton JW, Tien JS, Liao YT, Li C, Fernandez-Pello AC, Torero JL, Legros G, Eigenbrod C, Smirnov N, Fujita O, Rouvreau S, Toth B, Jomaas G. Flame spread: Effects of microgravity and scale. Combustion and Flame. 2019 January 1; 199168-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.012. | Impact Statement
Wang X, Zhou H, Arnott WP, Meyer ME, Taylor S, Firouzkouhi H, Moosmuller H, Chow JC, Watson JG. Evaluation of gas and particle sensors for detecting spacecraft-relevant fire emissions. Fire Safety Journal. 2020 May 1; 113102977. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102977. | Impact Statement
Olson SL, Urban DL, Ruff GA, Ferkul PV, Toth B, Eigenbrod C, Meyer F, Jomaas G. Concurrent flame spread over two-sided thick PMMA slabs in microgravity. Fire Technology. 2020 January 1; 56(1): 49-69. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-019-00863-3. | Impact Statement
Fire is extremely hazardous in the enclosed environments inside spacecraft, which makes it difficult to perform controlled flame growth and prevention experiments on the International Space Station (ISS). But understanding how fires spread is vital for designing flame-resistant materials and preventing fires in space. Spacecraft Fire Experiment-III (Saffire-III) is the third flame investigation to use empty Cygnus resupply vehicles after they leave the ISS and re-enter Earth’s atmosphere, providing a unique environment for studying fires in microgravity.
Publications
Wang X, Zhou H, Arnott WP, Meyer ME, Taylor S, Firouzkouhi H, Moosmuller H, Chow JC, Watson JG. Evaluation of gas and particle sensors for detecting spacecraft-relevant fire emissions. Fire Safety Journal. 2020 May 1; 113102977. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102977. | Impact Statement
Understanding how fires spread in space is vital for developing flame-resistant materials and fire prevention measures, but it is difficult to perform flame growth and prevention experiments aboard a spacecraft. The Spacecraft Fire Experiment-IV (Saffire-IV) investigation uses the Cygnus resupply vehicle after it leaves the space station to examine fire growth in different materials and environmental conditions. It also demonstrates fire detection, monitoring, and post-fire cleanup capabilities.
Publications
Wang X, Zhou H, Arnott WP, Meyer ME, Taylor S, Firouzkouhi H, Moosmuller H, Chow JC, Watson JG. Evaluation of gas and particle sensors for detecting spacecraft-relevant fire emissions. Fire Safety Journal. 2020 May 1; 113102977. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102977. | Impact Statement
Ensuring the reliability of fire safety measures for future spacecraft requires experiments that provide a realistic examination of the risks, but it is difficult to study fires of practical size in an occupied spacecraft.The Spacecraft Fire Experiment-V (Saffire-V) investigation builds on the previous Saffire experiment using the Northrop Grumman Cygnus cargo resupply vehicle after it leaves the International Space Station (ISS). Saffire-V examines fire growth in the range of pressures and oxygen concentrations expected in future exploration spacecraft.
The Spacecraft for High Accuracy Radar Calibration (SHARC) CubeSats collect detailed positional measurements from space and help ground based radar networks improve tracking by conducting a series of coordinated fly-bys of military radar stations.
Spacecraft Single Event Environments at High Shielding Mass (HiMassSEE) measures space radiation interactions with spacecraft structure and shielding using several passive track detector technologies to provide a more accurate definition of International Space Station (ISS) payload accommodations, radiation transport model validation, and flight demonstration data on advanced microelectronics and chemical dosimeters.
SpaceDuino studies the technical capabilities and economic benefit of off-the-shelf hardware and open source software in microgravity. Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and other single board computers have increased in computational power, reliability, and availability while decreasing in cost. Paired with features such as low-voltage sensors and wireless communication, these systems can provide low-cost data acquisition and control, increasing opportunities for microgravity-based research and allowing for more efficient use of resources.
Spaceflight Effects on Neurocognitive Performance: Extent, Longevity, and Neural Bases (NeuroMapping), for which data collection is now complete, studies whether long-duration spaceflight causes any changes to the brain, including brain structure and function, motor control, and multi-tasking abilities. It also measures how long it would take for the brain and body to recover from possible changes after spaceflight. Previous research and anecdotal evidence from astronauts suggests movement control and cognition can be affected in microgravity. The NeuroMapping investigation performs structural and functional magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI and fMRI) to assess any changes that occur after spending months on the International Space Station.
Publications
Hupfeld KE, McGregor HR, Lee JK, Beltran NE, Kofman IS, De Dios YE, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Pasternak O, Wood SJ, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Seidler RD. The impact of six and twelve months in space on human brain structure and intracranial fluid shifts. Cerebral Cortex Communications. 2020 June 15; epub44 pp. DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa023. | Impact Statement
Riascos-Castaneda RF, Kamali A, Hakimelahi R, Mwangi B, Rabiei P, Seidler RD, Behzad BB, Keser Z, Kramer LA, Hasan KM. Longitudinal analysis of quantitative brain MRI in astronauts following microgravity exposure. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2019 February 19; 29(3): 323-330. DOI: 10.1111/jon.12609.PMID: 30784130. | Impact Statement
Hupfeld KE, McGregor HR, Koppelmans V, Beltran NE, Kofman IS, De Dios YE, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Wood SJ, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Seidler RD. Brain and behavioral evidence for reweighting of vestibular inputs with long-duration spaceflight. Cerebral Cortex. 2021 August 20; epub(bhab239): DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab239.PMID: 34416764. | Impact Statement
Tays GD, Hupfeld KE, McGregor HR, Salazar AP, De Dios YE, Beltran NE, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Kofman IS, Wood SJ, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Seidler RD. The effects of long duration spaceflight on sensorimotor control and cognition. Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 2021 October 26; 15110. DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.723504.PMID: 34764856. | Impact Statement
McGregor HR, Hupfeld KE, Pasternak O, Wood SJ, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ, Hague TN, Seidler RD. Case Report: No evidence of intracranial fluid shifts in an astronaut following an aborted launch. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021 December 9; 12774805. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.774805.PMID: 34956056.
Hupfeld KE, Richmond SB, McGregor HR, Schwartz DL, Luther MN, Beltran NE, De Dios YE, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Wood SJ, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Silbert LC, Iliff JJ, Seidler RD, Pianetta P. Longitudinal MRI-visible perivascular space (PVS) changes with long-duration spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2022 May 5; 12(1): 7238. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11593-y.PMID: 35513698. | Impact Statement
Salazar AP, McGregor HR, Hupfeld KE, Beltran NE, Kofman IS, De Dios YE, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Wood SJ, Seidler RD. Changes in working memory brain activity and task-based connectivity after long-duration spaceflight. Cerebral Cortex. 2022 June 16; bhac232. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac232. | Impact Statement
The Spaceflight Effects on Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Process (STaARS BioScience-3) investigation contributes to a greater understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through the study of transcriptomics of vascular cells. Upon return from spaceflight, crew members often display alterations in their cardiovascular systems, similar to those suffering from CVD. The goal of this work is to elucidate the mechanism of vascular cell damage in the space environment by exposing vascular cells to spaceflight.
Astronauts that return from space may be diagnosed with eye problems that can cause headaches and blurred vision. It is believed that environmental conditions during spaceflight can lead to stress and adverse effects within the eye. Spaceflight Environment Induces Remodeling of Vascular Network and Glia-vascular Communication in Mouse Retina (Mao Eye) evaluates how spaceflight impacts the retinal vasculature, tissue remodeling, and cell-to-cell interactions that affect visual functions
Publications
Mao XW, Nishiyama NC, Byrum S, Stanbouly S, Jones TA, Drew A, Sridharan V, Boerma M, Tackett AJ, Zawieja DC, Willey JS, Delp MD, Pecaut MJ. Characterization of mouse ocular response to a 35-day spaceflight mission: Evidence of blood-retinal barrier disruption and ocular adaptations. Scientific Reports. 2019 June 3; 9(1): 8215. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44696-0.PMID: 31160660. | Impact Statement
Overbey EG, da Silveira WA, Stanbouly S, Nishiyama NC, Roque-Torres GD, Pecaut MJ, Zawieja DC, Wang C, Willey JS, Delp MD, Hardiman G, Mao XW. Spaceflight influences gene expression, photoreceptor integrity, and oxidative stress-related damage in the murine retina. Scientific Reports. 2019 September 16; 9(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49453-x.PMID: 31527661. | Impact Statement
Roque-Torres GD, Nishiyama NC, Stanbouly S, Mao XW. Assessment of global ocular structure following spaceflight using a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging method. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments). 2020 September; e61227. DOI: 10.3791/61227.PMID: 33191924. | Impact Statement
Mao XW, Nishiyama NC, Byrum S, Stanbouly S, Jones TA, Holley JM, Sridharan V, Boerma M, Tackett AJ, Willey JS, Pecaut MJ, Delp MD. Spaceflight induces oxidative damage to blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2020 September 26; 34(11): 15516-15530. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001754R.PMID: 32981077. | Impact Statement
Chen Z, Stanbouly S, Nishiyama NC, Chen X, Delp MD, Qiu H, Mao XW, Wang C. Spaceflight decelerates the epigenetic clock orchestrated with a global alteration in DNA methylome and transcriptome in the mouse retina. Precision Clinical Medicine. 2021 June; 4(2): 93-108. DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab012.PMID: 34179686. | Impact Statement
SPaceflight of Huvec: an Integrated eXperiment (SPHINX) examines growth changes in HUVEC cells (endothelial cells that line the interior of blood vessel) when exposed to microgravity. This study is important to maintaining crew health during long-duration space exploration.
Publications
Versari S, Maier JA, Norfini A, Zolesi V, Bradamante S. SPaceflight of Huvec: an Integrated eXperiment - SPHINX onboard the ISS. 2012 Life in Space for Life on Earth Symposium, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. 2012 June 18-22; | Impact Statement
Versari S, Longinotti G, Barenghi L, Maier JA, Bradamante S. The challenging environment on board the International Space Station affects endothelial cell function by triggering oxidative stress through thioredoxin interacting protein overexpression: the ESA-SPHINX experiment. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2013 November; 27(11): 4466-4475. DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229195.PMID: 23913861. | Impact Statement
Beheshti A, McDonald JT, Miller J, Grabham P, Costes SV. GeneLab database analyses suggest long-term impact of space radiation on the cardiovascular system by the activation of FYN through reactive oxygen species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019 January; 20(3): 661. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030661.PMID: 30717456. GLDS-52. | Impact Statement
McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi K, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab platform utilized for biological response to space radiation in animal models. Cancers. 2020 February; 12(2): 381. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381. | Impact Statement
Spaceflight Standard Measures (Standard Measures) collects a set of core measurements related to many human spaceflight risks from astronauts before, during, and after long-duration missions. The aim is to ensure consistent capture of an optimized, minimal set of measures from crew members until the end of the International Space Station Program in order to characterize the adaptive responses to and risks of living in space. These measures populate a data repository to enable high-level monitoring of countermeasure effectiveness and meaningful interpretation of health and performance outcomes, and support future research on planetary missions.
Publications
Zwart SR, Aunon-Chancellor SM, Heer MA, Melin MM, Smith SM. Albumin, oral contraceptives, and venous thromboembolism risk in astronauts. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2022 April 7; epub29pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2022.PMID: 35389755. | Impact Statement
Spaceflight-Altered Motility Activation and Fertility-Dependent Responses in Sperm (Micro-11) examines whether spaceflight alters human sperm by tracking the swimming patterns of human and bull sperm during spaceflight. This investigation also assesses other aspects known to be related to male fertility. As a result, Micro-11 provides fundamental data indicating whether successful human reproduction beyond Earth is possible, and whether countermeasures are needed to protect sperm function in space.
Spaceflight-Induced Changes in Microbial Virulence and the Impact to the Host Immune Response (Host Pathogen) analyzes the relationship between the increased microbial virulence and reduced human immune function commonly observed during orbital spaceflight. Researchers assess spaceflight-induced changes in immune status by collecting blood and saliva samples from crew members before, during, and after spaceflight and culturing the immune cells with both “normal” bacteria and bacteria grown under spaceflight analogue conditions. Results are intended to support the assessment of clinical risk to astronauts from infectious microbes as well as the development of countermeasures to restore immune function in astronauts.
When grown in the confines of the International Space Station (ISS), plants do not seem to get enough air and as a result, exhibit a stress response in their genes and proteins. The Spaceflight-induced Hypoxic/ROS Signaling (APEX-05) experiment grows different wild and mutant varieties of Arabidopsis thaliana, in order to understand how their genetic and molecular stress response systems work in space. The plants grow from seeds in the Veggie plant growth facility aboard the ISS, are frozen, and returned to Earth for detailed laboratory analysis.
The SpaceSkin: Bringing Electronic Textile Technology to Space Systems (SpaceSkin on ExHAM) project deploys the first textile sensor in space in order to evaluate the material’s durability to the space environment. Fabrics that protect against the harsh elements of the space environment can be used to detect impacts from micrometeoroids and space debris. Integration of electronics and sensing capabilities into textiles takes advantage of their decades of use for protecting habitats, spacesuits, and other assets.
Spacesuit Evaporation Rejection Flight Experiment (SERFE) demonstrates a new technology to remove heat from spacesuits and maintain appropriate temperatures for crew members and equipment during space walks. The technology uses evaporation of water for cooling. The investigation determines whether microgravity affects performance and evaluates the technology’s effect on contamination and corrosion of spacesuit material.
The present study is designed to investigate which textiles during sports exercise on ISS are evaluated as the best by the astronauts. The subject will wear the new fabrics during daily sports activities pre-, post- and in-flight on the ISS. On the ISS the timeframe will be adapted to the usual duration of the daily sports activities of the astronauts. After these exercises the astronaut shall fill in a short electronic questionnaire (via PC) regarding the wearing comfort (three main comfort criteria: temperature, moisture, overall comfort, see below), the subjective perception regarding humidity, odor and heat exchange of the different fabrics.The results derived from the study might be useful to i) understand the time course and basic principles of the human thermal adaptations in space and ii) to adjust more adequately textiles for humans living and working in space.
During the SpaceTex-2 investigation, ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst wears t-shirts during exercise sessions made from Spacetex fabrics, conventional performance fabrics, and cotton fabrics. Spacetex fabrics provide a much higher rate of sweat evaporation, and therefore, a higher evaporative heat loss when compared to conventional cotton fabrics mainly used by astronauts on the International Space Stations (ISS). Astronaut Gerst completes a short electronic questionnaire regarding a series of relevant comfort and fit parameters, to help researchers find the most suitable fabrics for astronauts to wear under micro-g conditions, as well as for potential terrestrial applications.
SpaceTuna1 is a 1kg 1 Unit CubeSat, developed by Kindai University. The mission of SpaceTuna1 is to obtain measurement characteristics of reflective materials onboard the satellite and to provide an orbital tracking demonstration. SpaceTuna1 is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-23 (J-SSOD-23) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the NG-19 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
The Spatial Orientation and Interaction of Eisodic Systems Under Conditions of Weightlessness (Virtual) investigation allows for objective and accurate data to be obtained on how weightlessness impacts vestibular function, on the disposition of gaze and visual tracking during the course of a long-duration space mission. The results obtained over the course of the Virtual are unique for the physiology of the vestibular function and intersensory interactions and for understanding the delicate mechanisms of visual tracking.
Publications
Kornilova LN, Naumov IA, Glukhikh DO, Ekimovskiy GA, Pavlova AS, Khabarova VV, Smirnov Y, Yarmanova EN. Vestibular function and space motion sickness. Human Physiology. 2017 September 1; 43(5): 557-568. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119717050085.Also: Original Russian Text © L.N. Kornilova, I.A. Naumov, D.O. Glukhikh, G.A. Ekimovskiy, A.S. Pavlova, V.V. Khabarova, Yu.I. Smirnov, E.N. Yarmanova, 2017, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2017, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 80–93.. | Impact Statement
Naumov IA, Kornilova LN, Glukhikh DO, Ekimovskiy GA, Kozlovskaya IB, Vasin AV, Wuyts FL. The effect of afferentation of various sensory systems on the otolith-ocular reflex in a real and simulated weightlessness. Human Physiology. 2021 January 1; 47(1): 70-78. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119720060080. | Impact Statement
Naumov IA, Kornilova LN, Glukhikh DO, Pavlova AS, Khabarova VV, Ekimovskiy GA, Vasin AV. Effect of repeated space flights on ocular tracking. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2016 50(1): 17-27. PMID: 27344853.
Spatially Resolved Measurements of Plasma Density Irregularities in the Ionosphere F Region for Scintillation Studies (JAGSAT) tests using an instrument called a Time Domain Impedance Probe (TDIP) to measure variation in electron density in the upper layer of the ionosphere. The instrument, launched on a CubeSat called JAGSAT-1, makes rapid measurements at meter-scale resolution and sends the data to ground stations via telemetry. Researchers can re-configure the instrument by sending instructions via software-defined radio (SDR) technology.
Spatio-temporal Flow Structure in Marangoni Convection (Marangoni-UVP) investigates the fundamental physics of surface tension where liquid and gas meet. Specifically, it investigates a phenomenon known as Marangoni convection, a type of flow that is driven by temperature differences at the liquid and gas interface. The Fluid Physics Experiment Facility enables observations of liquid and gas flow in three dimensions, and the microgravity environment on the International Space Station provides an ideal setting to study convection. Improved understanding of liquid flow physics could lead to more efficient industrial processes, semiconductors, optical materials and biological materials for use in space and on Earth.
Publications
Kuehn C, Romano F, Kuhlmann HC. Tracking particles in flows near invariant manifolds via balance functions. Nonlinear Dynamics. 2018 May 1; 92(3): 983-1000. DOI: 10.1007/s11071-018-4104-6.
SPATIUM-I is a CubeSat deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-10 (J-SSOD-10) satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). SPATIUM-I is a cubesat developed by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and the Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan. SPATIUM-I was launched aboard HTV-7 on September 22, 2018 and deployed on October 26, 2018.
Spectrum-001 tests a new Spectrum imager on the International Space Station (ISS) using different Petri plates growing plants and yeast colonies with fluorescent protein markers. Researchers plan to analyze images of plant and yeast development and the intensity of fluorescence signals throughout the growth period in microgravity. This assessment of biological changes in the samples can help define Spectrum’s on-orbit imaging capabilities.
Space debris can collide with other orbiting objects and endanger satellites or manned spacecraft. Catching and removing debris eliminates this threat, but capturing material in orbit poses many technical challenges. The Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) Tether Demo studies the dynamics of a tethered capture object and a “space tug” chase vehicle, improving computer programs needed for removing space debris as well as capturing scientific samples from other planets.
SPHERES Tether Slosh combines fluid dynamics equipment with robotic capabilities aboard the International Space Station to investigate automated strategies for steering passive cargo that contain fluids. In space, the fluid fuels used by spacecraft can slosh around in unpredictable ways making space maneuvers difficult. SPHERES Tether Slosh uses two Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) robots tethered to a fluid-filled container covered in sensors to test strategies for safely steering spacecraft such as dead satellites that might still have fuel in the tank.
SPHERES-ReSwarm tests algorithms to control a swarm of uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs). Separate algorithms are used to 1) maintain a formation configuration and 2) steer that formation across the environment. Multiple UAVs can overcome the limitations of individual UAVs for tasks such as manipulating objects or providing full environment coverage. Using relative sensing and minimum or no communication maintains the formation configuration and allows steering of a formation by a centralized unit programmed to achieve a specific goal.
The SPHERES-Slosh investigation examines the way liquids move inside containers in a microgravity environment. The phenomena and mechanics associated with such liquid movement are still not well understood and are very different than our common experiences with a cup of coffee on Earth. Rockets deliver satellites to space using liquid fuels as a power source, and this investigation plans to improve our understanding of how propellants within rockets behave in order to increase the safety and efficiency of future vehicle designs.
Publications
Chintalapati S, Holicker CA, Schulman RE, Wise BD, Lapilli GD, Gutierrez HM, Kirk DR. Update on SPHERES-Slosh for acquisition of liquid slosh data aboard the ISS. 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint PropulsionConference, San Jose, CA. 2013 July 14-17; AIAA 2013-390313 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-3903. | Impact Statement
Lapilli GD, Holicker CA, Gutierrez HM, Kirk DR. Design of a liquid sloshing experiment to operate in the International Space Station. 51st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Orlando, FL. 2015 July 27-29; AIAA 2015-4074DOI: 10.2514/6.2015-4074. | Impact Statement
Human subjects and experimental animal models returning from space have shown muscle-skeletal and cardiovascular problems accredited to injury of the endothelium: the system of cells lining the inner surface of all blood vessels. The SPHEROIDS experiment investigates the effects of microgravity on endothelial cell function, with respect to blood vessel formation, cellular proliferation, and programmed cell death. Results could help in the development of potential countermeasures to prevent cardiovascular deconditioning in astronauts, and improve knowledge of endothelial function on Earth - which could be useful for clinical application.
Publications
Pietsch J, Gass S, Nebuloni S, Echegoyen D, Riwaldt S, Baake C, Bauer JN, Corydon TJ, Egli M, Infanger M, Grimm DG. Three-dimensional growth of human endothelial cells in an automated cell culture experiment container during the SpaceX CRS-8 ISS space mission – The SPHEROIDS project. Biomaterials. 2017 April; 124126-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.005.PMID: 28199884. | Impact Statement
Kruger M, Pietsch J, Bauer JN, Kopp S, Carvalho DT, Baatout S, Moreels M, Melnik D, Wehland M, Egli M, Sahana J, Kobbero SD, Corydon TJ, Nebuloni S, Gass S, Evert M, Infanger M, Grimm DG. Growth of Endothelial Cells in Space and inSimulated Microgravity – a Comparison on the Secretory Level. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 2019 April 13; 52(2): 1039-1060. DOI: 10.33594/00000007.PMID: 30977987. | Impact Statement
Kruger M, Kopp S, Wehland M, Bauer JN, Baatout S, Moreels M, Egli M, Corydon TJ, Infanger M, Grimm DG. Growing blood vessels in space: Preparation studies of the SPHEROIDS project using related ground-based studies. Acta Astronautica. 2019 June 1; 159267-272. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.03.074. | Impact Statement
The Spinal Elongation and its Effects on Seated Height in a Microgravity Environment (Spinal Elongation) study provides quantitative data as to the amount of change that occurs in the seated height due to spinal elongation in microgravity.
The objective of the Special Purpose Inexpensive Satellite (SpinSat) experiment is to fly a 22-inch diameter spherical satellite equipped with an array of electrically-controlled solid propellant thrusters. It is intended to be a tumbling satellite having a mass of approximately 50 kg with a single axis momentum wheel and multiple micro-thrusters on the sphere’s surface. For its initial space flight demonstration, SpinSat aims to test movement and positioning of small satellite in space using new technology micro-thrusters.
Spirits Maturation is an investigation with the aim of learning about the development of mellowness in alcoholic beverages under a microgravity environment in International Space Station (ISS). The alcoholic beverage used in this investigation is produced by Suntory, a Japanese beverage company, and is stored in the Japanese Experiment Module Kibo.
SpooQy-1 is a 3-Unit (3U) CubeSat deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer #11 (J-SSOD #11) micro-satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). SpooQy-1 was developed by the National University of Singapore (NUS). The SpooQy-1 CubeSat was launched to the International Space Station aboard the NG-11 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle on April 17, 2019.
The objective of Spores in Artificial Meteorites (EXPOSE-R SPORES) is to study the survival of spores of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), fungi (Trichoderma koningii) and ferns (Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris filix-mas) to the space environment as if on a simulated space journey on a meteorite. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research in astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. EXPOSE offers one to two years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity.
Publications
Panitz C, Horneck G, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Moeller R, Cadet J, Douki T, Reitz G. The SPORES experiment of the EXPOSE-R mission: Bacillus subtilis spores in artificial meteorites. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 105-114. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000251.
Neuberger K, Lux-Endrich A, Panitz C, Horneck G. Survival of Spores of Trichoderma longibrachiatum in Space: data from the Space Experiment SPORES on EXPOSE-R. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 129-135. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000408.
Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Barczyk S, Bohmeier M, Parpart A, Panitz C, Horneck G, Burfeindt J, Molter F, Jaramillo E, Pereira C, Weib P, Willnecker R, Demets R, Dettmann J, Reitz G. The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station. International Journal of Astrobiology. 2015 January; 14(1): 3-16. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550414000202.
Moeller R, Schuerger AC, Reitz G, Nicholson WL. Protective role of spore structural components in determining bacillus subtilis spore resistance to simulated Mars surface conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2012 December 15; 78(24): 8849-8853. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02527-12.
Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2010 Jan; 80(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004.
Horneck G, Hock B, Wänke H, Rettberg P, Häder D, Dachev TP, Rabbow E, Reitz G, Panitz C, Lux-Endrich A, Richter P, Mishev D. Spores in artificial meteorites, the experiment SPORES on expose. First European Workshop on Exo-Astrobiology, Graz, Austria. 2002 55-58.
Panitz C, Horneck G, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Reitz G. The EXPOSE-R Experiment ROSE-3 SPORES in artificial meteorites. 2011 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting, Nantes, France. 2011 6
Rabbow E, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Schott J, Panitz C, L'Afflitto A, von Heise-Rotenburg R, Willnecker R, Baglioni P, Hatton JP, Dettmann J, Demets R, Reitz G. EXPOSE, an Astrobiological Exposure Facility on the International Space Station - from Proposal to Flight. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere: The Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. 2009 39(6): 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9173-6. | Impact Statement
Horneck G, Wynn-Williams DD, Mancinelli RL, Cadet J, Munakata N, Ronto G, Edwards HG, Hock B, Wanke H, Reitz G, Dachev TP, Hader D, Brioullet C. Biological experiments on the Expose facility of the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1998 November 16-18; 10. | Impact Statement
Future rocket scientists at St. Thomas More Cathedral School, a PreK to 8th grade school in the United States, are building a “CubeSat” satellite to orbit Earth and gather data. The tiny four-inch and about three-pound cube satellite named St. Thomas More School Cathedral Satellite-1 (STMSat-1) is delivered by a resupply rocket to the International Space Station (ISS) where it is deployed by an ISS NanoRacks launcher into its own orbit to capture images and transmit them back to the schools around the world for research and teaching purposes in math and science.
STaARS BioScience-1 investigates the question of why a harmful strain of bacteria appears to abandon its harmful properties when exposed to microgravity environments. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus) N315 is an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria, which mysteriously becomes innocuous when exposed to induced microgravity conditions on Earth. Extending this research into space, STaARS BioScience-1 uses automated equipment to grow S. Aureus N315 in protected batch cultures aboard the International Space Station and then returns the samples to Earth-based labs for detailed analysis of their biochemistry and genetic expression.
STaARS BioScience-5 studies how Staphylococcus aureus loses its harmful properties and changes color in microgravity. Automated culturing equipment grows S. aureus before delivering cultures to an observation chamber for data collection at predetermined time points. To understand the growth rates and morphology of the bacterium for an extended growth period, a microscope and spectrophotometer are both used.
STaARS BioScience-8-Gene Control Prime-EPICON examines microgravity related changes to gene expression in mammalian immune cells. The high sensitivity of immune cells to gravitational changes makes them ideal models for understanding the role Earth’s gravity plays in normal mammalian cell function. Parallel studies of cells in microgravity and on the ground help identify the primary cellular and molecular mechanisms, including regulation of gene expression, behind effects of altered gravity.
STaARS BioScience-8-Gene Control Prime-FARAGIS analyzes activation and function of immune system cells in microgravity, including their ability to adapt functionally to microgravity and re-adapt to Mars gravity and the role of cannabinoid receptor signaling. Their high sensitivity to gravitational change makes immune cells an ideal model system for understanding the role of gravity on normal mammalian cell function. This investigation is one of two coordinated studies on living human immune cells to help determine the primary cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the effects of altered gravity.
Stability of Geographical Position and Configuration of Borders of Bioproductive Water Zones of the World’s Oceans Observed by Orbital Station Crews (Diatomeya) allows the International Space Station (ISS) crews to study and identify the patterns of the biologically productive waters of the world’s oceans. This task is crucial with scientific and economic applications of global significance.
Publications
Vinogradov PV, Kaleri AY, Yevgushchenko AN, Koprova LI, Tishchenko YG. Scientific observations of the ocean from space onboard the International Space Station. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2007 49(4): 85-90.
Armand NA, Zavyalov PO, Yevgushchenko AN, Koprova LI, Tishchenko YG. Results of ocean observations from space under the "Diatomeya" space experiment program on the ISS RS. Fundamental Space Research; Latest Developments in the Field of Geoecological Monitoring of the Black Sea Region and Outlooks on Implementing Them, Solnechnyy bereg, Bulgaria. 2008 September 22-27;
Stability of Nutritional Compounds (Stability-Nutrition) studies the effects of the space flight environment, including radiation, on complex organic molecules, such as vitamins and other compounds in food. This helps researchers develop more stable and reliable foods and packaging materials, and nutritional countermeasures, suitable for future long-duration missions beyond low Earth orbit.
Publications
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Block G, Rice BL, Davis-Street JE. The nutritional status of astronauts is altered after long-term space flight aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Nutrition. 2005 135(3): 437-443. PMID: 15735075. | Impact Statement
Zwart SR, Kloeris VA, Perchonok MH, Braby LA, Smith SM. Assessment of Nutrient Stability in Foods from the Space Food System After Long-Duration Spaceflight on the ISS. Journal of Food Science. 2009 74(7): DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01265.x.
Smith SM, Zwart SR, Kloeris VA, Heer MA. Nutritional Biochemistry of Space Flight. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2008 4687-130. DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)00403-4.
Zwart SR, Gibson CR, Mader TH, Ericson K, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Heer MA, Smith SM. Vision Changes After Spaceflight Are Related to Alterations in Folate- and Vitamin B-12-Dependent One-Carbon Metabolism. Journal of Nutrition. 2012 Mar 1; 142(3): 427-431. DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.154245.PMID: 22298570.
Smith SM, Heer MA, Wang Z, Huntoon, Zwart SR. Long-duration space flight and bed rest effects on testosterone and other steroids. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012 January; 97(1): 270-278. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2233.PMID: 22049169. | Impact Statement
Zwart SR, Morgan JL, Smith SM. Iron status and its relations with oxidative damage and bone loss during long-duration space flight on the International Space Station. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013 May 29; epubDOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.056465.PMID: 23719548. | Impact Statement
Stability of Pharmacotherapeutic (Stability-Pharmacotherapeutic) studies the effects of radiation in space on complex organic molecules, such as vitamins and commonly used medicines. This helps researchers develop more stable and reliable pharmaceutical countermeasures suitable for future long-duration missions beyond low Earth orbit.
Publications
Du B, Daniels VR, Vaksman Z, Boyd JL, Crady C, Putcha L. Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Changes in Pharmaceuticals Flown on Space Missions. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) Journal. 2011 13(2): 299. DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9270-0.
Chuong M, Prasad D, LeDuc B, Du B, Putcha L. Stability of vitamin B complex in multivitamin and multimineral supplement tablets after space flight. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2011 July 15; 55(5): 1197-1200. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.030.PMID: 21515013.
Wotring VE. Chemical potency and degradation products of medications stored over 550 Earth days at the International Space Station. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) Journal. 2015 November 6; epub7 pp. DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9834-5.PMID: 26546565.
Stingl JC, Welker S, Hartmann G, Damann, Gerzer R. Where failure is not an option -Personalized medicine in astronauts. PLOS ONE. 2015 October 21; 10(10): e0140764. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140764.PMID: 26489089.
Blue RS, Bayuse T, Daniels VR, Wotring VE, Suresh R, Mulcahy RA, Antonsen EL. Supplying a pharmacy for NASA exploration spaceflight: Challenges and current understanding. npj Microgravity. 2019 June 13; 5(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0075-2. | Impact Statement
The Standardized Behavioral Measures for Detecting Behavioral Health Risks during Exploration Missions (Behavioral Core Measures) experiment initially examined a suite of measurements to reliably assess the risk of adverse cognitive or behavioral conditions and psychiatric disorders during long-duration spaceflight, and evaluated the feasibility of those tests within the operational and time constraints of spaceflight for two crewmembers. Subsequent subjects perform a subset of the original activities to measure the performance capabilities of deconditioned crew members to complete either individual or crew telerobotic operations within the first 24 hours after landing. This information could help characterize what tasks a crewmember who has spent months in weightlessness can reasonably be expected to perform after landing on the surface of Mars.
Tested human liver cell functionality in microgravity, then compared the results to the typical function of duplicate cells on Earth. The findings of this experiment provided unprecedented information about the effects of microgravity on the proper function of human liver cells, offering new insight into maintaining the health of humans living and working in space. Research in this area could lead to earlier and more reliable drug candidate screening for patients in need of liver transplants.
Publications
Nussler AK, Wang A, Neuhaus P, Fischer J, Yuan J, Liu L, Zeilinger K, Gerlach JC, Arnold PJ, Albrecht W. The suitability of hepatocyte culture models to study various aspects of drug metabolism. ALTEX-Alternatives to Animal Experimentation. 2001 18(2): 91-101.
Stem Cells play a major role in the maintenance of bone mass, being the main source of osteoblasts during the bone remodeling and repair. The recruitment of an adequate number of osteoblasts is dependent on the availability of human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) and their proper response to growth, differentiation, and chemotactic signals in the microenvironment. The Stem Cell Differentiation investigation aims to understand how human mesenchymal stem cells react to a prolonged (approximately 2 weeks) exposure to microgravity in terms of growth, senescence, and differentiation towards osteoblasts when treated with 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (vit D3).
Publications
Versari S, Barenghi L, van Loon JJ, Bradamante S. The SCD – Stem Cell Differentiation ESA Project: Preparatory work for the spaceflight mission. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2015 November 12; epub10 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-015-9466-5.
Bradamante S, Rivero D, Barenghi L, Balsamo M, Minardi SP, Vitali F, Cavalieri D. SCD – Stem Cell Differentiation toward osteoblast onboard the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 October; 30(5): 713-729. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9653-2. | Impact Statement
Wang Y, Jia Y, Xu Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li B, Liu J. Exploring the association between glutathione metabolism and ferroptosis in osteoblasts with disuse osteoporosis and the key genes connecting them. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2022 May 12; 2022e4914727. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4914727.
Story Time From Space combines science literacy outreach with simple demonstrations recorded aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Crew members read five science, technology, engineering and mathematics-related children's books in orbit, and complete simple science concept experiments. Crew members videotape themselves reading the books and completing demonstrations. Video and data collected during the demonstrations are downlinked to the ground and posted in a video library with accompanying educational materials.
Story Time From Space - 6 is a hardware kit containing four simple science demonstrations that use magnetic interaction forces to demonstrate the connection of Newton’s Second and Third Laws of Motion. Such demonstration is easier in microgravity where frictional forces are lower. The crew records themselves performing the educational experiments, and edited footage is posted to a video library on the ground for access by educators.
The STP-H5-Center for High-performance REconfigurable Computing (CHREC) Space Processor (STP-H5 CSP) investigation studies a miniature space computer for use on CubeSats, SmallSats and other small spacecraft systems. It is designed to tolerate space radiation, which can damage computer systems, and to minimize energy use and cost. Results validate next-generation computer technology that can be used in future small satellites and other NASA missions.
Spacecraft and sensitive instruments rely on heating and cooling pumps to keep electronics cool and to maintain consistent temperatures, but current systems use mechanical parts that can fail during the intense shaking of launch. STP-H5-Electro-Hydro Dynamics (STP-H5 EHD) studies a prototype pump that uses electric fields to pump coolant, eliminating fragile mechanical parts and reducing weight.
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas with many human-caused and natural sources, and understanding where it arises on Earth improves climate change models. The STP-H5-Fabry Perot Spectrometer for Methane (STP-H5 FPS) investigation demonstrates a new atmospheric methane sensor that is smaller, cheaper and simpler than current sensors. Results improve designs for future space-based methane observatories that can focus on high latitudes, where methane production from thawing permafrost is a serious concern.
The harsh radiation and extreme temperatures of space can corrode the paint and coatings that protect spacecraft exteriors, potentially damaging a spacecraft’s hull. Optical coatings are also important for robotic and human navigators, who would rely on specialized markings to capture or repair spacecraft. The Space Test Program-H5-Innovative Coatings Experiment (STP-H5 ICE) studies new coatings for use on spacecraft in low-Earth orbit, determining their stability after 2 years in space.
Lightning flashes somewhere on Earth about 45 times per second, according to detailed observations from space-borne lightning detectors developed and flown by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) over the past twenty years. The Space Test Program-H5-Lightning Imaging Sensor (STP-H5 LIS) continues these important observations using a similar sensor on the International Space Station (ISS) to measure the amount, rate, and energy of lightning around the world. Improved understanding of lightning and its connections to weather provides crucial insight for weather forecasting, climate change, atmospheric chemistry and physics, and aircraft and spacecraft safety.
Publications
Peterson M, Rudlosky S, Deierling W. The Evolution and Structure of Extreme Optical Lightning Flashes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017 December 12; 122(24): 13370-13386. DOI: 10.1002/2017JD026855.
Peterson M, Deierling W, Liu C, Mach DM, Kalb C. The properties of optical lightning flashes and the clouds they illuminate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017 January 16; 122(1): 423-442. DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025312.
Erdmann F, Defer E, Caumont O, Blakeslee RJ, Pedeboy S, Coquillat S. Concurrent satellite and ground-based lightning observations from the Optical Lightning Imaging Sensor (ISS-LIS), the low-frequency network Meteorage and the SAETTA Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2020 February 20; 13(2): 853-875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-853-2020. | Impact Statement
Poelman D, Schulz W. Comparing lightning observations of the ground-based European lightning location system EUCLID and the space-based Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the International Space Station (ISS). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2020 June 5; 13(6): 2965-2977. DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-2965-2020. | Impact Statement
Blakeslee RJ, Lang TJ, Koshak WJ, Buechler DE, Gatlin P, Mach DM, Stano GT, Virts KS, Walker TD, Cecil DJ, Ellett W, Goodman SJ, Harrison S, Hawkins DL, Heumesser M, Lin H, Maskey M, Schultz CJ, Stewart MF, Bateman M, Chanrion O, Christian HJ. Three years of the Lightning Imaging Sensor Onboard the International Space Station: Expanded global coverage and enhanced applications. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2020 August 27; 125(16): 20 pp. DOI: 10.1029/2020JD032918. | Impact Statement
Chatterjee C, Das S. On the association between lightning and precipitation microphysics. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2020 October; 207105350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105350. | Impact Statement
Hui W, Huang F, Liu R. Characteristics of lightning signals over the Tibetan Plateau and the capability of FY-4A LMI lightning detection in the Plateau. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2020 June 17; 41(12): 4605-4625. DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2020.1723176. | Impact Statement
van der Velde OA, Montanya J, Neubert T, Chanrion O, Ostgaard N, Goodman SJ, Lopez JA, Fabro F, Reglero V. Comparison of high-speed optical observations of a lightning flash from space and the ground. Earth and Space Science. 2020 July 15; epube2020EA001249. DOI: 10.1029/2020EA001249. | Impact Statement
Virts KS, Goodman SJ. Prolific lightning and thunderstorm initiation over the Lake Victoria basin in East Africa. Monthly Weather Review. 2020 May 1; 148(5): 1971-1985. DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0260.1. | Impact Statement
The International Space Station and other spacecraft orbit Earth in the ionosphere, a complex and dynamic region of the upper atmosphere. Energy and charged particles from the sun form plasmas and ultraviolet airglow, contributing to space weather, which can affect satellite and radio communications. The Space Test Program-H5 Limb-Imaging Ionospheric and Thermospheric Extreme-Ultraviolet Spectrograph (STP-H5 LITES) investigation studies the intensity of ionosphere airglow, which helps scientists understand the ionosphere’s density and better understand and forecast space weather.
Publications
Geddes G, Douglas ES, Finn SC, Cook T, Chakrabarti S. Inverting OII 83.4 nm dayglow profiles using Markov chain radiative transfer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2016 November; 121(11): 11249-11260. DOI: 10.1002/2016JA023168. | Impact Statement
Spacecraft are continually exposed to radiation from the sun and other cosmic sources, but radiation can harm spacecraft computers by causing glitches and erasing data in their memories. This can affect a spacecraft’s ability to work properly, including its ability to store data and communicate with ground controllers. The STP-H5-Radiation Hardened Electronic Memory Experiment (STP-H5 RHEME) studies how frequently electronic memory experiences a glitch after being struck by high-energy particles in space.
The International Space Station hosts hundreds of scientific experiments, but much of the computation and analysis for these experiments is done on the ground, where scientists have access to more powerful computers. The STP-H5 SpaceCube - Mini is a miniaturized version of a hybrid computer processor that provides a 10- to 100-fold improvement in on-board computing power while lowering power consumption and cost. The processor can be used in CubeSats, SmallSats and other applications, reducing the need for transferring large amounts of data to Earth for processing.
Satellites and space cargo are subjected to intense shaking and extreme temperatures during launch and arrival in low-Earth orbit, and commercial off-the-shelf equipment is not designed to withstand these physical challenges. The Space Test Program-H5-Spacecraft Structural Health Monitoring investigation (STP-H5 SHM) captures how the fasteners, glue and mechanical parts on the Space Test Program equipment change from its assembly, testing and arrival in orbit. Results provide new methods for determining various ways in which equipment fails, from bolts that have jostled loose to debris impacts.
Straight-ahead direction is a very basic perceptual reference for spatial orientation, movement, and locomotion. The perceived straight-ahead along the horizontal and vertical meridian is largely determined by both otolith and somatosensory inputs, which are altered in microgravity. During spaceflight, adaptive processes are take place within the central nervous system to take into account the new environment, and compute new spatial egocentric and world-centered representations or frames of reference. The Straight Ahead in Microgravity investigation measures and monitors how these frames change over time by investigating eye movements and perceptual reports.
On Earth, blood flows down from a person’s brain back toward the heart thanks in part to gravity, but very little is known about how this flow happens without gravity’s effects. Many crew members report headaches and other neurological symptoms in space, which may be related to the absence of gravity acting on blood flowing through the veins. Drain Brain uses a special neck collar to measure blood flow from the brain, to help researchers understand which physical processes in the body can compensate for the lack of gravity to ensure blood flows properly.
Publications
Taibi A, Gadda G, Gambaccini M, Menegatti E, Sisini F, Zamboni P. Investigation of cerebral venous outflow in microgravity. Physiological Measurement. 2017 October 31; 38(11): 1939-1952. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa8980. | Impact Statement
Taibi A, Andreotti M, Cibinetto G, Ramusino AC, Gadda G, Malaguti R, Milano L, Zamboni P. Development of a plethysmography system for use under microgravity conditions. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2018 January 1; 269(Supplement C): 249-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2017.11.030. | Impact Statement
Zamboni P, Sisini F, Menegatti E, Taibi A, Gadda G, Tavoni V, Malagoni A, Tessari M, Gianesini S, Gambaccini M. Ultrasound monitoring of Jugular venous pulse during space missions: proof of concept. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2017 November 4; 44(3): 726-733. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.11.001. | Impact Statement
Strata-1 investigates the properties and behavior of regolith on small, airless bodies. Regolith is the impact-shattered "soil" found on asteroids, comets, the moon, and other airless worlds, but it is different from soil here on Earth in that it contains no living material. Strata-1's goal is to give us answers about how regolith behaves and moves in microgravity, how easy or difficult it is to anchor a spacecraft in regolith, how it interacts with spacecraft and spacesuit materials, and other important properties. It is important to NASA to know how to set anchors in regolith, how to safely move and process large volumes of regolith, and predict and prevent risk to spacecraft and astronauts visiting these small bodies. Also, understanding the whole-body context of material returned to Earth from small asteroids, such as by the NASA OSIRIS-REx mission, the JAXA Hayabusa 1 and 2 missions, and the proposed NASA Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) is scientifically beneficial.
Publications
Fries M, Abell P, Brisset J, Britt D, Colwell J, Durda D, Dove A, Graham L, Hartzell C, John KK, Leonard M, Love SG, Sanchez DP, Scheeres DJ. Strata-1: An International Space Station experiment into fundamental regolith processes in microgravity. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Woodlands, Tx. 2016 March 21-25; 2 pp. | Impact Statement
Fries M, Abell P, Brisset J, Britt D, Colwell J, Dove A, Durda D, Graham L, Hartzell C, Hrovat K, John KK, Karrer D, Leonard M, Love SG, Morgan J, Poppin JN, Rodriguez V, Sanchez-Lana P, Scheeres DJ, Whizin A. The Strata-1 Experiment on Small Body Regolith Segregation. Acta Astronautica. 2018 January; 14287-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.10.025. | Impact Statement
The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III-ISS (SAGE III-ISS) is a key part of NASA’s mission to provide crucial, long-term measurements that will help humans understand and care for Earth’s atmosphere. SAGE III-ISS measures Earth’s sunscreen, or ozone, along with other gases and aerosols, or tiny particles in the atmosphere. SAGE III-ISS makes its measurements by locking onto the sun or moon and scanning the limb, or thin profile of the atmosphere. The instrument makes these measurements from the unique vantage point of the International Space Station (ISS) which helps maximize the scientific value of SAGE III-ISS observations.
Publications
Chen Z, Bhartia PK, Torres O, Jaross G, Loughman R, DeLand M, Colarco P, Damadeo RP, Taha G. Evaluation of the OMPS/LP stratospheric aerosol extinction product using SAGE III/ISS observations. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2020 June 30; 13(6): 3471-3485. DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-3471-2020. | Impact Statement
Chouza F, Leblanc T, Barnes J, Brewer M, Wang P, Koon D. Long-term (1999–2019) variability of stratospheric aerosol over Mauna Loa, Hawaii, as seen by two co-located lidars and satellite measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020 June 10; 20(11): 6821-6839. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-6821-2020. | Impact Statement
Wang HJ, Damadeo RP, Flittner DE, Kramarova NA, Taha G, Davis SM, Thompson AM, Strahan S, Wang Y, Froidevaux L, Degenstein D, Bourassa A, Steinbrecht W, Walker KA, Querel R, Leblanc T, Godin-Beekmann S, Hurst D, Hall E. Validation of SAGE III/ISS solar occultation ozone products with correlative satellite and ground-based measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2020 May 16; 125(11): e2020JD032430. DOI: 10.1029/2020JD032430. | Impact Statement
McCormick MP, Lei L, Hill MT, Anderson J, Querel R, Steinbrecht W. Early results and validation of SAGE III-ISS ozone profile measurements from onboard the International Space Station. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2020 March 18; 13(3): 1287-1297. DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-1287-2020. | Impact Statement
Peterson A, Porter S, Nehrir J. Operations challenges in a dynamic environment: A three-year perspective of SAGE III. 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2021 March; 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438384. | Impact Statement
Park M, Randel WJ, Damadeo RP, Flittner DE, Davis SM, Rosenlof KH, Livesey NJ, Lambert A, Read WG. Near-global variability of stratospheric water vapor observed by SAGE III/ISS. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2021 March 20; 126(7): e2020JD034274. DOI: 10.1029/2020JD034274. | Impact Statement
Structural and Crystallization Kinetics Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies (Monoclonal Antibodies PCG) assesses the differences in crystallization in space of various therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are lab-created immune system proteins designed to interact with specific targets such as cancer cells. Microgravity enables production of higher quality crystals that could support development of drugs with reduced cost, improved stability and greater ease of administration.
The Structural Research on Protein Candidates for an AIDS Vaccine in Earth and Space Condition (Vaktsina-K) investigation aims to create a new generation of vaccines against viral infections based on artificial proteins with predetermined antigenicity and immunogenicity. Analysis of the spatial structure provides information on the conformation of the active center and on the efficacy of the protein construction, and allows necessary changes to be introduced in order to increase the biological activity of artificial proteins.
Structure and Liftoff In Combustion Experiment (SLICE) investigates the nature of flames in microgravity. The results from these experiments could lead to improved fuel efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions in practical combustion on Earth.
Publications
Brooker JE, Jia K, Stocker DP, Chen LD. The Influence of Buoyant Convection on the Stability of Enclosed Laminar Flames. Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH. 1999
Walsh KT, Fielding J, Smooke MD, Long MB, Linan A. A comparison of computational and experimental lift-off heights of co-flow laminar diffusion flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2005 30357-365.
Takahashi F, Katta VR. A Reaction Kernel Hypothesis for the Stability Limit of Methane Jet Diffusion Flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2000 282071-2078.
Takahashi F, Schmoll WJ, Katta VR. Attachment Mechanisms of Diffusion Flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 1998 27675-684.
Luque J, Jeffries JB, Smith GP, Crosley DR, Walsh KT, Long MB, Smooke MD. CH(A-X) and OH(A-X) optical emission in an axisymmetric laminar diffusion flame. Combustion and Flame. 2000 122172-175.
Venuturumilli R, Chen LD. Comparison of Four-Step Reduced Mechanism and Starting Mechanism for Methane Diffusion Flames. Fuel. 2009 881435-1443.
Walsh KT, Fielding J, Long MB. Effect of light-collection geometry on reconstruction errors in Abel inversions. Optics Letters. 2000 25457-459.
Walsh KT, Long MB, Tanoff MA, Smooke MD. Experimental and computational study of CH, CH*, and OH* in an axisymmetric laminar diffusion flame. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 1998 27615-623.
Walsh KT, Fielding J, Smooke MD, Long MB. Experimental and computational study of temperature, species, and soot in buoyant and non-buoyant coflow laminar diffusion flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2000 281973-1979.
Takahashi F, Linteris GT, Katta VR. Extinguishment of Methane Diffusion Flames by Carbon Dioxide in Coflow Air and Oxygen-Enriched Microgravity Environments. Combustion and Flame. 2008 15537-53.
Takahashi F, Katta VR. Further Studies of the Reaction Kernel Structure and Stabilization of Jet Diffusion Flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2005 30383-390.
Smooke MD, Hall RJ, Colket MB, Fielding J, Long MB, McEnally CS, Pfefferle LD. Investigation of the transition from lightly sooting towards heavily sooting coflow ethylene diffusion flames. Combustion Theory and Modeling. 2004 8593-606.
Walsh KT. Quantitative Characterizations of Coflow Laminar Diffusion Flames in a Normal Gravity and Microgravity Environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT. 2000 0
Takahashi F, Katta VR. Reaction Kernel Structure and Stabilizing Mechanisms of Jet Diffusion Flames in Microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2002 292509-2518.
Cao S, Ma B, Bennett BV, Giassi D, Stocker DP, Takahashi F, Long MB, Smooke MD. A computational and experimental study of coflow laminar methane/air diffusion flames: Effects of fuel dilution, inlet velocity, and gravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2015 35(1): 897-903. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.138.
Ma B, Cao S, Giassi D, Stocker DP, Takahashi F, Bennett BV, Smooke MD, Long MB. An experimental and computational study of soot formation in a coflow jet flame under microgravity and normal gravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 2014 June; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.064.
Giassi D, Cao S, Bennett BV, Stocker DP, Takahashi F, Smooke MD, Long MB. Analysis of CH* concentration and flame heat release rate in laminar coflow diffusion flames under microgravity and normal gravity. Combustion and Flame. 2016 May; 167198-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.012.
Smith L, Souza D, Takahashi F. Stabilization of laminar hydrocarbon jet diffusion flames in Earth’s and micro-gravity. 27th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (27th ICDERS), Beijing, China. 2019 July 28; 6 pp. | Impact Statement
Dobbins RR, Tinjero J, Squeo J, Zhao X, Hall RJ, Colket MB, Long MB, Smooke MD. A combined experimental and computational study of soot formation in normal and microgravity conditions. Combustion Science and Technology. 2022 March 29; 1-26. DOI: 10.1080/00102202.2022.2041621.
The Structure and Response of Spherical Diffusion Flames (s-Flame) experiment is conducted in the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) on the International Space Station as part of the Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project. The purpose of s-Flame is to advance the ability to predict the structure and dynamics, including extinction and instabilities, of both soot-free and sooty flames. The results may contribute to the development of lean-burn engines for improved efficiency and reduced pollutant emissions here on Earth.
Publications
Gubernov VV, Bykov V, Maas U. The effect of dilution on the diffusive-thermal instability of the rich premixed hydrogen deflagration. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2019 April 23; 44(21): 11153-11160. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.185. | Impact Statement
Foams (dispersions of bubbles in a liquid) and emulsions (dispersions of droplets in a liquid) appear in many food, consumer, and personal care products and are used in a variety of industries. Structure and Stability of Foams and Emulsions (Foams and Emulsions) examines the properties and performance of foams and emulsions, including using particles of various shapes and surface roughness to stabilize these materials. Microgravity enables examination of the microstructures of foams and emulsions due to the elimination of the influence of gravity-related factors such as buoyancy of particles.
Structured Exercise Training as Countermeasure to Space Flight-Induced Orthostatic Intolerance (Exerc-Orthostatic Tolerance) tests crewmembers' ability to stand before and after a space mission, during which they perform a structured, individualized treadmill exercise program. Astronauts lose bone and muscle density in microgravity, and undergo alterations in the neural regulation of cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress, leading to orthostatic intolerance, or the inability to stand, when they return to Earth. Results from the investigation could improve countermeasures to prevent this problem.
The plant hormone auxin was discovered through the study of how plants respond to light, as described by Charles Darwin in 1880. Studies on Gravity-Controlled Growth and Development in Plants Using True Microgravity Conditions (Auxin Transport) clarifies the role of auxins in pea and maize (corn) seedlings grown in microgravity, leading to new insight into how gravity, or the lack of gravity, affects plant development.
Publications
Kamada M, Miyamoto K, Oka M, Uheda E, Ueda J, Higashibata A. Procedures for chemical fixation in immunohistochemical analyses of PIN proteins regulating polar auxin transport: Relevance to spaceflight experiments. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2018 August; 1842-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.05.005.PMID: 30100147. | Impact Statement
Miyamoto K, Inui A, Uheda E, Oka M, Kamada M, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Kasahara H, Sano H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. Polar auxin transport is essential to maintain growth and development of etiolated pea and maize seedlings grown under 1 g conditions: Relevance to the international space station experiment. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2019 2011 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.11.001. | Impact Statement
Kamada M, Oka M, Inoue R, Fujitaka Y, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Kasahara H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. Gravity-regulated localization of PsPIN1 is important for polar auxin transport in etiolated pea seedlings: Relevance to the International Space Station experiment. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2019 August; 2229-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.07.001.PMID: 31421846. | Impact Statement
Kamada M, Oka M, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Kasahara H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. Microarray profile of gene expression in etiolated Pisum sativum seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space: Relevance to the International Space Station experiment “Auxin Transport”. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2020 August 1; 2655-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.04.005.PMID: 32718687. | Impact Statement
Ueda J. Comprehensive report on the Auxin Transport space experiment: the analysis of gravity response and attitude control mechanisms of plants under microgravity conditions in space on the International Space Station. Biological Sciences in Space. 2020 3412-33. DOI: 10.2187/bss.34.12. | Impact Statement
Ueda J, Sakamoto-Kanetake M, Toda Y, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Daimon H. Auxin polar transport is essential for the early growth stage of etiolated maize (Zea mays L. cv. Honey Bantam) seedlings. Plant Production Science. 2014 January 1; 17(2): 144-151. DOI: 10.1626/pps.17.144. | Impact Statement
Oka M, Kamada M, Inoue R, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Kasahara H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. Altered localisation of ZmPIN1a proteins in plasma membranes responsible for enhanced-polar auxin transport in etiolated maize seedlings under microgravity conditions in space. Functional Plant Biology. 2020 November; 47(12): 1062-1072. DOI: 10.1071/FP20133.PMID: 32635987. | Impact Statement
Kamada M, Miyamoto K, Oka M, Uheda E, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Kasahara H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. DNA microarray analysis of gene expression of etiolated maize seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space: Relevance to the International Space Station Experiment “Auxin Transport”. Biological Sciences in Space. 2021 351-14. DOI: 10.2187/bss.35.1. | Impact Statement
The Study and Modelling of Nucleation and Phase Selection Phenomena in Undercooled Melts: Application to Magnetic Alloys of Industrial Relevance (EML Batch 3 - MAGNEPHAS) focuses on the investigation of metastable phase formation of magnetic alloys. Growth-velocity measurements deriving from high-speed camera videos, as well as post-flight analysis of microstructure, is performed.
Some species of harmful bacteria such as Salmonella grow stronger and more virulent in the microgravity environment of space. At the same time, the human immune system is weaker in space, leading to increased health risks. The Study for evaluating the impact of continuous consumption of probiotics on immune function and intestinal microbiota in astronauts under closed microgravity environment (Probiotics) investigation studies effects of beneficial bacteria (probiotics) to improve crew members’ intestinal microbiota as well as their immune function on long-duration space missions.
Publications
Sakai T, Moteki Y, Takahashi T, Shida K, Kiwaki M, Shimakawa Y, Matsui A, Chonan O, Morikawa K, Ohta T, Ohshima H, Furukawa S. Probiotics into outer space: feasibility assessments of encapsulated freeze-dried probiotics during 1 month’s storage on the International Space Station. Scientific Reports. 2018 July 16; 8(10687): 11 pp. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29094-2.PMID: 30013086. | Impact Statement
Content Pending
The Study of a High-Precision System for Predicting ISS Motion (Vektor-T) verifies the International Space Station (ISS) motion prediction methodology that has been developed for improving the ISS motion determination and prediction accuracy as compared to the nominal orbital determination and prediction system currently in operation. To accomplish this task Vektor-T utilizes navigational measurements of ISS motion using both the ground tracking station radar systems and the Global Position System (GPS) and GLONASS navigation satellite system receivers.
Content Pending
The Study of Changes in Body Composition and Distribution of Fluids Within the Human Body During Long-term Spaceflight (Sprut-2) studies the change in body composition and fluid distribution in the human body during long-term spaceflight in order to evaluate adaptation mechanisms and improve countermeasures. Gravity plays the most important role in the restructuring of many metabolic parameters, including the hydration status of the body.
Publications
Noskov VB, Nichiporuk IA, Vasilieva GY, Smirnov Y. Human body composition during extended stay in microgravity. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2015 49(1): 19-25. PMID: 25958462. Russian..
Noskov VB. Water and salt metabolism during space flights. Human Physiology. 2015 December 22; 41(7): 683-688. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119715070154.PMID: 23700614. Original: Noskov, V. B., ‘[Water-salt metabolism in space flights]’, Aviakosmicheskaia I Ekologicheskaia Meditsina = Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 47 (2013), 31–37.
Noskov VB, Nichiporuk IA, Morukov BV, Malenchenko YI. Study of the state of human bodily fluids during long-term spaceflight. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 39(1): 27-31.
Noskov VB, Nichiporuk IA, Grigoriev AI. Changes in fluid media and body composition during long-term spaceflight (bioimpedance analysis). Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2007 41(3): 3-7.
Grigoriev AI, Larina IM, Noskov VB. Effect of spaceflights on status and regulation of water-electrolyte exchange. Russian Journal of Physiology (Rossiĭskii Fiziologicheskiĭ Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova / Rossiĭskaia Akademiia Nauk). 2006 92(1): 5-17.
The Study of Cosmonauts’ Capabilities when Performing Visual/Instrument Observations and Test Tasks during the First Orbits and Days of Flight (Vitok-2 (A)) consists of 4 distinct investigations which obtained experimental data on International Space Station (ISS) crew members’ capabilities when performing visual/instrument observations and test tasks during the first orbits and days of flight, when acute adaptation to spaceflight occurs. The most serious effect is weightlessness, accompanied by space motion sickness. The goal of the Vitok-2 experiment is to obtain experimental data on the capacities of cosmonauts to conduct visual/ instrument observations and test tasks on the first orbits and days of flight during acute adaptation to spaceflight factors. On the first orbits and days of spaceflight, a crewmember works under conditions of acute adaptation to spaceflight factors, the most serious of which is weightlessness and its accompanying space motion sickness. At this time, flow of information a crewmember receives about the surrounding environment drops sharply, which is related to the distortion of the majority of perception by mechanoreceptors about the position of the body and its individual parts in weightlessness and structural limitations on position and locomotion activity. Under these conditions, the flow of information received through the visual analyzer significantly increases for the crewmember. It has been established that in weightlessness, no indicators from sensory organs, except vision, are providing reliable information for spatial orientation. The majority of tasks performed by crewmembers in flight involve the participation of vision, including: controlling the position of a manned space vehicle, monitoring instrument readings, looking for, identifying, and recognizing various objects, etc. Therefore it is deemed that the visual analyzer provides the crewmember with up to 90% of information. The Vitok-2 experiment is the first attempt made to comprehensively assess the impact of spaceflight factors on the types of crewmember work skills enumerated above using cutting-edge equipment and procedures. Vitok-2(A) – One of 10 space objects whose image is presented on a PC screen is identified and experiment results recorded on the PC.
The Study of Cosmonauts’ Capabilities when Performing Visual/Instrument Observations and Test Tasks during the First Orbits and Days of Flight (Vitok-2) consists of 4 distinct investigations which obtained experimental data on International Space Station (ISS) crew members’ capabilities when performing visual/instrument observations and test tasks during the first orbits and days of flight, when acute adaptation to spaceflight occurs. The most serious effect is weightlessness, accompanied by space motion sickness. The goal of the Vitok-2 experiment is to obtain experimental data on the capacities of cosmonauts to conduct visual/ instrument observations and test tasks on the first orbits and days of flight during acute adaptation to spaceflight factors. On the first orbits and days of spaceflight, a crewmember works under conditions of acute adaptation to spaceflight factors, the most serious of which is weightlessness and its accompanying space motion sickness. At this time, flow of information a crewmember receives about the surrounding environment drops sharply, which is related to the distortion of the majority of perception by mechanoreceptors about the position of the body and its individual parts in weightlessness and structural limitations on position and locomotion activity. Under these conditions, the flow of information received through the visual analyzer significantly increases for the crewmember. It has been established that in weightlessness, no indicators from sensory organs, except vision, are providing reliable information for spatial orientation. The majority of tasks performed by crewmembers in flight involve the participation of vision, including: controlling the position of a manned space vehicle, monitoring instrument readings, looking for, identifying, and recognizing various objects, etc. Therefore it is deemed that the visual analyzer provides the crewmember with up to 90% of information. The Vitok-2 experiment is the first attempt made to comprehensively assess the impact of spaceflight factors on the types of crewmember work skills enumerated above using cutting-edge equipment and procedures. Vitok-2(M) – Manual final approach is performed during the simulated motion of a manned transport vehicle and an orbital station on a PC.
The Study of Cosmonauts’ Capabilities when Performing Visual/Instrument Observations and Test Tasks during the First Orbits and Days of Flight (Vitok-2) consists of 4 distinct investigations which obtained experimental data on International Space Station (ISS) crew members’ capabilities when performing visual/instrument observations and test tasks during the first orbits and days of flight, when acute adaptation to spaceflight occurs. The most serious effect is weightlessness, accompanied by space motion sickness. The goal of the Vitok-2 experiment is to obtain experimental data on the capacities of cosmonauts to conduct visual/ instrument observations and test tasks on the first orbits and days of flight during acute adaptation to spaceflight factors. On the first orbits and days of spaceflight, a crewmember works under conditions of acute adaptation to spaceflight factors, the most serious of which is weightlessness and its accompanying space motion sickness. At this time, flow of information a crewmember receives about the surrounding environment drops sharply, which is related to the distortion of the majority of perception by mechanoreceptors about the position of the body and its individual parts in weightlessness and structural limitations on position and locomotion activity. Under these conditions, the flow of information received through the visual analyzer significantly increases for the crewmember. It has been established that in weightlessness, no indicators from sensory organs, except vision, are providing reliable information for spatial orientation. The majority of tasks performed by crewmembers in flight involve the participation of vision, including: controlling the position of a manned space vehicle, monitoring instrument readings, looking for, identifying, and recognizing various objects, etc. Therefore it is deemed that the visual analyzer provides the crewmember with up to 90% of information. The Vitok-2 experiment is the first attempt made to comprehensively assess the impact of spaceflight factors on the types of crewmember work skills enumerated above using cutting-edge equipment and procedures. Vitok-2(N) – Using a video camera and voice recorder, ground observation objects are noted and described (verbally).
The Study of Cosmonauts’ Capabilities when Performing Visual/Instrument Observations and Test Tasks during the First Orbits and Days of Flight (Vitok-2) consists of 4 distinct investigations which obtained experimental data on International Space Station (ISS) crew members’ capabilities when performing visual/instrument observations and test tasks during the first orbits and days of flight, when acute adaptation to spaceflight occurs. The most serious effect is weightlessness, accompanied by space motion sickness. The goal of the Vitok-2 experiment is to obtain experimental data on the capacities of cosmonauts to conduct visual/ instrument observations and test tasks on the first orbits and days of flight during acute adaptation to spaceflight factors. On the first orbits and days of spaceflight, a crewmember works under conditions of acute adaptation to spaceflight factors, the most serious of which is weightlessness and its accompanying space motion sickness. At this time, flow of information a crewmember receives about the surrounding environment drops sharply, which is related to the distortion of the majority of perception by mechanoreceptors about the position of the body and its individual parts in weightlessness and structural limitations on position and locomotion activity. Under these conditions, the flow of information received through the visual analyzer significantly increases for the crewmember. It has been established that in weightlessness, no indicators from sensory organs, except vision, are providing reliable information for spatial orientation. The majority of tasks performed by crewmembers in flight involve the participation of vision, including: controlling the position of a manned space vehicle, monitoring instrument readings, looking for, identifying, and recognizing various objects, etc. Therefore it is deemed that the visual analyzer provides the crewmember with up to 90% of information. The Vitok-2 experiment is the first attempt made to comprehensively assess the impact of spaceflight factors on the types of crewmember work skills enumerated above using cutting-edge equipment and procedures. Vitok-2(Z) – Using a personal computer, dynamics of the functional state of the visual system is assessed, as are the functional psycho-physiological capabilities of operator higher mental functions and performance.
Diurez gathers new data on the state of fluid and electrolyte metabolism and hormonal regulation of the body’s fluid volume in microgravity conditions and in the readaptation period after spaceflight. Analyses of bio samples (venous and capillary blood, and urine) help to characterize the final stage of fluid and electrolyte metabolism in microgravity.
Publications
Morukov BV, Nichiporuk IA, Tret'yakov VS, Larina IM. Biochemical Markers of Bone Tissue Metabolism in Cosmonauts After a Prolonged Spaceflight. Human Physiology. 2005 31(6): 684-687. DOI: 10.1007/s10747-005-0115-z. | Impact Statement
Study of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Microgravity (Production of Stem Cells for Personalized Medicine) examines the effect of microgravity on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) cells and the neural progenitor cells they generate. IPSCs are adult stem cells genetically programmed to become many different types of cells; neural progenitor cells become various types of cells in the central nervous system. Microgravity may overcome some of the problems involved in the processes by which stem cells divide and become different types of cells, which could advance the manufacturing of iPSCs for treatment of diseases on Earth.
Study of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of Undercooled Liquid Metals and Forming Process of Multi Shell Sphere (ELF-Multi Shell Sphere) examines an unusual phase separation in undercooled states of Iron-Copper (Fe-Cu) liquid alloys. The investigation uses the space station’s Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF), which eliminates the disturbance of gravity-induced fluid flow. A better understanding of mixtures and phase separations could contribute to solving the challenges of dealing with these phenomena and may improve computer simulation of materials processing.
The Study of Lower Back Pain in Crewmembers During Space Flight (Muscle) experiment examines the details on development of low back pain during flight in ISS crewmembers.
Publications
Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Belavy DL, Hides JA, Richardson CA, Snijders CJ. Low Back Pain in Microgravity and Bed Rest Studies. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 June; 86(6): 541-547. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4169.2015.
Hides JA, Lambrecht G, Stanton WR, Damann. Changes in multifidus and abdominal muscle size in response to microgravity: possible implications for low back pain research. European Spine Journal. 2015 November 18; epub8 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4311-5.PMID: 26582165.
Lambrecht G, Petersen N, Weerts G, Pruett CJ, Evetts SN, Stokes M, Hides JA. The role of physiotherapy in the European Space Agency strategy for preparation and reconditioning of astronauts before and after long duration space flight. Musculoskeletal Science & Practice. 2017 January; 27 Suppl 1S15-S22. DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2016.10.009.PMID: 28173928. | Impact Statement
Stem cells are capable of becoming any type of cell in the body, a process known as cell differentiation, but microgravity influences and may fundamentally alter this capability. Study of Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells in Microgravity (Micro-15) investigates the mechanisms behind microgravity’s effects on the timing, progression and outcomes of cell differentiation. The investigation uses three dimensional (3D) cultures of mammalian stem cells found in early-developing embryos.
The Study of Mass-Exchange Properties of Capillary-Porous Bodies, Root Habitable Media, in Spaceflight Conditions (Massoperenos) investigation studies the particulars of moisture transfer in capillary-porous bodies—soil substitutes—in microgravity. Massoperenos examines the movement of liquid when pores are partially filled and, subsequently, with the active participation of capillary forces, since microgravity conditions are primarily evident where capillary forces start prevailing
Publications
Podolski IG, Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Strugov OM, Bingham GE. Certain particulars of liquid supply for root habitable medium during plant cultivation in microgravity conditions. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 1998 32(2): 36-43.
Podolski IG, Bingham GE. Hydrophyscial characteristics of greenhouse root habitable media (drying mode) in spaceflight conditions. XIII Conference Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine, Moscow, Russia. 2006 June 13-16; 241-242.
Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Guryeva TS, Podolski IG. Biological life support systems for space crews: Some results and prospects. Human Physiology. 2011 December 22; 37(7): 784-789. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119711070292.Original Russian Text © V.N. Sychev, M.A. Levinskikh, T.S. Gurieva, I.G. Podolsky, 2008, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2008, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 92–97..
Study of Microbial Communities Exposed to Weightlessness (Sample) will show how microbes are carried into space by humans and end up on surfaces and equipment in the International Space Station (ISS), as well as how microbes survive, adapt and possibly multiply on ISS. Sample will also indicate if there are "hot spots" (places where microbes grow most easily) on ISS; this will make it possible to take appropriate measures to keep ISS clean and the crewmembers healthy.
Publications
Van Tongeren SP, Roest HI, Degener JE, Harmsen HJ. Bacillus anthracis-Like Bacteria and Other B. cereus Group Members in a Microbial Community Within the International Space Station: A Challenge for Rapid and Easy Molecular Detection of Virulent B. anthracis. PLOS ONE. 2014 9(6): e98871. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098871.PMID: 24945323.
Van Tongeren SP, Krooneman J, Raangs GC, Welling GW, Harmsen HJ. Microbial detection and monitoring in advanced life support systems like the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 June; 19(2): 45-48. DOI: 10.1007/BF02911866.
Van Tongeren SP, Degener JE, Harmsen HJ. Comparison of three rapid and easy bacterial DNA extraction methods for use with quantitative real-time PCR. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2011 February 11; 30(9): 1053-1061. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1191-4.
The Study of Morphofunctional Properties of Blood Cells and Intensity of Erythropoiesis in Humans Subjected to Spaceflight Factors (Gematologiya Perfection) obtains new data on the effect of spaceflight factors on the human blood system in order to expand its diagnostic and predictive capabilities and uncover the mechanisms of shifts in hematological indicators.
Publications
Grigoriev AI, Maksimov GV, Morukov BV, Ivanova SM, Yarlikova YV, Luneva OG, Ulyanova NA, Parshina EY, Rubin AB. Investigation of erythrocyte shape, plasma membrane fluidity and conformation of hemoglobin hemoporphyrin under the influence of long-term space flight. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2004 11(2): 79-80. PMID: 16235423. | Impact Statement
Ivanova SM, Morukov BV, Yarlikova YV, Labetskaya OI, Levina AA, Kozinets GI. Condition of Red Blood Cells in Men During Long-term Antiorthostatic Hypokinesia. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 39(6): 17-22. Russian.
Rodnenkov OV, Luneva OG, Ulyanova NA, Maksimov GV, Rubin AB, Orlov SN, Chazov EI. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity and hemoglobin hemoporphyrin conformation: features revealed in patients with heart failure. Pathophysiology. 2005 May; 11(40): 209-213.
The Study of Morphofunctional Properties of Blood Cells and Intensity of Erythropoiesis in Humans Subjected to Spaceflight Factors (Gematologiya) obtains new data on the effect of spaceflight factors on the human blood system in order to expand its diagnostic and predictive capabilities and uncover the mechanisms of shifts in hematological indicators.
Publications
Ivanova SM, Brazhe NA, Luneva OG, Yarlikova YV, Labetskaya OI, Parshina EY, Baizhumanov AA, Maksimov GV, Morukov BV. Physical-chemical Properties of Plasma Membrane and Function of Erythrocytes of Cosmonauts After Long-term Space Flight. Acta Astronautica. 2011 681517-1522. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.06.046. | Impact Statement
Grigoriev AI, Ivanova SM, Morukov BV, Maksimov GV. Development of Cell Hypoxia Induced by Factors of Long-term Spaceflight. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2008 422308-311. DOI: 10.1134/S1607672908050141.PMID: 19024564.
Morukov BV, Ivanova SM, Maksimov GV, Yarlikova YV, Labetskaya OI, Luneva OG, Maksimova NV, Brazhe NA, Bryzgalova NY, Parshina EY, Nemirovskaya TL. Investigation of the fluidity and permeability of human erythrocyte plasma membrane and the efficacy of oxygen transfer by hemoglobin during rehabilitation period after space flight. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 2006 13(1): 139-141.
Ivanova SM, Morukov BV, Labetskaya OI, Yarlikova YV, Levina AA, Kozinets GI. Morphobiochemical research on the red blood cell system in primary crewmembers on the International Space Station. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2006 40(3): 9-16.
Ivanova SM, Maksimov GV, Morukov BV, Yarlikova YV, Labetskaya OI, Luneva OG, Maksimova NV, Brazhe NA, Bryzgalova NY, Parshina EY. Role of the Elasticity and Permeability of the Plasma Membrane of Erythrocytes in Regulating the Effectiveness of Hemoglobin Oxygen Transport in Humans after Completion of a Spaceflight. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2007 41(2): 41-44.
Ivanova SM, Morukov BV, Labetskaya OI, Yarlikova YV, Levina AA, Shishkanova ZG. Red Blood of Cosmonauts During Missions Aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Human Physiology. 2010 December 24; 36(7): 877-881. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119710070236.Original Russian Text © S.M. Ivanova, B.V. Morukov, O.I. Labetskaya, Yu.V. Yarlikova, A.A. Levina, Z.G. Shishkanova, 2007, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2007, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 28–33.. | Impact Statement
The Study of Physical Processes Associated with Atmospheric Lightning Discharges Using the Chibis-M Microsatellite and Progress Cargo Vehicle (Mikrosputnik) is designed for an in-depth investigation of the physical mechanisms of electrical discharges in the atmosphere in the broadest energy spectrum, specifically from RF to gamma rays. Above all, the extremely powerful gamma radiation at altitudes of 10-20 kilometers is a potential hazard for airline crews and passengers. Gamma radiation, which does in fact reach Earth, covers wide areas, which can be important both from an ecological perspective and in terms of human safety. And finally, single supercharged RF pulses carry high radiation energy in virtually the entire radio wave range used (up to and exceeding 3 GHz) and can serve as a convenient natural radiation source to create a global monitoring system for radio communications.
Publications
Klimov SI, Zelenyi LM, Gotlib VM, Karedin VN, Kozlov IV, Svertilov SI, Garipov GK, Bogomolov VV, Nazarov VN, Angarov VN. On-orbit microsatellite "Chibis-M" testing of the trigger from high-altitude atmospheric discharges. 2012 TEPA Conference, Russia. 2012 July 9-11; Per Roscosmos.
Klimov SI, Garipov GK, Gotlib VM, Gurevich AV, Pincon J, Svertilov SI, Zelenyi LM. The method of study in the ionosphere of the physical processes occurring in high altitude atmospheric thunderstorms. 2012 USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Chicago, Illinois. 2012 January 4-7; HGI-77. Per Roscosmos.
Study of Processes for Informational Support of In-Flight Medical Support using an Onboard Medical Information System Integrated into the Information Control System of the ISS Russian Segment (BIMS Perfection) uses telemedicine technologies to collect information by non-contact means from the ear, nose, and throat (ENT), gums, teeth, and small areas of skin from International Space Station (ISS) crews for medical support of manned spaceflights and in-flight biomedical research.
Publications
Goncharov IB, Popova II, Baranov MV, Anokhina LD. Testing and selecting hardware to simulate onboard telemetered examinations and to conduct scientific research on the Russian segment of the ISS. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 39(5): 59-60.
Popova II, Orlov OI, Goncharov IB, Revyakin YG. Testing telemedicine support technologies for the medical support of manned missions during the first stage of the BIMS experiment. International Space Station. 2011 219-228.
Study of Processes for Informational Support of In-Flight Medical Support using an Onboard Medical Information System Integrated into the Information Control System of the ISS Russian Segment (BIMS) uses telemedicine technologies to collect information by non-contact means from the ear, nose, and throat (ENT), gums, teeth, and small areas of skin from International Space Station (ISS) crews for medical support of manned spaceflights and in-flight biomedical research.
Publications
Popova II, Orlov OI, Matsnev EI, Revyakin YG. Modern instruments for ear, nose and throat rendering and evaluation in researches on Russian segment of the International Space Station. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2016 50(1): 73-75. PMID: 27344858. [Russian].
Orlov OI, Popova II, Revyakin YG. [Use of telemedicine methods and means of image information acquisition from cosmonauts]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2021 55(6): 13-18. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-13-18.Russian.
Grigoriev AI, Orlov OI. Telemedicine and spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 73688-693. | Impact Statement
Popova II, Orlov OI, Revyakin YG. Main results of conducting the first stage of the BIMS space experiment. Space Forum 2011 Dedicated on 50th Anniversary for Yu. A. Gagarin Flight, Moscow, Russia. 2011 November 19; Also in the compilation "Manned missions to space. Biomedicine and life support," Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of Biomedical Problems, 2011, p.64.
The Study of Space Environment Effects on PY17 Bacterial Spores onboard Space Shuttle (Spore) will assess the effects of the space environment on PY17 bacterial spores onboard STS-120/10A.
Matritsa-Z1 (Matrix-1) examines the degradation of charged-coupled devices (CCD) located in high-definition video (HDV) camcorders.
Significant changes in the local immunity and microbial (bacteria) system of the periodontium (tissue near the teeth) qualify as risk factors for the development of inflammatory diseases of the periodontium and possibly are one of the specific manifestations of the postflight readaptation state of crew members’ bodies. Paradont studies the condition of local immunity and microflora in the mouth of crew members participating in missions on the International Space Station (ISS).
Kulonovskiy Kristall studies the formation of a Coulomb ensemble of charged graphite particles located in a replaceable container when exposed to the dynamic impacts of a magnetic and electric field or mechanical agitation aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Publications
Parfenov VA, Khesuani YD, Petrov SV, Karalkin PA, Koudan EV, Nezhurina EK, Pereira FD, Krokhmal AA, Gryadunova A, Bulanova E, Vakhrushev I, Babichenko I, Kasyanov V, Petrov OF, Vasiliev MM, Brakke K, Belousov S, Grigoriev TE, Osidak EO, Rossiyskaya EI, Buravkova LB, Kononenko OD, Demirci U, Mironov VA. Magnetic levitational bioassembly of 3D tissue construct in space. Science Advances. 2020 July 15; 6(29): eaba4174. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4174. | Impact Statement
Savin SF. Coulomb Crystals Formed by Charged Diamagnetic Particles in Non-uniform stationary Magnetic Field. Weightless Mechanics adn Gravity Sensible Systems, Korolev, Russia. 2001
Borisenko AI, Kaleri AY, Markov AV, Savin SF, Churilo IV, Vasilyev MM, Myasnikov MI, Fortov VE, Yemelyanov GA, Levtov VL, Romanov VV. Space Experiment Kulonovskiy Kristall on the ISS. Space Forum 2011 Dedicated on 50th Anniversary for Yu. A. Gagarin Flight, Moscow, Russia. 2011 October 18-21;
Savin SF, D'yachkov LG, Myasnikov MI, Petrov OF, Vasilyev MM, Fortov VE, Kaleri AY, Borisenko AI, Morfill GE. Coulomb Ensemble of Charged Diamagnetic Particles in a Heterogeneous Magnetic Field in Microgravity Conditions. Letters to the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. 2011 94(7): 548-552.
Study of the Dynamics of Contaminating Substances Emission from Control Liquid Propellant Low-Thrust Jet Engines during Their Pulse Firings and Verification of the Effectiveness of Deflectors for the Protection of ISS External Surfaces from Contamination (Kromka) studies the dynamics of contaminating substance emissions from control liquid propellant low-thrust jet engines during their pulse firings and studies the verification of the effectiveness of devices for the protection of ISS external surfaces from contamination.
Publications
Yarygin VN, Gerasimov YI, Krylov AN, Prikhodko VG, Skorovarov AY, Yarygin IV. Model and on-orbit study of the International space station contamination processes by jets of its orientation thrusters. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2017 November; 925012003. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/925/1/012003. | Impact Statement
Gerasimov YI, Yarygin IV. Methodology of studying the parameters of contaminant emissions from the orientation engines of orbital stations during and after the flight. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2008 October; 2(5): 787-794. DOI: 10.1134/S1990793108050217.Original Russian Text © Yu.I. Gerasimov, I.V. Yarygin, 2008, published in Khimicheskaya Fizika, 2008, Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 35–43.. | Impact Statement
Gerasimov YI, Buryak AK. Conditions of formation of stable deposits of incomplete combustion products of liquid rocket fuels on the external elements of orbital stations. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2008 October; 2(5): 779-786. DOI: 10.1134/S1990793108050205.Original Russian Text © Yu.I. Gerasimov, A.K. Buryak, 2008, published in Khimicheskaya Fizika, 2008, Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 26–34.. | Impact Statement
Rebrov SG. The Contamination Impact on Spacecraft of Control Liquid-propellant Low-thrust jets Using Nitrogen Tetroxide and UDMH Components. 3rd International Conference on Small Satellites, Korolev, Russia. 2002
Gerasimov YI, Krylov AN, Sokolova SP, Prikhodko VG, Yarygin VN, Yarygin IV, Rebrov SG, Buryak AK. Gas Dynamics Aspects of Contamination of the International Space Station. 2. In-situ Experiments. Thermophysics and Aeromechanics (Teplofizika i Aeromekhanika). 2003 10(4): 555-565. | Impact Statement
Gerasimov YI, Krylov AN. Results of Studying the Effect of Contamination from the Inherent External Atmosphere on the Characteristics of the Structural Materials and Temperature Control Coatings of ISS Vehicles and Modules. Physical/Chemical Kinetics in Gas Dynamics (Fiziko-Chimiceskaja Kinetika v Gazovoj Dinamike). 2011 1220 pp. Russian.
Space Aging is an investigation aimed to study of the effects of space flight on the aging of C. elegans roundworm, a model organism for a range of biological studies. Microgravity causes a number of physiological changes, like heart and bone deconditioning, involving mechanisms that are poorly understood and may affect the rate at which organisms and astronauts age. Space Aging grows millimeter-long C. elegans roundworms in microgravity and compares their health and longevity with control specimens kept on Earth.
Publications
Honda Y, Higashibata A, Matsunaga Y, Yonezawa Y, Kawano T, Higashitani A, Kuriyama K, Shimazu T, Tanaka M, Szewczyk NJ, Ishioka N, Honda S. Genes down-regulated in spaceflight are involved in the control of longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Scientific Reports. 2012 July 5; 1(487): 7 pp. DOI: 10.1038/srep00487.PMID: 22768380.
Honda Y, Fujita Y, Maruyama H, Araki Y, Ichihara K, Sato A, Kojima T, Tanaka M, Nozawa Y, Ito M, Honda S. Lifespan-Extending Effects of Royal Jelly and Its Related Substances on the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PLOS ONE. 2011 August; 6(8): e23527. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023527.
Honda Y, Tanaka M, Honda S. Trehalose extends longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell. 2010 August; 9(4): 558-569. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00582.x.
The objective of the AKVARIUM-AQH experiment is to study all phases of the ontogenetic development and organogenesis of aquatic heterotrophic organisms during spaceflight and the effect of microgravity on their behavioral responses to solve fundamental biological questions and to study the possibility of using them as a biological link in future life-support systems for the crews of manned space stations.
The objective of the AKVARIUM-AQH-Akvarium-AQH-(Girella) experiment is to study all phases of the ontogenetic development and organogenesis of aquatic heterotrophic organisms during spaceflight and the effect of microgravity on their behavioral responses to solve fundamental biological questions and to study the possibility of using them as a biological link in future life-support systems for the crews of manned space stations.
The objective of the Akvarium-AQH-Lichinki Komara experiment is to study all phases of the ontogenetic development and organogenesis of aquatic heterotrophic organisms during spaceflight and the effect of microgravity on their behavioral responses to solve fundamental biological questions and to study the possibility of using them as a biological link in future life-support systems for the crews of manned space stations.
The objective of the Akvarium-AQH-Medaka Embrion experiment is to study all phases of the ontogenetic development and organogenesis of aquatic heterotrophic organisms during spaceflight and the effect of microgravity on their behavioral responses to solve fundamental biological questions and to study the possibility of using them as a biological link in future life-support systems for the crews of manned space stations.
The objective of the Akvarium-AQH-Medaka skelet experiment is to study all phases of the ontogenetic development and organogenesis of aquatic heterotrophic organisms during spaceflight and the effect of microgravity on their behavioral responses to solve fundamental biological questions and to study the possibility of using them as a biological link in future life-support systems for the crews of manned space stations.
The Study of the Effects of Spaceflight Factors on Bacterophages (Bakteriofag) investigation examines the therapeutic, diagnostic, and genetic properties of bacteriophages to discover possible changes in the physical, chemical, morphological, and genetic properties of therapeutic and diagnostic bacteriophages exposed to microgravity.
The Study of the Effects of Spaceflight Factors on Bacterophages (Bakteriofag-L) investigation examines the therapeutic, diagnostic, and genetic properties of bacteriophages to discover possible changes in the physical, chemical, morphological, and genetic properties of therapeutic and diagnostic bacteriophages exposed to microgravity.
The Study of the Effects of Spaceflight Factors on the Technological and Biomedical Characteristics of Bifidobacteria (Bif) investigation identifies the specifics of metabolism and morphology of different phenotypes of one strain of the Bifidobacteria caused by microgravity in order to obtain probiotics with improved biomedical properties and to increase the efficiency of production.
The Study of the Electrodynamic Interaction Processes in the Earth’s Atmosphere, ionosphere, and Magnetosphere Using the ВФС-3М Videophotometric System (Molniya-SМ) studies the optical emissions in the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere associated with storm activity and seismic processes.
Publications
Belyaev BI, Belyaev YV, Katkovsky LV, Kazak AA, Nesterovich EI, Sosenko VA, Sinelnikov VM, Khvaley SV. Spectrophotometric system and method of measuring nighttime luminosity in the Earth's upper atmosphere from space. Ukrainian National Conference, Kiev, Ukraine. 2008 June 3-5; 51-53. Per Roscosmos.
Belyaev BI, Katkovsky LV, Nesterovich EI, Sosenko VA, Sinelnikov VM, Khvaley SV. Equipment system and method for measuring nighttime atmospheric luminosity from space. 3rd Belorussian Space Congress, Minsk, Belorus. 2007 October 23-25; 57-61. Per Roscosmos.
The Study of the Fluxes of Fast and Thermal Neutrons-Database (BTN-Neutron -Database), focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution of neutron fluxes and spectra in near-Earth space, including during solar flares. These investigations help researchers to improve current in-orbit radiation models and examine the complete radiation dose the International Space Station (ISS) crew members receive during EVAs.
Publications
Vostrukhin AA. Creation and use of an information-telecommunications center and database for collective use on the results of space experiments in the sphere of nuclear planetology for preparing for interplanetary flights. 7th International Conference on Manned Spaceflight, Star City, Russia. 2007 November 14-15;
The Study of the Fluxes of Fast and Thermal Neutrons-Design (BTN-Neutron -Design), focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution of neutron fluxes and spectra in near-Earth space, including during solar flares. These investigations help researchers to improve current in-orbit radiation models and examine the complete radiation dose the International Space Station (ISS) crew members receive during EVAs.
The Study of the Fluxes of Fast and Thermal Neutrons-Earth and Mars (BTN-Neutron -Earth and Mars), focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution of neutron fluxes and spectra in near-Earth space, including during solar flares. These investigations help researchers to improve current in-orbit radiation models and examine the complete radiation dose the International Space Station (ISS) crew members receive during EVAs.
Publications
Mitrofanov IG, Litvak ML, Tretyakov VI, Mokrousov MI, Malakhov AV, Vostrukhin AA. Neutron components of radiation environment in the near-Earth and near-Mars space. Planetary and Space Science. 2009 December; 57(14-15): 1993-1995. DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2009.08.005. | Impact Statement
Tretyakov VI, Kozyrev AS, Litvak ML, Malakhov AV, Mitrofanov IG, Mokrousov MI, Sanin AB, Vostrukhin AA. Comparison of neutron environment and neutron component radiation dose for space around Earth and Mars from data from instrument HEND/Mars Odyssey and BTN/ISS. 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, Texas. 2009 March 23-27; 12922 pp. | Impact Statement
The Study of the Fluxes of Fast and Thermal Neutrons-Ground Segment (BTN-Neutron -Ground Segment), focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution of neutron fluxes and spectra in near-Earth space, including during solar flares. These investigations help researchers to improve current in-orbit radiation models and examine the complete radiation dose the International Space Station (ISS) crew members receive during EVAs.
Publications
Malakhov AV. Ground segment for supporting the receipt, storage, and processing of data from the BTN-Neytron Science Experiment on the Zvezda Module of the International Space Station. 7th International Conference on Manned Spaceflight, Star City, Russia. 2007 November 14-15;
Mokrousov MI. Development, creation, and flight-testing of the БТН-М1 hardware for performing the BTN-Neytron experiment on board the International Space Station. 7th International Conference on Manned Spaceflight, Star City, Russia. 2007 November 14-15;
The Study of the Fluxes of Fast and Thermal Neutrons-ISS (BTN-Neutron -ISS), focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution of neutron fluxes and spectra in near-Earth space, including during solar flares. These investigations help researchers to improve current in-orbit radiation models and examine the complete radiation dose the International Space Station (ISS) crew members receive during EVAs.
Publications
Tretyakov VI. BTN-Neytron Space Experiment on Board the Zvezda Service Module of the International Space Station. 7th International Conference on Manned Spaceflight, Star City, Russia. 2007 November 14-15;
Tretyakov VI, Mitrofanov IG. Beginning of the First Phase of the BTN-Neutron Space Experiment on Board the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Kosmicheskiye Issledovaniya. 2008 DOI: 10.1134/S0010952510040027.
Tretyakov VI, Mitrofanov IG, Bobronitskii YI, Vostrukhin AA, Gunko NA, Kozyrev AS, Krylov AV, Litvak ML, Lopez-Alegria M, Lyagushin VI, Konovalov AA, Korotkov MP, Mazurov PV, Mokrousov MI, Malakhov AV, Nuzhdin IO, Ponomareva SN, Pronin MA, Sanin AB, Timoshenko GN, Tomilina TM, Tyurin MV, Tsygan AI, Shvetsov VN. The First Stage of the "BTN-Neutron" Space Experiment Onboard the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Cosmic Research. 2010 August 3; 48(4): 285-299. DOI: 10.1134/S0010952510040027.Also V. Tretyakov; I. Mitrofanov et al., 'Space experiment BTN-Neutron onboard of Russian segment ISS,' paper for the 15th Workshops on Radiation Monitoring for the International Space Station, Frascati, via Frascati 51, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy, 2010.. | Impact Statement
The Study of the Fluxes of Fast and Thermal Neutrons-Radiation (BTN-Neutron -Radiation-ISS), focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution of neutron fluxes and spectra in near-Earth space, including during solar flares. These investigations help researchers to improve current in-orbit radiation models and examine the complete radiation dose the International Space Station (ISS) crew members receive during EVAs.
Publications
Mitrofanov IG, Litvak ML, Tretyakov VI, Mokrousov MI, Malakhov AV, Vostrukhin AA. Neutron components of radiation environment in the near-Earth and near-Mars space. Planetary and Space Science. 2009 December; 57(14-15): 1993-1995. DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2009.08.005. | Impact Statement
Lyagushin VI, Kozyrev AS. Measurements of neutron environment inside and outside of ISS. 15th Workshop on Radiation Monitoring for the International Space Station, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy. 2010
Tretyakov VI, Fedosov F, Kozyrev AS, Litvak ML, Lyagushin VI. Space experiment 'BTN-Neutron' on Russian segment of International Space Station. 16th Workshops on Radiation Monitoring for the International Space Station, Prague, Czeck Republic. 2011 September 6-8;
Baranov DG, Gagarin YF, Dergachev VA, Nymmik RA, Panasyuk MI. Results of measuring the fluxes of solar energetic particles and methods of their interpretation. Cosmic Research. 2011 49(6): 469-476. DOI: 10.1134/S0010952511060013.
The Study of the Growth Potential of Statoconia in the Organ of Balance of Gastropods in Weightlessness (Statokonia) investigation evaluates the nature and dynamic of new formation and the growth of statoconia when exposed to weightlessness.
Publications
Gorgiladze GI. Regenerative capacity of the planarian Girardia tigrina and the snail Helix lucorum exposed to microgravity during an orbital flight on board the international space station. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008 08/20/2008; 421(1): 244-247. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496608040078.Original Russian Text © G.I. Gorgiladze, 2008, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2008, Vol. 421, No. 1, pp. 131–134..
Gorgiladze GI. Morphological features of the inertial mass in statocysts of the terrestrial gastropods Helix lucorum and Pomatias rivulare exposed to microgravity. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2010 08/17/2010; 433(1): 271-274. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496610040101.Original Russian Text © G.I. Gorgiladze, 2010, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2010, Vol. 433, No. 4, pp. 566–569.. | Impact Statement
Balaban PM, Malyshev AY, Ierusalimsky VN, Aseyev N, Korshunova TA, Bravarenko NI, Lemak MS, Roshchin M, Zakharov IS, Popova Y, Boyle RD. Functional Changes in the Snail Statocyst System Elicited by Microgravity. PLOS ONE. 2011 03/29/2011; 6(3): e17710. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017710. | Impact Statement
The Study of the Impact of Long-Term Space Travel on the Astronauts' Microbiome (Microbiome) experiment investigates the impact of space travel on both the human immune system and an individual’s microbiome (the collection of microbes that live in and on the human body at any given time). To monitor the status of the crew members' microbiome and immune system and their interaction with the unique environment of the International Space Station (ISS), we will take periodic samples from different parts of the body and the surrounding ISS environment. As part of this study, the likelihood and consequences of alterations in the microbiome due to extreme environments, and the related human health risk, will be assessed.
Publications
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Quick L, Davis RR, Honer zu Bentrup K, Crabbe A, Richter E, Sarker SF, Barrila J, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Shah M, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Hing SM, Parra MP, Dumars PM, Norwood KL, Bober R, Devich J, Ruggles AD, CdeBaca A, Narayan S, Benjamin J, Goulart C, Rupert MA, Catella LA, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Porter MD, Pierson DL, Smith SM, Mergeay M, Leys N, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Gorie D, Nickerson CA. Media Ion Composition Controls Regulatory and Virulence Response of Salmonella in Spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2008 3(12): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003923.
Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Pierson DL. Microbial Responses to Microgravity and Other Low-Shear Environments. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2004 June; 68(2): 345-361. DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.68.2.345-361.2004.PMID: 15187188. | Impact Statement
Voorhies AA, Ott CM, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Crucian BE, Feiveson AH, Oubre CM, Torralba M, Moncera K, Zhang Y, Zurek E, Lorenzi HA. Study of the impact of longduration space missions at the International Space Station on the astronaut microbiome. Scientific Reports. 2019 July 09; 9(1): 9911. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46303-8.PMID: 31289321. | Impact Statement
Lee MD, O'Rourke A, Lorenzi HA, Bebout BM, Dupont CL, Everroad RC. Reference-guided metagenomics reveals genome-level evidence of potential microbial transmission from the ISS environment to an astronaut's microbiome. iScience. 2021 February 19; 24(2): 102114. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102114.PMID: 33659879. | Impact Statement
Studying and monitoring the cardiorespiratory system of crew members in microgravity is dependent not only on the central role of this system in the adaptation responses of the entire body, but also on the specific living and working conditions. Loads on the cardiorespiratory system during physical loading (physical exercise, assembly work in outer space) can be extremely high, and optimizing them may become the priority for the medical support system. The goal of the Pnevmocard Perfection investigation is to obtain new scientific information to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of cardiorespiratory system adaptation to long-term spaceflight conditions.
Publications
Baevsky RM. Current problems of space cardiology. Human Physiology. 2010 December 24; 36(7): 754-765. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119710070042.Also: Original Russian Text © R.M. Baevsky, 2008, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2008, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 19–31..
Tank J, Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Diedrich A, Drescher J. Autonomic function testing onboard ISS for crew health monitoring with Puls and Pneumocard – results, limitations and next steps. 61st International Astronautical Congress, Prague, Czech Republic. 2010 September 27 - October 1;
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Diedrich A, Pashchenko AV, Chernikova AG, Drescher J, Baranov VM, Tank J. Autonomic function testing aboard the ISS using Pneumocard. Acta Astronautica. 2009 October; 65(7-8): 930-932. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.029.Also: Baevsky R.M, Funtova I.I., Diedrich A., Chernikova A.G., Tank J. Autonomic function testing aboard the ISS using 'PNEUMOCARD'. 58-th Congress IAA, Hyderabad, India, September, 2007. Also: Baevsky R.M., Funtova I.I., Diedrich A., Pashchenko A.V., Chernikova A.G., Drescher J., Baranov V.M., Tank J. Autonomic function testing aboard the ISS using 'Pneumocard'. 4‑th European conference "Medicine in space and extreme environments achievements for health care on earth", October 24-26, 2007, Berlin, Germany..
Baevsky RM, Pashchenko AV, Funtova II, Tank J. Heart rate variability onboard International Space Station. 12th Congress of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Athens, Greece. 2007
Tank J, Funtova II, Baevsky RM. New space experiment Pnevmocard - the continuation and development of studies on the vegetative regulation of blood flow during long-term exposure to weightlessness. 4th European Congress Medicine in Space and in Extreme Environments Achievements for Health Care on Earth, Berlin, Germany. 2007
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Diedrich A, Chernikova AG, Drescher J, Baranov VM, Tank J. Cardiac function measured by impedance cardiography is maintained during long term space flight. 59th International Astronautical Congress, Glasgow, Scotland. 2008
Studying and monitoring the cardiorespiratory system of crew members in microgravity is dependent not only on the central role of this system in the adaptation responses of the entire body, but also on the specific living and working conditions. Loads on the cardiorespiratory system during physical loading (physical exercise, assembly work in outer space) can be extremely high, and optimizing them may become the priority for the medical support system. The goal of the Pnevmocard investigation is to obtain new scientific information to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of cardiorespiratory system adaptation to long-term spaceflight conditions.
Publications
Pastushkova LK, Rusanov VB, Orlov OI, Goncharova AG, Chernikova AG, Kashirina DN, Kussmaul AR, Brzhozovskiy AG, Kononikhin AS, Kireev KS, Nosovsky AM, Larina IM. The variability of urine proteome and coupled biochemical blood indicators in cosmonauts with different preflight autonomic status. Acta Astronautica. 2020 March 1; 168204-210. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.12.015. | Impact Statement
Baevsky RM, Chernikova AG, Funtova II, Tank J. Assessment of individual adaptation to microgravity during long term space flight based on stepwise discriminant analysis of heart rate variability parameters. Acta Astronautica. 2011 December; 69(11-12): 1148-1152. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.07.011.Also: Funtova I.I.; Chernikova А.G.; Baevsky R.M. Assessment of Individual Adaptation to Microgravity during long term space flight based on stepwise Discriminant Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Parameters. 17th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Moscow, Russia 2009..
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Diedrich A, Pashchenko AV, Chernikova AG, Drescher J, Baranov VM, Tank J. Autonomic Function Testing on Board the ISS - update on 'Pneumocard'. Acta Astronautica. 2007 October; 61(7-8): 672-675. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.11.017.Also: Baevsky R.M, Funtova I.I., Diedrich A., Chernikova A.G., Tank J. Autonomic function testing aboard the ISS using 'PNEUMOCARD'. 58-th Congress IAA, Hyderabad, India, September, 2007. Also: R.M. Baevsky, I.I. Funtova, A. Diedrich, A.V. Pashenko, A.G. Chernikova, J. Drescher, V.M. Baranov, J. Tank, Autonomic Function Testing on board the ISS—Update on "Pneumocard", 56 IAF, Fukuoka, Japan, 2005..
Baevsky RM, Baranov VM, Funtova II, Diedrich A, Pashenko AV, Chernikova AG, Drescher J, Jordan J, Tank J. Autonomic cardiovascular and respiratory control during prolonged spaceflights aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 July; 103(1): 156-161. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00137.2007.PMID: 17446414.
Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Tank J, Reuter H, Moestl S, Hoffmann F, Honemann J, Rusanov VB. [Measurement of parameters characterizing early vascular aging with the use of oscillometric method during space flight]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2021 55(6): 23-27. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-23-27.Russian.
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Luchitskaya ES, Chernikova AG. [Studying of long weightlessness influence on autonomic regulation of blood circulation at crew members of the international space station. Space experiment "Pneumocard"]. Clinical Informatics and Telemedicine. 2013 9(10): 79-89. Russian.
Baevsky RM, Baranov VM, Bersenev YY, Funtova II, Semyonov YN, Grigoriev AI, Prilutsky DA. Method of determining functional reserves for regulating the human cardio-respiratory system. Federal Service for Intellectual Property. 2004 November 20; 2240035
Baevsky RM, Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Chernikova AG. Study of the autonomic regulation of blood circulation during a long-term space flight. Human Physiology. 2013 October 11; 39(5): 486-495. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713050046.
Funtova II, Chernikova AG, Fedorova IN, Baranov VM, Tank J, Baevsky RM. Some results of scientific experiment “Pneumocard” aboard the International space station. 17th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Moscow, Russia. 2009
Funtova II, Baevsky RM, Luchitskaya ES, Slepchenkova IN, Drescher J, Tank J. Day- vs. night time heart rate variability changes in microgravity: experiments 'Pneumocard' and 'Sonocard'. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 (10491):
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Tank J. Research experiment 'Pneumocard' onboard the International space station. 14th Congress of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Moscow, Russia. 2011 April;
Chernikova AG, Baevsky RM, Funtova II. The probability approach to an estimation of risk of a pathology at cosmonauts according to analysis HRV. 14th Congress of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Moscow, Russia. 2011 April;
Baevsky RM, Bersenev YY, Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Chernikova AG. Studies of the vegetative regulation of the cardiovascular system in long-term weightlessness. Space Forum 2011 Dedicated on 50th Anniversary for Yu. A. Gagarin Flight, Moscow, Russia. 2011 October;
Luchitskaya ES, Chernikova AG, Funtova II, Baevsky RM. Analysis of cardiac rhythm variability in space medicine. Results of studies on the International Space Station. 4th Russian National Congress on Clinical Electrocardiology, Velikiy Novgorod, Russia. 2010 April 28-29; 62-63.
Baevsky RM, Baranov VM, Bogomolov VV. Experiments 'Pulse' and 'Pneumocard' aboard the International Space Station. The prospects for development of an automated medical monitoring system. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 September 29 - October 3; DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-03-G.2.04.
Baevsky RM, Okhritsky AA, Pashchenko AV, Prilutsky DA, Funtova II. [Software for polygraphs used in scientific research]. Meditsinskaia Tekhnika (Biomedical Engineering). 2007 119-24. Russian.
Baranov VM, Baevsky RM, Drescher J, Tank J. Investigations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems on board the international space station: experiments PULS and PNEUMOCARD. 53rd International Astronautical Congress, The World Space Congress, Houston, TX. 2002 October 10-19;
Baranov VM, Baevsky RM, Pashchenko AV, Shmelev SI. Mobile device for comprehensively examining the cardio-respiratory system of cosmonauts. Federal Service for Intellectual Property. 2006 December 10; 58886
Funtova II, Luchitskaya ES, Slepchenkova IN, Tank J, Baevsky RM. Comparative assessment of the results of day and night studies of cardiac rhythm variability on board the International Space Station. 5th All-Russian Conference on Analyzing Heart Rate Variability, Izhevsk, Russia. 2011 October 26-28;
Slepchenkova IN, Luchitskaya ES. Use of the Sonocard and Pneumocard onboard complexes in a 105-Day experiment for the MARS-500 Project. 4th European Congress Medicine in Space and in Extreme Environments Achievements for Health Care on Earth, Berlin, Germany. 2010
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Luchitskaya ES, Chernikova AG. The effects of long-term microgravity on autonomic regulation of blood circulation in crewmembers of the international space station. Cardiometry. 2014 November 14; (5): 35-49. DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2014.5.3549.
The Study of the Individual Features of the Psychological and Physiological Regulator of State and Reliability of Work Performance in Crewmembers in Long-term Spaceflight (Pilot) assesses and predicts the reliability of crew members performing complex and critical dynamic vehicle manual control tasks in various stages of long-term spaceflight and to study the features of crew member psycho-physiological reactions when exposed to stressful requirements in flight. Pilot is composed of 3 distinct investigations. Pilot-Activity studies the reliability of crewmember performance during simulated manual control tasks for the final approach and docking of a Soyuz vehicle to the ISS.
Publications
Johannes B, Salnitskiy VP, Dudukin AV, Shevchenko LG, Bronnikov SV. Performance assessment in the PILOT experiment on board space stations Mir and ISS. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2016 June; 87(6): 534-544. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4433.2016.PMID: 27208676.
Salnitskii VP, Myasnikov VI, Bobrov AF, Shevchenko LG, Dudukin AV. Studying crewmember performance reliability in various stages of long-term spaceflight (Pilot experiment). Space Biology and Medicine. 2002 2285-300.
The Study of the Individual Features of the Psychological and Physiological Regulator of State and Reliability of Work Performance in Crewmembers in Long-term Spaceflight (Pilot) assesses and predicts the reliability of crew members performing complex and critical dynamic vehicle manual control tasks in various stages of long-term spaceflight and to study the features of crew member psycho-physiological reactions when exposed to stressful requirements in flight. Pilot is composed of 3 distinct investigations. Pilot-Regulation studies the individual features of crewmember psycho-physiological reactions when exposed to stress factors in flight.
Publications
Johannes B, Salnitskiy VP, Dudukin AV, Shevchenko LG, Bronnikov SV. Performance assessment in the PILOT experiment on board space stations Mir and ISS. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2016 June; 87(6): 534-544. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4433.2016.PMID: 27208676.
Johannes B, Bronnikov SV, Bubeev JA, Kotrovskaya TI, Shastlivtseva DV, Piechowski S, Hoermann H, Jordan J. Operator's reliability during spacecraft docking training on board Mir and ISS. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2021 July 1; 92(7): 541-549. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5745.2021.PMID: 34503627. | Impact Statement
Salnitskii VP, Myasnikov VI, Bobrov AF, Shevchenko LG, Dudukin AV. Studying crewmember performance reliability in various stages of long-term spaceflight (Pilot experiment). Space Biology and Medicine. 2002 2285-300.
The Study of the Individual Features of the Psychological and Physiological Regulator of State and Reliability of Work Performance in Crewmembers in Long-term Spaceflight (Pilot) assesses and predicts the reliability of crew members performing complex and critical dynamic vehicle manual control tasks in various stages of long-term spaceflight and to study the features of crew member psycho-physiological reactions when exposed to stressful requirements in flight. Pilot is composed of 3 distinct investigations. Pilot-Robot studies the dynamics of critical operator skills to manually control a robotic arm simulator in various stages of space flight.
The Study of the Regulation and Biomechanics of Respiration in Spaceflight (Dykhanie) investigates upper respiratory functions in long-term orbital flight on the International Space Station (ISS) in order to improve the medical monitoring and countermeasures system for future long-duration crew members.
Publications
Popova JA, Suvorov AV, Zaripov RN, Dyachenko AI. Exposure of inspiratory negative pressure breathing on cosmonauts during spaceflight. Acta Astronautica. 2022 April 26; epub18pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.04.022. | Impact Statement
Popova JA, Baranov VM, Suvorov AV, Dyachenko AI, Kolesnikov VI, Minyaev VI, Minyaeva AV. Features of external respiration and its regulation in long-term spaceflight. XXI Congress of the I.P. Pavlov Physiological Society, Kaluga, Russia. 2010 September 19-25; 497.
Morukov BV, Suvorov AV, Nichiporuk IA. Biomedical research to improve medical monitoring, countermeasures, and mitigate the negative effects of interplanetary manned spaceflight factors. 44th K.E. Tsiolkovsky Scientific Readings, Kaluga, Russia. 2009
Baranov VM, Suvorov AV, Dyachenko AI, Popova JA, Minyaeva AV, Kolesnikov VI. Respiration and respiratory control in long-term spaceflight. 17th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Moscow, Russia. 2009 June 7-11; 129-130.
Suvorov AV, Bogomolov VV. Medical support and bio-medical studies on ISS and perspectives for collaboration. Microgravity Sciences II, Malaysia. 2009 November 23-24;
Baevsky RM, Baranov VM, Bersenev YY, Funtova II, Semyonov YN, Grigoriev AI, Prilutsky DA. Method of determining functional reserves for regulating the human cardio-respiratory system. Federal Service for Intellectual Property. 2004 November 20; 2240035
The Study of the Resistance of a Modeled Closed Ecosystem and Chains of its Components in Microgravity (Akvarium) examines the impact of spaceflight factors on dormant embryos of lower aquatic crustaceous organisms (Daphnia magna, Streptocephalus torvicornis, Eucypris species, etc.) in the diapause and the larval stages and capable of remaining in cryptobiosis (an ametabolic state of life entered by an organism in response to adverse environmental conditions) for an extended period of time.
Publications
Sychev VN, Novikova ND, Poddubko SV, Deshevaya EA, Orlov OI. The biological threat: The threat of planetary quarantine failure as a result of outer space exploration by humans. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2020 January; 490(1): 28-30. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496620010093.PMID: 32342323. Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Nauki o Zhizni, 2020, Vol. 490, pp. 105–108.. | Impact Statement
Alekseev VR, Levinskikh MA, Novikova ND, Sychev VN. Studying Dormancy in Space Conditions. Dormancy in Aquatic Organisms. Theory, Human Use and Modeling. 2019 97-119. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21213-1_6. | Impact Statement
Alekseev VR. Study of the biological dormancy of aquatic organisms in open space and space flight conditions. Biology Bulletin. 2021 November 1; 48(6): 641-661. DOI: 10.1134/S1062359021060030.Also: Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 2021, No. 6, pp. 565–587. | Impact Statement
Gusev OA, Alekseev VR, Saigusa M, Okuda T, Sychev VN. Molecular chaperones-related studies using latent stages of invertebrates exposed to space environment. Zoological Science. 2006 23(12): 1227.
Gusev OA, Okuda T, Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Sugimoto M. Perspectives of RNA/DNA studies using latent stages of invertebrates and plants exposed to space flight and outer space environments. Space Utilization Research. 2007 23344-346. | Impact Statement
Alekseev VR, Sychev VN, Novikova ND. Studying the Phenomenon of Dormancy: Why it is Important for Space Exploration. Diapause in Aquatic Invertebrates Theory and Human Use. 2007 207-214. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5680-2_14. | Impact Statement
Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Podolski IG, Novikova ND, Gostimsky SA, Alekseev VR, Bingham GE. Main results of experiments investigating higher plants and dormant forms of organisms on the Russian segment of the International Space Station. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2007 4(49): 54-64.
Alekseev VR, Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN. Impact of spaceflight conditions on the dormant stage of lower crustaceans, Akvarium experiments, Space Biology and Medicine. Biomedical research on the ISS Russian segment. 2011 2340-351.
The Study of the State of Fluids in the Human Body During Long-term Spaceflight (Sprut-MBI Perfection) obtains data on the status of fluid systems of the human body during long-term spaceflight in order to evaluate adaptation mechanisms of human physiology and improve microgravity countermeasures aboard the International Space Station for crew health.
The Study of the State of Fluids in the Human Body During Long-term Spaceflight (Sprut-MBI) obtains data on the status of fluid systems of the human body during long-term spaceflight in order to evaluate adaptation mechanisms of human physiology and improve microgravity countermeasures aboard the International Space Station for crew health.
Publications
Noskov VB, Nichiporuk IA, Grigoriev AI. Dynamics of the Body Liquids and Composition in Long-duration Space Flight (Bioimpedance Analysis). Human Physiology. 2011 December 22; 37(7): 821-825. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119711070231.PMID: 17902350.
Noskov VB, Kotov AN, Morukov BV, Nichiporuk IA, Shargin YG. Bioimpedance Analysis of Fluids and Body Composition Under the Conditions of Short-term Space Flight or Hypokinesia. Human Physiology. 2006 October; 32(5): 622-625. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119706050197.Also: V.B. Noskov, A.N. Kotov, B.V. Morukov, I.A. Nichiporuk, Yu.G. Shargin, 'Bioimpedance Analysis of Fluids and Body Composition During Sort-Term Spaceflights and Hypokinesia,' Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2006, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 136–139..
Noskov VB, Nikolaev DV, Tuikin SA, Kozharinov VI, Grachev VA. A Portable Impedance Meter for Monitoring Liquid Compartments of the Human Body Under Space Flight Conditions. Meditsinskaia Tekhnika (Biomedical Engineering). 2007 March; 41(2): 94-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10527-007-0020-7.
Noskov VB, Nichiporuk IA, Morukov BV, Malenchenko YI. Study of the state of human bodily fluids during long-term spaceflight. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 39(1): 27-31.
Noskov VB, Nichiporuk IA, Grigoriev AI. Changes in fluid media and body composition during long-term spaceflight (bioimpedance analysis). Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2007 41(3): 3-7.
Noskov VB, Kotov AN. [Impedancimetry of the hydration status and body composition of head-down tilted males]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 39(4): 41-45. Russian.
Noskov VB, Nichiporuk IA. Changes in the volume of the fluid spaces in the body of a cosmonaut during long-term spaceflight. Russian Journal of Physiology (Rossiĭskii Fiziologicheskiĭ Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova / Rossiĭskaia Akademiia Nauk). 2004 90(8): 76.
The Study of the Typological Characteristics of ISS Crew Operator Activity During Long-term Space Flight (Tipologia (Typology)) identifies behavioral characteristics in the actions of crew members, which could be used to determine the current psychological state, to predict future states, and to modify the performance quality of skill tasks undertaken in spaceflight conditions. The experiment aims to reveal the individual traits of the crew member’s operational activity and to evaluate the forecasting capabilities of indicators, using the computer games Sapior (Sapper) and Tetris as models of skill activity.
Publications
Antonov AA, Ershova TA. [Retention of the skill to perform adaptive bio-control of bioelectrical activity synchronization in the human brain cortex in an argon-nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere with various oxygen content]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2009 September-October; 43(5): 27-31. PMID: 20120913. Russian.
Antonov AA, Ershova TA. Effect of adaptive biological control session on the indicators of modeled activity in the experiment Mars – 105. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2010 44(4): 17-23. Also: Antonov, A. A., and T. A. Ershova, ‘The Effect of Adaptive Biocontrol Sessions on the Quality of Simulated Activity during a 105-Day Isolation’, Human Physiology, 38.7 (2012), 689–94 <https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119712070031>.
Semionovich AV. Neuro-psychological analysis of failure in school among mass schools. Zhurnal Vyshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti (Journal of High Neurological Activity). 1992 (4):
The Study of the Typological Characteristics of ISS Crew Operator Activity During Long-term Space Flight (Tipologia perfection (Typology perfection)) identifies behavioral characteristics in the actions of crew members, which could be used to determine the current psychological state, to predict future states, and to modify the performance quality of skill tasks undertaken in spaceflight conditions. The experiment aims to reveal the individual traits of the crew member’s operational activity and to evaluate the forecasting capabilities of indicators, using the computer games Sapior (Sapper) and Tetris as models of skill activity.
Publications
Antonov AA. [Feedback adaptive control of operator's performance by the parameters of spatial synchronization of the brain cortex areas]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2007 41(2): 21-28. Russian.
The cardiovascular system and respiration play a central role in the body's life support during changes in the environment. Establishment of ideal conditioning in the cardiorespiratory system depends on the regulatory mechanisms' ability to effectively control the interaction between the activity of the heart, vascular system, and respiratory apparatus. The Study of Vegetative Regulation of the Cardiorespiratory System in Weightlessness (Puls (Pulse)) obtains new scientific information to improve the understanding of the cardiorespiratory system's mechanisms for adapting to long-term spaceflight.
Publications
Hoffmann F, Mostl S, Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Jordan J, Baevsky RM, Tank J. An oscillometric approach in assessing early vascular ageing biomarkers following long-term space flights. International Journal of Cardiology Hypertension. 2019 August 1; 2100013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2019.100013. | Impact Statement
Baevsky RM, Baranov VM, Funtova II, Diedrich A, Pashenko AV, Chernikova AG, Drescher J, Jordan J, Tank J. Autonomic cardiovascular and respiratory control during prolonged spaceflights aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 July; 103(1): 156-161. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00137.2007.PMID: 17446414.
Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Tank J, Reuter H, Moestl S, Hoffmann F, Honemann J, Rusanov VB. [Measurement of parameters characterizing early vascular aging with the use of oscillometric method during space flight]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2021 55(6): 23-27. DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-23-27.Russian.
Baevsky RM, Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Chernikova AG. Study of the autonomic regulation of blood circulation during a long-term space flight. Human Physiology. 2013 October 11; 39(5): 486-495. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119713050046.
Baevsky RM, Baranov VM, Bogomolov VV. Experiments 'Pulse' and 'Pneumocard' aboard the International Space Station. The prospects for development of an automated medical monitoring system. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 September 29 - October 3; DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-03-G.2.04.
Baevsky RM, Okhritsky AA, Pashchenko AV, Prilutsky DA, Funtova II. [Software for polygraphs used in scientific research]. Meditsinskaia Tekhnika (Biomedical Engineering). 2007 119-24. Russian.
Baranov VM, Baevsky RM, Drescher J, Tank J. Investigations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems on board the international space station: experiments PULS and PNEUMOCARD. 53rd International Astronautical Congress, The World Space Congress, Houston, TX. 2002 October 10-19;
Tank J, Baevsky RM, Drescher J, Funtova II. Impact of cardiovascular research on board the International Space Station on the design of new medical devices. 2nd European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference (EMBEC). Vienna, Austria.. 2002 Dec 4-8;
Baevsky RM, Chernikova AG. Heart rate variability analysis in evaluation of functional state in humans during long-term space flight. 14th Man in Space Symposium. Banff, Alberta, Canada. 2003 May;
Baevsky RM. Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Controlling Adaptive Processes in Long-Term Spaceflight Conditions. The Body and Environment: Adaptation to Extreme Conditions. Moscow, Russia. 2003 24-26.
Chernikova AG. Mathematical Modeling of the Space of Functional Statuses Using Data from the Analysis of Cardiac Rhythm Variability. The Body and Environment: Adaptation to Extreme Conditions. Moscow, Russia. 2003 374-376.
Baevsky RM, Funtova II. Analysis of Cardiac Rhythm Variability in Experiments on Board the International Space Station. All-Russian Symposium on the Variability of Cardiac Rhythm: Theoretical Aspects and Practical Application, Izhevsk, Russia. 2003 Nov;
Chernikova AG, Baevsky RM. Mathematical Models of Functional Status Based on Analysis of Cardiac Rhythm Variability. All-Russian Symposium on the Variability of Cardiac Rhythm: Theoretical Aspects and Practical Application, Izhevsk, Russia. 2004 Sep;
Chernikova AG, Baevsky RM, Nikulina GA, Funtova II. Analysis of Cardiac Rhythm Variability in Assessing Human Functional Status During Spaceflight. 19th Congress of the I.P. Pavlov Physiological Society. 2004
Baevsky RM, Pashchenko AV, Funtova II, Chernikova AG. Study of Vegetative Regulation of the Cardiovascular System in Long-Term Spaceflights on the International Space Station. Computerized Medicine Applied Science Conference. Kharkov, Ukraine. 2005 Jun 23-25;
Baevsky RM, Chernikova AG, Funtova II. Assessment of Functional Status and Type of Regulation of the Circulatory System in Spaceflight Conditions Using Data for the Analysis of Cardiac Rhythm Variability. 7th Applied Science Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Disruptions to the Regulation of the Cardiovascular System. Moscow, Russia. 2005 Mar 23; 310-318.
Baevsky RM, Baranov VM, Chernikova AG, Funtova II, Pashchenko AV, Tank J. Heart rate variability as indicator of cardioregulatory system. Experiment result of ISS. Proceedings of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations. Jena, Germany. 2006 May 15-17; 27374-77.
Baranov VM, Baevsky RM, Pashchenko AV, Funtova II, Chernikova AG, Drescher J, Tank J. Autonomous regulation of cardiovascular system in cosmonauts and prospects of researches on ISS. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 Oct 2-6;
Tank J, Chernikova AG, Baevsky RM. Types of regulation and adaptation reactions in space flights. 5th Symposium of Autonomic Regulation, Lisbon, Portugal. 2006 May 25-29;
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Chernikova AG. Principles of Creating a Medical Expert System for Evaluating Prenosological Statuses in Long-Term Spaceflights. Computerized Medicine Applied Science Conference. Kharkov, Ukraine. 2007 Sep 14-15;
Tank J, Baevsky RM, Berseneva AP. Рrospects for development of novel research apparatuses for the international Space Station based on the experience of clinical and physiological investigations of the circulation regulating mechanisms. Symposium on the Achievements of Space Medicine in the Practice of Health Care and Industry. Berlin, Germany. 2001 164-176.
Baevsky RM. A System for Evaluating and Predicting the State of Health of Cosmonauts, and Prospects for its Development. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2001 236-45.
Baevsky RM, Chernikova AG. On the Problem of Physiological Norms: a Mathematical Model of Functional Status Based on Analysis of Variability of cardiac Rhythm. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2002 534-37.
Baevsky RM, Bersenev YY, Drescher J. Computer Systems for Studying Circulation and Respiration on Board the International Space Station. Materials of the 12th Conference on Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine. 2002 38-39.
The cardiovascular system and respiration play a central role in the body's life support during changes in the environment. Establishment of ideal conditioning in the cardiorespiratory system depends on the regulatory mechanisms' ability to effectively control the interaction between the activity of the heart, vascular system, and respiratory apparatus. The Study of Vegetative Regulation of the Cardiorespiratory System in Weightlessness (Puls Perfection (Pulse Perfection)) obtains new scientific information to improve the understanding of the cardiorespiratory system's mechanisms for adapting to long-term spaceflight.
Publications
Baevsky RM, Pashchenko AV. Study of Vegetative Regulation of the Cardiorespiratory System in Long-Term Spaceflights on the International Space Station. Space Biology and Medicine. 2006 39630-31.
Baevsky RM. Analysis of Variability of Cardiac Rhythm in Space Medicine. Fiziologiia cheloveka. 2002 29(2): 202-213.
The Soret effect in fluids is a thermodynamic phenomenon in which different particles respond in different ways to varying temperatures. The effect, studied by the Swiss chemist Charles Soret, has been difficult to examine in detail on Earth because of gravity. The Study on Soret effect (thermal diffusion process) for the mixed solution by the in-situ observation technique facilitated at SCOF (Soret-Facet) is the first investigation to verify Soret conditions in steady and changing conditions, and to compare the Soret effect in microgravity with results on the ground, an important measurement for calibrating future investigations.
Publications
Osada T, Hashimoto Y, Tomaru M, Suzuki S, Inatomi Y, Ito Y, Shimaoka T. Improvement of Interference Fringe Analysis for Soret Coefficient Measurement in Soret-Facet Mission. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2016 October 31; 33(4): 330407. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.33.330407. | Impact Statement
Tomaru M, Osada T, Orikasa I, Suzuki S, Inatomi Y. Analysis method using two-wavelength Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for the measurement of Soret coefficients in Soret-Facet mission on ISS. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 November 23; epub11 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9664-z. | Impact Statement
Orikasa I, Osada T, Tomaru M, Suzuki S, Inatomi Y. Improvement in phase analysis using spatio-temporal Images for Soret coefficient measurements. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2019 July; 36(3): 360306. DOI: 10.15011//jasma.36.360306.
Orikasa I, Odajima T, Tominaga K, Suzuki S. Machine learning of phase analysis-unwrapping procedure for time series of interference fringe intensity. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2021 October 31; 38(4): 380401. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.38.380401.
Content Pending
Publications
Stamenkovic V, Keller G, Nesic D, Cogoli A, Grogan SP. Neocartilage Formation in 1g, Simulated, and Microgravity Environments: Implications for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Engineering Part A. 2010 16(5): 1729-1736. DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0624.
Stamenkovic V, Keller G, Cogoli A, Grogan SP. Neo-Cartilage Formation In Microgravity Environment. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 1-6.
Stem Cells is an investigation that uses embryonic mouse stem cells to study the effects of the space environment on their DNA, chromosomes, and on their development into adult mice after return to Earth. Frozen stem cells are placed in the Kibo module for periods ranging from 6 to 36 months, and then returned to Earth where scientists microinject them into 8-cell mouse embryos that are implanted into female mice. Investigators also look for double-strand DNA breaks and chromosome aberrations caused from exposure to space radiation.
Publications
Ohnishi T. Life science experiments performed in space in the ISS/Kibo facility and future research plans. Journal of Radiation Research. 2016 April 29; epubDOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw020.PMID: 27130692. | Impact Statement
Yoshida K, Yoshida S, Eguchi-Kasai K, Morita T. Study of the effects of space radiation on mouse ES cells. Biological Sciences in Space. 2010 April; 24(1): 11-15. DOI: 10.2187/bss.24.11. | Impact Statement
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Aglomeratsia-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Avtokolebaniya-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Binarnaya Kristallizatsia-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Binarnaya Plazma PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Dvumerny Sloy-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Fazovye Perekhody-PK-1 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Fazovye Perekhody-PK-2 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Fazovye Perekhody-PK-3 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Fazovye Perekhody-PK-4 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Formirovanie Vikhrey-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Front Kristallizatsii-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Granitsa-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Ionnoe Uvlechenie-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Koalestsentsia-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Konusy Makha-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Kristallizatsia PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Kriticheskaya Tochka-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Neon-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Neustoichivosti-PK-2 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Neustoychivosti-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-PKINASE- Roscosmos is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Poisk-PK-3-1 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Poisk-PK-3-2 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Poverkhnostnye Volny-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Reshotka-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Rost-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Snaryad-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Struktura PK-1 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Struktura PK-2 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Transport-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Udarnye Volny-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Void-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Volny-PK-1 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Volny-PK-1 is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
Studying Plasma Dust Crystals and Liquids in Microgravity on the ISS RS-Zatukhanie-PK is conducted within a framework of international cooperation with the German Space Agency (DLR), the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the European Space Agency, and Roscosmos.
The Studying the Body’s Physiological Functions Using a Non-contact Method During Sleep During Long-term Space Flight (Sonokard) studies the sleep-wake cycle in humans spending a prolonged period in space. Sonocard develops proposals to improve the system for medical monitoring of crew members, based on the use of a non-contact method of recording physiological data during sleep. During the Sonocard, microscopic oscillations associated with heart rate, respiration, and motor activity are recorded. The study focuses on cardiorespiratory homeostasis and mechanisms for regulating the cardiorespiratory system.
Publications
Baevsky RM, Bogomolov VV, Funtova II, Slepchenkova IN, Chernikova AG. [Potentiality of building-up the medical operations system for long-duration space missions by noncontact physiological functions recording during sleep time]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2009 Nov-Dec; 43(6): 3-8. PMID: 20169731. Russian. Also: Baevsky, R. M., V. V. Bogomolov, I. I. Funtova, I. N. Slepchenkova, and A. G. Chernikova, ‘Prospects of Medical Monitoring of Long duration Space Flights by Means of Non-contact Recording of Physiological Functions During Sleep Time’, Human Physiology, 37 (2011), 816–820. DOI:10.1134/S036211971107005X..
Funtova II, Luchitskaya ES, Slepchenkova IN, Chernikova AG, Baevsky RM. [The research of functional conditions in humans during night sleep during prolonged exposure to microgravity. Space experiment "Sonocard"]. Clinical Informatics and Telemedicine. 2013 9(10): 59-74. Russian.
Funtova II, Baevsky RM, Luchitskaya ES, Slepchenkova IN, Drescher J, Tank J. Day- vs. night time heart rate variability changes in microgravity: experiments 'Pneumocard' and 'Sonocard'. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 (10491):
Baevsky RM. Current problems of space cardiology. Human Physiology. 2010 December 24; 36(7): 754-765. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119710070042.Also: Original Russian Text © R.M. Baevsky, 2008, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2008, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 19–31..
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Luchitskaya ES, Slepchenkova IN, Chernikova AG, Osipov Y, Katuntsev V. Application of equipment Sonocard for functional reserves evaluation during extravehicular activity. 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, South Africa. 2011 10605
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Chernikova AG, Slepchenkova IN. Research experiment Sonocard onboard the International Space Station: Methodology and opportunities. 14th Congress of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Moscow, Russia. 2011 April;
Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Katuntsev V, Baevsky RM. Analysis of heart rate variability during sleep before and after performing a spacewalk. 5th All-Russian Conference on Analyzing Heart Rate Variability, Izhevsk, Russia. 2011 October 26-28;
Slepchenkova IN, Luchitskaya ES, Funtova II, Baevsky RM. Heart rate variability during sleep in weightlessness. 5th All-Russian Conference on Analyzing Heart Rate Variability, Izhevsk, Russia. 2011 October 26-28;
Funtova II, Luchitskaya ES, Slepchenkova IN, Tank J, Baevsky RM. Comparative assessment of the results of daytime and nighttime research on heart rate variability on board the International Space Station. 5th All-Russian Conference on Analyzing Heart Rate Variability, Izhevsk, Russia. 2011 October 26-28;
Fedorova IN, Funtova II, Chernikova AG, Bogomolov VV, Baevsky RM. Results and prospects of research experiment Sonocard aboard the International Space Station. 60th International Astronautical Congress, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 2009 October 12-16;
Fedorova IN, Chernikova AG. Study of the possibility of obtaining real-time data on ISS crewmember health status using data from the Sonocard experiment. 8th Scientific Conference of Young Scientists. Dubna, Russia. 2004 53-54.
Fedorova IN, Funtova II, Chernikova AG, Bogomolov VV, Baevsky RM. First results of the Sonocard experiment on board the ISS. 17th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Moscow, Russia. 2009
Slepchenkova IN, Luchitskaya ES. Use of the Sonocard and Pneumocard onboard complexes in a 105-Day experiment for the MARS-500 Project. 4th European Congress Medicine in Space and in Extreme Environments Achievements for Health Care on Earth, Berlin, Germany. 2010
Chernikova AG, Funtova II, Baevsky RM. Evaluation of the functional state of the International Space Station crewmembers on the basis of heart rate variability analysis. 60th International Astronautical Congress, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 2009 October 12-16;
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Diedrich A. Dissociation of peripheral and central cardiovascular adaptation during long term space flight. 60th International Astronautical Congress, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 2009 October 12-16;
Fedorova IN, Chernikova AG, Funtova II. Analysis of heart rate variability in ISS crewmembers during sleep. 11th All-Russian Scientific-Educational Forum Cardiology-2009, MEDI-Ekspo, Moscow, Russia. 2009
Chernikova AG, Funtova II, Baevsky RM. Evaluation of functional status of ISS crewmembers based on analysis of heart rate variability. 17th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Moscow, Russia. 2009
Luchitskaya ES, Chernikova AG, Funtova II, Baevsky RM. Analysis of heart rate variability in space medicine. Results of research on the International Space Station. 4th Russian National Congress on Clinical Electrocardiology, Velikiy Novgorod, Russia. 2010
Baevsky RM, Funtova II, Prilutsky DA, Strugov OM, Sedletskiy VS, Chernikova AG. System of non-contact, uninterrupted recording of heart rate, respiratory rate, and motor activity in cosmonauts for round-the-clock recording of signals. Federal Service for Intellectual Property. 2008 June 10; 73772
Funtova II, Luchitskaya ES, Slepchenkova IN, Chernikova AG, Baevsky RM. Noninvasive investigation of the body functional state during night sleep in microgravity. Cardiometry. 2014 November 14; (5): 50-65. DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2014.5.5065.
Studying the characteristics of the ISS as an environment for research (Sreda ISS) investigates microaccelerations on the ISS RS during dynamic operations. The necessary data are collected and analyzed, including calculations to determine the magnetic field of the ISS itself using a mathematical model of the Earth’s magnetic field. The modes of operation of ISS system and science equipment are determined that ensure that requirements on conducting scientific research on the ISS RS are met.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rastenia-Gorokh (Plants-Pea)) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
Publications
Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Derendiaeva TA, Signalova OB, Podolski IG, Gostimsky SA, Bingham GE. Growth, development and genetic status of pea plants cultivated in space greenhouse. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 39(6): 38-43. PMID: 16536032. Russian. | Impact Statement
Yurkevich OY, Samatadze TE, Levinskikh MA, Zoshchuk SA, Signalova OB, Surzhikov SA, Sychev VN, Amosova AV, Muravenko OV. Molecular cytogenetics of Pisum sativum L. grown under spaceflight-related stress. BioMed Research International. 2018 December 6; 201810 pp. DOI: 10.1155/2018/4549294. | Impact Statement
Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Gostimsky SA, Bingham GE, Podolski IG. Spaceflight effects on consecutive generations of peas grown onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2007 February; 60(4-7): 426-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.009. | Impact Statement
Gostimsky SA, Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Kokaeva ZG, Dribnokhodova OP, Khartina GA, Bingham GE. The Study of the Genetic Effects in Generation of Pea Plants Cultivated During the Whole Cycle of Ontogenesis on the Board of RS ISS. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2007 August; 43(8): 869-874. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795407080066.Russian. Also: Original Russian Text © S.A. Gostimsky, M.A. Levinskikh, V.N. Sychev, Z.G. Kokaeva, O.P. Dribnokhodova, G.A. Khartina, G. Bingham, 2007, published in Genetika, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 1050–1057. PMID: 17958304..
Shagimardanova EI, Gusev OA, Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Sharipova MR, Il'inskaya ON, Bingham GE, Sugimoto M. Expression of Stress Response Genes in Barley Hordeum Vulgare in a Spaceflight Environment. Molecular Biology. 2010 October 12; 44(5): 734-740. DOI: 10.1134/S0026893310050080.Also: Original Russian Text © E.I. Shagimardanova, O.A. Gusev, V.N. Sychev, M.A. Levinskikh, M.R. Sharipova, O.N. Il’inskaya, G. Bingham, M. Sugimoto, 2010, published in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 831–838..
Shagimardanova EI, Gusev OA, Bingham GE, Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Tiansu Z, Kihara M, Ito K, Sugimoto M. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Barley Grown Under Space Environment. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2010 74(7): 1479-1482. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100139.PMID: 20622437.
Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Derendiaeva TA, Signalova OB, Podolski IG, Avdeev S, Bingham GE. Growth and development of plants in a row of generations under the conditions of space flight (experiment Greenhouse-5). Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2001 35(4): 45-49. PMID: 11668959. Russian.
Berkovich YA, Krivobok NM, Siniak IE, Smolianshchina SO, Grigorev II, Romanov S, Guzenberg AS. [The problem of developing a lettuce greenhouse for the International space station and future interplanetary missions]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2002 36(5): 8-12. PMID: 12572116. Russian.
Podolski IG, Strugov OM, Bingham GE. [Performance characteristics of root zone moisture and water potential sensors for greenhouses in the conditions of extended space flight]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2014 48(5): 39-45. PMID: 26035998. Russian.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
Publications
Baranova EN, Levinskikh MA, Gulevich AA. Wheat Space Odyssey: “From Seed to Seed”. Kernel Morphology. Life. 2019 October 25; 9(4): 81. DOI: 10.3390/life9040081.PMID: 31717710. | Impact Statement
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
Publications
Shagimardanova EI, Gusev OA, Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Sharipova MR, Ilyinskaya ON, Binham G, Sugimoto M. [Stress response genes expression analysis of barley Hordeum vulgare under space flight environment]. Molekuliarnaia Biologiia. 2010 Sep-Oct; 44(5): 831-838. PMID: 21090239. In Russian. | Impact Statement
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
The goal of the Studying the Features of the Growth and Development of Plants, and Technology for their Culturing in Spaceflight on the ISS RS (Rasteniya) experiment is to do research in space in order to solve fundamental problems in biology and to optimize modes of culturing plants for future greenhouses to be part of future crew member life support systems. Main scientific tasks of the experiment include studying the impact of spaceflight factors on the growth and development of plants, and impacts on the phenology of plant development and the genetic consequences of the long-term cultivation of plants in microgravity. Understanding the effects of gravity on plant life is essential in preparation for future interplanetary exploration. The ability to produce high energy, low mass food sources during space flight will enable the maintenance of crew health during long duration missions while having a reduced impact on resources necessary for long distance travel.
Studying the Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer of Monodisperse Droplet Streams in Microgravity (Kaplya 2 (First Stage)) focused on confirming the operation of droplet generators in microgravity and vacuum. It also was to determine the main parameters of monodisperse droplet streams. It was to confirm the continuous operation of a closed hydraulic circuit.
Publications
Koroteev AA, Nagel YA, Filatov NI. Experimental elaboration of liquid droplet cooler-radiator models under microgravity and deep vacuum conditions. Thermal Engineering. 2015 December 9; 62(13): 965-970. DOI: 10.1134/S0040601515130066.Original Russian Text © A.A. Koroteev, Yu.A. Nagel, N.I. Filatov, 2015, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Energetika..
Konyukhov GV, Bukharov AV, Konyukhov VG. On the problem of rejection of low-potential heat from high-power space systems. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics. 2020 February 27; 9316-27. DOI: 10.1007/s10891-020-02086-8.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 18–29, January–February, 2020. Original article submitted June 25, 2018.. | Impact Statement
The Studying the Impact of Microgravity on the Solubility of Calcium Phosphates in Water (Caltsy) investigation determines the of solubility of calcium phosphates and human bone tissue samples in water in microgravity to reveal the possible causes of calcium homeostasis destruction and demineralization in human bone tissue.
The Studying the Impact of Spaceflight Factors on Enzyme Activity (Konstanta) investigation identifies the existence and nature of the impact of spaceflight factors on the activity of a model enzyme preparation relative to a given substrate. An increase in enzyme activity in orbital flight can impact the condition and function of the human body. Enzyme studies could clarify the impact of spaceflight on organs and tissues of the human body living long-term aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Studying the Impact of Streams of Heavy Charged Particles from Space Radiation on the Genetic Properties of Cells in Producers of Biologically Active Substances (Biotrek) studies the long-duration effect of space radiation factors on cultures of recombinant strains of bacteria and fungi which produce biologically active substances in spaceflight, as well as their growth characteristics and plasmid segregation stability. Also, the investigation tests a technique for selecting highly productive strains from the cultures exposed in spaceflight, records and analyzes heavy nuclear tracks and total radiation dose.
Studying the Impact of Streams of Heavy Charged Particles from Space Radiation on the Genetic Properties of Cells in Producers of Biologically Active Substances (Biotrek) studies the long-duration effect of space radiation factors on cultures of recombinant strains of bacteria and fungi which produce biologically active substances in spaceflight, as well as their growth characteristics and plasmid segregation stability. Also, the investigation tests a technique for selecting highly productive strains from the cultures exposed in spaceflight, records and analyzes heavy nuclear tracks and total radiation dose.
The Studying the Impact of Various Spaceflight Factors on the Process of Regeneration in Biological Objects in Terms of Morphological and Electro-Physiological Indicators (Regeneratsiya-1) investigation uses the fresh water planarian as a model organism to study the affects of microgravity on regeneration. Understanding the importance of the force of gravity in different life processes in terrestrial organisms is a paradigm of space biology
The Studying the Impact of Various Spaceflight Factors on the Process of Regeneration in Biological Objects in Terms of Morphological and Electro-Physiological Indicators (Regeneratsiya-1) investigation uses the fresh water planarian as a model organism to study the affects of microgravity on regeneration. Understanding the importance of the force of gravity in different life processes in terrestrial organisms is a paradigm of space biology
The Studying the Impact of Various Spaceflight Factors on the Process of Regeneration in Biological Objects in Terms of Morphological and Electro-Physiological Indicators (Regeneratsiya-1) investigation uses the fresh water planarian as a model organism to study the affects of microgravity on regeneration. Understanding the importance of the force of gravity in different life processes in terrestrial organisms is a paradigm of space biology
The Studying the Impact of Various Spaceflight Factors on the Process of Regeneration in Biological Objects in Terms of Morphological and Electro-Physiological Indicators (Regeneratsiya-1) investigation uses the fresh water planarian as a model organism to study the affects of microgravity on regeneration. Understanding the importance of the force of gravity in different life processes in terrestrial organisms is a paradigm of space biology
The Studying the Processes of Culturing Various Types of Cells (Kaskad) investigation studies the processes of culturing cells of microorganisms, animals, and humans in microgravity to obtain concentrated biomass with a high concentration of cells producing a high output of target biologically active substances. The impact of flight factors on the properties of fungal culture cells and products of their biosynthesis was studied in order to achieve the maximum possible output of biomass and target biosynthesis products, i.e. biologically active substances. Work was performed on the fungal culture Mycelium radicis, a producer of the biostimulator substance of plant growth.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-Determination of the Absorbed Dose of Radiation (Matroyshka-R Determination of the Absorbed Dose of Radiation) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Publications
Dobynde MI, Effenberger F, Kartashov DA, Shprits YY, Shurshakov VA. Ray-tracing simulation of the radiation dose distribution on the surface of the spherical phantom of the MATROSHKA-R experiment onboard the ISS. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2019 May 1; 2165-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.04.001. | Impact Statement
Semkova J, Koleva R, Shurshakov VA, Benghin VV, Maltchev S, Kanchev N, Petrov VM, Yarmanova EN, Chernykh IV. Status and calibration results of Liulin-5 charged particle telescope designed for radiation measurements in a human phantom onboard the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2007 401586-1592. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.008.
Sihver L, Ploc O, Puchalska M, Ambrozova I, Kubancak J, Kyselova D, Shurshakov VA. Radiation environment at aviation altitudes and in space. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2015 164(4): 477-483. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv330.PMID: 25979747. ISS Summary of Results for all Matroshka-R investigations..
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-Anthropomorphous Phantom (Matryoshka-R Anthropomorphous Phantom) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-BUBBLE (Matryeshka-R BUBBLE) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Publications
Ambrozova I, Brabcova KP, Kubancak J, Slegl J, Tolochek RV, Ivanova OA, Shurshakov VA. Cosmic radiation monitoring at low-Earth orbit by means of thermoluminescence and plastic nuclear track detectors. Radiation Measurements. 2017 December 15; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2016.12.004.
Smith MB, Akatov YA, Andrews HR, Arkhangelsky VV, Chernykh IV, Ing H, Khoshooniy N, Lewis BJ, Machrafi R, Nikolaev IV, Romanenko RY, Shurshakov VA, Thirsk RB, Tomi L. Measurments of the Neutron Dose and Energy Spectrum on the International Space Station During Expeditions ISS-16 to ISS-21. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2013 153(4): 509-533. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs129.PMID: 22826353. | Impact Statement
Ambrozova I, Brabcova KP, Spurny F, Shurshakov VA, Kartsev IS, Tolochek RV. Monitoring on board spacecraft by means of passive detectors. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2011 144(1-4): 605-610. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq305.PMID: 20959332.
Lewis BJ, Smith MB, Ing H, Andrews HR, Machrafi R, Tomi L, Matthews TJ, Veloce L, Shurshakov VA, Chernykh IV, Khoshooniy N. Review of Bubble Detector Response Characteristics and Results from Space. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2012 June; 150(1): 1-21. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr358.PMID: 21890528. | Impact Statement
Koliskova (Mrazova) Z, Sihver L, Ambrozova I, Saito T, Spurny F, Shurshakov VA. Simulations of Absorbed Dose on the Phantom Surface of MATROSHKA-R Experiment at the ISS. Advances in Space Research. 2012 January 15; 49(2): 230-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.09.018.
Hallil A, Brown M, Akatov YA, Arkhangelsky VV, Chernykh IV, Mitrikas VG, Petrov VP, Shurshakov VA, Tomi L, Kartsev IS, Lyagushin VI. MOSFET dosimetry mission inside the ISS as part of the Matroshka-R experiment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2010 November 22; 138(4): 295-309. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp265.PMID: 19933696. | Impact Statement
Semkova J, Koleva R, Maltchev S, Bankov NG, Benghin VV, Chernykh IV, Shurshakov VA, Petrov VP, Drobyshev SG, Nikolaev IV. Depth Dose Measurements with the Liulin-5 Experiment Inside the Spherical Phantom of the MATROSHKA-R Project Onboard the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2012 February; 49(3): 471-478. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.10.005.
Semkova J, Koleva R, Maltchev S, Kanchev N, Benghin VV, Chernykh IV, Shurshakov VA, Petrov VP, Yarmanova EN, Bankov NG, Lyagushin VI, Goranova M. Radiation Measurements Inside a Human Phantom Aboard the International Space Station Using Liulin-5 Charged Particle Telescope. Advances in Space Research. 2010 April 1; 45(7): 858-865. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.08.027.
Machrafi R, Garrow K, Ing H, Smith MB, Andrews HR, Akatov YA, Arkhangelsky VV, Chernykh IV, Mitrikas VG, Petrov VP, Shurshakov VA, Tomi L, Kartsev IS, Lyagushin VI. Neutron Dose Study with Bubble Detectors Aboard the International Space Station as Part of the Matroshka-R Experiment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2009 February 1; 133(4): 200-207. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp039. | Impact Statement
Kireeva SA, Benghin VV, Kolomensky AV, Petrov VP. Phantom--dosimeter for Estimating Effective Dose Onboard International Space Station. Acta Astronautica. 2007 Feb-Apr; 60(4-7): 547-553. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.019.
Semkova J, Koleva R, Todorova G, Kanchev N, Petrov VP, Shurshakov VA, Benghin VV, Chernykh IV, Akatov YA, Redko V. Investigation of Dose and Flux Dynamics in the Liulin-5 Dosimeter of the Tissue-equivalent Phantom Onboard the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2003 31(5): 1383-1388. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00952-3.
Semkova J, Koleva R, Maltchev S, Benghin VV, Chernykh IV, Shurshakov VA, Petrov VP, Yarmanova EN, Bankov NG, Lyagushin VI, Roslyakov Y. Cosmic Radiation Dose Rate, Flux, LET Spectrum and Quality Factor Obtained with Liulin-5 Experiment Aboard the International Space Station. Fundamental Space Research, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria. 2008
Kartsev IS, Tolochek RV, Shurshakov VA, Akatov YA. Calculation of Radiation Doses in Cosmonaut's Body in Long-Term Flight Onboard the ISS Using the Data Obtained in Spherical Phantom. Fundamental Space Research, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria. 2009 80-83.
Jadrnickova I, Brabcova KP, Koliskova (Mrazova) Z, Spurny F, Shurshakov VA, Kartsev IS, Tolochek RV. Dose Characteristics and LET Spectra on and Inside the Spherical Phantom Onboard of ISS. Radiation Measurements. 2010 December; 45(10): 1536-1540. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.07.002.
Jadrnickova I, Tateyama R, Yasuda N, Kawashima H, Kurano M, Uchihori Y, Kitamura H, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA, Kobayashi I, Ohguchi H, Koguchi Y, Spurny F. Variation of Absorbed Doses Onboard of ISS Russian Service Module as Measured with Passive Detectors. Radiation Measurements. 2009 October; 44(9-10): 901-904. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.10.075.
Semkova J, Koleva R, Bankov NG, Malchev S, Petrov VM, Shurshakov VA, Chernykh IV, Benghin VV, Drobyshev SG, Yarmanova EN, Nikolaev IV. Study of radiation conditions onboard the International space station by means of the Liulin-5 dosimeter. Cosmic Research. 2013 April 6; 51(2): 124-132. DOI: 10.1134/S0010952512060068.
Semkova J, Koleva R, Todorova G, Kanchev N, Petrov VP, Shurshakov VA, Tchhernykh I, Kireeva SA. Instrumentation for investigation of the depth-dose distribution by the Liulin-5 instrument of a human phantom on the Russian segment of ISS for estimation of the radiation risk during long term space flights. Advances in Space Research. 2004 34(6): 1297-1301. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.10.047.
Kartashov DA, Petrov VM, Kolomensky AV, Akatov YA, Shurshakov VA. Space radiation doses in the anthropomorphous phantom in space experiment 'Matryeshka-R' and spacesuit 'Orlan-M' during extravehicular activity. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2010 44(2): 3-8. PMID: 20799652. Russian.
Kartsev IS, Shurshakov VA, Tolochek RV, Akatov IA. Dose distribution in the depth of the tissue-equivalent ball phantom modeling location of human body critical organs inside the compartments of the International space station. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2009 Sept - Oct; 43(5): 42-47. PMID: 20120916. Russian.
Chernykh IV, Liagushin VI, Akatov IA, Arkhangelsky VV, Petrov VM, Shurshakov VA, Mashrafi R, Garrow H, Ing M, Smith MB, Tomi L. Results of measuring neutron dose inside the Russian segment of the International Space Station using bubble detectors in experiment Matreshka-R. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2010 May - June; 44(3): 12-17. PMID: 21033392. Russian.
Smith MB, Khulapko S, Andrews HR, Arkhangelsky VV, Ing H, Lewis BJ, Machrafi R, Nikolaev IV, Shurshakov VA. Bubble-detector measurements in the Russian segment of the International Space Station during 2009-12. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2015 163(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu053. | Impact Statement
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station- Investigations of Radiation Fields in Space (Matroyshka-R Investigations of Radiation Fields in Space) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-LYULIN-5 (Matroyshka-R LYULIN-5) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Publications
Goranova M, Semkova J, Shishedjiev B, Genova S. SOA-based intensive support system for space radiation data. Comptes rendus de l'Académie bulgare des Sciences (Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences). 2013 66(1): 83-92. DOI: 10.7546/CR-2013-66-1-13101331-11. | Impact Statement
Semkova J, Dachev TP, Koleva R, Bankov NG, Maltchev S, Benghin VV, Shurshakov VA, Petrov VM. Observation of radiation environment in the International Space Station in 2012–March 2013 by Liulin-5 particle telescope. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2014 January; 4A32. DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2014029.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-MOSFET (Matroyshka-R MOSFET) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-Shield Protection (Matroyshka-R Shield Protection) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-Solar radiation (Matroyshka-R Solar radiation) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-SPD (Matryoshka-R SPD) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Publications
Kartashov DA, Tolochek RV, Shurshakov VA, Yarmanova EN. [Calculation of radiation loads in a space station compartment with a secondary shielding]. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2013 Nov-De; 47(6): 61-66. PMID: 24660246. Russian.
Studying the Variations of the Radiation Environment Along the Flight Path and in Compartments of the International Space Station and Time History of Dose Accumulation in a Spherical and Torso Phantoms Located Inside and Outside the Station-Spherical Phantom (Matryoshka-R Spherical Phantom) studies the field of charged particles and neutrons in a wide energy band inside the Russian segment (RS) of the ISS and on its external surface, including studying the dose accumulation in representative points of a spherical and Torso phantoms in order to determine the main characteristics of the radiation exposure of crews on manned spacecraft and to perfect methods of space dosimetry.
Bone density scans were taken preflight, soon after landing, and again one-year postflight to understand the effects of microgravity on bone loss due to long-duration space flight. This was a long-term study to understand the distribution of bone loss resulting from long-duration space flight, the recovery of bone mass postflight in the year after landing, and the extent to which these changes compare to the spread of bone mineral density measures in healthy Earth bound men and women.
Publications
Lang TF, Augat P, Lane NE, Genant HK. Trochanteric hip fracture: strong association with spinal trabecular bone mineral density measured with quantitative computed tomography. Radiology. 1998 209525-530.
Keyak JH, Koyama AK, LeBlanc AD, Lu Y, Lang TF. Reduction in proximal femoral strength due to long-duration spaceflight. Bone. 2009 March; 44(3): 449-453. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.11.014.PMID: 19100348.
Lang TF, LeBlanc AD, Evans HJ, Lu Y. Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Skeletal Reloading After Long-Duration Spaceflight. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006 May 29; 21(8): 1224-1230. DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.060509.
Sibonga JD, Evans HJ, Spector ER, Maddocks MJ, Smith SA, Shackelford LC, LeBlanc AD. Bone Health During and After Space Flight. Bone Loss During Spaceflight: Etiology, Countermeasures, and Implications for Bone Health on Earth. 2007 45-51. Cavanagh P, Rice AJ (eds).
Lang TF, LeBlanc AD, Keyak JH. Defining and Assessing Bone Health During and After Spaceflight. Bone Loss During Spaceflight: Etiology, Countermeasures, and Implications for Bone Health on Earth. 2007 63 -69. Cavanagh P, Rice AJ (eds).
Sibonga JD, Evans HJ, Sung H, Spector ER, Lang TF, Oganov VS, Bakulin AV, Shackelford LC, LeBlanc AD. Recovery of spaceflight-induced bone loss: Bone mineral density after long-duration mission as fitted with an exponential function. Bone. 2007 December; 41(6): 973-978. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.022.
Lang TF, Li J, Harris SA, Genant HK. Assessment of vertebral bone mineral density using volumetric quantitative computed tomography. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1999 23130-137.
Taaffe DR, Cauley JA, Danielson M, Nevitt MC, Lang TF, Bauer DC, Harris TB. Race and sex effects on the association between muscle strength, soft tissue, and bone mineral density in healthy elders: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 16(7): 1343-1352.
Lang TF, Guglielmi G, Van Kuijk C, De Serio A, Cammisa M, Genant HK. Measurement of bone mineral density at the spine and proximal femur by volumetric quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in elderly women with and without vertebral fractures. Bone. 2002 30247-250.
Gowin W, Saparin P, Kurths J, Felsenberg D. Bone architecture assessment with measures of complexity. Acta Astronautica. 2001 49(3-10): 171-178.
Ruimerman R, Van Rietbergen B, Hilbers P, Huiskes R. A 3-dimensional computer model to simulate trabecular bone metabolism. Biorheology. 2003 40(1-3): 315-320.
Li W, Kornak J, Harris TB, Keyak JH, Li CF, Lu Y, Cheng X, Lang TF. Identify fracture-critical regions inside the proximal femur using statistical parametic mapping. Bone. 2009 44596-602.
Lang TF, LeBlanc AD, Evans HJ, Lu Y, Genant HK, Yu A. Cortical and Trabecular Bone Mineral Loss from the Spine and Hip in Long-duration Spaceflight. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2004 19(6): 1006-1012. DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.040307. | Impact Statement
Cavanagh PR, Licata AA, Rice AJ. Exercise and Pharmocological Countermeasures for Bone Loss During Long-Duration Space Flight. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2005 18(2): 39-58. PMID: 16038092.
Li W, Kezele I, Collins DL, Zijdenbos A, Keyak JH, Kornak J, Koyama A, Saeed I, LeBlanc AD, Harris TB, Lu Y, Lang TF. Voxel-based modeling and quantification of the proximal femur using inter-subject registration of quantitative CT images. Bone. 2007 November; 41(5): 888-895. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.006.
Zhao Q, Li W, Li CF, Chu PW, Kornak J, Lang TF, Fang J, Lu Y. A statistical method (cross-validation) for bone loss region detection after spaceflight. Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine. 2010 July 15; 33(2): 163-169. DOI: 10.1007/s13246-010-0024-6.
Carpenter RD, LeBlanc AD, Evans HJ, Sibonga JD, Lang TF. Long-term changes in the density and structure of the human hip and spine after long-duration spaceflight. Acta Astronautica. 2010 Jul-Aug; 67(1-2): 71-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.01.022.
Sibonga JD, Cavanagh PR, Lang TF, LeBlanc AD, Schneider VS, Shackelford LC, Smith SM, Vico L. Adaptation of the Skeletal System During Long-Duration Spaceflight. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 2007 Dec; 5(4): 249-261. DOI: 10.1007/s12018-008-9012-8.
Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus - SOLar Auto-Calibrating EUV/UV Spectrophotometers (Solar-SOLACES) measures the extreme-ultraviolet/ultraviolet (EUV/UV) solar spectrum (17 nm to 220 nm) with moderate spectral resolution from the sun.
Publications
Schmidtke G, Brunner R, Eberhard D, Halford B, Klocke U, Knothe M, Konz W, Riedel WJ, Wolf H. SOL–ACES: Auto-calibrating EUV/UV spectrometers for measurements onboard the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2006 January; 37(2): 273-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.112.
Thuillier G, Bolsee D, Schmidtke G, Foujols T, Nikutowski B, Shapiro AI, Brunner R, Weber M, Erhardt C, Herse M, Gillotay D, Peetermans W, Decuyper W, Pereira N, Haberreiter M, Mandel H, Schmutz W. The solar irradiance spectrum at solar activity minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24. Solar Physics. 2013 December 28; epubDOI: 10.1007/s11207-013-0461-y.
Haberreiter M. Solar EUV spectrum calculated for quiet sun conditions. Solar Physics. 2011 December 1; 274(1-2): 473-479. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-011-9767-9.
Thuillier G, Froehlich C, Schmidtke G. Spectral and total solar irradiance measurements on board the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1999 February 1; 433605.
Thuillier G, Schmidtke G, Erhardt C, Nikutowski B, Shapiro AI, Bolduc C, Lean J, Krivova NA, Charbonneau P, Cessateur G, Haberreiter M, Melo SM, Delouille V, Mampaey B, Yeo KL, Schmutz W. Solar spectral irradiance variability in November/December 2012: Comparison of observations by instruments on the International Space Station and models. Solar Physics. 2014 December 1; 289(12): 4433-4452. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-014-0588-5.
Schmidtke G, Jacobi C, Nikutowski B, Erhardt C. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) solar spectral irradiance (SSI) for ionospheric application - history and contemporary state-of-art. Advances in Radio Science. 2014 November 11; 12251-260. DOI: 10.5194/ars-12-251-2014.
Schmidtke G, Nikutowski B, Jacobi C, Brunner R, Erhardt C, Knecht S, Scherle J, Schlagenhauf J. Solar EUV irradiance measurements by the auto-calibrating EUV spectrometers (SolACES) aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Solar Physics. 2014 May 1; 289(5): 1863-1883. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-013-0430-5. | Impact Statement
Schmidtke G, Froehlich C, Thuillier G. ISS-SOLAR: Total (TSI) and spectral (SI) irradiance measurements. Advances in Space Research. 2006 January; 37(2): 255-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.009.
Nikutowski B, Brunner R, Erhardt C, Knecht S, Schmidtke G. Distinct EUV minimum of the solar irradiance (16-40 nm) observed by SolACES spectrometers onboard the International Space Station (ISS) in August/September 2009. Advances in Space Research. 2011 48(5): 899-903. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.05.002.
Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus-SOlar Variable and Irradiance Monitor (Solar-SOVIM) measures solar spectral irradiance from the sun via filter-radiometers in the near-UV (402 nanometers), visible (500 nanometers) and near-IR (862 nanometers) regions, together with the total solar irradiance, using two types of radiometers covering the range from 200 nanometers to 100 micrometers.
Publications
Mekaoui S, Dewitte S, Conscience C, Chevalier A. Total solar irradiance absolute level from DIARAD/SOVIM on the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research. 2010 June; 45(11): 1393-1406. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.02.014.
Thuillier G, Froehlich C, Schmidtke G. Spectral and total solar irradiance measurements on board the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1999 February 1; 433605.
Schmidtke G, Froehlich C, Thuillier G. ISS-SOLAR: Total (TSI) and spectral (SI) irradiance measurements. Advances in Space Research. 2006 January; 37(2): 255-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.009.
The instruments on the Solar facility are gathering data outside of Earth’s atmosphere which is increasing our knowledge of solar radiation and how this varies. This is important both to Earth-based and space-borne systems as well as to advanced studies on climate. For example the data can be used within computer simulations to anticipate the influence of solar radiation on our environment.
Publications
Thuillier G, Foujols T, Bolsee D, Gillotay D, Herse M, Peetermans W, Decuyper W, Mandel H, Sperfeld P, Pape S, Taubert DR, Hartmann J. SOLAR/SOLSPEC: Scientific objectives, instrument performance and its absolute calibration using a blackbody as primary standard source. Solar Physics. 2009 June; 257(1): 185-213. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-009-9361-6.
Thuillier G, DeLand M, Shapiro AI, Schmutz W, Bolsee D, Melo SM. The solar spectral irradiance as a function of the Mg ii index for atmosphere and climate modelling. Solar Physics. 2012 April; 277(2): 245-266. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-011-9912-5.
Thuillier G, Melo SM, Lean J, Krivova NA, Bolduc C, Fomichev VI, Charbonneau P, Shapiro AI, Schmutz W, Bolsee D. Analysis of different solar spectral irradiance reconstructions and their Impact on solar heating rates. Solar Physics. 2014 April; 289(4): 1115-1142. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-013-0381-x.
Thuillier G, Bolsee D, Schmidtke G, Foujols T, Nikutowski B, Shapiro AI, Brunner R, Weber M, Erhardt C, Herse M, Gillotay D, Peetermans W, Decuyper W, Pereira N, Haberreiter M, Mandel H, Schmutz W. The solar irradiance spectrum at solar activity minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24. Solar Physics. 2013 December 28; epubDOI: 10.1007/s11207-013-0461-y.
Thuillier G, Froehlich C, Schmidtke G. Spectral and total solar irradiance measurements on board the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Utilisation of the International Space Station, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 1999 February 1; 433605.
Thuillier G, Schmidtke G, Erhardt C, Nikutowski B, Shapiro AI, Bolduc C, Lean J, Krivova NA, Charbonneau P, Cessateur G, Haberreiter M, Melo SM, Delouille V, Mampaey B, Yeo KL, Schmutz W. Solar spectral irradiance variability in November/December 2012: Comparison of observations by instruments on the International Space Station and models. Solar Physics. 2014 December 1; 289(12): 4433-4452. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-014-0588-5.
Meftah M, Bolsee D, Dame L, Hauchecorne A, Pereira N, Irbah A, Bekki S, Cessateur G, Foujols T, Thieblemont R. Solar irradiance from 165 to 400 nm in 2008 and UV variations in three spectral bands during solar cycle 24. Solar Physics. 2016 December 1; 291(12): 3527-3547. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-016-0997-8. | Impact Statement
Bolsee D, Pereira N, Gillotay D, Pandey P, Cessateur G, Foujols T, Bekki S, Hauchecorne A, Meftah M, Dame L, Herse M, Michel A, Jacobs C, Sela A. SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS: In-flight performance for SSI measurements in the UV. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2017 April 1; 600A21. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628234. | Impact Statement
Unglaub C, Jacobi C, Schmidtke G, Nikutowski B, Brunner R. EUV-TEC proxy to describe ionospheric variability using satellite-borne solar EUV measurements: First results. Advances in Space Research. 2011 May 3; 47(9): 1578-1584. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.12.014. | Impact Statement
Thuillier G, Perrin J, Keckhut P, Huppert F. Local enhanced solar irradiance on the ground generated by cirrus: measurements and interpretation. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 2013 7(1): 073543-073543. DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.7.073543. | Impact Statement
Meftah M, Dame L, Bolsee D, Hauchecorne A, Pereira N, Sluse D, Cessateur G, Irbah A, Bureau J, Weber M, Bramstedt K, Hilbig T, Thieblemont R, Marchand M, Lefevre F, Sarkissian A, Bekki S. SOLAR-ISS: A new reference spectrum based on SOLAR/SOLSPEC observations. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2017 Octover 26; epub13 pp. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731316. | Impact Statement
Schmidtke G, Froehlich C, Thuillier G. ISS-SOLAR: Total (TSI) and spectral (SI) irradiance measurements. Advances in Space Research. 2006 January; 37(2): 255-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.009.
Wienhold FG, Anders J, Galuska B, Klocke U, Knothe M, Riedel WJ, Schmidtke G, Singler R, Ulmer U, Wolf H. The solar package on ISS: SOL-ACES. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science. 2020 January 1; 25(5): 473-476. DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1917(00)00060-X. | Impact Statement
The Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) investigation aims to globally map stratospheric trace gases by means of the most sensitive submillimeter receiver. Although SMILES stopped atmospheric observation due to instrumental failures in April 2010, highly sensitive data obtained for a half year provides accurate global datasets of atmospheric minor constituents related to ozone chemistry. SMILES continues operations for instrumental calibration and cooling of a mechanical cooler, as well as a brush-up of retrieval algorithms for atmospheric constituents.
Publications
Pawson S, Steinbrecht W, Charlton-Perez AJ, Fujiwara M, Karpechko AY, Petropavlovskikh I, Urban J, Weber M. Update on Global Ozone: Past, Present, and Future. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014. 2014 5570 pp. | Impact Statement
Masuko H, Manabe T, Seta M, Kasai Y, Ochiai S, Irimajiri Y, Inatani J, Ikeda N, Nishibori T, Ozeki H, Sato R, Fujii Y, Nakajima T, Watanabe H, Kikuchi K, Koyama M. Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb Emission Sounder (SMILES) onboard Japanese Experimental Module (JEM) of International Space Station (ISS). 2000 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI. 2000 171-73. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2000.860425. | Impact Statement
Eriksson P, Rydberg B, Sagawa H, Johnston MS, Kasai Y. Overview and sample applications of SMILES and Odin-SMR retrievals of upper tropospheric humidity and cloud ice mass. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2014 December 1; 14(23): 12613-12629. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-12613-2014. | Impact Statement
Kuribayashi K, Sagawa H, Lehmann R, Sato TO, Kasai Y. Direct estimation of the rate constant of the reaction ClO + HO2 → HOCl + O2 from SMILES atmospheric observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2014 January 9; 14(1): 255-266. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-255-2014. | Impact Statement
Sato TO, Sagawa H, Yoshida N, Kasai Y. Vertical profile of δ18OOO from the middle stratosphere to lower mesosphere from SMILES spectra. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2014 April 10; 7(4): 941-958. DOI: 10.5194/amt-7-941-2014. | Impact Statement
Sagi K, Murtagh DP, Urban J, Sagawa H, Kasai Y. The use of SMILES data to study ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2009/2010 and comparison with Odin/SMR data using assimilation techniques. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2014 December 8; 14(13): 12855-12869. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-12855-2014. | Impact Statement
Jiang JH, Su H, Zhai C, Shen TJ, Wu T, Zhang J, Cole JN, von Salzen K, Donner LJ, Seman C, Del Genio A, Nazarenko LS, Dufresne J, Watanabe M, Morcrette C, Koshiro T, Kawai H, Gettelman A, Millan L, Read WG, Livesey NJ, Kasai Y, Shiotani M. Evaluating the Diurnal Cycle of Upper-Tropospheric Ice Clouds in Climate Models Using SMILES Observations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 2015 March; 72(3): 1022-1044. DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0124.1. | Impact Statement
Suzuki M, Mitsuda C, Takahashi C, Iwata T, Manago N, Sano T, Kikuchi K, Ochiai S, Imai K, Nishimoto E, Naito Y, Hayashi H, Shiotani M. Early Results From 4K-Cooled Superconducting Submm Wave Limb Emission Sounder SMILES Onboard ISS/JEM. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2010 38104-109. Also: SANO, Takuki, and Masato SHIOTANI, ‘Early Results from 4K-Cooled Superconducting Sub-millimeter Wave Limb-Emission Sounder onboard ISS/JEM’, JASMA: Journal of the Japan Society of Microgravity Application, 28 (2011), 47–51. | Impact Statement
Tsunematsu S, Narasaki K, Okabayashi A, Otsuka K, Nishibori T, Kikuchi K. Cryogenic System for Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder. TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan). 2014 49(6): 301-306. DOI: 10.2221/jcsj.49.301.Japanese.
Sakazaki T, Shiotani M, Suzuki M, Kinnison DE, Zawodny JM, McHugh M, Walker KA. Sunset–sunrise difference in solar occultation ozone measurements (SAGE II, HALOE, and ACE–FTS) and its relationship to tidal vertical winds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015 January 23; 15(4): 829-843. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-829-2015.Also: Sakazaki, T., M. Shiotani, M. Suzuki, D. Kinnison, J. M. Zawodny, M. McHugh, and others, ‘Sunset–sunrise Difference in Solar Occultation Ozone Measurements (SAGE II, HALOE, and ACE–FTS) and Its Relationship to Tidal Vertical Winds’, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 14 (2014), 16043–83 http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-16043-2014. | Impact Statement
Sugita T, Kasai Y, Terao Y, Hayashida S, Manney GL, Daffer WH, Sagawa H, Suzuki M, Shiotani M, Walker KA, Boone CD, Bernath PF. HCl and ClO profiles inside the Antarctic vortex as observed by SMILES in November 2009: comparisons with MLS and ACE-FTS instruments. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2013 November 18; 6(11): 3099-3113. DOI: 10.5194/amt-6-3099-2013. | Impact Statement
Imai K, Fujiwara M, Inai Y, Manago N, Suzuki M, Sano T, Mitsuda C, Naito Y, Hasebe F, Koide T, Shiotani M. Comparison of ozone profiles between Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder and worldwide ozonesonde measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2013 November 27; 118(22): 12,755-12,765. DOI: 10.1002/2013JD021094. | Impact Statement
Khosravi M, Baron P, Urban J, Froidevaux L, Jonsson AI, Kasai Y, Kuribayashi K, Mitsuda C, Murtagh DP, Sagawa H, Santee ML, Sato TO, Shiotani M, Suzuki M, von Clarmann T, Walker KA, Wang S. Diurnal variation of stratospheric and lower mesospheric HOCl, ClO and HO<sub>2</sub> at the equator: comparison of 1-D model calculations with measurements by satellite instruments. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2013 August 6; 13(15): 7587-7606. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-7587-2013. | Impact Statement
Imai K, Manago N, Mitsuda C, Naito Y, Nishimoto E, Sakazaki T, Fujiwara M, Froidevaux L, von Clarmann T, Stiller GP, Murtagh DP, Rong P, Mlynczak MG, Walker KA, Kinnison DE, Akiyoshi H, Nakamura T, Miyasaka T, Nishibori T, Mizobuchi S, Kikuchi K, Ozeki H, Takahashi C, Hayashi H, Sano T, Suzuki M, Takayanagi M, Shiotani M. Validation of ozone data from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2013 June 16; 118(11): 5750-5769. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50434. | Impact Statement
Sakazaki T, Fujiwara M, Mitsuda C, Imai K, Manago N, Naito Y, Nakamura T, Akiyoshi H, Kinnison DE, Sano T, Suzuki M, Shiotani M. Diurnal ozone variations in the stratosphere revealed in observations from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) on board the International Space Station (ISS). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2013 April 16; 118(7): 2991-3006. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50220. | Impact Statement
Millan L, Read WG, Kasai Y, Lambert A, Livesey NJ, Mendrok J, Sagawa H, Sano T, Shiotani M, Wu DL. SMILES ice cloud products. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2013 June 27; 118(12): 6468-6477. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50322. | Impact Statement
Takahashi C, Ochiai S, Suzuki M. Operational retrieval algorithms for JEM/SMILES level 2 data processing system. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2010 January; 111(1): 160-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.06.005. | Impact Statement
Hassler B, Petropavlovskikh I, Staehelin J, August T, Bhartia PK, Clerbaux C, Degenstein D, De Maziere M, Dinelli BM, Dudhia A, DuFour G, Frith SM, Froidevaux L, Godin-Beekmann S, Granville J, Harris NR, Hoppel K, Hubert D, Kasai Y, Kurylo MJ, Kyrola E, Lambert J, Levelt PF, McElroy CT, McPeters RD, Munro R, Nakajima H, Parrish A, Raspollini P, Remsberg EE, Rosenlof KH, Rozanov A, Sano T, Sasano Y, Shiotani M, Smit HG, Stiller GP, Tamminen J, Tarasick DW, Urban J, van der A RJ, Veefkind JP, Vigouroux C, von Clarmann T, von Savigny C, Walker KA, Weber M, Wild J, Zawodny JM. Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone - Part 1: Measurement techniques, uncertainties and availability. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2014 May 21; 7(5): 1395-1427. DOI: 10.5194/amt-7-1395-2014. | Impact Statement
Parrish A, Boyd IS, Nedoluha GE, Bhartia PK, Frith SM, Kramarova NA, Connor BJ, Bodeker GE, Froidevaux L, Shiotani M, Sakazaki T. Diurnal variations of stratospheric ozone measured by ground-based microwave remote sensing at the Mauna Loa NDACC site: measurement validation and GEOSCCM model comparison. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2014 July 16; 14(14): 7255-7272. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-7255-2014. | Impact Statement
Smith AK, Harvey VL, Mlynczak MG, Funke B, Garcia-Comas M, Hervig M, Kaufmann M, Kyrola E, Lopez-Puertas M, McDade I, Randall CE, Russell III JM, Sheese PE, Shiotani M, Skinner WR, Suzuki M, Walker KA. Satellite observations of ozone in the upper mesosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2013 June 16; 118(11): 5803-5821. DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50445. | Impact Statement
Stachnik RA, Millan L, Jarnot RF, Monroe R, McLinden C, Kuhl S, Pukite J, Shiotani M, Suzuki M, Kasai Y, Goutail F, Pommereau JP, Dorf M, Pfeilsticker K. Stratospheric BrO abundance measured by a balloon-borne submillimeterwave radiometer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2013 March 22; 13(6): 3307-3319. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-3307-2013. | Impact Statement
Shiotani M, Kikuchi K, Sano T. Mission Overview of the Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES). International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2011 28(1): 42-46. Japanese.
Manabe T, Nishibori T, Mizukoshi K, Otsubo F, Ochiai S, Ohmine H. Measurement of the offset-Cassegrain antenna of JEM/SMILES using a near-field phase-retrieval method in the 640-GHz band. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2012 August; 60(8): 3971-3976. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2012.2201080.
Kreyling D, Sagawa H, Wohltmann I, Lehmann R, Kasai Y. SMILES zonal and diurnal variation climatology of stratospheric and mesospheric trace gasses: O3, HCl, HNO3, ClO, BrO, HOCl, HO2, and temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2013 October; 11816 pp. DOI: 10.1002/2012JD019420. | Impact Statement
Mizobuchi S, Kikuchi K, Ochiai S, Nishibori T, Sano T, Tamaki K, Ozeki H. In-orbit measurement of the AOS (Acousto-Optical Spectrometer) response using frequency comb signals. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2012 June; 5(3): 977-983. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2196413. | Impact Statement
Suzuki M, Mitsuda C, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Ochiai S, Ozeki H, Sano T, Mizobuchi S, Takahashi C, Manago N, Imai K, Naito Y, Hayashi H, Nishimoto E, Shiotani M. Overview of the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) and sensitivity to chlorine monoxide, ClO. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. 2012 132(8): 609-615. DOI: 10.1541/ieejfms.132.609. | Impact Statement
Ochiai S, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Manabe T, Ozeki H, Mizukoshi K, Ohtsubo F, Tsubosaka K, Irimajiri Y, Sato R, Shiotani M. Performance of JEM/SMILES in orbit. 21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology, Oxford, UK. 2010 March 23-25; 179-184. | Impact Statement
Ochiai S, Irimajiri Y, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Sano T, Sato R, Manabe T, Ozeki H, Shiotani M. Performance verification and calibration of Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES). 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI. 2010 July 25-30; 4275-4277. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5654162. | Impact Statement
Suzuki M, Ochiai S, Mitsuda C, Imai K, Manabe T, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Manago N, Iwata Y, Sano T, Shiotani M. Verification of pointing and antenna pattern knowledge of Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES). 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC. 2011 July 24-29; 3688-3691. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050025. | Impact Statement
Ozeki H, Tamaki K, Mizobuchi S, Mitsuda C, Sano T, Suzuki M, Kikuchi K, Shiotani M. Response characteristics of radio spectrometers of the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (JEM/SMILES). 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC. 2011 July 24-29; 2262-2265. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049659. | Impact Statement
Baron P, Urban J, Sagawa H, Moller J, Murtagh DP, Mendrok J, Dupuy E, Sato TO, Ochiai S, Suzuki K, Manabe T, Nishibori T, Kikuchi K, Sato R, Takayanagi M, Murayama Y, Shiotani M, Kasai Y. The Level 2 research product algorithms for the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions. 2011 June 9; 4(3): 3593-3645. DOI: 10.5194/amtd-4-3593-2011. | Impact Statement
Sato TO, Mizoguchi A, Mendrok J, Kanamori H, Kasai Y. Measurement of the pressure broadening coefficient of the 625GHz transition of H2O2 in the sub-millimeter-wave region. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2010 April; 111(6): 821-825. DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.11.022. | Impact Statement
Takahashi C, Suzuki M, Mitsuda C, Ochiai S, Manago N, Hayashi H, Iwata Y, Imai K, Sano T, Takayanagi M, Shiotani M. Capability for ozone high-precision retrieval on JEM/SMILES observation. Advances in Space Research. 2011 September; 48(6): 1076-1085. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.04.038.
Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Ochiai S, Ozeki H, Irimajiri Y, Kasai Y, Koike M, Manabe T, Mizukoshi K, Murayama Y, Nagahama T, Sano T, Sato R, Seta M, Takahashi C, Takayanagi M, Masuko H, Inatani J, Suzuki M, Shiotani M. Overview and early results of the Superconducting Submilimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES). Journal of Geophysical Research. 2010 December 7; 115(D23306): 12 pp. DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014379.
Imai K, Imamura Y, Takahashi K, Akiyoshi H, Yamashita Y, Suzuki M, Ebisawa K, Shiotani M. SMILES observations of mesospheric ozone during the solar eclipse. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015 April 1; 42(9): 3576-3582. DOI: 10.1002/2015GL063323. | Impact Statement
Manago N, Baron P, Ochiai S, Ozeki H, Suzuki M. Upper-Stratosphere/Mesosphere Temperature, Wind Speed, H2O and O3 Measurements Using Sub-MM Limb Sounder. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Milan Italy. 2015 1449-1452. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326051.
Baron P, Manago N, Ozeki H, Irimajiri Y, Murtagh DP, Uzawa Y, Ochiai S, Shiotani M, Suzuki M. Measurement of stratospheric and mesospheric winds with a submillimeter wave limb sounder: results from JEM/SMILES and simulation study for SMILES-2. Proceedings of SPIE 9639, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIX. Toulouse, France. 2015 DOI: 10.1117/12.2194741.
Sato TO, Kuribayashi K, Yoshida N, Kasai Y. Diurnal variation of oxygen isotopic enrichment in asymmetric-18 ozone observed by the SMILES fromspace. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017 44(12): 6399-6406. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071924. | Impact Statement
Imai K, Suzuki M, Takahashi C. Evaluation of Voigt algorithms for the ISS/JEM/SMILES L2 data processing system. Advances in Space Research. 2010 November; 45669-675. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.005. | Impact Statement
Ozeki H, Mizobuchi S, Tamaki K, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Ochiai S, Shiotani M, Mitsuda C. On orbit performance of radio spectrometers of Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (JEM/SMILES). Proceedings of SPIE 8176, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XV, 2011 Prague, Czech Republic. 2011 03 October; 817611 pp.. DOI: 10.1117/12.898018. | Impact Statement
Ochiai S, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T, Mizobuchi S, Manabe T, Mitsuda C, Baron P. Gain Nonlinearity Calibration of the SMILES Receiver. 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, BC. 2011 1021-1024.
Kasai Y, Baron P, Ochiai S, Mendrok J, Urban J, Murtagh DP, Moller J, Manabe T, Kikuchi K, Nishibori T. JEM/SMILES Observation Capability. 2009 SPIE: Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII, Berlin, Germany. 2009 22 September; 74746 pp..
Fujinawa T, Sato TO, Yamada T, Nara S, Uchiyama Y, Takahashi K, Yoshida N, Kasai Y. Validation of acetonitrile (CH<sub>3</sub>CN) measurements in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere from the SMILES instrument on the International Space Station. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2020 April 29; 13(4): 2119-2129. DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-2119-2020. | Impact Statement
Akiyoshi H, Nakamura T, Miyasaka T, Shiotani M, Suzuki M. A nudged chemistry-climate model simulation of chemical constituent distribution at northern high-latitude stratosphere observed by SMILES and MLS during the 2009/2010 stratospheric sudden warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2016 February 12; 121(3): 1361-1380. DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023334. | Impact Statement
Imai K, Imamura T, Takahashi K, Akiyoshi H, Yamashita Y, Suzuki M, Ebisawa K, Shiotani M. SMILES observations of mesospheric ozone during the solar eclipse. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015 April 1; 42(9): 3576-3582. DOI: 10.1002/2015GL063323.
Kasai Y, Takahashi C, Tsujimaru S, Ochiai S, Buehler S, Takahashi K, Shirai T, Ozeki H, Shiotani M. JEM/SMILES limb-sounding of stratospheric trace species II: simulation results for JEM/SMILES observations. Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II, Sendai, Japan. 2000 December 21; 4152263-273. DOI: 10.1117/12.410606. | Impact Statement
Kuribayashi K, Yoshida N, Jin H, Orsolini YJ, Kasai Y. Optimal retrieval method to estimate ozone vertical profile in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region from submillimeter-wave limb emission spectra. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 2017 May 1; 19242-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.01.033. | Impact Statement
Shiotani M, Takayanagi M, Suzuki M, Sano T. Recent results from the superconducting submillimeter-wave limb-emission sounder (SMILES) onboard ISS/JEM. Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIV, Toulouse, France. 2010 October 13; 782678260D-78260D-13. DOI: 10.1117/12.865806. | Impact Statement
Sugita T, Kasai Y, Terao Y, Hayashida S, Manney GL, Daffer WH, Sagawa H, Suzuki M, Shiotani M. HCl/Cly ratios just before the breakup of the Antarctic vortex as observed by SMILES/MLS/ACE-FTS. Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Clouds, and Precipitation IV, Kyoto, Japan. 2012 November 8; 852385231K. DOI: 10.1117/12.975667. | Impact Statement
Yamada T, Rezac L, Larsson R, Hartogh P, Yoshida N, Kasai Y. Solving non-LTE problems in rotational transitions using the Gauss–Seidel method and its implementation in the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2018 November 1; 619A181. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833566. | Impact Statement
Super-Sensitive High Definition TV (SS-HDTV) system takes video images during orbital nights, Earth nights, lightning, auroras, cosmic showers, and other amazing events. The video images taken by SS-HDTV are recorded to SD cards, which are downlinked to the ground via data-relay satellites.
Publications
Yair Y, Rubanenko L, Mezuman K, Elhalel G, Pariente M, Glickman-Pariente M, Ziv B, Takahashi Y, Inoue T. New color images of transient luminous events from dedicated observations on the International Space Station. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2013 September; 102140-147. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.05.004. | Impact Statement
Controlling several remote space assets at once, such as robots aboard the International Space Station, is a difficult and time-consuming task. The Supervision of Autonomous and Teleoperated Satellites - Interact (SATS-Interact) experiment is designed to improve this remote control by allowing one person to supervise a remote team of small satellites working on a common mission.
Future human exploration missions are most likely to be performed with a mix of human and robotic elements to optimize mission potential and success. Supervisory Control of EUROBOT (SUPVIS-E) is one of ESA’s METERON series of experiments which seeks to expand infrastructure capabilities, and focus on the validation of end-to-end operations concepts and technologies required for complex supervisory control of a surface rover from an orbiting spacecraft. By running end-to-end space robot operations mimicking the operation of a lunar robot from an orbiting station, SUPVIS-E helps to find the constraints that mission planners do not realize exist at this time in order to compare them with current ways of working with spacecraft, crew, and robots.
The METERON SUPVIS-Justin is a collaboration between the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the European Space Agency (ESA) to demonstrate the control of intelligent robots on planetary surfaces by astronauts in orbit. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) transmit instructions from a tablet computer on the ISS, to the Rollin' Justin robot on Earth, and the Justin robot must then act autonomously using its local and artificial intelligence to prioritize how individual workings steps should be carried out. The local intelligence of the humanoid robot enables the astronauts to command a wide range of reconnaissance, construction and maintenance activities.
The Surface Avatar: Multi-Avatar and Robots Collaborating with Intuitive Interface (Surface Avatar) investigation evaluates how effectively multiple robots can be commanded in scalable autonomy under conditions in space. Surface Avatar also seeks to provide information on how well the robot operator responds to haptic feedback, and – crucially – what the challenges and sticking points are for a real orbit-to-ground setup to operate robots remotely.
The objective of the Surface Telerobotics is to examine how the crew can effectively tele-operate ground robots from orbit while constrained by factors related to the space environment, crew vehicle resources and communications.
The Surface Tension Containment Experiment-1 is designed to address if surface tension, or electrostatic control, could potentially be used as a level of containment/mitigation when working with biological experiments in the open cabin or spacecraft environment. Surface Tension Containment Experiment-1 is the first formal investigation of this type, and addresses surface tension properties and electrostatic gradients as a potential control of microdroplets. A water and a water + glycerin mixture is used in this experiment, because it is believed that most biologically relevant fluids behave in a similar fashion to these fluids.
Publications
Weislogel MM, Graf JC, Wollman AP, Turner CC, Cardin KJ, Torres LJ, Goodman JE, Buchli JC. How advances in low-g plumbing enable space exploration. npj Microgravity. 2022 May 20; 8(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00201-y.
Surface Tension Containment Experiment-2 looks at increasing the ability to conduct experiments outside of gloveboxes and in the open cabin of the space station. It assesses formation and capture of microdroplets using airflow when a pipette is repeatedly inserted and withdrawn from liquid in a well plate, and tests the stability of liquid in a well plate under various conditions. Safely and effectively conducting experiments outside of gloveboxes expands the capabilities of the space station as a microgravity lab.
A Comprehensive Characterization of Microorganisms and Allergens in Spacecraft (SWAB) uses advanced molecular techniques to comprehensively evaluate microbes on board the International Space Station (ISS), including pathogens (organisms that may cause disease). SWAB also tracks changes in the microbial community as spacecrafts visit the station and new station modules are added. This study assesses the risk of microbes to the crew and the spacecraft.
Publications
Vesper SJ, Wong W, Kuo CM, Pierson DL. Mold species in dust from the International Space Station identified and quantified by mold-specific quantitative PCR. Research in Microbiology. 2008 July; 159(6): 432-435. DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.06.001. | Impact Statement
Song B, Leff LG. Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Isolates form the Mir Space Station. Microbiological Research. 2005 25 April 2005; 160(2): 111-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2004.10.005. | Impact Statement
Ott CM, Bruce RJ, Pierson DL. Microbial Characterization of Free Floating Condensate Aboard the Mir Space Station. Microbial Ecology. 2004 47133-136.
Pierson DL. Microbial Contamination of Spacecraft. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2001 14(2): | Impact Statement
Surya Satellite-1 (SS-1) is the first Indonesian nanosatellite developed by university students at Surya University. SS-1 tests a satellite telecommunication system to serve amateur radio stations, and serves as a proof of concept of sensoric information transfer in rural areas for disaster mitigation application. SS-1 is deployed as a part of the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-24 (J-SSOD-24) CubeSat deployment mission, and is launched to the International Space Station aboard the SpaceX-26 Dragon Cargo Vehicle.
SwampSat II measures very low frequency (VLF) wave propagation in Earth’s upper atmosphere using a novel antenna that has higher sensitivity than existing methods. The antenna system, developed by students at the University of Florida, launches in a 3-Unit CubeSat. Ground-based sources such as VLF transmitters and lightning injected VLF waves into the upper atmosphere, and measuring these waves is essential to understanding loss of energetic radiation belt particles.
The Swiatowid investigation determines whether a 2-unit (2U) CubeSat can provide a ground sample distance (GSD) resolution of 3 meters for taking images of Earth. It uses a telescope with an industry-quality camera sensor to produce high-resolution images from smaller satellites. Investigators analyze the images and compare them to images from other sources such as airplanes and other satellites.
Swinburne Youth Space Innovation Challenge 2021: Microgravity Production of a Probiotic Yoghurt Using Active Bacterial Cultures (Rhodium Probiotic Challenge) tests methods for producing yoghurt in space. Yoghurts and other probiotic foods, important components of a healthy diet, depend on living microbial cultures that could experience changes in microgravity. Results could help support the health of crew members on future space missions and improve production of yoghurt on Earth.
Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) are bowling-ball sized spherical satellites. They will be used inside the space station to test a set of well-defined instructions for spacecraft performing autonomous rendezvous and docking maneuvers. Three free-flying spheres will fly within the cabin of the station, performing flight formations. Each satellite is self-contained with power, propulsion, computers and navigation equipment. The results are important for satellite servicing, vehicle assembly and formation flying spacecraft configurations.
Publications
Saenz-Otero A, Katz JG, Miller DW. SPHERES Demonstrations of Satellite Formations aboard the ISS. 32nd Annual American Asronautical Society Guidance and Navigation Conference, Breckenridge, CO. 2009 | Impact Statement
Nolet S, Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW, Fejzic A. SPHERES Operations aboard the ISS: Maturation of GN&C Algorithms in Microgravity. 2007 AAS Guidance, Navigation and Control, Breckenridge, CO. 2007 AAS 07-042 | Impact Statement
Mohan S, Miller DW. SPHERES Reconfigurable Control Allocation for Autonomous Assembly. 2009 AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Honolulu, HI. 2008 7468(Aug): DOI: 10.2514/MGNC08. | Impact Statement
Aoude GS, How JP, Miller DW. Reconfiguration Maneuver Experiments using the SPHERES tesbed onboard the ISS. 3rd International Symposium on Formation Flying, Missions and Technologies, Noordwijk, Netherlands. 2008 | Impact Statement
Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW. Initial SPHERES Operations aboard the International Space Station. IAA Small Satellites for Earth Observation VI, Berlin, Germany. 2007 IAA-B6-0701 | Impact Statement
Fejzic A, Nolet S, Breger L, How JP, Miller DW. Results of SPHERES Microgravity Autonomous Docking Experiments in the Presence of Anomalies. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC-08-C1.5.115 pp. | Impact Statement
Mohan S, Saenz-Otero A, Nolet S, Miller DW, Sell S. SPHERES Flight Operations Testing and Execution. 58th International Astronautical Congress, Hyderabad, India. 2007 IAC-07-A2.6.03DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.039.Also Mohan, Swati, Alvar Saenz-Otero, Simon Nolet, David W. Miller, and Steven Sell, ‘SPHERES Flight Operations Testing and Execution’, Acta Astronautica, 65 (2009), 1121–32 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.039. | Impact Statement
Mandy CP, Saenz-Otero A, Sakamoto H, Miller DW. Implementation of Satellite Formation Flight Algorithms Using SPHERES aboard the International Space Station. International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics, Annapolis, MD. 2007 | Impact Statement
Saenz-Otero A, Aoude GS, Jefrey MM, Mohan S, Fejzic A, Katz JG, Edwards C, Miller DW. Distributed Satellite Systems Algorithm Maturation with SPHERES Aboard the ISS. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland. 2008 IAC-08-A2.6.B4 | Impact Statement
Nolet S. The SPHERES Navigation System: from Early Development to On-Orbit Testing. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Hilton Head, SC. 2007 | Impact Statement
Mandy CP, Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW. Satellite Formation Flight and Realignment Maneuver Demonstration aboard the International Space Station. Proceedings of SPIE 6687, UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes: Innovative Technologies and Concepts II, San Diego, CA. 2007
Chung S, Miller DW. Nonlinear Control and Synchronization of Multiple Lagrangian Systems with Application to Tethered Formation Flight Spacecraft. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. 2007 | Impact Statement
Chung S, Slotine JE, Miller DW. Propellant-Free Control of Tethered Formation Flight, Part 2: Nonlinear Underactuated Control. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics. 2008 31(5): 1437-1446. DOI: 10.2514/1.32189. | Impact Statement
Chung S, Miller DW. Propellant-Free Control of Tethered Formation Flight, Part 1: Linear Control and Experimentation. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics. 2008 31(3): 571-584. DOI: 10.2514/1.32188. | Impact Statement
Aoude GS, How JP, Garcia IM. Two-Stage Path Planning Approach for Designing Multiple Spacecraft Reconfiguration Maneuvers. International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics, Annapolis, MD. 2007
Chung S, Ahsun U, Slotine JE, Miller DW. Application of Synchronization to Cooperative Control and Formation Flight of Spacecraft. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Hilton Head, SC. 2007 AIAA-2007-6861DOI: 10.2514/6.2007-6861.
Nolet S, Kong EM, Miller DW. Autonomous docking algorithm development and experimentation using the SPHERES testbed. Proceedings of SPIE 5419, Spacecraft Platforms and infrastructure, Orlando, FL. 2004 54191-15. DOI: 10.1117/12.547430.
Rodgers L, Hoff N, Jordan E, Heiman M, Miller DW. A Universal Interface for Modular Spacecraft. 19th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, UT. 2005 SSC05-I-3
Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW. SPHERES: a platform for formation-flight research. Proceedings of SPIE 5899, UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes: Innovative Technologies and Concepts II, San Diego, CA. 2005 DOI: 10.1117/12.615966.San Diego Convention Center.
Kong EM, Saenz-Otero A, Nolet S, Berkovitz DS, Miller DW. SPHERES as a Formation Flight Algorithm Development and Validation Testbed: Current Progress and Beyond. 2nd International Formation Flight Conference, Washington, DC. 2004
Mohan S, Sakamoto H, Miller DW. Formation control and reconfiguration through synthetic imaging formation flying testbed (SIFFT). Proceedings of SPIE 6687, UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes: Innovative Technologies and Concepts II, San Diego, CA. 2007 DOI: 10.1117/12.731123.
Chung S, Kong EM, Miller DW. SPHERES Tethered Formation Flight Testbed: Application to NASA's SPECS Mission. Proceedings of SPIE 5899, UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes: Innovative Technologies and Concepts II, San Diego, CA. 2005 DOI: 10.1117/12.614643.San Diego Convention Center.
Miller DW, Mohan S, Budinoff J. Assembly of a Large Modular Optical Telescope (ALMOST). Proceedings of 2008 SPIE Space Telescopes and Instrumentation, Marseille, France. 2008 July 12; SPIE 701070102H. DOI: 10.1117/12.788566. | Impact Statement
Tweddle BE, Saenz-Otero A. SPHERES Development and Demonstrations of Close Proximity Formation Flight Maneuvers. Institute of Navigation National Technical Meeting, San Diego, CA. 2008 | Impact Statement
Kong EM, Nolet S, Miller DW. Design of an Algorithm for Autonomous Docking with a Freely Tumbling Target. Proceedings of SPIE 9604, Defense and Security Symposium, Orlando, FL. 2005 May 19; 5799-1612 pp. DOI: 10.1117/12.603178. | Impact Statement
McCamish SB, Romano M, Nolet S, Edwards C, Miller DW. Ground and Space Testing of Multiple Spacecraft Control During Close-Proximity Operations. AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Austin, TX. 2008 Aug; 6664DOI: 10.2514/6.2008-6664. | Impact Statement
Katz JG, Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW. Development and Demonstration of an Autonomous Collision Avoidance Algorithm aboard the ISS. 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2011 16791-6 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2011.5747525. | Impact Statement
Stoll E, Jaekel S, Katz JG, Saenz-Otero A, Varatharajoo R. SPHERES Interact—Human–Machine Interaction aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Field Robotics. 2012 29(4): 554-575. DOI: 10.1002/rob.21419. | Impact Statement
Tweddle BE. Relative Computer Vision Based Navigation for Small Inspection Spacecraft. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Portland, OR. 2011 | Impact Statement
Tweddle BE, McClellan J, Vulikh G, Francis J, Miller DW. Relative Vision Based Navigation and Control for the Mars Sample Return Mission: Capturing the Orbiting Sample. 4th International Conference on Spacecraft Formation Flying Missions and Technologies, Saint Hubert, Quebec, Canada. 2011 | Impact Statement
Tweddle BE. SPHERES VERTIGO Program: Vision Based Navigation Research onboard the International Space Station. International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2011 | Impact Statement
Ramirez-Riberos JL, Slotine JE. Contraction Theory Approach to Generalized Decentralized Cyclic Algorithms for Global Formation Acquisition and Control. 51st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Maui, HI. 2012 Dec 10-13; 6223-1546. DOI: 10.1109/CDC.2012.6426902. | Impact Statement
Chamitoff GE, Saenz-Otero A, Katz JG, Ulrich S. Admissible Subspace TRajectory Optimizer (ASTRO) for autonomous robot operations on the space station. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, National Harbor, Maryland. 2014 January 13-17; AIAA 2014-129017 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-1290. | Impact Statement
Silvernail NL, Sathyanarayan D, Gangadharan. An investigation of a spacecraft on-orbit advanced refueling system. 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, National Harbor, Maryland. 2014 January 13-17; AIAA 2014-131012 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-1310. | Impact Statement
Jewison C, McCarthy B, Sternberg D, Strawser D, Fang C. Resource aggregated reconfigurable control and risk-allocative path planning for on-orbit servicing and assembly of satellites. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, National Harbor, Maryland. 2014 January 13-17; AIAA 2014-128920 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-1289. | Impact Statement
Tweddle BE, Setterfield TP, Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW, Leonard JJ. Experimental evaluation of on-board, visual mapping of an object spinning in micro-gravity aboard the International Space Station. 2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Chicago, IL. 2014 September 14-18; 2333 - 2340. DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2014.6942878. | Impact Statement
Izzo D, Simoes LF, de Croon GC. An evolutionary robotics approach for the distributed control of satellite formations. Evolutionary Intelligence. 2014 July 12; epubDOI: 10.1007/s12065-014-0111-9. | Impact Statement
Stepanyan V, Barlow J, Benavides JV, Krishnakumar K. M-MRAC for SPHERES. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, Kissimmee, Florida. 2015 January 5-9; AIAA 2015-032321 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2015-0323. | Impact Statement
Shi J, Ulrich S, Chamitoff GE, Morrell BJ, Allen PL. Trajectory optimization for proximity operations around tumbling geometrical constraints via legendre polynomials. AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, San Diego, California. 2016 January 4-8; AIAA 2016-088922 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2016-0889.SPHERES-ASTROS. | Impact Statement
Chamitoff GE, Saenz-Otero A, Katz JG, Ulrich S, Morrell BJ, Gibbens PW. Real-time maneuver optimization of space-based robots in a dynamic environment: Theory and on-orbit experiments. Acta Astronautica. 2018 January 1; 142170-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.10.001. | Impact Statement
Turkoglu K, Sun F. Reinforcement learning based continuous-time on-line spacecraft dynamics control: Case study of NASA SPHERES spacecraft. 2018 AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Kissimmee, Florida. 2018 January 8; 11 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2018-0859. | Impact Statement
Tweddle BE, Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW. Design and development of a visual navigation testbed for spacecraft proximity operations. AIAA SPACE 2009 Conference & Exposition, Pasadena, CA. 2009 September 14-17; AIAA 2009-654714pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-6547.
Mohan S, Miller DW. SPHERES reconfigurable framework and control system design for autonomous assembly. 2009 AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Chicago, IL. 2009 August 10+13; AIAA-2009-597814pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-5978.
Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW. Design and operation of micro-gravity dynamics and controls laboratories. 2005 Space Systems Engineering Conference, Atlanta, GA. 2005 November 10; GT-SSEC.F.414pp.
The Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Zero-Robotics (SPHERES-Zero-Robotics) investigation establishes an opportunity for high school students to design research for the International Space Station (ISS). As part of a competition, students write algorithms for the SPHERES satellites to accomplish tasks relevant to future space missions. The algorithms are tested by the SPHERES team and the best designs are selected for the competition to operate the SPHERES satellites on board the ISS.
Publications
Saenz-Otero A, Katz JG, Mwijuka AT. The Zero Robotics SPHERES Challenge 2010. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 2011 26(7): 4-17. DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2011.5958758.
Nag S, Hoffman JA, de Weck O. SPHERES Zero Robotics Software Development: Lessons on Crowdsourcing and Collaborative Competition and STEM Education using SPHERES Zero Robotics. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2012
Nag S, Heffan I, Saenz-Otero A, Lydon M. SPHERES Zero Robotics software development: Lessons on crowdsourcing and collaborative competition. 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2012 1-17. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2012.6187452.
Nag S, Katz JG, Saenz-Otero A. Collaborative gaming and competition for CS-STEM education using SPHERES Zero Robotics. Acta Astronautica. 2013 February; 83145-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.09.006.Also presented during 62nd IAC in Cape Town..
Liu J, Feenstra W, Saenz-Otero A, Magrane K. STEM Education Students Touch Space Through Free Robotics Programming Competition. 6th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, Barcelona, Spain. 2014 April 1-3; 5 pp.
The Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Zero-Robotics-High School Tournament (SPHERES-Zero-Robotics-High School Tournament) experiment allows high school students to design and operate experiments on the International Space Station (ISS). SPHERES satellites are volleyball-sized robotic satellites on board the ISS. As part of a competition, students design software to control the satellites and complete game objectives. After several phases of Earth-based competition, finalists’ software designs are selected to compete in a live championship aboard the ISS supervised by space station crew members.
Publications
Saenz-Otero A, Katz JG, Mwijuka AT. The Zero Robotics SPHERES Challenge 2010. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 2011 26(7): 4-17. DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2011.5958758.
Nag S, Hoffman JA, de Weck O. SPHERES Zero Robotics Software Development: Lessons on Crowdsourcing and Collaborative Competition and STEM Education using SPHERES Zero Robotics. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2012
Nag S, Heffan I, Saenz-Otero A, Lydon M. SPHERES Zero Robotics software development: Lessons on crowdsourcing and collaborative competition. 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2012 1-17. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2012.6187452.
Nag S, Katz JG, Saenz-Otero A. Collaborative gaming and competition for CS-STEM education using SPHERES Zero Robotics. Acta Astronautica. 2013 February; 83145-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.09.006.Also presented during 62nd IAC in Cape Town..
Liu J, Feenstra W, Saenz-Otero A, Magrane K. STEM Education Students Touch Space Through Free Robotics Programming Competition. 6th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, Barcelona, Spain. 2014 April 1-3; 5 pp.
Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Zero-Robotics-Middle School Summer Program (SPHERES-Zero-Robotics-Middle School Summer Program) is an innovative and inspiring program for middle school students that is truly out of this world! The five-week science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) curriculum introduces students to computer programming, robotics, and space engineering, and provides hands-on experience programming SPHERES. The program culminates in a tournament where winning teams’ SPHERES battle aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Publications
Saenz-Otero A, Katz JG, Mwijuka AT. The Zero Robotics SPHERES Challenge 2010. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 2011 26(7): 4-17. DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2011.5958758.
Nag S, Hoffman JA, de Weck O. SPHERES Zero Robotics Software Development: Lessons on Crowdsourcing and Collaborative Competition and STEM Education using SPHERES Zero Robotics. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2012
Nag S, Heffan I, Saenz-Otero A, Lydon M. SPHERES Zero Robotics software development: Lessons on crowdsourcing and collaborative competition. 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2012 1-17. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2012.6187452.
Nag S, Katz JG, Saenz-Otero A. Collaborative gaming and competition for CS-STEM education using SPHERES Zero Robotics. Acta Astronautica. 2013 February; 83145-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.09.006.Also presented during 62nd IAC in Cape Town..
Liu J, Feenstra W, Saenz-Otero A, Magrane K. STEM Education Students Touch Space Through Free Robotics Programming Competition. 6th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, Barcelona, Spain. 2014 April 1-3; 5 pp.
Currently, almost all spacecraft are completely assembled and tucked into a rocket fairing for launch into space, which limits the size and weight of objects that can be directly sent to orbit. The Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites - Halo (SPHERES Halo) investigation studies the possibility of launching several separate components and then attaching them once they are in space. The investigation upgrades the International Space Station’s fleet of SPHERES to enable each SPHERE to communicate with six external objects at the same time, testing new control and remote assembly methods.
The Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites – VERTIGO (SPHERES-VERTIGO) investigation uses the SPHERES facility free-flying satellites and is designed to demonstrate and test, in a complex environment, enhanced technologies and techniques related to visual inspection and navigation. This effort incorporates hardware and software that enables multiple SPHERES to construct three dimensional (3D) models of a target object. Additionally, this investigation explores how well the SPHERES free-flyers then perform relative navigation solely by reference to these 3D models.
Publications
Tweddle BE. SPHERES VERTIGO Program: Vision Based Navigation Research onboard the International Space Station. International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2011 | Impact Statement
Fourie D, Tweddle BE, Ulrich S, Saenz-Otero A. Vision-based relative navigation and control for autonomous spacecraft inspection of an unknown object. 2013 AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Boston MA. 2013 August 19-20; AIAA 2013-475917 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-4759. | Impact Statement
Fourie D, Tweddle BE, Ulrich S, Saenz-Otero A. Flight results of vision-based navigation for autonomous spacecraft inspection of unknown objects. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2014 May 8; epub11 pp. DOI: 10.2514/1.A32813. | Impact Statement
Tweddle BE, Setterfield TP, Saenz-Otero A, Miller DW. An open research facility for vision-based navigation onboard the International Space Station. Journal of Field Robotics. 2015 September; epubDOI: 10.1002/rob.21622. | Impact Statement
van Hecke KG, de Croon GC, Hennes D, Setterfield TP, Saenz-Otero A, Izzo D. Self-supervised learning as an enabling technology for future space exploration robots: ISS experiments. 67th International Astronautical Congress, Guadalajara, Mexico. 2016 September 26-30; IAC - 16.D1.2.5x338627 pp. | Impact Statement
Setterfield TP, Miller DW, Saenz-Otero A, Frazzoli E, Leonard JJ. Inertial properties estimation of a passive on-orbit object using polhode analysis. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics. 2018 June 29; 41(10): 2214-2231. DOI: 10.2514/1.G003394. | Impact Statement
The addition of the Docking Ports is a critical upgrade to the Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) facility aboard the International Space Station (ISS). With the new ability to dock and undock, SPHERES provides a test bed to address many of the challenges of combining autonomous spacecraft. Mated spacecraft can assemble complex systems in orbit or combine sensors and actuators for satellite servicing and repurposing missions. The Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Universal Docking Port (SPHERES-UDP) enables testing of complex tasks through optimal and adaptive control, autonomous decision-making processes, and real-time image processing.
Robots will be of increasing importance on future space missions, where they could perform tasks too difficult or too dangerous for humans. Robots built with synthetic muscle would have more human-like capabilities, but the material would have to withstand the rigors of space as well as any metal. The Synthetic Muscle: Resistance to Radiation; Ras Labs-CASIS-ISS Project for Synthetic Muscle: Resistance to Radiation (Synthetic Muscle) investigation tests the radiation resistance of an electroactive polymer called Synthetic Muscle™, developed by Ras Labs, which can contract like real muscle and can also expand.
People and animals staying in space for extended durations experience bone density loss, or osteoporosis, and current countermeasures include exercise designed to prevent it from getting worse. But in space and on Earth, therapies for osteoporosis cannot restore bone that is already lost. The Systemic Therapy of NELL-1 for Osteoporosis (Rodent Research-5 [RR-5]) investigation tests a new drug that can both rebuild bone and block further bone loss, improving health for crew members in orbit and people on Earth.
Publications
Henrich M, Ha P, Wang Y, Ting K, Stodieck LS, Soo C, Adams JS, Chun R. Alternative splicing diversifies the skeletal muscle transcriptome during prolonged spaceflight. Skeletal Muscle. 2022 May 31; 12(1): 11. DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00294-9.PMID: 35642060. | Impact Statement
Systems Engineering Training Education Integrating an ADS-B Receiver onto CubeSat to Promote Aviation Safety (NutSat) is a 2-Unit (2U) CubeSat that carries an Automatic dependent surveillance—broadcast (ADS-B) receiver to collect flight data broadcasted from aircraft with ADS-B transceivers. This student-developed project supports education in space systems and aerospace engineering as well as aviation safety. ADS-B technology allows aircraft to determine their positions using satellite navigation and to periodically broadcast to control towers and other aircraft for navigation purposes.
Tapping Microgravity to Enhance Biofuel Production (STaARS BioScience-9) aims to identify novel biological mechanisms using genetically modified Escherichia coli (E. coli) to improve the bio-production of isobutene to an extent that economically competes with petrochemical production processes.
Target, the retail store, is funding the investigation Targeting Improved Cotton Through On-orbit Cultivation (TICTOC) that studies how root system architecture affects plant resilience to stress, water-use efficiency, and carbon sequestration during the critical phase of seedling establishment. Roots play a central role in plant stress resistance and survival, but their growth patterns depend upon gravity. This investigation examines how environmental factors and genes control development of roots in the absence of gravity.
Taste in Space will demonstrate the way in which the sense of taste is affected in microgravity conditions.
T-Cell Activation in Aging (T-Cell Act in Aging) seeks the cause of a depression in the human immune system while in microgravity. T-cells, a type of white blood cell, have surface chemical receptors that must trigger together to activate the body's immune system properly. Isolated T-cells are flown to ISS and then return for analysis to determine changes in gene response on the ground to determine the role of microgravity on the immune system.
Team Groot: Aeroponic Farming in Microgravity, a student investigation as part of the ISS National Lab Marvel Entertainment Guardians of the Galaxy Space Station Challenge, evaluates an aeroponic system designed for use in a microgravity environment. These systems grow plants suspended in a mist environment without a growth medium such as soil or water. This investigation observes the behavior and movements of the mist and the growth of plants in the system.
Team Rocket: Staying Healthy in Space, a student investigation as part of the ISS National Lab Marvel Entertainment Guardians of the Galaxy Space Station Challenge, compares the properties of dental adhesives and resins applied to adult human teeth in microgravity and on Earth. On future long-duration missions, astronauts are likely to experience dental health issues. This investigation contributes to treatment of those issues by helping determine whether space changes the hardness and useful life of dental materials in current use.
Crew members are often required to switch their attention from one task to another; however, if they struggle with this shift, performance on the original task and/or the subsequent task can be affected. Additional impacts (e.g., on motivation) are also possible. The objective of Team Task Switching and Entrainment on the International Space Station: Exploring Multiteam Membership, Systems, and Networks to Understand and Enable Crew Functioning and Effectiveness (Team Task Switching), for which data collection is now complete, is to gain knowledge about whether or not crew members have difficulty in switching tasks and determine the impacts of these switches in order to both reduce any negative consequences and improve individual and team motivation and effectiveness.
The main objective of Technology Box (Tetr’ISS) is to conduct experiments gathered in support equipment called ‘Platform’, to illustrate science principles based on physics and chemistry. For this mission Tetr’ISS contains the Chladni’s Figures experiment: a physical science experiment to observe the sound waves in 3D thanks to fine particles organized according to nodes and antinodes.
Technology Demonstrator for Radiation Monitoring (COTS-CAPSULE) demonstrates a particle telescope to measure high-energy particle flow and characteristics on the space station. The mission is designed and implemented by graduate and undergraduate students of Tel Aviv University and uses commercial off-the-shelf electronics. Radiation represents a significant risk on long space voyages, and a low-cost, small, low-complexity detector could contribute to increased crew safety on future missions.
The Technical Education Satellite (TechEdSat) investigation employs a small CubeSat spacecraft that will be deployed from the JEM-Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD) in order to evaluate, demonstrate and validate two new technologies. The first technology to be demonstrated is AAC Microtec’s plug-and-play electronics architecture, while the second demonstrates two different tracking and communication modules that utilize the Iridium and Orbcomm satellite phone networks. The primary goal of this investigation is to provide a rapid development demonstration for simplifying hardware and operations infrastructure for future spacecraft design and development.
The Tel Aviv University Satellite-1 (TAUSAT-1) is a 2-Unit (2U) CubeSat deploys during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-16 (J-SSOD-16) micro-satellite deployment mission that is handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). The aim of TAUSAT-1 is to monitor the effects of energetic particles and other molecular compounds in low-Earth orbit (LEO), as well as mapping the space weather in the LEO environment. TAUSAT-1, developed by Tel Aviv University, launches to the International Space Station aboard the NG-15 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
The Telemetry Data-Based Determination of the Dynamic ISS Characteristics (Tenzor) investigation was carried out in order to test the methods for determining and updating the ISS dynamic characteristics based on the telemetry data reflecting the motion control system operation. The rationale for initiating Tenzor was the proposed changes in the ISS dynamic characteristics required because of the ISS reconfigurations for Progress or Soyuz vehicle docking/undocking operations, cargo transfer, operating fluids consumption, installation activities aboard the station, etc, which have an indirect impact on the interrelation of the ISS moments of inertia, aerodynamic characteristics, and center of mass position.
Publications
Rajulu SL, Crucian BE, Lipshits M, Zwart SR. faking it again fake test. Space: A Journey of Discovery. 2021 May 1; 10(20): 30. DOI: 10.1016/djapofjhasdgh. | Impact Statement
Belyaev MY, Bryukhanov NA, Ryabukha SB, Stazhkov VM, Luryashchenko AV, Obydennikov SS. Microperturbations Occurring During ISS Russian Segment Operation. Kosmonavtika i Raketostroenie (Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering). 2007 1(46): Per Roscosmos.
Banit YR, Belyaev MY, Dobrinskaya TA, Efimov NI, Sazonov VV, Stazhkov VM. Determination of the inertia tensor of the International Space Station on the basis of telemetry data. Cosmic Research. 2005 March; 43(2): 131-142. DOI: 10.1007/s10604-005-0025-5.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2005, pp. 135-146. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Banit, Belyaev, Dobrinskaya, Efimov, Sazonov, Staz. | Impact Statement
Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems – Demonstration (TEMPEST-D) has satellite technology with the potential to measure cloud and precipitation processes on a global basis. These measurements help improve understanding of Earth’s water cycle and weather predictions, particularly conditions inside storms that form precipitation.
MIT Media Lab Space Exploration Initiative is demonstrating Tessellated Electromagnetic Space Structures for the Exploration of Reconfigurable, Adaptive Environments (TESSERAE), an investigation that uses the NanoRacks BlackBox platform. TESSARAE tests an autonomous, self-assembling robotic swarm of tiles as a method for in-orbit construction of satellites and space habitats. Such capabilities could support human missions to the Moon and Mars.
Tessellated Electromagnetic Space Structures for the Exploration of Reconfigurable, Adaptive, Environments (TESSERAE) (TESSERAE Ax-1 ) on the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) tests self-assembly and docking of an autonomous, self-assembling robotic swarm of tiles in microgravity. The investigation helps assess feasibility of construction of satellites and space habitats on orbit to support future missions to the Moon and Mars and space tourism in low-Earth orbit. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-Flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Long (Midodrine-Long) is a test of the ability of the drug midodrine to reduce the incidence or severity of orthostatic hypotension. If successful, it will be employed as a countermeasure to the dizziness caused by the blood-pressure decrease that many astronauts experience upon returning to the Earth's gravity.
Publications
D'Aunno DS, Dougherty AH, DeBlock HF, Meck JV. Effect of Short- and Long-Duration Spaceflight on QTc Intervals in Healthy Astronauts. American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 February 15; 91(4): 494-497. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03259-9. | Impact Statement
Meck JV, Reyes CJ, Perez SA, Goldberger AL, Ziegler MG. Marked exacerbation of orthostatic intolerance after long- vs. short-duration spaceflight in veteran astronauts. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 63(6): 865-873. | Impact Statement
Shi S, Garcia KM, Meck JV. Temazepam, but not zolpidem, causes orthostatic hypotension in astronauts after spaceflight. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2003 41(1): 31-39. | Impact Statement
Ramsdell CD, Mullen TJ, Sundby GH, Rostoft S, Sheynberg N, Aljuri N, Maa M, Mukkamala R, Sherman D, Toska K, Yelle J, Bloomfield D, Williams GH, Cohen RJ. Midodrine prevents orthostatic intolerance associated with simulated spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 June; 90(6): 2245-2248. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2245. | Impact Statement
Tuday EC, Meck JV, Nyhan D, Shoukas AA, Berkowitz DE. Microgravity induced changes in aortic stiffness and its role in orthostatic intolerance. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 102(3): 853-8. | Impact Statement
Waters WW, Ziegler MG, Meck JV. Postspaceflight orthostatic hypotension occurs mostly in women and is predicted by low vascular resistance. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002 February; 92(2): 586-594. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2001.PMID: 11796668. | Impact Statement
Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-Flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Short Duration Biological Investigation (Midodrine-SDBI) is a test of the ability of the drug midodrine to reduce the incidence or severity of orthostatic hypotension. If successful, it will be employed as a countermeasure to the dizziness caused by the blood-pressure decrease that many astronauts experience upon returning to the Earth's gravity.
Publications
D'Aunno DS, Dougherty AH, DeBlock HF, Meck JV. Effect of Short- and Long-Duration Spaceflight on QTc Intervals in Healthy Astronauts. American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 February 15; 91(4): 494-497. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03259-9. | Impact Statement
Meck JV, Reyes CJ, Perez SA, Goldberger AL, Ziegler MG. Marked exacerbation of orthostatic intolerance after long- vs. short-duration spaceflight in veteran astronauts. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 63(6): 865-873. | Impact Statement
Shi S, Garcia KM, Meck JV. Temazepam, but not zolpidem, causes orthostatic hypotension in astronauts after spaceflight. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2003 41(1): 31-39. | Impact Statement
Ramsdell CD, Mullen TJ, Sundby GH, Rostoft S, Sheynberg N, Aljuri N, Maa M, Mukkamala R, Sherman D, Toska K, Yelle J, Bloomfield D, Williams GH, Cohen RJ. Midodrine prevents orthostatic intolerance associated with simulated spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 June; 90(6): 2245-2248. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2245. | Impact Statement
Tuday EC, Meck JV, Nyhan D, Shoukas AA, Berkowitz DE. Microgravity induced changes in aortic stiffness and its role in orthostatic intolerance. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007 102(3): 853-8. | Impact Statement
Platts SH, Ziegler MG, Waters WW, Meck JV. Midodrine Prescribed to Improve Recurrent Post-Spaceflight Orthostatic Hypotension. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2004 June; 75(6): 554-556. PMID: 15198285. | Impact Statement
Platts SH, Ziegler MG, Waters WW, Meck JV. Hemodynamic Effects of Midodrine After Spaceflight in Astronauts Without Orthostatic Hypotension. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2006 April; 77(4): 429-433. PMID: 16676655. | Impact Statement
Waters WW, Ziegler MG, Meck JV. Postspaceflight orthostatic hypotension occurs mostly in women and is predicted by low vascular resistance. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002 February; 92(2): 586-594. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2001.PMID: 11796668. | Impact Statement
Arai T, Lee K, Stenger MB, Platts SH, Meck JV, Cohen RJ. Preliminary application of a novel algorithm to monitor changes in pre-flight total peripheral resistance for prediction of post-flight orthostatic intolerance in astronauts. Acta Astronautica. 2011 April; 68(7-8): 770-777. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.10.008. | Impact Statement
Martin DS, Meck JV. Presyncopal/Non-Presyncopal Outcomes of Post Spaceflight Stand Tests Are Consistent from Flight to Flight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2004 January; 75(1): 65-67. | Impact Statement
Test of Reaction and Adaptation Capabilities (TRAC) will test the theory of brain adaptation during spaceflight by testing hand-eye coordination before, during and after the mission. This experiment is a collaborative effort between NASA and the Canadian Space Agency.
Publications
Bock O, Weigelt C, Bloomberg JJ. Cognitive Demand of Human Sensorimotor Performance During an Extended Space Mission: A Dual-Task Study. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2010 September 1; 81(9): 819-824. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2608.2010.PMID: 20824987.
Bock O, Abeele SS, Eversheim U. Sensorimotor performance and computational demand during short-term exposure to microgravity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2003 741256-1262.
Eversheim U, Bock O. Evidence for processing stages in skill acquisition: A dual-task study. Learning and Memory. 2001 8183-189.
Bock O. Components of sensorimotor adaptation in young and elderly subjects. Experimental Brain Research. 2005 160259-263.
Jungling S, Bock O, Girgenrath M. Speed-accuracy trade-off of grasping movements during weightlessness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 73430-435.
Dalecki M, Drager T, Mierau A, Bock O. Production of finely graded forces in humans: effects of simulated weightlessness by water immersion. Experimental Brain Research. 2012 April; 218(1): 41-47. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-2999-6.
Sturm T, von Richter A. Design and completion of the PMDIS/TRAC table. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 Sept 29 to Oct 3; IAC-03-T.P.042 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-03-T.P.04.
Dalecki M, Bock O, Schulze B. Cognitive impairment during 5 m water immersion. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 October 1; 113(7): 1075-1081. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00825.2012.
Bock O. Basic principles of sensorimotor adaptation to different distortions with different effectors and movement types: A review and synthesis of behavioral findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013 March; 75 pp. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00081.
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Publications
Lapuerta V, Laveron-Simavilla A, López EJ, Rodríguez J. Thebas experiment during the spanish soyuz mission cervantes. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 September; 19(5-6): 249-252. DOI: 10.1007/BF02919492.
Testing of the Laser Communications System for Transferring Large Data Files from ISS RS Hardware, or Laser Communications System (SLS), is a prospective new direction for space communications systems with the development of systems based on transferring information using a laser channel. In the future, such systems could support a large throughput while consuming less energy and have smaller dimensions and mass of transmit/receive equipment than is currently used by radio communications systems.
The light bulbs on the International Space Station are being replaced with a new system designed for improved crew health and wellness. The Testing Solid State Lighting Countermeasures to Improve Circadian Adaptation, Sleep, and Performance During High Fidelity Analog and Flight Studies for the International Space Station (Lighting Effects) investigation studies the impact of the change from fluorescent light bulbs to solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with adjustable intensity and color and aims to determine if the new lights can improve crew circadian rhythms, sleep, and cognitive performance. Results from this investigation also have major implications for people on Earth who use electric lights.
Rodent Research-12, Tetanus Antibody Response by B cells in Space (TARBIS), examines the effects of spaceflight on the function of antibody production and immune memory. Spaceflight is known to have a dramatic influence on immune response, but there is little research on its effect following an actual challenge to the body’s immune system. Using a mouse model makes this possible, as the mouse immune system closely parallels that of humans.
Tethering And Ranging Mission of the Georgia Institute of Technology (TARGIT) tests a miniaturized Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) imaging camera. The camera tracks and takes images of a tethered inflatable target to verify its performance and demonstrate precision topographic mapping capability and use of an inflatable as a drag device. These capabilities could help support future planetary missions.
The Antibody V(D)J Recombination Machinery in Normal and Altered Gravity (Amphibody) experiment looks at how the immune system is affected by space flight. As plans for longterm missions continue to develop, alterations of immunity could seriously impair the ability of the host to deal with infections. Up to now, research has mainly focused on innate immunity and T cell responses, whereas B cell-mediated responses have been almost unexplored. During B cell development, the antibody repertoire is created by the assembly of many V genes, D (only for the heavy chains) and J segments. This process is mediated by the V(D)J recombination machinery.
Publications
Schenten V, Guéguinou N, Baatout S, Frippiat J. Modulation of Pleurodeles waltl DNA polymerase mu expression by extreme conditions encountered during spaceflight. PLOS ONE. 2013 July 31; 8(7): e69647. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069647.PMID: 23936065. | Impact Statement
Frippiat J. Contribution of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl to the analysis of spaceflight-associated immune system deregulation. Molecular Immunology. 2013 December; 56(4): 434-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.011. | Impact Statement
Gabriel M, Frippiat J, Frey H, Horn ER. The Sensitivity of an Immature Vestibular System to Altered Gravity. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 2012 317(6): 333-346. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1727.
Huin-Schohn C, Guéguinou N, Schenten V, Bascove M, Gauquelin-Koch G, Baatout S, Tschirhart E, Frippiat J. Gravity changes during animal development affect IgM heavy-chain transcription and probably lymphopoiesis. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2013 January; 27(1): 333-341. DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-217547.PMID: 22993194.
The Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as an Antiapoptotic Countermeasure for Retinal Lesions Induced by Radiation and Microgravity on the ISS: Experiment on Cultured Retinal Cells (CORM) investigates the use of Coenzyme Q10 to protect astronauts from retinal lesions caused by exposure to radiation and microgravity aboard the space station. The experiment uses cultured human retinal cells to examine the effects of radiation and microgravity and test potential protective effects of Coenzyme Q10. In addition to being an effective antioxidant, Coenzyme Q10 was shown to protect cells against excessive programmed cell death.
Publications
Lulli M, Cialdai F, Vignali L, Monici M, Luzzi S, Cicconi A, Cacchione S, Magi A, Di Gesualdo F, Balsamo M, Vukich M, Neri G, Donati A, Capaccioli S. The Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as countermeasure for retinal damage onboard the International Space Station: The CORM project. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2018 September 18; epub7 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-018-9652-3. | Impact Statement
Cialdai F, Bolognini D, Vignali L, Iannotti N, Cacchione S, Magi A, Balsamo M, Vukich M, Neri G, Donati A, Monici M, Capaccioli S, Lulli M. Effect of space flight on the behavior of human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells and evaluation of coenzyme Q10 treatment. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2021 October 29; epubDOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03989-2.PMID: 34714361. | Impact Statement
The Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules and Obtaining Biocrystalline Films in Microgravity Conditions Protien Crystal Growth PyrNP-L (Kristallizator-PCG-PyrNP-L) investigation studies the physical processes of protein crystallization to obtain perfectly structured single protein crystals that are suitable for X-ray structural analysis, and biocrystalline films from a three-dimensional solution formed on substrates using the artificial epitaxy effect. Study of protein crystals is essential for visualizing proteins and developing new drugs and agricultural products.
Tropical cyclones, called hurricanes or typhoons depending on the part of the world where they occur, cause more loss of life and property than any other natural phenomena on Earth. But most of the world is not covered by real-time information on these storms’ intensities, with the exception of North America and adjacent areas (such as the Bahamas and the Caribbean Islands). The Cyclone Intensity Measurements from the ISS (Tropical Cyclone) investigation demonstrates the feasibility of studying these powerful storms from space, which would be a major step toward alerting populations and governments around the world when a dangerous storm is approaching.
Deconvolution of Biosensor Glucose Diffusion Contributions in Microgravity (Space Tango Payload Card Glucose Test 1 and 2) evaluates the accuracy of a medically implantable glucose biosensor, Glucowizzard™, for day-to-day diabetes management. Glucose transport to the sensing site of a biosensor can take up to 20 minutes, a delay that complicates achieving tight glycemic control, and can lead to serious complications for diabetics. Microgravity makes it possible to isolate and monitor the glucose diffusion factor, which could lead to improvements in the accuracy of the sensor.
The Demonstration of a Novel Capacitor-Based CubeSat Electrical Power System in a 1U CubeSat (CapSat-1) demonstrates use of a capacitor-based electrical power system. CubeSats currently use lithium-ion polymer batteries as their primary power source, but CapSat-1 tests use of a capacitor power system. Capacitors have been shown to be safer, more cost- and volume-efficient, and more temperature-durable. The investigation also provides hands-on engineering experience to middle and high school students.
The microgravity environment in space does not allow astronauts to process vestibular cues as provided by Earth's gravity, and this may affect their wayfinding skills and their ability to perform complex spatial tasks (i.e., robotics) during stays on the International Space Station (ISS). The Detrimental Effects of Long Duration Spaceflight on Human Wayfinding: The Behavioural and Neural Mechanisms Study (Wayfinding) investigates the impact of long-duration exposure to microgravity on the behavioural and neurological mechanisms of wayfinding in astronauts. The study also explores how long the astronauts' cognitive and neurological changes persist following their return on Earth.
The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability (SPQR) (TechEdSat-4) assists in the development of a unique, drag-based de-orbit system based on the ‘Exo-Brake.’ This permits a non-propulsive means of achieving the change in velocity (v) required for a normal de-orbit (propulsive systems, even cold-gas, can introduce crew hazards inside the International Space Station). If successful, including the series avionics/navigation tests, small samples may be routinely returned from orbital platforms. In addition, this series effort provides technology development opportunity for interplanetary nano-satellites, and in particular – small ‘companion’ missions to the Martian surface. The current launch, TES-4, focuses on the next development steps for the Exo-Brake and the critical (and unique) Command/Control systems.
The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability - Small Payload Quick Return (TechEdSat-3P) employs a unique drag system, called the Exo-Brake, to de-orbiting a small spacecraft payload. The device enables a spacecraft to use atmospheric drag, rather than a rocket thrusters, to reduce speed for re-entering the atmosphere. Successfully using this process enables larger crafts to save weight and safely return larger payloads to Earth quickly.
Publications
Murbach MS, Boronowsky KM, Benton JE, White B, Fritzler E. Options for returning payloads from the ISS after the termination of STS flights. 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Barcelona, Spain. 2010 July 11; AIAA-2010-622312 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2010-6223. | Impact Statement
The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability (SPQR) Technology Educational Satellite (TechEdSat-8), tests a drag-based de-orbit system based on the Exo-Brake. The Exo-Brake’s larger surface area and autonomous control allows more accurate de-orbit targets, which enables routine return to Earth of small samples from orbital platforms. The investigation also advances technology development for interplanetary nano-satellites, including the Exo-Brake and unique, simplified control and communication systems.
Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability (SPQR) and Technology Educational Satellite (TechEdSat-10) attempts the first de-orbit investigation from the International Space Station (ISS) based on the Exo-Brake, which uses air flow or drag to slow objects for the thermosphere or higher altitudes. TechEdSat-10 also tests a greatly simplified satellite-to-satellite communication system that uses email to get the data from the satellite to ground. TechEdSat-10 is part of the Small Payload Quick Return (SPQR) project, which could provide a way to return small payloads to Earth in a temperature- and pressure-controlled environment from the ISS.
The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability-Small Payload Quick Return (TechEdSat-6) tests a non-propulsive Exo-Brake to de-orbit a small spacecraft payload. Its goal is to perfect a technology to efficiently return small samples from orbit back to Earth, which may speed up the execution of microgravity research and its findings. Upon improving on previous models TechEdSat-3, TechEdSat-4, and TechEdSat-5, TechEdSat-6 is built with improved software and packaging to deploy and de-orbit in a tidy fashion.
The objective of The Effect of Long Duration Hypogravity on the Perception of Self-Motion (VECTION) study is to determine to what extent an astronaut's ability to visually interpret motion, orientation, and distance may be disrupted in a microgravity environment, and how it may adapt, and how it may be changed upon return to Earth. Multiple experimental time points inflight and upon return to Earth allows for the adaptation and recovery process to be investigated.
The Effect of Long-term Microgravity Exposure on Cardiac Autonomic Function by Analyzing 24-hours Electrocardiogram (Biological Rhythms) examines the effect of long-term microgravity exposure on cardiac autonomic function by analyzing 24-hour electrocardiogram of long-duration ISS crewmembers.
Publications
Yamamoto N, Otsuka K, Kubo Y, Hayashi M, Mizuno K, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Effects of long-term microgravity exposure in space on circadian rhythms of heart rate variability. Chronobiology International. 2014 November 13; epub14 pp. DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.979940.PMID: 25392280. | Impact Statement
Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Furukawa S, Kubo Y, Hayashi M, Shibata K, Mizuno K, Aiba T, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Long-term exposure to space's microgravity alters the time structure of heart rate variability of astronauts. Heliyon. 2016 December; 2(12): e00211. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00211.PMID: 28050606. | Impact Statement
Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Kubo Y, Shibata K, Hayashi M, Mizuno K, Ohshima H, Furukawa S, Mukai C. Circadian challenge of astronauts’ unconscious mind adapting to microgravity in space, estimated by heart rate variability. Scientific Reports. 2018 July 10; 8(1): 10381. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28740-z. | Impact Statement
Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Kubo Y, Hayashi M, Yamamoto N, Shibata K, Aiba T, Furukawa S, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Intrinsic cardiovascular autonomic regulatory system of astronauts exposed long-term to microgravity in space: observational study. npj Microgravity. 2015 November 30; 115018. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.18. | Impact Statement
Biological Rhythms 48hrs studies the effects of long-term microgravity exposure on heart function by analyzing an astronaut’s electrocardiogram for 48 hours. While the International Space Station keeps Houston time, it remains unknown whether a separate biological rhythm is imposed on long-term flight crews. To study this, astronauts wear an Actiwatch sleep monitor for 96 hours and a Holter electrocardiograph for 48 hours in the middle of that sequence.
Publications
Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Kubo Y, Shibata K, Mizuno K, Ohshima H, Furukawa S, Mukai C. Anti-aging effects of long-term space missions, estimated by heart rate variability. Scientific Reports. 2019 June 20; 9(1): 8995. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45387-6. | Impact Statement
Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Furukawa S, Kubo Y, Shibata K, Mizuno K, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Astronauts well-being and possibly anti-aging improved during long-duration spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2021 July 21; 11(1): 14907. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94478-w.PMID: 34290387. | Impact Statement
Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Furukawa S, Shibata K, Kubo Y, Mizuno K, Aiba T, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Unconscious mind activates central cardiovascular network and promotes adaptation to microgravity possibly anti-aging during 1-year-long spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2022 July 13; 12(1): 11862. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14858-8.PMID: 35831420. | Impact Statement
The objective of The effect of long-term microgravity exposure on cardiac autonomic function by analyzing 48-hours electrocardiogram (Biological Rhythms 48hrs [for 1YM]) investigation is to examine how the body’s “biological clock” affects cardiac (heart) function during spaceflight. Crew members wear an Actiwatch that monitors rest and activity cycles for 96 hours, and an electrocardiograph (ECG) to measure heart function for 48 hours. Three inflight data collections are taken, along with preflight and postflight baseline data collection (BDC).
Proteins are important biological molecules that can be crystallized to provide better views of their structure, which helps scientists understand how they work. Proteins crystallized in microgravity are often higher quality than those grown on Earth. The Effect of Macromolecular Transport on Microgravity Protein Crystallization (LMM Biophysics 1) studies why this is the case, examining the movement of single protein molecules in microgravity.
Publications
Martirosyan A, DeLucas LJ, Schmidt C, Perbandt M, McCombs D, Cox M, Radka C, Betzel C. Effect of macromolecular mass transport in microgravity protein crystallization. Gravitational and Space Research. 2019 September 10; 7(1): 33-44. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2019-0005. | Impact Statement
Martirosyan A, Falke S, McCombs D, Cox M, Radka C, Knop J, Betzel C, DeLucas LJ. Tracing transport of protein aggregates in microgravity versus unit gravity crystallization. npj Microgravity. 2022 February 17; 8(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00191-x.PMID: 35177635. | Impact Statement
Proteins are important biological molecules that can be crystallized to provide better views of their structure, which helps scientists understand how they work. Proteins crystallized in microgravity are often higher in quality than those grown on Earth. The Effect of Macromolecular Transport on Microgravity Protein Crystallization (LMM Biophysics 4) studies why this is the case, examining the movement of single protein molecules in microgravity.
The Effect of Microgravity on Human Brain Organoids (Space Tango-Human Brain Organoids) observes the response of brain organoids to microgravity. Small living masses of cells that interact, grow, and can survive for months, organoids provide a model system for understanding responses and adaptations to changes in the environment. This investigation demonstrates how exposure to microgravity affects survival, metabolism, and features of brain cells and, therefore, cognitive function.
The Effect of Microgravity on Neuronal Cytoskeletal and Intracellular Trafficking (MANTIS) (Mobile SpaceLab-2) examines the effect of microgravity on neuron microtubule organization and its relationship to intracellular communication. Microtubules play an important role in intracellular transport and communication and are particularly important for neuron structure and function. Previous studies have demonstrated that microgravity causes reduced intracellular communication in neurons, possibly because of microgravity-induced alterations in microtubule organization.
The Effect of Microgravity on Stem Cell Mediated Recellularization (Lung Tissue) uses the microgravity environment of space to test strategies for growing new lung tissue. Using the latest bioengineering techniques, the Lung Tissue experiment cultures different types of lung cells in controlled conditions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The cells are grown in a specialized framework that supplies them with critical growth factors so that scientists can observe how gravity affects growth and specialization as cells become new lung tissue.
Scientists crystallize proteins to understand how these large, complex molecules function and how they are arranged, which can help them design better drugs. The Effect of Microgravity on the Co-crystallization of a Membrane protein with a medically relevant compound (CASIS PCG 4-2) investigation crystallizes a human membrane protein in the presence of a medically relevant compound. Microgravity enables the formation of larger, more perfect crystals than those grown on Earth, enabling a three-dimensional view of the protein’s structure that allows scientists to design special drugs to target a biological pathway involved in cancer.
The Effect of Microgravity on the Crystallinity of Polycaprolactone Annealed from the Melt (Space Tango-CCS-Crystallinity in Microgravity) consists of heating a polymer, polycaprolactone or PCL, to its melting point and allowing the polymer to crystallize upon cooling. Results are compared to an Earth-based control to analyze the difference in the degree of crystallinity and increase understanding of the properties of such polymers.
Various breathing tests were performed before, during, and after flight to see if pulmonary function is affected by long-term exposure to microgravity or extravehicular activity (spacewalks). Changes due to long stays on-orbit, either from removal of gravity itself or from exposure to contaminants in the closed spacecraft environment, could adversely affect crew health. Changes associated with spacewalks could indicate an increased risk of decompression sickness, commonly known as the bends.
Publications
Prisk GK, Fine JM, Cooper TK, West JB. Pulmonary gas exchange is not impaired 24 h after extravehicular activity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005 99(6): 2233-2238. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00847.2005.
Prisk GK, Fine JM, Cooper TK, West JB. Vital Capacity, Respiratory Muscle Strength and Pulmonary Gas Exchange during Long-Duration Exposure to Microgravity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006 101439-447. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01419.2005. | Impact Statement
Prisk GK, Fine JM, Cooper TK, West JB. Lung Function is unchanged in the 1 G environment following 6-months exposure to microgravity. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008 103617-623. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0754-2.PMID: 18481079. | Impact Statement
Cowell SA, Stocks JM, Evans DG, Simonson SR, Greenleaf JE. The exercise and environmental physiology of extravehicular activity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 January; 73(1): 54-67. PMID: 11817621.
Dervay JP, Powell MR, Butler BD, Fife CE. The effect of exercise and rest duration on the generation of venous gas bubbles at altitude. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 73(1): 22-27.
Balldin UI, Pilmanis AA, Webb JT. The effect of simulated weightlessness on hypobaric decompression sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 73(8): 773-778.
Pilmanis AA, Webb JT, Kannan N, Balldin UI. The effect of repeated altitude exposures on the incidence of decompression sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 73(6): 525-31.
Prisk GK. The Lung in Space. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2005 26415-438.
Prisk GK, Guy HJ, Elliott AR, West JB. Cardiopulmonary adaptation to weightlessness. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 1994 1(1): 118-121.
Prisk GK, Fine JM, Elliott AR, West JB. Effect of 6 degrees head-down tilt on cardiopulmonary function: comparison with microgravity. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 73(1): 8-16.
Prisk GK. Microgravity and the respiratory system. European Respiratory Journal. 2014 March 6; epub13 pp. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00001414. | Impact Statement
The Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity on Salivary Markers of Innate Immunity (Salivary Markers) investigation involves the collection of blood, saliva, urine and a health assessment on six subjects pre-, in- and post-flight to determine if spaceflight induced immune system dysregulation increases infection susceptibility or poses a significant health risk to crewmembers onboard the International Space Station. The investigation utilizes a longitudinal, repeated measures design to determine the effects of long-term exposure to microgravity on a host of salivary antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), latent viral reactivation, antibacterial properties of saliva, and blood markers associated with innate host immune defense.
Publications
Kunz HE, Quiriarte HD, Simpson RJ, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, McMonigal KA, Sams CF, Crucian BE. Alterations in hematologic indices during long-duration spaceflight. BMC Hematology. 2017 September 8; 1712. DOI: 10.1186/s12878-017-0083-y. | Impact Statement
Spielmann G, Laughlin MS, Kunz HE, Crucian BE, Quiriarte HD, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Simpson RJ. Latent viral reactivation is associated with changes in plasma antimicrobial protein concentrations during long-duration spaceflight. Acta Astronautica. 2018 March 2; epub19 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.02.039. | Impact Statement
Spielmann G, Agha NH, Kunz HE, Simpson RJ, Crucian BE, Mehta SK, Laughlin MS, Campbell J. B-cell homeostasis is maintained during long duration spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 November 29; epubDOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2018.PMID: 30496712. | Impact Statement
Bigley AB, Agha NH, Baker FL, Spielmann G, Kunz HE, Mylabathula PL, Rooney BV, Laughlin MS, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. NK-cell function is impaired during long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 November 1; epub33 pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2018.PMID: 30382809. | Impact Statement
Agha NH, Baker FL, Kunz HE, Spielmann G, Mylabathula PL, Rooney BV, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Laughlin MS, Markofski MM, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. Salivary antimicrobial proteins and stress biomarkers are elevated during a 6-month mission to the International Space Station. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2019 November 21; epub45 pp. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00560.2019.PMID: 31751178. | Impact Statement
Agha NH, Mehta G, Rooney BV, Laughlin MS, Markofski MM, Pierson DL, Katsanis E, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. Exercise as a countermeasure for latent viral reactivation during long duration space flight. FASEB: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2020 February; 34(2): 2869-2881. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902327R.PMID: 31908052. | Impact Statement
Crucian BE, Makedonas G, Sams CF, Pierson DL, Simpson RJ, Stowe RP, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Krieger SS, Rooney BV, Douglas G, Downs ME, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Williams TJ, Mehta SK. Countermeasures-based improvements in stress, immune system dysregulation and latent herpesvirus reactivation onboard the International Space Station - Relevance for deep space missions and terrestrial medicine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020 August; 11568-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.007.PMID: 32464118. | Impact Statement
Spaceflight changes the body in numerous ways, including severe effects on the heart and cardiovascular system. The effects of microgravity on cardiac function, structure and gene expression using the Drosophila model (Fruit Fly Lab-02 [FFL-02]) investigation studies Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies), an established model for human heart health, to determine the cellular and genetic mechanisms that cause problems in the heart during spaceflight. The investigation compares flies that have hatched in space with flies grown on the ground to understand how prolonged spaceflight affects fruit fly heart function.
Publications
Walls S, Diop S, Birse R, Elmen L, Gan Z, Kalvakuri S, Pineda S, Reddy C, Taylor E, Trinh B, Vogler G, Zarndt R, McCulloch A, Lee P, Bhattacharya S, Bodmer R, Ocorr K. Prolonged exposure to microgravity reduces cardiac contractility and initiates remodeling in Drosophila. Cell Reports. 2020 November 23; epub108445. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108445.PMID: 33242407. | Impact Statement
The Effects of Microgravity on Microbial Nitrogen Fixation (Microbial Nitrogen Fixation) explores the effectiveness of two strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen is an essential element in plant growth, but plants use only reduced forms of nitrogen and much of it is produced by these bacteria. Determining whether and how nitrogen fixation occurs in space is key to successfully growing plants on future missions.
The Effects of Microgravity on Microglia 3-Dimensional Models of Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis (Space Tango-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells) examines how microglial cells grow and move in three-dimensional (3D) cultures as well as any changes in gene expression that occur as a result of microgravity exposure. Microglia are a type of immune defense cell found in the central nervous system. Results may help provide novel approaches to characterizing, understanding, and developing therapies for Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis.
The Effects of Microgravity on Microglia 3-Dimensional Models of Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis – Mission 2 (Cosmic Brain Organoids) examines growth and movement of microglial cells in 3D organoids and potential changes in gene expression and protein secretion caused by microgravity. Microglia are a type of immune defense cell found in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Results may improve understanding of Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis and support development of new treatments.
The probiotic based on strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus is a representative of a new generation of immunobiological preparations, created with due regard for modern ideas in medicine and biotechnology. It exhibits high therapeutic effectiveness and safety, and does not cause allergic reactions. The Effects of Space Flight Factors on a Lactolen Producer Strain (Lactolen) investigation studies the effects of exposure to space flight on the biomedical properties of investigated strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Microgravity is believed to be the principal space flight exposure factor acting on living organisms. At the same time, other on-orbit factors cannot be ignored—in particular, cell motion in a geomagnetic field and cosmic radiation.
During long-duration spaceflight, skeletal muscles atrophy and weaken, and many crewmembers have trouble standing up and walking after returning to Earth. The Synergy investigation measures blood flow in the legs, crewmembers’ physical centers of gravity, and electrical activity in skeletal muscle to determine how astronauts re-gain their ability to stand upright and walk.
Publications
Ishihara A, Terada M, Kouzaki M, Hagio S, Higashibata A, Yamada S, Furukawa S, Mukai C, Ishioka N. Blood flow in astronauts on Earth after long space stay. Acta Astronautica. 2020 May 16; 175462-464. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.05.017. | Impact Statement
Hagio S, Ishihara A, Terada M, Tanabe H, Kibushi B, Higashibata A, Yamada S, Furukawa S, Mukai C, Ishioka N, Kouzaki M. Muscle synergies of multidirectional postural control in astronauts on Earth after a long-term stay in space. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2022 May; 127(5): 1230-1239. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00232.2021. | Impact Statement
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Vizual (Uragan - Vizual) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Electrostantsia (Uragan - Electrostantsia ) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters GC (Uragan GC) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Katastrofa (Uragan - Katastrofa) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Kolka (Uragan - Kolka) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Okruzhayuschaya Sreda (Uragan - Okruzhayuschaya Sreda ) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters- Pamir (Uragan - Pamir) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Pochva (Uragan - Pochva) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Prikaspy (Uragan - Prikaspy) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Sel (Uragan - Sel) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Stikhiynoe Bedstvie (Uragan - Stikhiynoe Bedstvie) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Voda (Uragan - Voda) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Volga (Uragan - Volga) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Yug (Uragan - Yug) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Zapovednik (Uragan - Zapovednik) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Zemlya (Uragan - Zemlya) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Experimental Testing of an Earth-Space System for Monitoring and Predicting the Development of Natural and Man-Made Disasters - Ural (Uragan- Ural) investigation is designed to test technical equipment and methods of observing the Earth’s surface from the Russian segment of the International Space Station given the actual constraints from the ballistic conditions of ISS flight, crew work and rest schedules, crew time resources, weather and lighting conditions in the imaging area, etc. The objects being observed are natural and man-made areas that are potentially dangerous for the occurrence of catastrophic events, including the mountainous areas of the Krasnodar region, with the goal of predicting the occurrence of flooding and landslides. The human impact on the environment in the area of Sochi during the construction and operation of Olympic facilities is monitored, as is the state of the environment in areas containing conservation reserves, national parks, and other nature facilities
The Integrated Impact of Diet on Human Immune Response, the Gut Microbiota, and Nutritional Status During Adaptation to Spaceflight (Food Physiology) experiment is designed to characterize the key effects of an enhanced spaceflight diet on immune function, the gut microbiome, and nutritional status indicators. These factors are interlinked, but diet is the only one that can be easily and meaningfully altered on Earth or during flight. This investigation aims to document the effect of dietary improvements on human physiology and the ability of those improvements to enhance adaptation to spaceflight.
The International Space Station Experience (The ISS Experience) is a cinematic virtual reality (VR) series documenting life and research aboard the space station. Filmed over multiple months, the immersive VR series documents different crew activities - from science conducted aboard the station to preparation for a spacewalk.
The Ionosphere Thermosphere Scanning Photometer for Ion-Neutral Studies (IT-SPINS) produces two-dimensional (2D) tomographic imaging of Earth’s ionosphere in order to increase fundamental understanding of its structure. Improved knowledge of the processes driving variations in the ionosphere could contribute to improved models and, in turn, better prediction of space weather. The investigation uses a CubeSat Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (CTIP) in a 3U CubeSat to make the observations.
Although identical twins are genetically almost the same, differences in environment, diet and other outside factors can affect their health in different ways. The Twins Study is an integrated compilation of ten studies at multiple research centers that examines the effects of space travel on twin astronauts, one of whom stays on the International Space Station (ISS) for one year while his twin remains on Earth. The Landscape of DNA and RNA Methylation Before, During, and After Human Space Travel (Twins Study – Mason) studies how microgravity and other spaceflight-related environmental factors influence chemical changes in RNA and DNA, and how they relate to the various changes noted by other Twins Study investigators.
Publications
Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening B, Rizzardi L, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor LE, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AM, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer MA, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VY, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick A, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel H, Pietrzyk RA, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears D, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GB, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SM, Mason CE, Mignot EJ, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder M, Turek F. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science. 2019 11 April; 36420 pp. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650.
Bezdan D, Grigorev K, Meydan C, Pelissier Vatter FA, Cioffi M, Rao V, MacKay M, Nakahira K, Burnham P, Afshinnekoo E, Westover C, Butler DJ, Mozsary C, Donahoe T, Foox J, Mishra T, Lucotti S, Rana BK, Melnick A, Zhang H, Matei I, Kelsen D, Yu K, Lyden DC, Taylor LE, Bailey SM, Snyder M, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Ossowski S, De Vlaminck I, Mason CE. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and exosome profiling from a year-long human spaceflight reveals circulating biomarkers. iScience. 2020 November 25; epub26 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101844. | Impact Statement
Malkani S, Chin CR, Cekanaviciute E, Mortreux M, Okinula H, Tarbier M, Schreurs A, Shirazi-Fard Y, Tahimic CG, Rodriguez DN, Sexton BS, Butler DJ, Verma A, Bezdan D, Durmaz C, MacKay M, Melnick A, Meydan C, Li S, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Fromm B, Afshinnekoo E, Langhorst BW, Dimalanta ET, Cheng-Campbell M, Blaber EA, Schisler JC, Vanderburg C, Friedlander MR, McDonald JT, Costes SV, Rutkove SB, Grabham P, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Circulating miRNA spaceflight signature reveals targets for countermeasure development. Cell Reports. 2020 November 25; epub108448. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108448. | Impact Statement
Trinchant NM, MacKay M, Chin CR, Afshinnekoo E, Foox J, Meydan C, Butler DJ, Mozsary C, Vernice NA, Darby C, Schatz MC, Bailey SM, Melnick A, Guzman M, Bolton K, Braunstein LZ, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Levine RL, Hassane D, Mason CE. Clonal hematopoiesis before, during, and after human spaceflight. Cell Reports. 2020 November 25; epub108458. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108458. | Impact Statement
The MARROW study (Bone Marrow Adipose Reaction: Red Or White?) (Marrow) investigation looks at the effect of microgravity on the bone marrow. It is believed that microgravity, like long-duration bed rest on Earth, has a negative effect on the bone marrow and the blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow. The extent of this effect, and its recovery, are of interest to space research and healthcare providers on Earth.
Publications
Trudel G, Shafer J, Laneuville O, Ramsay T. Characterizing the effect of exposure to microgravity on anemia: more space is worse. American Journal of Hematology. 2019 December 2; 95(3): 267-273. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25699.PMID: 31816115. | Impact Statement
Shahin N, Louati H, Trudel G. Measuring human hemolysis clinically and in extreme environments using endogenous carbon monoxide elimination. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2020 May 1; 48(5): 1540-1550. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02473-5.PMID: 32034608. | Impact Statement
Trudel G, Shahin N, Ramsay T, Laneuville O, Louati H. Hemolysis contributes to anemia during long-duration space flight. Nature Medicine. 2022 January 14; 1-4. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01637-7.PMID: 35031790. | Impact Statement
The Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions (MICAST) investigation aims to deepen the understanding of the physical principles that govern solidification processes in metal alloys. The patterns of the crystals resulting from transitions of liquids to solids is of substantial importance to processes in producing materials such as solar cells, thermoelectrics, and metal alloys.
Publications
Upadhyay SR, Tewari SN, Ghods M, Grugel RN, Poirier DR, Lauer M. Primary dendrite trunk diameter in Al-7wt% Si alloy directionally solidified aboard the International Space Station. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2019 May; 529012022. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/529/1/012022. | Impact Statement
Ghods M, Upadhyay SR, Rajamure RS, Tewari SN, Grugel RN, Poirier DR, Lauer M. Primary dendrite array morphology in Al-7 wt. % Si alloy samples directionally solidified aboard the International Space Station. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2021 May 15; 562126077. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2021.126077. | Impact Statement
Nabavizadeh SA, Upadhyay SR, Eshraghi M, Felicelli SD, Tewari SN, Grugel RN. Spurious grain formation due to marangoni convection during directional solidification of alloys in µ-g environment of International Space Station. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2021 September 4; 126334. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2021.126334. | Impact Statement
Lauer M, Ghods M, Angart SG, Grugel RN, Tewari SN, Poirier DR. Macrosegregation during re-melting and holding of directionally solidified Al-7 wt.% Si alloy in microgravity. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2017 August 1; 69(8): 1289-1297. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-017-2380-0. | Impact Statement
Frick J, Senesky D. Metal alloy synthesis in microgravity. In-Space Manufacturing and Resources. 2022 269-284. DOI: 10.1002/9783527830909.ch14.
The Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions-2 (MICAST-2) experiment aims to deepen the understanding of the physical principles that govern solidification processes in metal alloys. The patterns of the crystals resulting from transitions of liquids to solids is of substantial importance to processes in producing materials such as solar cells, thermoelectrics, and metal alloys.
Publications
Budenkova O, Baltaretu F, Steinbach S, Ratke L, Roosz A, Ronafoldi A, Kovacs J, Bianchi A, Fautrelle Y. Modelling of Al-7%wtSi-1wt%Fe ternary alloy: Application to space experiments with a rotating magnetic field. Materials Science Forum. 2014 May; 790-79146-51. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.790-791.46. | Impact Statement
Zimmermann G, Schaberger-Zimmermann E, Steinbach S, Ratke L. Formation of intermetallic phases in AlSi7Fe1 alloy processed onboard the ISS. Materials Science Forum. 2014 May; 790-79140-45. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.790-791.40. | Impact Statement
Steinbach S, Ratke L, Zimmermann G, Budenkova O. Formation of intermetallic phases in AlSi7Fe1 alloy processed under microgravity and forced fluid flow conditions and their influence on the permeability. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 2016 March; 117012019. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/117/1/012019. | Impact Statement
The Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) Science in Space Competition (MBRSC-Mod9), an initiative of the United Arab Emirates Astronaut Program in coordination with NanoRacks LLC, encourages student interest in space science. Schools apply to participate and MBRSC chooses 15 schools, which nominate students to attend workshops where they learn how to prepare scientific experiments on the effects of microgravity. The experiments are part of the scientific mission of the first Emirati astronaut on the space station later this year.
ORZS was developed to provide direct measurements and models for plant rooting media that will be used in future Advanced Life Support (ALS) plant growth experiments. The goal of this investigation is to develop and optimize hardware and procedures to allow optimal plant growth to occur in microgravity.
Publications
Jones SB, Heinse R, Or D, Bingham GE. Modeling and design of optimal growth media from plant - based gas and liquid fluxes. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 July 11; 2005-01-294913 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2949.Also: 35th International Conference On Environmental Systems (ICES), July 11-14, 2005. Rome, ITALY, Session: Plant Flight Hardware: Technologies and Research II..
Jones SB, Or D, Bingham GE. Gas diffusion measurement and modeling in coarse-textured porous media. Vadose Zone Journal. 2003 November; 2(4): 602-610. DOI: 10.2136/vzj2003.6020.
Jones SB, Bingham GE, Or D, Morrow RC. ORZS: Optimization of root zone substrates for microgravity. SAE Technical Paper. 2002 July 15; 2002-01-23809 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-2380.
Jones SB, Bingham GE, Topham TS, Or D, Podolski IG, Strugov OM. An Automated Oxygen Diffusion Measurement System for Porous Media in Microgravity. SAE Technical Paper. 2003 July 7; 2003-01-26128 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2612.Also: 33rd International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 7-10, 2003..
Heinse R, Jones SB, Tuller M, Bingham GE, Podolski IG, Or D. Providing Optimal Root-Zone Fluid Fluxes: Effects of Hysteresis on Capillary-Dominated Water Distributions in Reduced Gravity. SAE Technical Paper. 2009 July 12; 2009-01-236010 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2360. | Impact Statement
Heinse R, Jones SB, Steinberg SL, Tuller M, Or D. Measurements and modeling of variable gravity effects on water distribution and flow in unsaturated porous media. Vadose Zone Journal. 2007 6(4): 713-724. DOI: 10.2136/vzj2006.0105. | Impact Statement
Steinberg SL, Kluitenberg GJ, Jones SB, Daidzic NE, Reddi LN, Xiao M, Tuller M, Newman RM, Or D, Alexander JD. Physical and hydraulic properties of baked ceramic aggregates used for plant growth medium. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2005 September; 130(5): 767-774. PMID: 16173159.
Norikane JH, Jones SB, Steinberg SL, Levine HG, Or D. Porous media matric potential and water content measurements during parabolic flight. Habitation. 2005 10(2): 117-126. DOI: 10.3727/154296605774791241.PMID: 15751144.
Jones SB, Bugbee B, Heinse R, Or D, Bingham GE. Porous plant growth media design considerations for lunar and Martian habitats. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2009 July 12; 4(1): 55-62. DOI: 10.4271/2009-01-2361.
Heinse R, Lewis KS, Jones SB, Kluitenberg GJ, Austin RS, Shouse PJ, Bingham GE. Integration of heat capacity and electrical conductivity sensors for root module water and nutrient assessment. SAE Technical Paper. 2006 July 17; 2006-01-221113 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2006-01-2211.Also: 36th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), Norfolk, Virginia, July 12-20, 2006..
Heinse R, Humphries SD, Mace RW, Jones SB, Steinberg SL, Tuller M, Newman RM, Or D. Measurement of porous media hydraulic properties during parabolic flight induced microgravity. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 July 11; 2005-01-295011 pp. DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2950.Also: 35th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), Rome, Italy, July 11-14, 2005..
Or D, Tuller M, Jones SB. Liquid-gas interfacial configurations in angular pores under microgravity. 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments, League City, Texas. 2004 March 7-10; 346-353. DOI: 10.1061/40722(153)49.
Jones SB, Or D, Heinse R, Tuller M. Beyond Earth: Designing root zone environments for reduced gravity conditions. Vadose Zone Journal. 2012 11(1): 11. DOI: 10.2136/vzj2011.0081.Also: Jones, S.B., Dani Or, Robert Heinse and Markus Tuller. 2010. Beyond Earth: Designing root zone environments for reduced gravity. 1st International Conference and Exploratory Workshop on Soil Architecture and Physico-Chemical Functions "CESAR". Aarhus University, Research Centre Foulum, Denmark, Nov. 30 – Dec. 2. | Impact Statement
He W, Liu H, Xing Y, Jones SB. Comparison of three soil-like substrate production techniques for a bioregenerative life support system. Advances in Space Research. 2010 November; 46(9): 1156-1161. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.05.027.
Or D, Tuller M, Jones SB. Liquid behavior in partially saturated porous media under variable gravity. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2009 73(2): 341-350. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2008.0046.
Deepagoda CT, Moldrup P, Jensen MP, Jones SB, de Jonge LW, Schjonning P, Scow K, Hopmans JW, Rolston DE, Kawamoto K, Komatsu T. Diffusion aspects of designing porous growth media for Earth and space. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2012 76(5): 1564. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2011.0438. | Impact Statement
Heinse R, Jones SB, Or D, Podolski IG, Topham TS, Poritz D, Bingham GE. Microgravity oxygen diffusion and water retention measurements in unsaturated porous media aboard the International Space Station. Vadose Zone Journal. 2015 June 16; 14(6): vzj2014.10.0135. DOI: 10.2136/vzj2014.10.0135. | Impact Statement
Steinberg SL, Jones SB, Xiao M, Reddi LN, Kluitenberg GJ, Or D, Alexander JD, Daidzic NE, Tuller M. Challenges to understanding fluid behavior in plant growth media under microgravity. SAE Technical Paper. 2005 2005-01-29476pp. DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2947. | Impact Statement
In The Origin of Fragility in High-temperature Oxide Liquids - Towards Fabrication of Novel Non-equilibrium Oxide Materials (Fragility) investigation, measurements of thermophysical properties (density and viscosity) of high-temperature oxide melts are carried out using the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) in JAXA’s Kibo Laboratory aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Using a combination of X-ray/neutron diffraction experiments and computer simulation of the melts on ground, it is possible to reveal the nature of glass formation and gain insight into the design of novel materials.
The Space Frontier and Extraterrestrial Cardioprotection (Cardioprotection Ax-1) performs cardiovascular evaluation on Axiom Mission 1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM) crew members. Human research in space has, to date, focused on professional astronauts, but as spaceflight opportunities expand, more diverse populations experience exposure to the space environment. The study supports protection of heart health in this expanding population. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the space station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated commercial research, outreach, or approved commercial and marketing activities.
The Spectral Ocean Color (SPOC) Satellite is a 3U CubeSat with an adjustable multispectral sensor used to create images with high spectral resolution that can detect a wide range of environmental phenomena. The resulting images can be used to monitor coastal wetlands and coastal water quality. SPOC also trains students for potential careers in science, technology, engineering and math.
Thermal Amine Scrubber tests a method to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from air aboard the International Space Station, using actively heated and cooled amine beds. Controlling CO2 levels on the station reduces the likelihood of crew members experiencing symptoms of CO2 buildup, which include fatigue, headache, breathing difficulties, strained eyes, and itchy skin. The system includes elements that reduce loss of water vapor, and recover CO2 for use in electrolysis to produce oxygen.
Defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, debris and other orbital trash frequently reenters Earth’s atmosphere, where most of it breaks up and disintegrates before hitting the ground. But some large objects can survive reentry and threaten people and property. The Thermal Protection Material Flight Test and Reentry Data Collection (RED-Data2) investigation studies a new type of recording device that rides along a vehicle reentering Earth’s atmosphere, providing crucial data about the extreme conditions a spacecraft encounters during atmospheric reentry.
The goal of the Thermo-Mini investigation is to gain insight into human thermoregulation during long-duration spaceflight. Thermo-Mini is a new device that measures the core body temperature by calculating the heat flux at the head or chest. Because of its non-invasiveness, it is possible for the astronauts to wear it for many hours a day.
The Thermophysical Properties and Solidification Behaviour of Undercooled Ti-Zr-Ni Liquids showing an Icosahedral Short-range Order (ICOPROSOL) (EML Batch 3 - ICOPROSOL) investigation focuses on measurements of the thermophysical properties of supercooled Ti-Zr-Ni liquids of different composition, which are correlated with terrestrial x-ray liquid structure studies. A second focus is an evaluation of a new model for nucleation that takes into account long-range diffusion and interfacial attachment; this is tested by studying the effect of fluid flow on maximum undercooling. Measurements of the dendritic growth velocity and viscosity are made to obtain input data for modelling and data analysis.
Thermophysical Properties Measurements of Non-Equilibrium Molten Alloys for Design of Thermal Storage Material (Thermal Storage) aims to design materials that can efficiently store thermal energy. Accurate measurements of thermophysical properties of the materials are only possible in microgravity, where there is no convection, and using the International Space Station’s Electrostatic Levitation Furnace to remove the effects of the liquid-container interface. These measurements contribute to the design of the materials for practical thermal energy storage.
Thermo-physical Properties of Liquid and Heterogeneous Solidification Behavior of Powder Metals for 3D Printer (Hetero-3D) studies the thermal properties and solidification behavior of liquid metals with and without Titanium carbide (TiC) particles. The investigation creates metallic products in microgravity using additive manufacturing or 3D printing. TiC affects the solidification mechanism and properties of the resulting products.
Thermophysical Property of Eutectic Melting Material of Control Rods for Severe Accident Analyses in Fast Reactors (ELF-B4C-SS Eutectic) collects data for the first time on the thermophysical properties of a material that simulates the melting behavior of a mixture of boron carbide (B4C) and stainless steel (SS). These data could be incorporated into models used to analyze severe accident scenarios for sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs). These nuclear reactors are cooled by molten sodium rather than water. Microgravity conditions make it possible to levitate a sample and melt it with a laser in order to reach the high temperatures needed for the simulation.
Thermoregulation in Humans During Long-Term Spaceflight (Thermolab) investigates the thermoregulatory and cardiovascular adaptations during rest and exercise in the course of a long-duartion microgravity exposure.
Publications
Stahn AC, Werner A, Opatz O, Maggioni MA, Steinach M, von Ahlefeld VW, Moore Jr. AD, Crucian BE, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Schlabs T, Mendt S, Trippel T, Koralewski E, Koch J, Chouker A, Reitz G, Shang P, Rocker L, Kirsch KA, Gunga HC. Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions. Scientific Reports. 2017 November 23; 7(1): 16180. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15560-w. | Impact Statement
Gunga HC, Werner A, Opatz O, Stahn AC, Kirsch KA, Sattler F, Koch J. A NEW NON-INVASIVE DEVICE TO MONITOR CORE TEMPERATURE ON EARTH AND IN SPACE. Annales Kinesiologiae. 2012 3(1): 14 pp. Also appears in Sitzungsberichte der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 114(2012), 67–79.. | Impact Statement
Thermovibrationally-driven Particle self-Assembly and Ordering mechanisms in Low grAvity (Particle Vibration) project aims to investigate the self-organization mechanisms of particles in fluids. The outcomes of the project have various implications in the science of materials (development of novel manufacturing techniques) and astrophysics (understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of asteroids and planets).
Publications
Crewdson G, Boaro A, Kerr M, Lappa M. Supporting an ISS experiment as PhD students: A case study of the PARTICLE VIBRATION project. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Space Educational Activities, Barcelona, Spain. 2022 May 3; 6pp. DOI: 10.5821/conference-9788419184405.017.
Lappa M. Towards new contact-less techniques for the control of inertial particles dispersed in a fluid. 12th International Conference on Thermal Engineering: Theory and Applications, Gandhinagar, India. 2019 February 6; 3.
Lappa M, Burel T, Kerr M, Crewdson G, Boaro A, Capobianchi P, Vincent-Bonnieu S, Murphy L, Randall P, Hens S. Particle Vibration, an instrument to study particle accumulation structures on board the International Space Station. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2022 May 17; 3433. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-022-09939-2.
Lappa M, Boaro A. Rayleigh–Bénard convection in viscoelastic liquid bridges. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2020 December; 904DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2020.608.
Capobianchi P, Lappa M. On the influence of gravity on particle accumulation structures in high aspect-ratio liquid bridges. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2021 February; 908DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2020.882.
Thomas Jefferson High School Research and Education Vehicle for the Evaluation of Radio Broadcasts (TJREVERB) tests use of a commercial off-the-shelf Iridium short burst data (SBD) modem as a potential means of effective CubeSat communication. The test plots the signal strength of the Iridium satellite modem at a specific geolocation and time in order to find the distribution of signal strength. Results contribute to developing educational materials and radio use guidelines for novice satellite builders.
The What Happens Above Thunderstorms (THOR) investigation seeks to improve the understanding how lightning activity powers cloud turrets, gravity waves, and to further the understanding of the structure of Transient Luminous Events above thunderstorms. If confirmed as being technically feasible, the photography technique used could also add valuable scientific data to the European Space Agency’s (ESA) future Atmospheric Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) project mission. Improving the understanding of the processes occurring in Earth’s lower layers of the atmosphere can improve atmospheric models, and a better understanding of Earth’s climate and weather.
Surfaces in the space station contain microbes and associated biomolecules excreted by these microorganisms. Three-dimensional Microbial Monitoring of ISS Environment (3DMM) uses DNA sequencing and other analyses to construct a 3D map of bacteria and bacterial products throughout the station. The team also plans to characterize how these microbes respond at a molecular level to specific stress conditions, including altered gravity and atmospheric composition.
The aim of this experiment is to subject lentil seedling roots to different centrifugal acceleration levels in microgravity, in order to determine the threshold of acceleration the roots respond to. The seedling roots are stimulated by means of a centrifuge for several hours, and the gravitropic response (root curvature) is followed by time-lapse photography or video observation during this centrifugation, making it possible to determine precisely the threshold acceleration at which the root responds to the gravity stimulus. After the stimulation period, the roots are chemically fixed in glutaraldhyde, formaldehyde, and RNALater to determine the movement of amyloplasts under the influence of the stimulation.
Publications
Karoliussen I, Coelho LH, Hauan M. Integration and pre-experiment test flow of the Gravi2 experiment performed in the EMCS: From ground testing to space flight. AIAA SPACE 2016, Long Beach, CA. 2016 September 9; 11pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2016-5611.
Previous studies have suggested that space debris could be melted with a high-power laser, but such an approach presents challenges. Thrust Measurement Experiment for Space Debris Nudging (Laser Debris Removal) examines thrust and temperature of space debris targeted by a small-power laser. The investigation uses the space station’s Electrostatic Levitation Furnace, which allows simulation of the thermal and mechanical properties of space debris and precise measurement of the propulsive thrust force due to the laser beam. Resulting data could help determine whether space debris removal with a small-power laser is feasible.
The accurate perception of objects in the environment is a prerequisite for spatial orientation and reliable performance of motor tasks. Time perception in microgravity is also fundamental to motion perception, sound localization, speech, and fine motor coordination. The Time Perception in Microgravity experiment quantifies the subjective changes in time perception in humans during and after long-duration exposure to microgravity.
Spaceflight causes major changes to the musculoskeletal system, including muscle atrophy and bone density loss, which mimic some of the symptoms of aging on Earth and pose a challenge for crew members living in space for extended periods. Time-dependency of morphological and molecular changes in the musculoskeletal system of mice exposed to the spaceflight environment (Rodent Research-2 [CASIS]) uses mice as model organisms of human health and studies how their bodies change at a molecular level. Results will help scientists discover new treatments for muscle- and bone-related diseases that affect people living in space and on Earth.
Muscle mass diminishes with age on Earth via a condition called sarcopenia, and astronauts experience similar and accelerated loss of muscle mass during spaceflight. Tissue Engineered Muscle in Microgravity as a Novel Platform to Study Sarcopenia (Cardinal Muscle) evaluates whether engineered human muscle cells cultured in microgravity are a valid model for studying muscle loss. Because microgravity accelerates the process, a valid tissue model could enable rapid assessment of therapeutics to treat muscle loss.
Tissue Regeneration-Bone Defect (Rodent Research-4 (CASIS)) carries out systems biology studies to understand the physiological events associated with wound healing mechanisms subjected to gravitational forces and to identify potential signatures to predict the healing outcomes. Results provide a new understanding of the biological reasons behind healing mechanisms, efficacy of the osteoinductive drugs at stressed condition and their susceptibility to gravitational conditions.
Publications
Childress PJ, Brinker A, Gong CS, Harris J, Olivos III DJ, Rytlewski JD, Scofield DC, Choi SY, Shirazi-Fard Y, McKinley TO, Chu TG, Conley CL, Chakraborty NM, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Forces associated with launch into space do not impact bone fracture healing. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2018 February 1; 16(Supplement C): 52-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.11.002. | Impact Statement
Scofield DC, Rytlewski JD, Childress PJ, Shah K, Tucker A, Khan F, Peveler J, Li D, McKinley TO, Chu TG, Hickman DL, Kacena MA. Development of a step-down method for altering male C57BL/6 mouse housing density and hierarchical structure: Preparations for spaceflight studies. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2018 March 7; epub26 pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.03.002. | Impact Statement
Fischer JP, Wininger AE, Himes E, Chakraborty NM, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Fixation of whole mouse hindlimbs using NASA spaceflight fixation kit. Journal of Histotechnology. 2017 October 2; 40(4): 115-120. DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2017.1394561. | Impact Statement
Rytlewski JD, Childress PJ, Scofield DC, Khan F, Alvarez MB, Tucker A, Harris J, Peveler J, Hickman DL, Chu TG, Kacena MA. Cohousing Male Mice with and without Segmental Bone Defects. Comparative Medicine. 2019 April 2; 68(2): 131-138. PMID: 29663938. | Impact Statement
Ogneva IV, Usik MA, Loktev SS, Zhdankina YS, Biryukov NS, Orlov OI, Sychev VN. Testes and duct deferens of mice during space flight: cytoskeleton structure, sperm-specific proteins and epigenetic events. Scientific Reports. 2019 December; 9(1): 9730. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46324-3. | Impact Statement
Dadwal UC, Maupin KA, Zamarioli A, Tucker A, Harris J, Fischer JP, Rytlewski JD, Scofield DC, Wininger AE, Bhatti FU, Alvarez MB, Childress PJ, Chakraborty NM, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. The effects of spaceflight and fracture healing on distant skeletal sites. Scientific Reports. 2019 August; 9(1): 11419. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47695-3.PMID: 31388031. | Impact Statement
Maupin KA, Childress PJ, Brinker A, Khan F, Abeysekera I, Aguilar IN, Olivos III DJ, Adam G, Savaglio MK, Ganesh V, Gorden R, Mannfeld R, Beckner E, Horan DJ, Robling AG, Chakraborty NM, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Skeletal adaptations in young male mice after 4 weeks aboard the International Space Station. npj Microgravity. 2019 September 24; 5(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0081-4.PMID: 31583271. | Impact Statement
Chakraborty NM, Waning DL, Gautam A, Hoke A, Sowe B, Youssef D, Butler S, Savaglio MK, Childress PJ, Kumar R, Moyler C, Dimitrov G, Kacena MA, Hammamieh R. Gene-metabolite network linked to inhibited bioenergetics in association with spaceflight-induced loss of male mouse quadriceps muscle. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2020 June 8; epub26 pp. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4102.PMID: 32511780. | Impact Statement
Atiakshin DA, Shishkina VV. Mast cells effect on the condition of skin collagen fibers in microgravity conditions. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2021 February 22; 2318(1): 160003. DOI: 10.1063/5.0036003. | Impact Statement
Viktorovna TO, Faritovich NL, Anatolievna DS. Changing activity of antioxidant system in respiratory muscle of diaphragma in mice after space flight. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2021 February 22; 2318(1): 160008. DOI: 10.1063/5.0035905. | Impact Statement
Zamarioli A, Campbell Z, Maupin KA, Childress PJ, Ximenez JP, Adam G, Chakraborty NM, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Analysis of the effects of spaceflight and local administration of thrombopoietin to a femoral defect injury on distal skeletal sites. npj Microgravity. 2021 March 26; 7(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00140-0. | Impact Statement
Chakraborty NM, Zamarioli A, Gautam A, Campbell R, Mendenhall SK, Childress PJ, Dimitrov G, Sowe B, Tucker A, Zhao L, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Gene-metabolite networks associated with impediment of bone fracture repair in spaceflight. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 2021 June 8; 193507-3520. DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.050.PMID: 34194674. | Impact Statement
Tohoku Reconstruction Space Mission 2021 (TOHOKU2021) sends a message from Japan via the Japanese Experiment Module “Kibo” to the entire world, thanking people for their assistance with reconstruction following the East Japan Great Earthquake and Tsunami and passing on memories and lessons learned to the next generation. Ten years have passed since the disaster, which affected more than 40 cities.
The Tomatosphere 5 investigation consists of a shipment of 1.2 million tomato seeds to the International Space Station (ISS), where they visit for a short while aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft before returning to Earth. Approximately 15 000 students in schools across Canada and the United States receive the space-flown seeds, as well as seeds that remained on Earth, and grow both types in a blind study that measures their germination, growth rate, and general vigor.
Tomatosphere 6 consists of a shipment of 1.2 million tomato seeds to the International Space Station (ISS), where they visit for a short while aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft before returning to Earth. Over 16,000 classrooms across Canada and the United States are to receive the space-flown seeds, as well as seeds that remained on Earth, and grow both types in a blind study that teaches students to think like scientists.
The primary objectives of the project are to increase student interest in space science and horticultural technology and to increase student familiarity and experience with research methodologies. Tomatosphere-III will send 600,000 tomato seeds to the International Space Station (ISS) for exposure to the space environment. The seeds will be returned to Earth for use in over 13,000 classrooms throughout Canada as a learning resource. Students will measure the germination rates, growth patterns and vigor of growth of the seeds.
Publications
Evans L, Steinberg M. The Canadian Space Program: Educating educators and inspiring youth. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 Sept 20 to Oct 3; IAC-03-P.3.017 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-03-P.3.01.
Bonis P, Kubey AA. Space education specialist: Bridging the gap between education and public outreach. 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada. 2004 Oct 4; 10 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-04-P.2.07.
Morrow R, Dixon M, Thirsk RB, Steinberg M. Tomatosphere - To Mars and Beyond: An educational outreach project for primary and secondary schools. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 Oct 2; 4 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-06-E1.3.03.
Morrow R, Rondeau Vuk T, Dixon M. Tomatosphere - Mission to Mars an evaluation of a space science outreach program. 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Barcelona, Spain. 2010 July 11; AIAA 2010-62098 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.2010-6209.
Curry HA. Tomato seeds in space: NASA outreach and science education in the shuttle era. Endeavour. 2010 December; 34(4): 173-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.07.004.
Rondeau Vuk T, Dixon M, Morrow R. Tomatosphere - Mission to Mars an educational outreach project for primary and secondary schools. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2004 July 19; 2004-01-2423DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2423.
Evans L, Patten L, Steinberg M, Clement J. Canadian space learning network: Inspiring life long learning. 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany. 2003 Sept 29 to Oct 3; IAC-03-P.3.011 pp.
Bamsey M, Graham T, Stasiak M, Berinstain A, Scott A, Rondeau Vuk T, Dixon M. Canadian advanced life support capacities and future directions. Advances in Space Research. 2009 July; 44(2): 151-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.03.024.
Tomatosphere-IV consists of a shipment of 600,000 tomato seeds that are exposed to the conditions of space in SpaceX’s Dragon vehicle (SpX-6). Following their return to Earth, the participating classrooms are provided with two sets of tomato seeds: one set that has been exposed to space or space-simulated environments, as well as a control group for comparison. Without knowing which set is which, students grow the seedlings in their classrooms, measuring a variety of information about the tomato plants, the germination rates, growth patterns, and vigor of the seeds. This methodology, known as a "blind study," allows the mystery of the project to be real science for the students. Each class submits their results to the project’s website to be shared with scientists studying horticulture and environmental biology.
Publications
Ives C, Perrie G, Stamler A, Nickel M. Can Tomatosphere™ tomato seeds germinate after two exposures to space, in Mars-like conditions?. Proceedings of Manitoba’s Undergraduate Science and Engineering Research. 2018 4(1): 14-16. DOI: 10.5203/pmuser.201841613. | Impact Statement
Tomatosphere-US provides K-12 classrooms with tomato seeds from space to use in a blind germination study. Participating classes receive two sets of seeds, a control group from the ground and seeds flown in space or subjected to simulated space conditions. When teachers and students submit the results of their experiment, they learn the source of each set of seeds and can compare their data with other classroom experiments around the country.
Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) measures total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar spectral irradiance (SSI). TSI helps establish Earth’s total energy input while SSI contributes to understanding how Earth’s atmosphere responds to solar output changes. Energy input minus outgoing energy determines Earth’s climate and energy from the Sun drives atmospheric and oceanic circulations on Earth. Knowing the magnitude and variability of solar irradiance is therefore essential to understanding Earth’s climate. Solar irradiance represents one of the longest climate data records derived from space-based observations – nearing 40 years of data – and researchers anticipate maintaining continuity of that record with TSIS.
Publications
Richard EC, Harber D, Coddington OM, Drake G, Rutkowski J, Triplett M, Pilewskie P, Woods TN. SI-traceable spectral irradiance radiometric characterization and absolute calibration of the TSIS-1 Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM). Remote Sensing. 2020 January; 12(11): 1818. DOI: 10.3390/rs12111818. | Impact Statement
Coddington OM, Richard EC, Harber D, Pilewskie P, Chance K, Liu X, Sun K. The TSIS-1 hybrid solar reference spectrum. Geophysical Research Letters. 2021 April 26; 48(12): e2020GL091709. DOI: 10.1029/2020GL091709. | Impact Statement
Previous space research conducted during short-term flight experiments and long-term environmental monitoring on board orbiting space stations (such as MIR or the International Space Station) suggests that the relationship between humans and microbes is altered in the crewed habitat in space. This interdisciplinary project Touching Surfaces aims to investigate novel, laser-structured antimicrobial surfaces onboard the ISS. The realistic testing of the tailor-made nanostructured antimicrobial surface in space allows for the determination of the most suitable design for antimicrobial surfaces for terrestrial applications such as public transportation and clinical settings, as well as future human space mission and habitation design.
Using a transparent model material, this experiment studies the fundamental phenomena responsible for the formation of certain classes of defects in metal castings. Investigators examine the physical principles which control the occurrence of defects in manufacturing on Earth in order to develop methods to reduce flaws, defects or wasted material.
Publications
Pettegrew RD, Struk PM, Watson JK, Haylett DR. Experimental Methods in Reduced-Gravity Soldering Research. NASA Technical Memorandum. 2002 2002-211993 | Impact Statement
Grugel RN, Anilkumar AV. Bubble Formation and Transport during Microgravity Materials Processing: Model Experiments on the Space Station. 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2004 AIAA 2004-0627
Strutzenberg LL, Grugel RN, Trivedi R. Morphological Evolution of Directional Solidification Interface in Microgravity: An Analysis of Model Experiments Performed on the International Space Station. 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2005 AIAA 2005-917
Grugel RN, Luz PL, Smith GP, Spivey RA, Jeter LB, Gillies D, Hua F, Anilkumar AV. Materials research conducted aboard the International Space Station: Facilities overview, operational procedures, and experimental outcomes. Acta Astronautica. 2008 62491-498. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.01.013.Also presented at the 57th International Astranautical Congress IAC-06-A2.2.10..
Grugel RN, Anilkumar AV, Lee CP. Direct Observation of Pore Formation and bubble mobility during controlled melting and re-solidification in microgravity, Solidification Processes and Microstructures. A Symposium in Honor of Wilfried Kurz, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA. 2004 111-116.
Grugel RN, Anilkumar AV, Cox MC. Observation of an Aligned Gas - Solid Eutectic during Controlled Directional Solidification aboard the International Space Station - Comparison with Ground-based Studies. 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2005 AIAA 2005-919
Cox MC, Anilkumar AV, Grugel RN, Hofmeister WH. Isolated Wormhole Growth and Evolution during Directional Solidification in Small Diameter Cylindrical Channels: Preliminary Experiments. 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV. 2006 AIAA 20061140.
Grugel RN, Anilkumar AV, Luz PL, Smith GP, Jeter LB, Volz MP, Spivey RA. Toward Understanding Pore Formation and Mobility During Controlled Directional Solidification in a Microgravity Environment Investigation (PFMI). Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA 015119.
Struk PM, Pettigrew RD, Downs RS. The Effects of an Unsteady Reduced Gravity Environment on the Soldering Process. 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV. 2004 AIAA 2004-1311
Grugel RN, Brush LN, Anilkumar AV. Disruption of an Aligned Dendritic Network by Bubbles During Re-melting in a Microgravity Environment. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2012 March; 24(2): 93-101. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-011-9297-y.
Grugel RN, Luz PL, Smith GP, Spivey RA, Jeter LB, Gillies D, Hua F, Anilkumar AV. Experiments conducted aboard the International Space Station: The Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI) and the In-Space Soldering Investigation (ISSI): A current summary of results. 57th International Astronautical Congress, Valencia, Spain. 2006 October 2-6; IAC-06-A2.2.1010 pp. DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-06-A2.2.10.
Nabavizadeh SA, Eshraghi M, Felicelli SD, Tewari SN, Grugel RN. The Marangoni convection effects on directional dendritic solidification. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020 561329-1341. DOI: 10.1007/s00231-019-02799-4. | Impact Statement
Nabavizadeh SA, Lenart R, Eshraghi M, Felicelli SD, Tewari SN, Grugel RN. Dendritic solidification of Succinonitrile-0.24 wt% water alloy: A comparison with microgravity experiments for validating dendrite tip velocity. Acta Astronautica. 2020 May 30; 175163-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.05.059. | Impact Statement
Compared to plants grown on the ground, plants grown in space experience broad changes in gene expression, which affects how they grow and develop. Transcriptional and Post Transcriptional Regulation of Seedling Development in Microgravity (Plant RNA Regulation) studies the first steps of gene expression involved in development of roots and shoots. Scientists expect to find new molecules that play a role in how plants adapt and respond to the microgravity environment of space, which provides new insight into growing plants for food and oxygen supplies on long-duration missions.
From bacteria to humans, organisms change when they spend time in space, and some of these changes are related to modifications in gene expression and in the molecular coating that surrounds cells’ DNA. The Transcriptome analysis and germ-cell development analysis of mice in the space (Mouse Epigenetics) investigation studies altered gene expression patterns in the organs of male mice that spend one month in space, and also examines changes in the DNA of their offspring. Results from the investigation identify genetic alterations that happen after exposure to the microgravity environment of space.
Publications
Shimbo M, Kudo T, Hamada M, Jeon H, Imamura Y, Asano K, Okada R, Tsunakawa Y, Mizuno S, Yagami K, Ishikawa C, Li H, Shiga T, Ishida J, Hamada J, Murata K, Ishimura T, Hashimoto M, Fukamizu A, Yamane M, Ikawa M, Morita H, Shinohara M, Asahara H, Akiyama T, Akiyama N, Sasanuma H, Yoshida N, Zhou R, Wang Y, Ito T, Kokubu Y, Noguchi TK, Ishimine H, Kurisaki A, Shiba D, Mizuno H, Shirakawa M, Ito N, Takeda S, Takahashi S. Ground-based assessment of JAXA mouse habitat cage unit by mouse phenotypic studies. Experimental Animals. 2016 January 28; epub45 pp. DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0077.PMID: 26822934.
Shiba D, Mizuno H, Yumoto A, Shimomura M, Kobayashi H, Morita H, Shimbo M, Hamada M, Kudo T, Shinohara M, Asahara H, Shirakawa M, Takahashi S. Development of new experimental platform ‘MARS’—Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System—to elucidate the impacts of micro/partial gravity on mice. Scientific Reports. 2017 September 7; 7(1): 10837. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10998-4.PMID: 28883615. | Impact Statement
Mao XW, Byrum S, Nishiyama NC, Pecaut MJ, Sridharan V, Boerma M, Tackett AJ, Shiba D, Shirakawa M, Takahashi S, Delp MD. Impact of spaceflight and artificial gravity on the mouse retina: Biochemical and proteomic analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018 August 28; 19(9): 2546. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092546.PMID: 30154332. | Impact Statement
Morita H, Obata K, Abe C, Shiba D, Shirakawa M, Kudo T, Takahashi S. Feasibility of a short-arm centrifuge for mouse hypergravity experiments. PLOS ONE. 2015 July 29; 10(7): e0133981. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133981.PMID: 26221724.
Horie K, Kudo T, Yoshinaga R, Akiyama N, Sasanuma H, Kobayashi TJ, Shimbo M, Jeon H, Miyao T, Miyauchi M, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Yoshida N, Muratani M, Takahashi S, Akiyama T. Long-term hindlimb unloading causes a preferential reduction of medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing autoimmune regulator (Aire). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2018 June; 501(3): 745-750. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.060.PMID: 29753741. | Impact Statement
Horie K, Sasanuma H, Kudo T, Fujita S, Miyauchi M, Miyao T, Seki T, Akiyama N, Takakura Y, Shimbo M, Jeon H, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Yoshida N, Muratani M, Takahashi S, Akiyama T. Down-regulation of GATA1-dependent erythrocyte-related genes in the spleens of mice exposed to a space travel. Scientific Reports. 2019 May 21; 9(1): 7654. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44067-9.PMID: 31114014. | Impact Statement
Matsumura T, Noda T, Muratani M, Okada R, Yamane M, Isotani A, Kudo T, Takahashi S, Ikawa M. Male mice, caged in the International Space Station for 35 days, sire healthy offspring. Scientific Reports. 2019 September 24; 9(1): 13733. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50128-w. | Impact Statement
Horie K, Kato T, Kudo T, Sasanuma H, Miyauchi M, Akiyama N, Miyao T, Seki T, Ishikawa T, Takakura Y, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Hamada M, Jeon H, Yoshida N, Inoue J, Muratani M, Takahashi S, Ohno H, Akiyama T. Impact of spaceflight on the murine thymus and mitigation by exposure to artificial gravity during spaceflight. Scientific Reports. 2019 December 27; 9(1): 19866. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56432-9.PMID: 31882694. | Impact Statement
Ishikawa C, Li H, Ogura R, Yoshimura Y, Kudo T, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Takahashi S, Morita H, Shiga T. Effects of gravity changes on gene expression of BDNF and serotonin receptors in the mouse brain. PLOS ONE. 2017 June 7; 12(6): e0177833. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177833.PMID: 28591153. | Impact Statement
Tateishi R, Akiyama N, Miyauchi M, Yoshinaga R, Sasanuma H, Kudo T, Shimbo M, Shinohara M, Obata K, Inoue J, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Asahara H, Yoshida N, Takahashi S, Morita H, Akiyama T. Hypergravity provokes a temporary reduction in CD4+CD8+ thymocyte number and a persistent decrease in medullary thymic epithelial cell frequency in mice. PLOS ONE. 2015 October 29; 10(10): e0141650. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141650.PMID: 26513242. | Impact Statement
Yumoto A, Kokubo T, Izumi R, Shimomura M, Funatsu O, Tada MN, Ota-Murakami N, Iino K, Shirakawa M, Mizuno H, Kudo T, Takahashi S, Uruno A, Yamamoto M, Shiba D. Novel method for evaluating the health condition of mice in space through a video downlink. Experimental Animals. 2021 January 22; 70(2): 236-244. DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0102. | Impact Statement
Shimomura M, Yumoto A, Ota-Murakami N, Kudo T, Shirakawa M, Takahashi S, Morita H, Shiba D. Study of mouse behavior in different gravity environments. Scientific Reports. 2021 January 29; 11(1): 2665. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82013-w. | Impact Statement
Nelson CA, Acuna AU, Paul AM, Scott RT, Butte AJ, Cekanaviciute E, Baranzini S, Costes SV. Knowledge network embedding of transcriptomic data from spaceflown mice uncovers signs and symptoms associated with terrestrial diseases. Life. 2021 January; 11(1): 42. DOI: 10.3390/life11010042. | Impact Statement
Okada R, Fujita S, Suzuki R, Hayashi T, Tsubouchi H, Kato C, Sadaki S, Kanai M, Fuseya S, Inoue Y, Jeon H, Hamada M, Kuno A, Ishii A, Tamaoka A, Tanihata J, Ito N, Shiba D, Shirakawa M, Muratani M, Kudo T, Takahashi S. Transcriptome analysis of gravitational effects on mouse skeletal muscles under microgravity and artificial 1 g onboard environment. Scientific Reports. 2021 April 28; 11(1): 9168. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88392-4.PMID: 33911096. | Impact Statement
Yoshida K, Fujita S, Isotani A, Kudo T, Takahashi S, Ikawa M, Shiba D, Shirakawa M, Muratani M, Ishii S. Intergenerational effect of short-term spaceflight in mice. iScience. 2021 july 23; 24(7): 102773. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102773.PMID: 34278272. | Impact Statement
Transduced Stromal Co-Cultures of Human Bone Marrow in Microgravity (Space Tango-Hematopoietic Stem Cells) investigates aging in blood stem cells and the transformation of these cells into cancer cells. Exposure to radiation and microgravity in low-Earth orbit can speed up both processes, simulating aging and enabling the study of cell response to injury, capacity for repair, overall stem cell fitness and evolution of blood cancers. The study could support development of new ways to prevent, detect, and treat certain blood cancers.
The transfer of Plasmid DNA During Conjugation in Spaceflight (Plazmida) investigation examines the microgravity effect on the rate of transfer and mobilization of bacteria plasmids. It is well known that the sensitivity of crewmember microflora to antibiotics undergoes significant changes during spaceflight. This manifests in the formation of strains with signs of increased resistance to many antibiotics. By spreading among crewmembers, these strains can decrease the effectiveness of the antibiotics used to provide medical treatment to crewmembers. It is hypothesized that the main mechanism of the formation of dangerous bacterial strains is related to the recombining of plasmids (molecules of DNA encoding different bacterial properties, including pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, that exist, reproduce, and multiply independently of chromosomes), which are determined both by the frequency of autonomous plasmid transfer and their capability to be mobilized by different genetic factors. It is hypothesized that the main mechanism of polyresistant strain formation is linked to plasmid recombination which are determined by both the frequency of conjugative plasmid transfer and mobilization in the changed environment. In addition, it is well known that changing living environment factors (gas composition, pressure, etc.) has a significant impact on R-plasmid transfer
Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System (TAGES) investigation is one in a pair of investigations that use the Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS) facility. TAGES uses Arabidopsis thaliana, thale cress, with sensor promoter-reporter gene constructs that render the plants as biomonitors, or an organism used to determine the quality of the surrounding environment, using real-time nondestructive Green Fluorescent Protein imagery and traditional postflight analyses.
Publications
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Reporter Genes in RNALater Fixed Tissue. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2011 25(1): 40-43.
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Molecular Aspects of Stress-Gene Regulation During Spaceflight. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2002 21166-176. DOI: 10.1007/s003440010050.
Wyatt SE, Kiss JZ. Plant Tropisms: From Darwin to the International Space Station. American Journal of Botany. 2013 100(1): 1-3. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200591.PMID: 23281390. | Impact Statement
Paul AL, Amalfitano CE, Ferl RJ. Plant growth strategies are remodeled by spaceflight. BMC Plant Biology. 2012 12(1): 232. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-232.PMID: 23217113.
Roux SJ. Root waving and skewing - unexpectedly in micro-g. BMC Plant Biology. 2012 12(1): 231. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-231.PMID: 23217095.
Schultz ER, Kelley KL, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. A method for preparing spaceflight RNAlater-fixed Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) tissue for scanning electron microscopy. Applications in Plant Sciences. 2013 August; 1(8): 1300034. DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300034.
Paul AL, Zupanska AK, Schultz ER, Ferl RJ. Organ-specific remodeling of the Arabidopsis transcriptome in response to spaceflight. BMC Plant Biology. 2013 August 7; 13(1): 112. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-112.PMID: 23919896.
Parsons-Wingerter P, Vickerman MB, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Mapping by VESGEN of leaf venation patterning in Arabidopsis with bioinformatic dimensions of gene expression. Gravitational and Space Research. 2014 August; 2(1): 68-81. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2014-0006. | Impact Statement
Ferl RJ, Koh J, Denison FD, Paul AL. Spaceflight Induces Specific Alterations in the Proteomes of Arabidopsis. Astrobiology. 2015 15(1): DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1210.PMID: 25517942.
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Paul AL, Wheeler RM, Levine HG, Ferl RJ. Fundamental plant biology enabled by the space shuttle. American Journal of Botany. 2013 January 1; 100(1): 226-234. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200338.
On Earth, plants use gravity, moisture and light to determine which way to grow, but the microgravity environment of space causes them to develop different growth habits. The Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System - Intracellular Signaling Architecture (APEX-03-2 TAGES-Isa) investigation studies thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings grown in microgravity, examining the molecular changes that affect their growth. Results provide new insight into how plants respond to extraterrestrial environments, which improves the research for growing food and producing oxygen on future space missions.
Publications
Ferl RJ, Wheeler RM, Levine HG, Paul AL. Plants in space. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 2002 5258263.
Ferl RJ, Zupanska AK, Spinale Ay, Reed DW, Manning-Roach S, Guerra G, Cox DR, Paul AL. The performance of KSC Fixation Tubes with RNALater for orbital experiments: A case study in ISS operations for molecular biology. Advances in Space Research. 2011 48(1): 199-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.03.002. | Impact Statement
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Reporter Genes in RNALater Fixed Tissue. Gravitational and Space Biology. 2011 25(1): 40-43.
Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Molecular Aspects of Stress-Gene Regulation During Spaceflight. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2002 21166-176. DOI: 10.1007/s003440010050.
Paul AL, Zupanska AK, Ostrow DT, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Li J, Shanker S, Farmerie WG, Amalfitano CE, Ferl RJ. Spaceflight Transcriptomes: Unique Responses to a Novel Environment. Astrobiology. 2012 Jan; 12(1): 40-56. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0696. | Impact Statement
Ferl RJ, Paul AL. The effect of spaceflight on the gravity-sensing auxin gradient of roots: GFP reporter gene microscopy on orbit. npj Microgravity. 2016 January 21; 215023. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.23.
Zhou M, Sng NJ, LeFrois CE, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Epigenomics in an extraterrestrial environment: Organ-specific alteration of DNA methylation and gene expression elicited by spaceflight in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics. 2019 March 12; 20(1): 205. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5554-z.PMID: 30866818. | Impact Statement
Beisel NS, Noble J, Barbazuk WB, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Spaceflight-induced alternative splicing during seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana. npj Microgravity. 2019 3 April; 5(9): DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0070-7. | Impact Statement
Califar B, Sng NJ, Zupanska AK, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Root skewing-associated genes impact the spaceflight response of Arabidopsis thaliana. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020 March 4; 11239. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00239. | Impact Statement
Sng NJ, Kolaczkowski B, Ferl RJ, Paul AL. A member of the CONSTANS-Like protein family is a putative regulator of reactive oxygen species homeostasis and spaceflight physiological adaptation. AoB Plants. 2019 February 2; 11(1): ply075. DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply075.PMID: 30705745. | Impact Statement
Sng NJ, Callaham JB, Ferl RJ, Paul AL. Arabidopsis Thaliana for spaceflight applications – Preparing dormant biology for passive stowage and on orbit activation. Gravitational and Space Research. 2014 December 31; 2(2): 9 pp. | Impact Statement
Manian V, Orozco-Sandoval J, Gangapuram H, Janwa H, Agrinsoni C. Network analysis of gene transcriptions of Arabidopsis thaliana in spaceflight microgravity. Genes. 2021 March; 12(3): 337. DOI: 10.3390/genes12030337.PMID: 33668919. | Impact Statement
Manian V, Orozco-Sandoval J, Diaz-Martinez V. Detection of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana L. responding to DNA damage from radiation and other stressors in spaceflight. Genes. 2021 June; 12(6): 938. DOI: 10.3390/genes12060938.PMID: 34205326. | Impact Statement
Manzano A, Carnero-Diaz E, Herranz R, Medina F. Recent transcriptomic studies to elucidate the plant adaptive response to spaceflight and to simulated space environments. iScience. 2022 June 30; epub104687. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104687.
Paul AL, Wheeler RM, Levine HG, Ferl RJ. Fundamental plant biology enabled by the space shuttle. American Journal of Botany. 2013 January 1; 100(1): 226-234. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200338.
The Transparent Alloys - METCOMP project studies the formation of layered structures in so-called peritectic alloy systems by in-situ observation of the solidification process in dependence on time. Different from opaque matter (such as metals), organic transparent model systems like the one used for this study (NPG-TRIS, Neopentylglycol [NPG] and tris [hydroxymethyl] aminomethane [TRIS]) are attractive in that this formation process can be investigated at good resolution by relatively simple optical means.
Publications
Ludwig A, Mogeritsch JP, Kolbe M, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Bergeon N, Billia B, Faivre G, Akamatsu S, Bottin-Rousseau S, Voss D. Advanced solidification studies on transparent alloy systems: A new European solidification insert for material science glovebox on board the International Space Station. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2012 September; 64(9): 1097-1101. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-012-0403-4.
Ludwig A, Mogeritsch JP, Rettenmayr M. On/off directional solidification of near peritectic TRIS-NPG with a planar but tilted solid/liquid interface under microgravity conditions. Scripta Materialia. 2022 June 1; 214114683. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114683. | Impact Statement
Frick J, Senesky D. Metal alloy synthesis in microgravity. In-Space Manufacturing and Resources. 2022 269-284. DOI: 10.1002/9783527830909.ch14.
Mogeritsch JP, Ludwig A. Investigation on the binary organic components TRIS-NPG as suitable model substances for metal-like solidification. The 7th International Conference on Solidification and Gravity, Miskolc - Lillafüred, Hungary. 2018 September 3-6; 6pp.
Mogeritsch JP, Sillekens WH, Ludwig A. In situ observation of coupled growth morphologies in organic peritectics under pure diffusion conditions. TMS 2022 151st Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, Anaheim, California. 2022 February 27; 1429-1441. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92381-5_136. | Impact Statement
The aim of the Transparent Alloys-SEBA experiment is to study the morphological instabilities of directional solidified, transparent binary eutectic alloys under purely diffusive conditions. This experiment provides a real-time observation of the dynamics of eutectic front structures with a micron-scale resolution, over a large (centimetric) space scale, and over long (several 10 hours) periods of time. These observations are strongly sensitive to convective motions in liquid, which, in ordinary conditions on earth, entail a detrimental redistribution of the solute on a scale comparable to the container size. Such convective motions are suppressed in microgravity.
Publications
Ludwig A, Mogeritsch JP, Kolbe M, Zimmermann G, Sturz L, Bergeon N, Billia B, Faivre G, Akamatsu S, Bottin-Rousseau S, Voss D. Advanced solidification studies on transparent alloy systems: A new European solidification insert for material science glovebox on board the International Space Station. JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society). 2012 September; 64(9): 1097-1101. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-012-0403-4.
Serefoglu M. Directional solidification experiments in materials science laboratory of the International Space Station. Journal of Aeronautics and Space Technologies. 2018 January 26; 11(1): 7-15. | Impact Statement
Bottin-Rousseau S, Witusiewicz VT, Hecht U, Fernandez JJ, Laveron-Simavilla A, Akamatsu S. Coexistence of rod-like and lamellar eutectic growth patterns. Scripta Materialia. 2022 January 15; 207114314. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114314. | Impact Statement
The Transport Environment Monitor (TEM) investigation monitors temperatures inside cargo vehicles bound for the International Space Station. Environmental conditions during transportation are very important for biological specimens and reagents for life-science experiments. This investigation uses temperature data loggers to record the environmental conditions near investigations launched on cargo vehicles.
Transport Environment Monitoring Package at HTV Cargo Transfer Bag (HTV-Environmental Monitoring) will take the temperature and acceleration data aboard the HTV by small data logger. The transport environment is very important for biological specimen or reagents for life-science experiments.
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) hosts several Educational Payload Operation (EPO) investigations designed to attract public attention for Japanese manned spaceflight activities. The Try Zero-G for Asia is an EPO consisting of several activities in KIBO, the Japanese experiment module on the International Space Station (ISS). Crew members conduct several small experiments submitted by students in countries in the Asia-Pacific region to demonstrate the effects of microgravity.
Try Zero-Gravity (Try Zero-G) allows the public, especially kids, to vote for and suggest physical tasks for JAXA Astronauts to demonstrate the difference between 0-G and 1-G for educational purposes. Some of tasks include putting in eye drops, performing push-ups on the ceiling, arm wrestling, and flying a magic carpet.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-6 (J-SSOD-6) mission deploys the TuPOD CubeSat. TuPOD is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-6.
Turbine Ceramic Manufacturing Module (Turbine CMM) demonstrates manufacture of single-piece turbine blade/disk combinations (blisks) in microgravity for commercial use. Manufacturing blisks in space could produce parts with lower mass and residual stress and higher strength than those made on Earth due to greatly reduced sedimentation of the solution in microgravity.
Turbine Superalloy Casting Module (Turbine SCM) tests a commercial in-space manufacturing device that thermally processes superalloy parts in microgravity for future use in items like turbine engines on Earth. Superalloys are metal alloys with excellent heat resistant properties. The researchers expect superalloy parts processed in microgravity to have more homogeneous microstructure, and improved mechanical properties, such as microhardness.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Palm Tree Growth Experiment (Palm Tree Growth) investigation examines germination of palm tree seeds in order to determine the best conditions for generating tissue samples for research. A process for growing healthy plant tissue in microgravity could be adapted for testing other indigenous plants of scientific, commercial or educational interest in the UAE. The investigation also observes and documents root growth in microgravity for educational purposes.
UBAKUSAT is a 3-Unit (3U) CubeSat deployed during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-8 (J-SSOD-8) micro-satellite deployment mission, handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). The UBAKUSAT CubeSat was developed by the Istanbul Technical University and verifies newly developed communications equipment, as well as an experiment to measure space radiation. The UBAKUSAT is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX-14 Dragon cargo vehicle.
The Ultrasonic Background Noise Test (UBNT) detects high-frequency sounds generated by hardware on the U.S.-built portions of the International Space Station. Identifying sources of noise will aid in development of a leak locating system, which would detect the high-pitched sound of air leaking through a pressurized wall. To detect leaks, the system would have to tell the difference between harmless background sounds and potentially dangerous air leakage.
The objective of the Ultrasonic Tweezers project is to develop acoustic tweezers that use sound to allow for remote and contactless manipulation of materials in a microgravity context. An ultrasound beam is shaped so that it produces a trap from which an object cannot easily exit. By moving the beam, the object can be moved to a new position with a very good precision.
The main goal of UTBI is the measurement of the background radiation inside spacecraft. Measurements of the X-ray, gamma ray and other particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) have a very important effect outside the Earth's geomagnetic field, which can help in the development of future space vehicles and other space technologies.
Undergraduate Nano Ionospheric Temperature Explorer (UNITE) is a CubeSat that measures plasma properties in the lower ionosphere, which is rarely studied. It also measures temperatures inside the CubeSat and on its skin and compares them with a student-developed thermal model. In addition, an onboard GPS unit tracks orbital decay in order to update CubeSat drag models.
Publications
Winterton JL, Pierce D, Letchworth J, Dingwall B. NASA Undergraduate Student Instrument (USIP) Project--Lessons Learned. 33rd Annual Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, UT. 2019 August 3; SSC19-WKIII-057 pp. | Impact Statement
Understanding of Microgravity on Animal-Microbe Interactions (UMAMI) examines the effects of spaceflight on the molecular and chemical interactions between beneficial microbes and their animal hosts. Gravity’s role in shaping these interactions is not well understood and microgravity provides the opportunity to improve that understanding. The project uses a simplified symbiosis between the bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and its symbiotic bacterium, Vibrio fischeri.
In the Understanding the Physics of Nanotube Growth in Chemical Gardens (Chemical Gardens) experiment, selected metal salts are added to an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) - resulting in the formation of inorganic structures that resemble plant growth in a time span ranging from minutes to hours. On Earth, gravity induced flow due to buoyancy differences between the reactants complicates our understanding of the physics behind these “chemical gardens”. Conducting this experiment in the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS), removes the gravity effects, ensures diffusion controlled growth, and allows researchers a better assessment of initiation and evolution of Chemical Gardens.
The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) plans a commemorative event for the Programme on Space Applications (PSA), which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2021. The celebration includes creating a video that summarizes the achievements of the PSA and includes messages from partners. A JAXA crew member currently on the International Space Station plans to film himself for the video in the investigation United Nations Video Shooting by JAXA Astronaut (JAXA-UN VIDEO TAKE).
The Universal Battery Charger provides a new, transformable system to charge different types of batteries aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The ability to charge multiple battery types with one system reduces the amount of cargo that must fly to the station and be stowed on board. This investigation tests a universal system that can charge different devices with different charging requirements, simplifying and reducing work for crew members.
Universal Intelligent Glass Optics (UNIGLO) tests the effects of microgravity on a glass optics module capable of processing various types of complex glasses. The module uses artificial intelligence (AI) to help adapt materials processing techniques to the microgravity environment and a sensor based on laser-doppler interferometry to measure the effects of microgravity on processing complex glasses for a variety of applications in space and on Earth.
Universal Waste Management System (UWMS) demonstrates the technology and long-term use of a compact toilet and the Urine Transfer System (UTS), which provides automated control of flow into the Urine Processor Assembly (UPA) or storage containers, which allow simultaneous use of both toilets. Automated offload of backup storage saves crew member time. The UWMS’s smaller footprint and improved technology support possible expansion of space station crew and future long-term, deep-space exploration.
The physical properties of neutrons, in particular the absence of electric charge, presents significant challenges to their detection. This is especially true for lower-energy neutrons. While no previous solar neutron detection efforts have focused on lower-energy neutrons from the sun, absorption of these slow neutrons may still be associated with radiation damage. Astronauts are particularly sensitive to low-energy neutron exposure, with adverse health consequences, and materials fatigue and degradation issues may result when spacecraft components are exposed to solar neutrons over the long term. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Detector for the Analysis of Solar Neutrons (DANSON) project installs a new type of detector aboard the International Space Station to measure solar neutrons of lower energy. In addition to confirming decades-long predictions that the sun generates neutrons, the project investigates radiation damage and materials fatigue associated with these neutrons. A space-based approach is essential to this task, since ground-based neutron detectors are subject to interference as interactions of energetic particles with the atmosphere create secondary, non-solar neutrons.
University Research Centers - Microbial-1 (URC-Microbial-1) evaluates morphological and molecular changes in Escheria coli and Bacillus subtilis in microgravity.
Publications
Rosenzweig J, Abogunde O, Thomas K, Lawal A, Nguyen Y, Sodipe AO, Jejelowo O. Spaceflight and modeled microgravity effects on microbial growth and virulence. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2010 85(4): 885-891. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2237-8. | Impact Statement
Unlocking the Cotton Genome to Precision Genetics (Plant Habitat-05) cultivates several cotton genotypes that differ in their ability to regenerate into whole plants from undifferentiated masses of cells known as a calli. Cotton is highly resistant to the process of plant regeneration, making it difficult to engineer stable, reproducing plants that have specific or enhanced traits such as drought resistance. The investigation could provide a better understanding of this behavior and a pathway to avert this problem.
Urinalysis in Space (Ax-1) performs urinalysis using an iPad and a proprietary kit on the Axiom 1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). The investigation focuses on a test commonly used to measure kidney function and provides immediate results, eliminating the need to return samples to Earth for analysis. PAMs are privately funded, fully commercial flights to the International Space Station on a commercial launch vehicle that are dedicated to commercial research, outreach or approved commercial and marketing activities.
Water is a precious and limited resource in space, so orbiting crew members recycle it whenever possible, including recycling their own urine. Urine Processor Assembly Hardware Improvements Investigation (UPA) tests improvements to the urine processing equipment on the International Space Station. Results improve the hardware’s design, including changes to materials, to prevent equipment failures on current and future space missions.
Use of Precision Manufactured Targeted Nanoparticles for Orphan and Chronic Diseases like Alzheimer’s Disease in a Microgravity Environment Using Green SuperFluids Technology (STaARS BioScience-11) manufactures nanosomes, or nanoparticle delivery systems, for use in targeting chronic diseases such as Alzheimer’s and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nanoparticles created in microgravity are much smaller, enhancing drug uptake and delivery. This approach potentially reduces the required dose per treatment and decreases cost per dose.
The Using Brachypodium distachyon to Investigate Monocot Plant Adaptation to Spaceflight (APEX-06) experiment investigates the growth of the common grass species Brachypodium distachyon in the microgravity environment of space. The grasses grow from seedlings aboard the International Space Station (ISS), and are returned as frozen samples to Earth-based labs for detailed analysis and comparison with Earth based control groups. APEX-06 aims to compare the growth and gene-expression patterns of Brachypodium distachyon with those of the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which has been extensively studied in space and whose behavior in microgravity is better understood.
The tardigrade (water bear) is the model organism for studying biological survival under the most extreme environmental stress conditions on Earth and in space. The objective of the Using Water Bears to Identify Biological Countermeasures to Stress during Multigenerational (Cell Science-04) investigation is to characterize the molecular biology of short term and multigenerational survival in the space environment by identifying genes that are required for adaptation and survival in high stress environments. The findings from this study can be applied to understanding the stress factors of humans in the space environment, and identification of countermeasures.
Plants growing on Earth can detect gravity, which enables them to grow their stalks in the opposite direction as their roots. But scientists do not yet understand the chemical process controlling plants response to gravity. Concentrations of calcium in plant cells changes in response to various factors, including temperature and touch, and changes in the direction of gravity when plants grown under 1g condition on the earth, but scientists are not sure whether gravity also affects calcium levels in plants grown in microgravity conditions. Utilization of the micro gravity condition to examine the cellular process of formation of the gravity sensor and the molecular mechanism of gravity sensing (Plant Gravity Sensing) studies whether plants grown in microgravity conditions can sense the changes in the gravitational acceleration, and the concentrations of calcium in plant cells changes.
Publications
Nakano M, Furuichi T, Sokabe M, Iida H, Tatsumi H. The gravistimulation-induced very slow Ca2+ increase in Arabidopsis seedlings requires MCA1, a Ca2+-permeable mechanosensitive channel. Scientific Reports. 2021 December; 11(1): 227. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80733-z.
Nakano M, Furuichi T, Sokabe M, Iida H, Yano S, Tatsumi H. Entanglement of Arabidopsis seedlings to a mesh substrate under microgravity conditions in KIBO on the ISS. Plants. 2022 March 31; 11(7): 956. DOI: 10.3390/plants11070956.PMID: 35406935. | Impact Statement
Understanding and overcoming the human risks from space radiation is one of the major challenges facing future space exploration. The Validating New Radiation-Sensing Technologies (RadMap Telescope) demonstrates new radiation-sensing technologies for applications in autonomous and crewed spacecraft. These technologies, which have just become sufficiently mature for large-scale applications, enable compact yet highly capable radiation monitors so future spacecraft can benefit from increased measurement capabilities with fewer sensors.
Publications
Losekamm MJ, Paul S, Poschl T, Zachrau HJ. The RadMap Telescope on the International Space Station. 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2021 March; 1-10. DOI: 10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438435. | Impact Statement
Validating Vegetable Production Unit (VPU) Plants, Protocols, Procedures and Requirements (P3R) Using Currently Existing Flight Resources (Lada-VPU-P3R) is a study to advance the technology required for plant growth in microgravity and to research related food safety issues. Lada-VPU-P3R also investigates the non-nutritional value to the flight crew of developing plants on-orbit. The Lada-VPU-P3R uses the Lada hardware on the ISS and falls under a cooperative agreement between National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA).
Publications
Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Podolski IG. Biological component of life support systems for a crew in long-duration space expeditions. Acta Astronautica. 2008 631119-1125. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.01.001.
Sychev VN, Levinskikh MA, Shepelev El, Podolski IG. Biological processes of the human environment regeneration within the Martian crew life support systems. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2003 37(5): 64-70. Russian.
Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Derendiaeva TA, Signalova OB, Podolski IG, Gostimsky SA, Bingham GE. Growth, development and genetic status of pea plants cultivated in space greenhouse. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2005 39(6): 38-43. PMID: 16536032. Russian. | Impact Statement
Sugimoto M, Oono Y, Gusev OA, Matsumoto T, Yazawa T, Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Bingham GE, Wheeler RM, Hummerick ME. Genome-wide expression analysis of reactive oxygen species gene network in Mizuna plants grown in long-term spaceflight. BMC Plant Biology. 2014 14(1): 21 pp. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-4. | Impact Statement
Shagimardanova EI, Gusev OA, Bingham GE, Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Tiansu Z, Kihara M, Ito K, Sugimoto M. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Barley Grown Under Space Environment. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2010 74(7): 1479-1482. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100139.PMID: 20622437.
Levinskikh MA, Sychev VN, Derendiaeva TA, Signalova OB, Podolski IG, Avdeev S, Bingham GE. Growth and development of plants in a row of generations under the conditions of space flight (experiment Greenhouse-5). Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2001 35(4): 45-49. PMID: 11668959. Russian.
Satellites in low Earth orbit experience drag from Earth’s atmosphere, which can cause them to slow down and fall back to Earth. Correctly using propulsion to keep the craft in orbit requires determining the satellite’s orientation as it moves through space. The Validation of a CubeSat Stellar Gyroscope System (SGSat/KySat-3) investigation uses pictures of star fields to orient a small satellite and tests new software to predict the satellite’s path as it experiences atmospheric drag.
The Validation of Centrifugation as a Countermeasure for Otolith Deconditioning During Spaceflight (Spin) investigates the effect on the reflexes that sense gravity and linear acceleration (otolith-ocular reflexes) and its effect on the autonomic nervous system. Particularly, this investigations focuses on these otolith-ocular reflexes and the correlation with the development of symptoms during upright standing such as changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and cerebral blood flow that can be relieved by sitting down, or orthostatic intolerance.
Publications
Buytaert KI, Nooij SA, Neyt X, Migeotte PF, Vanspauwen R, Van de Heyning PH, Wuyts FL. A new model for utricular function testing using a sinusoidal translation profile during unilateral centrifugation. Audiology and Neurotology. 2010 15(6): 343-352. DOI: 10.1159/000289577.
Weerts AP, Migeotte PF, Pattyn N, Neyt X, Buytaert KI, Peeters TP, MacDougall HG, Clement GR, Diedrich A, Cohen B, Moore ST, Van de Heyning PH, Wuyts FL. Heart rate variability during centrifugation in astronauts prior to and after long duration spaceflight: Preliminary data. 2010 Life in Space for Life on Earth, Trieste, Italy. 2010 June 13-18; 2 pp.
Buytaert KI, MacDougall HG, Moore ST, Clement GR, Pattyn N, Migeotte PF, Wuyts FL. Validation of centrifugation as a countermeasure for otolith deconditioning during spaceflight: Preliminary data of the ESA SPIN study. Journal of Vestibular Research - Equilibrium & Orientation. 2013 January 1; 23(1): 23-31. DOI: 10.3233/VES-130469.PMID: 23549052.
Validation of On-Orbit Methodology for the Assessment of Cardiac Function and Changes in the Circulating Volume Using Ultrasound and Braslet-M Occlusion Cuffs (Braslet) is Station Development Test Objective (SDTO) 17011 sponsored by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA). Braslet is testing the performance of occlusion cuffs in modifying fluid shifts that occur early during physiological transition into the space environment. Understanding the effects of this countermeasure on cardiovascular function will be useful for both medical operations and future research.
Publications
Alferova IV, Turchaninova VF, Golubchikova ZA, Liamin VR. Analysis and evaluation of the functional state of cardiovascular system in cosmonauts during long-term space flights. Fiziologiia cheloveka. 2003 29(6): 5-11. Russian.
Hamilton DR, Sas R, Tyberg JV. Atrioventricular nonuniformity of pericardial constraint. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2004 287(4): H1700-4.
Hamilton DR, Murray JD, Kapoor D, Kirkpatrick AW. Cardiac health for astronauts: current selection standards and their limitations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2005 Jul; 76(7): 615-626. PMID: 16018343.
Charles JB, Lathers CM. Cardiovascular Adaptation to Spaceflight. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 311010-23.
White RJ, Blomqvist CG. Central Venous Pressure and Cardiac Function During Spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998 Aug 1; 85(2): 738-746. | Impact Statement
Buckey, Jr. JC, Gaffney FA, Lane LD. Central Venous Pressure in Space. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 328(25): 1853-4.
Convertino VA. Clinical Aspects of the Control of Plasma Volume at Microgravity and During Return to One gravity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1996 28(10): S45-S52.
Bogomolov VV, Bugrov SA, Grigoriev AI, Egorov AD, Polyakov AV, Tarasov IK, Shulzhenko EB. Main medical results of extended flights on space station Mir in 1986-1990. Acta Astronautica. 1993 29(8): 581-5.
Tyberg JV, Hamilton DR. Orthostatic hypotension and the role of changes in venous capacitance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1996 28(10 Suppl): S29-31.
Hamilton DR, Dani RS, Semlacher RA. Right atrial and right ventricular transmural pressures in dogs and humans. Effects of the pericardium. Circulation. 1994 90(5): 2492-2500.
Moore PT, Thornton WE. Space Shuttle Inflight and Postflight Fluid Shifts Measured by Leg Volume Changes. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1987 58(9 Pt 2): A91-96.
Hamilton DR, Sargsyan AE, Garcia KM, Ebert DJ, Whitson PA, Feiveson AH, Alferova IV, Dulchavsky SA, Matveev V, Bogomolov VV, Duncan JM. Cardiac and vascular responses to thigh cuffs and respiratory maneuvers on crewmembers of the International Space Station. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012 February; 112(3): 454-462. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00557.2011.PMID: 21903875. | Impact Statement
Hamilton DR, Alferova IV, Sargsyan AE, Fincke EM, Magnus SH, Lonchakov YV, Dulchavsky SA, Ebert DJ, Garcia KM, Martin DS, Matveev V, Voronkov YI, Melton SL, Bogomolov VV, Duncan JM. Right ventricular tissue Doppler assessment in space during circulating volume modification using the Braslet device. Acta Astronautica. 2011 May-Jun; 68(9-10): 1501-1508. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.11.015. | Impact Statement
Bogomolov VV, Kozlovskaya IB, Alferova IV, Egorov AD, Kovachevich IV. Medical care for Russian cosmonauts' health on the ISS. Aviakosmicheskaia i Ekologicheskaia Meditsina (Aerospace and Environmental Medicine). 2008 42(6): 58-65. PMID: 19238917. Russian.
Arbeille P, Diridillou S, Herault S, Fomina GA, Roumy J, Alferova IV. Effect of the thigh-cuffs on the carotid artery diameter jugular vein section and facial skin edema: HDT study. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 1999 639-40. PMID: 11543019.
Arbeille P, Herault S, Fomina GA, Roumy J, Alferova IV, Gharib C. Influences of thigh cuffs on the cardiovascular system during 7-day head-down bed rest. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1999 87(6): 2168-2176. PMID: 10601164.
Herault S, Fomina GA, Alferova IV, Kotovskaya AR, Poliakov V, Arbeille P. Cardiac, arterial and venous adaptation to weightlessness during 6-month MIR spaceflights with and without thigh cuffs (bracelets). European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 81(5): 384-390. PMID: 10751099.
Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crew Member Immune Function (Integrated Immune) will assess the clinical risks resulting from the adverse effects of space flight on the human immune system and will validate a flight-compatible immune monitoring strategy. To monitor changes in the immune system, researchers collect and analyze blood, urine and saliva samples from crewmembers before, during and after space flight.
Publications
Crucian BE, Lee P, Stowe RP, Jones JA, Effenhauser R, Widen R, Sams CF. Immune system changes during simulated planetary exploration on Devon Island, high arctic. BMC Immunology. 2007 May 23; 8(1): 7. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-8-7.
Kaur I, Simons ER, Kapadia AS, Ott CM, Pierson DL. Effect of Spaceflight on Ability of Monocytes To Respond to Endotoxins of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 2008 Oct; 15(10): 1523-1528. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00065-08.
Kaur I, Simons ER, Castro VA, Ott CM, Pierson DL. Changes in monocyte functions of astronauts. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2005 November; 19(6): 547-554. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.12.006.PMID: 15908177.
Crucian BE, Zwart SR, Mehta SK, Uchakin P, Quiriarte HD, Pierson DL, Sams CF, Smith SM. Plasma cytokine concentrations indicate that in vivo hormonal regulation of immunity is altered during long-duration spaceflight. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2014 October 2; 34(10): 778-786. DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0129.PMID: 24702175.
Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Mehta SK, Quiriarte HD, Pierson DL, Sams CF. Alterations in adaptive immunity persist during long-duration spaceflight. npj Microgravity. 2015 September 3; 115013. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.13.
Crucian BE, Johnston SL, Mehta SK, Stowe RP, Uchakin P, Quiriarte HD, Pierson DL, Laudenslager ML, Sams CF. A case of persistent skin rash and rhinitis with immune system dysregulation onboard the International Space Station. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2016 March 8; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.12.021.PMID: 27036643.
Crucian BE, Babiak-Vazquez A, Johnston SL, Pierson DL, Ott CM, Sams CF. Incidence of clinical symptoms during long-duration orbital spaceflight. International Journal of General Medicine. 2016 November 3; 9383-391. DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S114188.PMID: 27843335. | Impact Statement
Kunz HE, Quiriarte HD, Simpson RJ, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, McMonigal KA, Sams CF, Crucian BE. Alterations in hematologic indices during long-duration spaceflight. BMC Hematology. 2017 September 8; 1712. DOI: 10.1186/s12878-017-0083-y. | Impact Statement
Spielmann G, Agha NH, Kunz HE, Simpson RJ, Crucian BE, Mehta SK, Laughlin MS, Campbell J. B-cell homeostasis is maintained during long duration spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 November 29; epubDOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2018.PMID: 30496712. | Impact Statement
Crucian BE, Makedonas G, Sams CF, Pierson DL, Simpson RJ, Stowe RP, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Krieger SS, Rooney BV, Douglas G, Downs ME, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Williams TJ, Mehta SK. Countermeasures-based improvements in stress, immune system dysregulation and latent herpesvirus reactivation onboard the International Space Station - Relevance for deep space missions and terrestrial medicine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020 August; 11568-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.007.PMID: 32464118. | Impact Statement
Crucian BE, Makedonas G, Sams CF. Flow cytometry methods to monitor immune dysregulation associated with spaceflight. Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space: From Mechanisms to Monitoring and Preventive Strategies. 2020 499-518. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_27. | Impact Statement
Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crew Member Immune Function - Short Duration Biological Investigation (Integrated Immune-SDBI) will assess the clinical risks resulting from the adverse effects of space flight on the human immune system and will validate a flight-compatible immune monitoring strategy. Immune system changes will be monitored by collecting and analyzing blood, urine and saliva samples from crewmembers before, during and after space flight.
Publications
Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Quiriarte HD, Pierson DL, Sams CF. Monocyte Phenotype and Cytokine Production Profiles Are Dysregulated by Short-Duration Spaceflight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2011 82(9): 857-862. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3047.2011.PMID: 21888268.
Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Mehta SK, Uchakin P, Quiriarte HD, Pierson DL, Sams CF. Immune System Dysregulation Occurs During Short Duration Spaceflight On Board the Space Shuttle. Journal of Clinical Immunology. 2013 February; 33(2): 456-465. DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9824-7.
Stowe RP, Sams CF, Mehta SK, Kaur I, Jones ML, Feeback DL, Pierson DL. Leukocyte subsets and neutrophil function after short-term spaceflight. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 1999 February; 65(2): 179-186. PMID: 10088600.
Mehta SK, Laudenslager ML, Stowe RP, Crucian BE, Sams CF, Pierson DL. Multiple latent viruses reactivate in astronauts during Space Shuttle missions. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2014 June 1; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.014.PMID: 24886968.
Emerging data point towards linkages among cardiovascular health risk, carotid artery aging, bone metabolism and blood biomarkers, insulin resistance, and radiation. Data indicate that aging-like changes are accelerated in many International Space Station (ISS) crew members, particularly with respect to their arteries. As part of the Space Environment Causes Acceleration of Vascular Aging: Roles of Hypogravity, Nutrition, and Radiation (Vascular Aging) investigation, ultrasounds of the arteries, blood samples, oral glucose tolerance, and wearable sensors from ISS crew members are analyzed.
Vascular Echography (Vessel Imaging) evaluates the changes in central and peripheral blood vessel wall properties (thickness and compliance) and cross sectional areas of long-duration ISS crewmembers during and after long-term exposure to microgravity.
Publications
Arbeille P, Provost R, Zuj KA, Vincent N. Measurements of jugular, portal, femoral, and calf vein cross-sectional area for the assessment of venous blood redistribution with long duration spaceflight (Vessel Imaging Experiment). European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2015 May 20; epubDOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3189-6.PMID: 25991027.
Arbeille P, Provost R, Zuj KA. Carotid and femoral artery intima-media thickness during 6 months of spaceflight. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2016 May 1; 87(5): 449-453. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4493.2016.
Arbeille P, Provost R, Zuj KA. Carotid and femoral arterial wall distensibility during long-duration spaceflight. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2017 October 1; 88(10): 924-930. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4884.2017.PMID: 28923141. | Impact Statement
Organisms grow differently in space, from single-celled bacteria to plants and humans. But future long-duration space missions will require crew members to grow their own food, so understanding how plants respond to microgravity is an important step toward that goal. Veg-03 I/J/K/L (Veg-03) uses the Veggie plant growth facility to cultivate Extra Dwarf Pak Choi, Amara Mustard and Red Romaine Lettuce using Seed Film which are harvested on orbit with samples returned to Earth for testing.
Publications
Khodadad CL, Hummerick ME, Spencer LE, Dixit AR, Richards JT, Romeyn MW, Smith TM, Wheeler RM, Massa GD. Microbiological and nutritional analysis of lettuce crops grown on the International Space Station. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020 11199. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00199.PMID: 32210992. | Impact Statement
Burgner SE, Nemali K, Massa GD, Wheeler RM, Morrow RC, Mitchell CA. Growth and photosynthetic responses of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. cv. Tokyo Bekana) to chronically super-elevated carbon dioxide in a simulated Space Station “Veggie” crop-production environment. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2020 November; 2783-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.007.PMID: 34756234. | Impact Statement
Hummerick ME, Khodadad CL, Dixit AR, Spencer LE, Maldonado Vazquez GJ, Gooden JL, Spern CJ, Fischer JA, Dufour NF, Wheeler RM, Smith TM, Massa GD, Zhang Y. Spatial characterization of microbial communities on multi-species leafy greens grown simultaneously in the vegetable production systems on the International Space Station. Life. 2021 October; 11(10): 1060. DOI: 10.3390/life11101060.PMID: 34685431. | Impact Statement
Plants brighten homes and offices on Earth, and the same is true for space. Veggie hardware validation test (Veg-01) provides lighting and nutrient supply for a space garden, supporting a variety of plant species that can be cultivated for educational outreach, fresh food and even recreation for crew members on long-duration missions.
Publications
Massa GD, Newsham G, Hummerick ME, Caro JL, Stutte GW, Morrow RC, Wheeler RM. Preliminary species and media selection for the Veggie space hardware.. Gravitational and Space Research. 2013 October; 1(1): 95-106. | Impact Statement
Massa GD, Dufour NF, Carver JA, Hummerick ME, Wheeler RM, Morrow RC, Smith TM. VEG-01: Veggie hardware validation testing on the International Space Station. Open Agriculture. 2017 January 1; 2(1): 33-41. DOI: 10.1515/opag-2017-0003.
Massa GD, Newsham G, Hummerick ME, Morrow RC, Wheeler RM. Plant pillow preparation for the Veggie Plant Growth System on the International Space Station. Gravitational and Space Research. 2017 July; 5(1): 24-34. DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2017-0002. | Impact Statement
Khodadad CL, Hummerick ME, Spencer LE, Dixit AR, Richards JT, Romeyn MW, Smith TM, Wheeler RM, Massa GD. Microbiological and nutritional analysis of lettuce crops grown on the International Space Station. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020 11199. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00199.PMID: 32210992. | Impact Statement
Schuerger AC, Amaradasa BS, Dufault NS, Hummerick ME, Richards JT, Khodadad CL, Smith TM, Massa GD. Fusarium oxysporum as an opportunistic fungal pathogen on Zinnia hybrida plants grown on board the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 2021 April 29; epubast.2020.2399. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2399.PMID: 33926205. | Impact Statement
Haveman NJ, Schuerger AC. Diagnosing an opportunistic fungal pathogen on spaceflight-grown plants using the MinION sequencing platform. Astrobiology. 2021 November 18; 22(1): DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0049.PMID: 34793258. | Impact Statement
Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM) identifies gases that are present in minute quantities in the International Space Station breathing air that could harm the crew's health. If successful, instruments like VCAM could accompany crewmembers during long-duration exploration missions.
Publications
Abbasi T, Christiansen M, Villemarette M, Darrach MR, Chutjian A. Trace Gas Analyzer for Extra-Vehicular Activity. SAE Technical Paper. 2001 2001-10-2405
Shortt BJ, Darrach MR, Holland PM, Chutjian A. Miniaturized system of a gas chromatograph coupled with a Paul ion trap mass spectrometer. Journal of Mass Spectometry. 2005 40(1): 36-42. DOI: 10.1002/jms.768.Also in: Shortt BJ, Darrach MR, Holland PM, Chutjian A. Miniaturized Gas Chromatograph-Paul Ion Trap System: Applications To Environmental Monitoring. SAE Technical Paper. 2004; 2004-01-2340. DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-2340..
Orient OJ, Chutjian A. A Compact, High-Resolution Paul Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer with Electron-Impact Ionization. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2002 732157.
Schaefer RT, Mojarradi M, Chutjian A, Darrach MR, MacAskill JA, Tran TA, Burke GR, Madzunkov SM, Blaes BR, Thomas JL, Stern R, Zhu DQ. Electronic drive and acquisition system for mass spectrometry. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2010 Aug 10; 7,772,550
Darrach MR, Chutjian A, Bornstein BJ, Croonquist AP, Garkanian V, Hofman J, Karmon D, Kenny J, Kidd RD, Lee S, MacAskill JA, Madzunkov SM, Mandrake L, Schaefer RT, Toomarian N. Trace chemical and major constituents measurements of the International Space Station atmosphere by the Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor. 42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA. 2012 July 15-19; AIAA 2012-3432DOI: 10.2514/6.2012-3432. | Impact Statement
Darrach MR, Chutjian A, Bornstein BJ, Croonquist AP, Garkanian V, Haemmerle VR, Hofman J, Heinrichs WM, Karmon D, Kenny J, Kidd RD, Lee S, MacAskill JA, Madzunkov SM, Mandrake L, Rust TM, Schaefer RT, Thomas JL, Toomarian N. On-orbit measurements of the ISS atmosphere by the Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor. 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems, Portland, Oregon. 2011 July 17-21; AIAA 2011-5214DOI: 10.2514/6.2011-5214. | Impact Statement
Jan DL. Environmental monitoring instruments: Using ISS as a testbed for exploration. 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. 2007 March 3-10; 7 pp. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2007.352722. | Impact Statement
Chutjian A, Bornstein BJ, Conroy DG, Croonquist AP, Darrach MR, Edgu-Fry E, Francis GR, Fry DJ, Garkanian V, Girard MA, Haemmerle VR, Heinrichs WM, Kidd RD, MacAskill JA, Rust TM, Schaefer RT, Thomas JL, Toomarian N, Walch MJ, Christensen M, Demonbrun D, Vanholden R, Holland PM, Shortt BJ. Overview of the Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor, a miniature gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer for trace contamination monitoring on the ISS and CEV. 37th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), Chicago, Illinois. 2007 July; 2007-01-31507pp. DOI: 10.4271/2007-01-3150.
MacAskill JA, Madzunkov SM, Chutjian A. Dipole excitation with a Paul ion trap mass spectrometer. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2011 June; 1336(1): 127-131. DOI: 10.1063/1.3586072.Also: MacAskill, J. A., S. M. Madzunkov, A. Chutjian, Floyd D. McDaniel, and Barney L. Doyle, ‘Dipole Excitation With A Paul Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer’, in APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twenty‐First International Conference (Fort Worth, Texas, 2011), mcccxxxvi, 127–31 <https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3586072>.
Schaefer RT, MacAskill JA, Mojarradi M, Chutjian A, Darrach MR, Madzunkov SM, Shortt BJ. Digitally synthesized high purity, high-voltage radio frequency drive electronics for mass spectrometry. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2008 79(9): 095107. DOI: 10.1063/1.2981691.PMID: 19044454.
DIAPASON conducts high-accuracy environmental control, pollution monitoring and particle recording with a simple instrument that captures nanoparticles. Nanoparticles, which range in size from two nanometers to 1 micron, have unique properties that can enable new applications, but they may also pose a human health risk. DTM Technologies developed DIAPASON as a personal-size nanoparticle collector, which uses a temperature gradient to attract and collect nanoparticles with uniform deposition. A diapason is a musical term encompassing an entire range of sound. DTM DIAPASON collects a wide range of nanoparticles of any type, and captures them for later study.
The Vessel ID System investigation demonstrates the ability of a space-based radio receiver to identify ships in the ocean. It also demonstrates the use of a simple device known as the Grappling Adaptor to On-Orbit Railing (GATOR), which can be used during a spacewalk to attach small equipment to external handrails on the International Space Station (ISS). The investigation could provide researchers an additional platform for mounting experiments while demonstrating a new means to identify ships at sea.
Publications
Eriksen T, Nordmo Skauen A, Narheim B, Helleren O, Olsen O, Olsen RB. Tracking ship traffic with Space-Based AIS: Experience gained in first months of operations. Waterside Security Conference (WSS), 2010 International, Carrara, Italy. 2010 November 3-5; 1-8. DOI: 10.1109/WSSC.2010.5730241. | Impact Statement
Vibration Cancellation in Microgravity examines whether electromagnetism can be used to control and cancel vibrations in space. Since traditional gravity-based vibration control methods are not an option in space, magnets are used to neutralize movement and stabilize equipment. Successfully controlling vibration in microgravity could help provide more precise instrument readings for scientific experiments.
Virtual Manuals (Viru) intends to increase the efficiency of training and the conductance of space experiments by cosmonauts through the use of virtual manuals aboard the ISS RS. It also intends to develop a methodology concept for creating virtual manuals and using them aboard the ISS RS.
The Virtual Reality - On-Board Training (VR-OBT) technology demonstration aims to deliver on-board training to the International Space Station via Virtual Reality. The specialized training content is developed and delivered to the space station via a Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display (HMD). VR-OBT seeks to determine the simplicity and efficiency of delivering such content to crews during crewed spaceflight missions.
This investigation tests and produces hardened foam from bulk metallic glass. The absence of gravity facilitates the creation of a more uniform metallic glass foam, a material with an extremely high strength to weight ratio. Developing lighter and stronger materials can lead to a more durable spacecraft that will require less propellant to travel long distances.
Publications
Veazey C, Demetriou MD, Schroers J, Hanan JC, Dunning LA, Kaukler WF, Johnson WL. Foaming of Amorphous Metals Approaches the Limit of Microgravity Foaming. Journal of Advanced Materials. 2008 40(1): 7-11.
Schroers J, Veazey C, Johnson WL. Amorphous Metallic Foam. Applied Physics Letters. 2003 82370.
Brothers AH, Dunand DC. Syntactic Bulk Metallic Glass Foam. Applied Physics Letters. 2004 84(7): 1108-1110.
Hofmann DC, Roberts SN. Microgravity metal processing: from undercooled liquids to bulk metallic glasses. npj Microgravity. 2015 May 27; 115003. DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.3.
The Vision Impairment and Intracranial Pressure (VIIP) project examined the effect of long-term exposure to microgravity on the structure of the eye along with change in distance and near vision of crew members before and after they returned to Earth.
Publications
Chylack Jr LT, Feiveson AH, Peterson LE, Tung WH, Wear, Marak LJ, Hardy DS, Chappell LJ, Cucinotta FA. NASCA Report 2: Longitudinal Study of Relationship of Exposure to Space Radiation and Risk of Lens Opacity. Radiation Research. 2012 July; 178(1): 25-32. DOI: 10.1667/RR2876.1. | Impact Statement
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Pass AF, Kramer LA, Lee AG, Fogarty J, Tarver WJ, Dervay JP, Hamilton DR, Sargsyan AE, Phillips JL, Tran D, Lipsky W, Choi J, Stern C, Kuyumjian R, Polk JD. Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight. Ophthalmology. 2011 October; 118(10): 2058-2069. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021.PMID: 21849212. | Impact Statement
Kramer LA, Sargsyan AE, Hasan KM, Polk JD, Hamilton DR. Orbital and Intracranial Effects of Microgravity: Findings at 3-T MR Imaging. Radiology. 2012 June; 263(3): 819-827. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12111986.PMID: 22416248. | Impact Statement
Marshall-Bowman K, Barratt MR, Gibson CR. Ophthalmic Changes and Increased Intracranial Pressure Associated with Long Duration Spaceflight: An Emerging Understanding. Acta Astronautica. 2013 June-July; 8777-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.01.014.
Zwart SR, Gibson CR, Mader TH, Ericson K, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Heer MA, Smith SM. Vision Changes After Spaceflight Are Related to Alterations in Folate- and Vitamin B-12-Dependent One-Carbon Metabolism. Journal of Nutrition. 2012 Mar 1; 142(3): 427-431. DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.154245.PMID: 22298570.
Wiener TC. Space Obstructive Syndrome: Intracranial Hypertension, Intraocular Pressure, and Papilledema in Space. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 January; 83(1): 64-66. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3083.2012.
Shinojima A, Iwasaki K, Aoki K, Ogawa Y, Yanagida R, Yuzawa M. Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Foveal Retinal Thickness During Head-Down Tilt. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2012 April; 83(4): 388-393. DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.3191.2012.
Berdahl JP, Yu DY, Morgan WH. The translaminar pressure gradient in sustained zero gravity, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and glaucoma. Medical Hypotheses. 2012 December; 79(6): 719-724. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.009.PMID: 22981592. | Impact Statement
Nelson ES, Mulugeta L, Myers JG. Microgravity-induced fluid shift and ophthalmic changes. Life. 2014 November 7; 4(4): 621-665. DOI: 10.3390/life4040621.PMID: 25387162. | Impact Statement
Chylack Jr LT, Peterson LE, Feiveson AH, Wear, Manuel FK, Tung WH, Hardy DS, Marak LJ, Cucinotta FA. NASA Study of Cataract in Astronauts (NASCA). Report 1: Cross-sectional study of the relationship of exposure to space radiation and risk of lens opacity. Radiation Research. 2009 July; 172(1): 10-20. DOI: 10.1667/RR1580.1.PMID: 19580503. | Impact Statement
Michael AP, Marshall-Bowman K. Spaceflight-induced intracranial hypertension. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015 June; 86(6): 557-562. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.4284.2015.
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Pass AF, Lee AG, Killer HE, Hansen H, Dervay JP, Barratt MR, Tarver WJ, Sargsyan AE, Kramer LA, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Bedi DG, Pettit DR. Optic disc edema in an astronaut after repeat long-duration space flight:. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2013 September; 33(3): 249-255. DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e31829b41a6.PMID: 23851997. | Impact Statement
Berdahl JP. The eye in space. US Ophthalmic Review. 2016 9(2): 76. DOI: 10.17925/USOR.2016.09.02.76.
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Otto CA, Sargsyan AE, Miller NR, Subramanian PS, Hart SF, Lipsky W, Patel NB, Lee AG. Persistent asymmetric optic disc swelling after long-duration space flight: Implications for pathogenesis. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2016 December 5; epub7 pp. DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000000467.PMID: 27930421. | Impact Statement
Patel NB, Pass AF, Mason SS, Gibson CR, Otto CA. Optical coherence tomography analysis of the optic nerve head and surrounding structures in long-duration International Space Station astronauts. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2018 February 1; 136(2): 193-200. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.6226.PMID: 29327060. | Impact Statement
Alperin N, Bagci AM. Spaceflight-induced visual impairment and globe deformations in astronauts are linked to orbital cerebrospinal fluid volume increase. Intracranial Pressure & Neuromonitoring XVI. 2018 126215-219. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65798-1_44.PMID: 29492564. | Impact Statement
Lee AG, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Brunstetter TJ, Tarver WJ. Space flight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Eye. 2018 July; 32(7): 1164-1167. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0070-y.PMID: 29527011. | Impact Statement
Wostyn P, De Winne F, Stern C, De Deyn PP. Dilated prelaminar paravascular spaces as a possible mechanism for optic disc edema in astronauts. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2018 December 1; 89(12): 1089-1091. DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5095.2018.PMID: 30487031. | Impact Statement
Buckey, Jr. JC, Phillips SD, Anderson AP, Chepko AB, Archambault-Leger V, Gui J, Fellows AM. Microgravity-induced ocular changes are related to body weight. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2018 September; 315(3): R496-R499. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00086.2018.PMID: 29768035. | Impact Statement
Huang AS, Stenger MB, Macias BR. Gravitational Influence on Intraocular Pressure Implications for spaceflight and disease. Journal of Glaucoma. 2019 May 31; epub25 pp. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001293.PMID: 31162175. | Impact Statement
Laurie SS, Lee SM, Macias BR, Patel NB, Stern C, Young MH, Stenger MB. Optic disc edema and choroidal engorgement in astronauts during spaceflight and individuals exposed to bed rest. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2020 February 1; 138(2): 165-172. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.5261.PMID: 31876939. | Impact Statement
Stenger MB, Laurie SS, Sadda SR, Sadun AA, Macias BR, Huang AS. Focus on the optic nerve head in spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2019 December 1; 126(12): 1604-1606. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.009.PMID: 31759496. | Impact Statement
Aleci C. From international ophthalmology to space ophthalmology: the threats to vision on the way to Moon and Mars colonization. International Ophthalmology. 2019 November 13; epub12 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01212-7. | Impact Statement
Lee AG, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Tarver WJ, Rabiei P, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Galdamez LA, Brunstetter TJ. Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: a review and an update. npj Microgravity. 2020 February 7; 6(1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0097-9. | Impact Statement
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Barratt MR, Miller NR, Subramanian PS, Killer HE, Tarver WJ, Sargsyan AE, Garcia KM, Hart SF, Kramer LA, Riascos-Castaneda RF, Brunstetter TJ, Lipsky W, Wostyn P, Lee AG. Persistent globe flattening in astronauts following long-duration spaceflight. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2020 September 3; 45(1): 29-35. DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2020.1791189.PMID: 33762785. | Impact Statement
Paez YM, Mudie LI, Subramanian PS. Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS): A systematic review and future directions. Eye and Brain. 2020 October 19; 12105-117. DOI: 10.2147/EB.S234076.PMID: 33117025. | Impact Statement
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Miller NR, Subramanian PS, Patel NB, Lee AG. An overview of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Neurology India. 2019 May 1; 67(8): 206-211. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.259126.PMID: 31134911. | Impact Statement
Vyas RJ, Young MH, Murray MC, Predovic M, Lim S, Jacobs NM, Mason SS, Zanello SB, Taibbi G, Vizzeri G, Parsons-Wingerter P. Decreased vascular patterning in the retinas of astronaut crew members as new measure of ocular damage in spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2020 December 1; 61(14): 34. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.14.34.PMID: 33372980. | Impact Statement
Lagatuz M, Vyas RJ, Predovic M, Lim S, Jacobs NM, Martinho M, Valizadegan H, Kao D, Oza N, Theriot CA, Zanello SB, Taibbi G, Vizzeri G, Dupont M, Grant MB, Lindner DJ, Reinecker H, Pinhas A, Chui TY, Rosen RB, Moldovan N, Vickerman MB, Radhakrishnan K, Parsons-Wingerter P. Vascular patterning as integrative readout of complex molecular and physiological signaling by VESsel GENeration analysis. Journal of Vascular Research. 2021 April 9; 58(3): 1-24. DOI: 10.1159/000514211.PMID: 33839725. | Impact Statement
Lee AG, Tarver WJ, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Hart SF, Otto CA. Neuro-ophthalmology of space flight. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2016 March; 36(1): 89-91. DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000000334.PMID: 26828842. | Impact Statement
Wojcik P, Batliwala S, Rowsey T, Galdamez LA, Lee AG. Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS): a review of proposed mechanisms and analogs. Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 2020 July 3; 15(4): 249-258. DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1787155.
Yang J, Song Q, Zhang M, Ai J, Wang F, Kan G, Wu B, Zhu S. Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome: a review of potential pathogenesis and intervention. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022 February 18; 15(2): 336-341. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2022.02.21.PMID: 35186696.
Wostyn P, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Nedergaard M. Does long-duration exposure to microgravity lead to dysregulation of the brain and ocular glymphatic systems?. Eye and Brain. 2022 May 4; 1449-58. DOI: 10.2147/EB.S354710.PMID: 35546965.
Wostyn P. Biomarkers for visual impairment and intracranial pressure (VIIP) syndrome. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2021 April 20; US10980437B26pp.
Ong J, Tavakkoli A, Strangman G, Zaman N, Kamran SA, Zhang Q, Ivkovic V, Lee AG. Neuro-ophthalmic imaging and visual assessment technology for spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Survey of Ophthalmology. 2022 April 21; epub66pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.04.004.PMID: 35461882.
The WARP-01 satellite is a 1-Unit (1U) CubeSat that deploys during the JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-16 (J-SSOD-16) micro-satellite deployment mission, and is handled by the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). WARP-01, developed by the University of Tsukuba and Warpspace Inc., launches to the International Space Station aboard the NG-15 Cygnus Cargo Vehicle.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-6 (J-SSOD-6) mission deploys the WASEDA SAT-3 CubeSat. WASEDA SAT-3 is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-6.
Water Capture Device ISS Technology Demonstration (Water Capture Device) tests the effectiveness of a device to separate and capture water droplets entrained in an air stream. This technology could be suitable for a range of functions that need to separate and manage liquids for future crewed spacecraft applications.
Water is essential for life, so safeguarding water supplies on space missions is critical for crew survival and health. The Water Monitoring Suite is a set of hardware that monitors microbes, silica and organic material in the water supply on the International Space Station. The hardware ensures crew members can test and monitor the safety of their water supplies on future space missions, especially on long-duration missions to Mars, asteroids or other destinations where Earth-based testing would be difficult or impossible.
Waving and Coiling of Arabidopsis Roots at Different g-levels (WAICO) studies the interaction of circumnutation (the successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stems and roots) and gravitropism (a tendency to grow toward or away from gravity) in microgravity and 1-g of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Publications
Scherer GF, Pietrzyk P. Gravity-dependent differentiation and root coils in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and phospholipase-A-I knockdown mutant grown on the International Space Station. Plant Biology. 2013 November; epubDOI: 10.1111/plb.12123.
Wearable Monitoring validates a new cloth vest that monitors astronaut heart rates and breathing patterns during sleep. It collects data to investigate whether changes in heart activity are related to astronauts’ poor sleep quality. Current technology cannot check astronauts’ heart activity while they sleep because the test wakes them up. The Wearable Monitor is a lightweight vest with silver wires and sensors embedded into the fabric, making it more comfortable to wear.
Publications
Di Rienzo M, Vaini E, Castiglioni P, Lombardi P, Meriggi P, Rizzo F. A textile-based wearable system for the prolonged assessment of cardiac mechanics in daily life. 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago IL. 2014 August 26-30; 6896-6898. DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6945213.
Di Rienzo M, Vaini E, Castiglioni P, Lombardi P, Parati G, Lombardi C, Meriggi P, Rizzo F. Wearable seismocardiography for the beat-to-beat assessment of cardiac intervals during sleep. 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago IL. 2014 August 26-30; 6089-6091. DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6945018. | Impact Statement
Di Rienzo M, Vaini E, Lombardi P. Wearable monitoring: A project for the unobtrusive investigation of sleep physiology aboard the International Space Station. 2015 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC), Nice, France. 2015 September 6-9; 42125-128. DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2015.7408602.
Di Rienzo M, Vaini E, Lombardi P. Development of a smart garment for the assessment of cardiac mechanical performance and other vital signs during sleep in microgravity. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2018 May 1; 27419-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2018.02.034. | Impact Statement
Di Renzo M, Vaini E, Lombardi P. An algorithm for beat-to-beat cardiac mechanics during sleep on Earth and in microgravity from seismocardiogram. Scientific Reports. 2017 November 15; 7(1): 15634. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15829-0.PMID: 29142324. | Impact Statement
WetLab-2 Blaber, part of Cell Science-03 (CS-03), The Osteogenic Differentiation of Somatic Cells in Space: A Study Investigating the Role of CDKN1a/p21 on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Regeneration in Microgravity, investigates the effect of microgravity on mouse bone marrow stem cells cultured on board the space station. It uses the station’s WetLab RNA SmartCycler facility to perform quantitative gene expression analysis on orbit. The capability to analyze samples during spaceflight allows the Principal Investigator to follow the progress of their investigation in real-time and make changes if necessary.
What is the Effect of Microgravity on Daucus carota (Carrot Seeds) and Vigna angularis (Adzuki Beans) (iLEAD 2021 Mission) examines the effects of microgravity on the germination of these two plants. Results could contribute to developing ways to use them as food crops on future space missions, including to the Moon and Mars. The student-designed investigation also offers an educational opportunity for middle and high school students.
Scientists know what happens to plants and animals in microgravity, but understand very little about how bacteria are affected. Most previous research used ground-based techniques to simulate microgravity and looked at only one or two specific bacterial processes. Whole Genome Fitness of Bacteria Under Microgravity (Bacterial Genome Fitness) grows multiple types of bacteria in space and comprehensively examines what processes are important to their growth.
Publications
Curtis PD. Essential genes predicted in the genome of Rubrivivax gelatinosus. Journal of Bacteriology. 2016 August 15; 198(16): 2244-2250. DOI: 10.1128/JB.00344-16.PMID: 27274029. | Impact Statement
Curtis PD, Brun YV. Identification of essential alphaproteobacterial genes reveals operational variability in conserved developmental and cell cycle systems. Molecular Microbiology. 2014 93(4): 713-735. DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12686. | Impact Statement
Hentchel KL, Reyes Ruiz LM, Curtis PD, Fiebig A, Coleman ML, Crosson S. Genome-scale fitness profile of Caulobacter crescentus grown in natural freshwater. International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME Journal). 2019 February; 13(2): 523-536. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0295-6. | Impact Statement
Sharma G, Curtis PD. The impacts of microgravity on bacterial metabolism. Life. 2022 May 24; 12(6): 774. DOI: 10.3390/life12060774.
Windows on Earth is a suite of software tools to help students, scientists and astronauts explore Earth from space. It provides an augmented reality system to manage Earth observation targets, support on-orbit photography and help scientists and the public explore the wealth of images available. The Earth visualization engine creates views of Earth as seen from orbit, with realistic features, colors, topography, day/night transitions and targets for Earth observation and photography.
The Wireless Communication and Positioning Experiment (Wireless Compose) demonstrates a wireless network for the efficient readout of sensors, as well as the localization of moving objects within the Columbus module of the International Space Station (ISS). The experiment is based on the impulse radio – ultra-wideband (IR-UWB), which extends the capabilities of a recently performed wireless sensor network (WSN) demonstration using Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands at 2.45 GHz. The evaluation of Wireless Compose helps to analyze potential uses of WSN for unmanned and manned spaceflight missions, and to derive obstacles and limitations for the operations under very specific conditions due to the complex electromagnetic environment.
The Wisconsin Crystal Growing Contest-Wisconsin Space Crystal Mission (CASIS PCG 9) investigation provides student researchers the opportunity to explore crystal growth in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. Crystals grown without the influence of gravity have shown to contain fewer imperfections and grow to larger sizes. Middle and high school students compete to grow the most perfect ground-based crystal, as judged by experts in the crystallography field. The students who present the crystals with the fewest imperfections have the opportunity to fly their experiments to the space station.
Previous investigations have shown that crystals grow larger and with fewer imperfections in microgravity. The Wisconsin Crystal Growing Contest-Wisconsin Space Crystals (CASIS PCG 14) investigation has two goals: to explore closed-system crystallization of inorganic salts from aqueous solutions using evaporation facilitated by a desiccant, and to examine how well a previously optimized thermal-gradient inorganic salt crystallization procedure translates to other systems. Middle and high school students compete to grow the most perfect ground-based crystals, as judged by experts in crystallography, and those with the fewest imperfections then fly their experiments aboard the space station.
The goal of the Wireless-Sensor Network (WiSe-Net) technology demonstrator is to establish the functionality of low power Radio Frequency (RF) networks within the International Space Station (ISS) environment. Low-power sensor-nodes are placed in ESA's Columbus laboratory on the ISS. These sensors form a wireless network on board ISS to monitor environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, and humidity.
The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-1 (J-SSOD-1) mission deploys the World Environmental Watching & Investigation from Space Height (WE WISH) CubeSat. WE WISH is delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) KOUNOTORI-3. J-SSOD-1 is the first small satellite deployment mission from Kibo on the International Space Station (ISS).
Although some studies have demonstrated that first aid and surgical procedures are feasible in space, suture behaviour and wound healing mechanisms in weightlessness are poorly known. Wound Healing and Sutures in Unloading Conditions (Suture in Space) investigates the behaviour of sutured wounds and the mechanisms of tissue repair/regeneration in microgravity. Studying the complex models, and the hardware developed to perform this experiment on the International Space Station (ISS), allows for researchers to measure mechanical forces at the wound site, monitor the wound closure, and study the mechanisms involved in tissue repair.
The Xenopus Growth and Regeneration on ISS (XENOGRISS) investigation aims to study the effect of microgravity on the processes of growth and regeneration using the animal model (Xenopus laevis tadpoles), which allows observation of both processes at the same time. The results from XENOGRISS can be relevant both for space exploration and disease control on Earth. In addition, preliminary assessment on the best diet (animal/vegetable proteins) to support the experimental model in microgravity contributes to studies on the nutritional aspects involved in long-duration spaceflight.
Publications
Rizzo AM, Zava S, Galoforo G, Ferranti F, Pacelli C, Valentini G, Fortezza R, Ingiosi F, Balsamo M, Bardi A, Norfini A, Cartocci S, Monici M. The educational experiment Xenogriss: Growth and regeneration of Xenopus laevis tadpoles on the ISS. Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio. 2020 May 11; 99115-120. DOI: 10.1007/s42496-020-00041-7. | Impact Statement
X-SAT tests the performance of commercial off-the-shelf electronic components in space, where they are exposed to radiation, solar particle events, galactic cosmic rays, electro-static discharge, and other space weather phenomena that can cause permanent damage. Electronics developed for space can be expensive and become outdated. Readily available electronics not normally qualified for space can provide lower cost and shorter development time for space applications.
Yeast cells are used as models for studying human health and illnesses, including cancer, so scientists need to understand normal and abnormal behavior among individual cells and in colonies. Yeast colony survival in microgravity depends on ammonia mediated metabolic adaptation and cell differentiation (Micro-9) studies how microgravity affects yeast cell biology, providing new targets for research or possible methods for treating microgravity’s ill effects.
Publications
Hammond TG, Allen PL, Gunter MA, Chiang J, Giaever G, Nislow C, Birdsall HH. Physical Forces Modulate Oxidative Status and Stress Defense Meditated Metabolic Adaptation of Yeast Colonies: Spaceflight and Microgravity Simulations.. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2017 1-14. DOI: 10.1007/s12217-017-9588-z. | Impact Statement
Yeast-GAP studies the effects of genetic changes of yeast cells exposed to the space environment. The results will help scientists to understand how cells respond to radiation and microgravity, will impact the determination of health remedies and will increase the basic understanding of cell biology.
Publications
Johanson K, Allen PL, Lewis FC, Cubano LA, Hyman LE, Hammond TG. Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression changes during rotating wall vessel suspension culture. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002 932171-2180.
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Low-Shear modeled microgravity alters the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stress response in an RpoS-independent manner. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 68(11): 5408-5416. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5408-5416.2002. | Impact Statement
Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Hammond TG, Allen PL, Ott CM, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Microarray Analysis Identifies Salmonella Genes Belonging to Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity Regulon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 99(21): 13807-11382. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212387899.PMID: 12370447.
Johanson K, Allen PL, Gonzalez-Villaobos RA, Nesbit J, Nickerson CA, Honer zu Bentrup K, Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, D'Elia R, Muse KE, Hammond JS, Freeman J, Stodieck LS, Hammond TG. Haploid deletion strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that determine survival during space flight. Acta Astronautica. 2007 60(4-7): 460-471. DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.011.
Coleman CB, Allen PL, Rupert MA, Goulart C, Hoehn A, Stodieck LS, Hammond TG. Novel Sfp1 Transcriptional Regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gene Expression Changes During Spaceflight. Astrobiology. 2008 8(6): 1071 - 1078. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0211.
The Young Living investigation studies the effects of exposure to the extraterrestrial environment on plant seeds and essential oils. Researchers expose seeds to the space environment then germinate and grow them to maturity on the ground and extract essential oils. The plant growth and composition of essential oils are compared to those from controls kept on the ground.
YouTube Space Lab is a world-wide contest for students 14-18 years old for which entries were submitted via a 2- minute YouTube video in the areas of physics or biology. Of the 2,000 entries received from around the world, the top 2 global winners were selected. These experiments examine the predatory behavior of a jumping spider and the anti-fungal properties of Bacillus subtilis, a naturally occurring bacteria that is commonly used as an anti-fungal agent for agricultural crops.
Publications
Hill DE. Jumping spiders in outer space (Araneae: Salticidae). PECKHAMIA. 2016 September 17; 146(1): 7 pp.
The ZCG investigations examined how subtle changes in the chemical formulation affected nucleation and growth of zeolite crystals. The microgravity environment allowed researchers to grow higher-quality crystals. These crystals have a number of useful commercial applications as catalysts and absorbents.
Publications
Coker EN, Jansen JC, DiRenzo F, Fajula F, Martens JA, Jacobs PA, Sacco, Jr. A. Zeolite ZSM-5 synthesized in space: catalysts with reduced external surface activity. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2001 Aug; 46(2-3): 223-236. DOI: 10.1016/S1387-1811(01)00298-0.
Manning MP, Miller RP, McLaughlin G, Sacco, Sr. A, Akata B, Bazzana S, Jirapongphan SS, Mendoza AM, Yilmaz B, Warzywoda J, Sacco, Jr. A. Zeolite Crystal Growth on the International Space Station. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. 2004 154(A): 147-154. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2991(04)80795-X.
Coker EN, Jansen JC, Martens JA, Jacobs PA, DiRenzo F, Fajula F, Sacco, Jr. A. The synthesis of zeolites under microgravity conditions: a review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 1998 Jul; 23(1-2): 119-136. DOI: 10.1016/S1387-1811(98)00046-8. | Impact Statement
Akata B, Yilmaz B, Jirapongphan SS, Warzywoda J, Sacco, Jr. A. Characterization of zeolite Beta grown in microgravity. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2004 Jun; 71(1-3): 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2004.03.012.
Warzywoda J, Bac N, Sacco, Jr. A. Synthesis of large zeolite X crystals. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1999 Aug; 204(4): 539-541. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00235-3.
Fenoglio I, Croce A, DiRenzo F, Tiozzo R, Fubini B. Pure-silica zeolites (Porosils) as model solids for the evaluation of the physicochemical features determining silica toxicity to macrophages. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2000 13(6): 489-500.
Akata B, Warzywoda J, Sacco, Jr. A. Gas phase Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction: Correlation of the 3665 cm-1 IR band with the cis-alcohol selectivity. Journal of Catalysis. 2004 Mar; 222(2): 397-403. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2003.11.008.
Corma A, Diaz-Cabanas MJ, Martinez-Triguero J, Rey F, Rius J. A large-cavity zeolite with wide pore windows and potential as an oil refining catalyst. Nature. 2002 418(6897): 514-517.
Seo JS, Whang D, Lee H, Jun SI, Oh J, Jeon YJ, Kim K. A homochiral metal-organic porous material for enantioselective separation and catalysis. Nature. 2000 404(6781): 982-986.
Bac N, Harpster J, Maston RA, Sacco, Jr. A. Zeolite Crystal Growth Facility for Solution Crystal Growth on the International Space Station. Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, Cape Canaveral, FL. 2001 AIAA 2001-4949DOI: 10.2514/6.2001-4949.
Akata B, Goodrich TL, Ziemer KS, Sacco, Jr. A. The catalytic activity of space versus terrestrial synthesized zeolite Beta catalysts in the Meerwein Ponndorf Verley Reactions: Support for PFAL as the Lewis active site for cis-alcohol selectivity. Microgravity Science and Technology. 2007 June; 19(2): 5-11. DOI: 10.1007/BF02911862.
Warzywoda J, Valcheva-Traykova M, Rossetti, Jr. GA, Bac N, Joesten R, Suib SL, Sacco, Jr. A. Characterization of zeolites A and X grown in low earth orbit. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2000 November 15; 220(1-2): 150-160. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0248(00)00660-6.
Song H, Ilegbusi OJ, Sacco, Jr. A. Effects of gravity on zeolite crystallization from solution. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2005 April; 277(1-4): 623-630. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.12.161. | Impact Statement
Song H, Ilegbusi OJ, Sacco, Jr. A. Kinetics of zeolite NaA crystallization in microgravity. Materials Letters. 2005 September; 59(21): 2668-2672. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.04.015. | Impact Statement
Rocket fuel, spacecraft heating and cooling systems, and sensitive scientific instruments rely on very cold cryogenic fluids. Heat from the environment around cryogenic tanks can cause their pressures to rise, which requires dumping or “boiling off” fluid to release the excess pressure, or actively cooling the tanks in some way. Zero Boil-Off Tank (ZBOT) uses an experimental fluid to test active heat removal and forced jet mixing as alternative means for controlling tank pressure for volatile fluids.
Publications
Barsi SJ, Kassemi M. Investigation of tank pressurization and pressure control—Part I: experimental study. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications. 2013 September 27; 5(4): 041005. DOI: 10.1115/1.4023891.
Kassemi M, Kartuzova O, Hylton S. Validation of two-phase CFD models for propellant tank self-pressurization: Crossing fluid types, scales, and gravity levels. Cryogenics. 2017 October 20; epubDOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2017.10.019. | Impact Statement
Pouya S, Blanchard G, Koochesfahani M. Development of molecular tagging velocimetry for the ZBOT experiment. Experiments in Fluids. 2019 April 9; 60(5): 78. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-019-2726-1. | Impact Statement
Kassemi M, Hylton S, Kartuzova O. 1G and microgravity tank self-pressurization: Experiments and CFD model validations across Ra and Bo regimes. International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application. 2020 January 31; 37(1): 370103. DOI: 10.15011/jasma.37.1.370103. | Impact Statement
For Astrobee-Zero Robotics (Zero Robotics), students write software to control one of the space station’s Astrobee free-flying robots. The first several rounds of the competition, co-led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Innovation Learning Center, and many collaborators, use an online simulation. Finalists have their code downloaded by NASA to the Astrobee platform and observe its performance. The experience helps inspire the next generation of scientists, engineers, and explorers.
Over many years, some crew members have reported that batteries on orbit do not last as long as they do on the ground. In the Zero-g Battery Testing experiment, an International Space Station (ISS) crew member installs several sets of batteries into a standard camera flash to look for batteries that fail to work. Any batteries that are determined to be preventing the flash from working are to be returned to the ground for additional testing and evaluation.
Zero-G Oven examines heat transfer properties and the process of baking food in microgravity. It uses an oven designed specifically for use aboard the space station with a top temperature of 363.3° C. On future long-duration missions, fresh-baked food could have psychological and physiological benefits for crew members.
Zero-G Studies of Few-Body and Many-Body Physics (Cold Atom Lab - Few-Body Physics) investigates the dynamics of interacting ultracold atoms under varying conditions. The dynamics of few-body systems comprised of just three or four atoms can strongly influence the collective behavior of quantum gases and play an important role in development of quantum gas applications. Studying the behavior and interaction of few atoms in microgravity could provide important data for developing a precise theory describing quantum gases on a microscopic level.